Antipode

The story of the children of Pahiatua (Pahiatua Children), where was a temporary camp for Polish orphans after soldiers, including members those form the Anders’ Army, is well known in New Zealand. Polish citizens, mainly from the Eastern Borderlands, not only found their second homeland in New Zealand, but also have significantly contributed to the erection of the newly established state of Aotearoa. Many of them, using their patriotic attitude, have funded to the basis for indeed friendly Polish-New Zealand diplomatic relations. This has been emphasized by politicians from both in Wellington, as well as the local public opinion. The former Honorary Consul of the Republic of Poland in Auckland, John Roy-Wojciechowski, who was born in the Borderlands, made a huge contribution to the establishment of positive image of Poland in the Antipodes, mainly through the Polish Museum and “The Kresy-Siberia Virtual Museum”. In 2014, there was the 70th anniversary of the arrival of Polish orphans to New Zealand, which was a perfect opportunity to popularize the importance of the relations between Poland and New Zealand, still not enough analysed in the Polish literature.

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Cindi Katz is a well-known intellectual in the fields of geography, anthropology and critical theory. She has a much-deserved reputation for telling things as they are, but with a poetry of expression that makes her talks exceptionally engaging and her writing a pleasure to read—even when what she tells may include much that makes us angry. I have had the pleasure of reading parts of Katz’s longitudinal work with children and young people of Howa in the Sudan and Harlem, New York. Finally, the whole story has been written in Growing up Global, which brings Katz’s work fullcircle as she returns to Sudan to meet the children of her 1970s study as adults in the 1990s.

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Abstract
This thesis contributes to our understanding of social metabolism in general, and waste in social metabolism in particular. First, I examine the relationship between social metabolism and conflict, looking from a situated political ecology perspective, at how differences in the structure and nature of particular social metabolisms create different conflict dynamics. Second, I shed light at an often forgotten but very important part of social metabolism which is the informal recycling of waste. I
evaluate the contribution of informal recycling, and I investigate how power influences the social relations of production (or recycling), and how these shift costs to informal recyclers. Then, I make a case for the recognition of the important contribution of informal recyclers in making social metabolism more circular, and I call for due compensation of the services they provide, instead of a dispossession from their means of production, and a shifting of social costs of enterprises and consumers to them. My case studies present a range of experiences, mostly in India, to inform theory on how environments are shaped, politicized and contested.

Resumen
La presente tesis contribuye a la comprensión del metabolismo social. Específicamente, analiza el rol de los residuos en el metabolismo. Primero, reflexiona sobre la relación existente entre el metabolismo social y los conflictos ambientales, examinando cómo diferentes estructuras metabólicas condicionan las dinámicas del conflicto; todo ello desde la perspectiva de la ecología política situada en el espacio y el tiempo. En segundo lugar, se investiga una parte olvidada, pero
muy importante del metabolismo social que es el reciclaje informal de residuos. Para ello, se evalúa la contribución del reciclaje informal e investigo cómo el poder influye en las relaciones de la producción (o reciclado) de residuos, y cómo éstas desplazan los costos de la producción a los recicladores informales. Por último, se reconoce la importancia de los recicladores informales al contribuir en hacer más circular el metabolismo social; por lo que se propone que se indemnicen
debidamente los servicios que prestan los recicladores a la sociedad, en lugar de que se les desposea de sus medios de producción, y se les traspasen los costos sociales de las empresas y los consumidores. Mis casos de estudio presentan una serie de experiencias empíricas, en la India especialmente, que ilustran cómo el medio ambiente se moldea, politiza y disputa.

Keywords: social metabolism, cost-shifting, conflicts, recycling, recyclers, waste, accumulation by dispossession, accumulation by contamination, commodity frontiers