CT scanning

This article reports the results of an investigation into the efficiency of mechanical activation to increase the reactivity in alkali activated mortar synthesized from low-grade clay. Mechanical activation significantly changed the structure of clay, increasing the specific surface area, and decreasing the particle size. The 7-day compressive strength of mortar synthesized from untreated clay was 31.7 MPa, which increased to 35.3 after 4 h milling. A further increase of grinding time to 8 h did not result in any increase in compressive strength which is attributed to a decrease in the workability. However, the extent of reactivity did significantly increase as determined from solid-state MAS NMR, FTIR, and EDS analyses. Solid-state MAS NMR results revealed the increased formation of Q 4 (2Al) silicon sites, which is correlated with improved reaction. Furthermore, the EDS and FTIR analysis results indicated greater incorporation of aluminium into the matrix structure with increased grinding time.

3D printing offers an attractive solution for the production of surface moulds for external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy treatments. Standard practice requires the patient to have a CT image acquisition so that the Treatment Planning System (TPS) can be used for design of the mould or bolus and subsequent treatment planning. In many cases depth of treatment is constant across the treatment surface and the CT serves only to provide the surface contour. The availability of relatively low cost, non-ionising 3D surface capture devices opens up the possibility of obtaining the surface contour without the use, or dose, of CT. This work assesses the workflow feasibility of taking a low-cost surface scan and processing into a DICOM image set for use in a clinical treatment planning system and production of a 3D printed surface mould.

The theme of my poster will be the story of digitization and 3D visualization of ancient Egyptian mummies from the Hrdlička Museum of Man, part of the Faculty of Science, Charles University. This project is embodied in an extensive and elaborated research in charge of National Museum – Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures which follows the previous  tradition of an anthropological examination of the ancient Egyptian mummified material in the Czech Republic (primarily the X-ray examination of the entire mummified material on the territory of the former Czechoslovakia in 1970s). The interdisciplinary project would not be possible without a collaboration between archaeology, anthropology and other natural sciences (especially those which are using computer applications as CT scan for example).

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess different radiologic bony landmarks for endoscopic localization of the sphenopalatine foramen (SPF). Methods: Paranasal computed tomography (CT) scans of adults without sinonasal pathology were included. On axial cuts, the anteroposterior distances from the SPF to maxillary line, anterior head of the middle turbinate, basal lamella of the middle turbinate, choanal arch, and posterior fontanel of the maxillary sinus ostium were measured. While on coronal cuts, the vertical distances from the SPF to the nasal floor was measured. The registered measurements were then studied and statistically analyzed. Results: In 70 patients (140 sides, 840 measurements), the mean distances from the SPF to nasal floor, choanal arch, maxillary line, anterior head of the middle turbinate, basal lamella, and posterior fontanel were 25.6 AE 2.4, 8.5 AE 1.38, 36.4 AE 2.6, 34.6 AE 4.26, 8.1 AE 1.27, and 13.7 AE 1.7 mm, respectively, without significant differences between right and left sides. Females showed significantly shorter mean distances between SPF and the nasal floor (P ¼ 0.0011), choanal arch (P ¼ 0.0459), and posterior fontanel (P < 0.0001) than males. While no significant differences were detected between both sexes as regard distances from SPF to maxillary line (P ¼ 0.5579), anterior head of middle turbinate (P ¼ 0.8581), and basal lamella (P ¼ 0.0638). Conclusion: Preoperative CT can provide multiple easily detected, reliable, and simple bony landmarks that can help SPF endoscopic localization. Thus the authors recommend adding these measurements to the preoperative CT checklist for patients scheduled for sphenopalatine artery ligation and/or excision of vascular lesions.

Questa tesi è stata dedicata alla verifca degli indicatori dosimetrici negli esami più comuni di radiologia proiettiva. Per questo lavoro, in cui sono state eseguite misure di dose in entrata con backscatter (ESD), misure di dose senza backscatter (Kin) e misure di dose in uscita dal fantoccio (Kout), sono stati utilizzati tre fantocci antropomorf e, come strumentazione di misura, una camera a ionizzazione e due dosimetri allo stato solido.
Il lavoro di tesi è stato svolto all'interno del Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria del Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, mentre le misure sono state eseguite all'interno di alcune sale radiologiche del Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, in due Unità Operative: Radiologia Golferi Albertoni e Radiologia Golferi Palagi.
I dati acquisiti hanno permesso di confrontare le dosi erogate per la radiografa computerizzata (CR, Computed Radiography) o dispositivi per la più moderna radiografa diretta (DR, Direct Radiography) verifcando la corrispondenza dei risultati ottenuti con la letteratura esistente in materia.
É stato inoltre possibile calcolare i fattori di backscatter (BSF) che sono risultati in pieno accordo con le indicazioni fornite dalle linee guida europee. Infne sono stati calcolati, sempre partendo dalle misure di dose, i fattori di trasmissione dei tre fantocci antropomorf nelle 11 proiezioni eseguite.
Il fatto di aver misurato sperimentalmente quali siano i valori reali di BSF per i vari esami radiologici potrà essere utile nella eventuale implementazione di algoritmi matematici per il calcolo di dose nelle procedure radiologiche. Inoltre un altro potenziale sviluppo futuro potrebbe esser il calcolo di ulteriori parametri dosimetrici a partire dai dati ottenuti in questa tesi.

Aim
Data was collected to establish local Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) for the CT component of our most common SPECT/CT studies.

Methods
432 SPECT/CT scans were analysed from Dec 2014 - Dec 2015. CT dose values of CTDIVol (mGy) and DLP (mGycm) were recorded as well as patient’s weight and the anatomical area, for different scan procedures.
Octreotide, MIBG and Lutetium scans, were grouped together as neuro-endocrine tumour (NET) studies.
DRLs for CTDIVol and DLP were calculated as the 75th percentile, from patients weighing 50-90kg following IPEM Report 88.

Results
CTDIVol and DLP DRLs are given below for:
• Hepato-Biliary scans: 2.2mGy and 93mGycm
• I131 post-ablative scans: 2.4mGy and 98mGycm
• Parathyroid scans: 2.6mGy and 107mGycm (with 2 SPECT/CT scans giving a total study DLP of 215mGycm)
• NET studies: 2.2mGy and 171mGycm (ranging from 2.0mGy and 84mGYcm for an Abdo, Pelvis to 2.43mGy and 279mGycm for Head, Chest, Abdo, Pelvis)
• All Bone scans: 11.8mGy and 461mGycm (ranging from 2.2mGy and 91mGycm for low-dose localisation CT of the torso to 16.0mGy and 574mGycm for diagnostic non-contrast CT of the lumbar spine)

Conclusion
Local DRLs were created and can be compared with initial data released by the IPEM working party on Hybrid CT DRLs.

Autorka prezentuje współczesne techniki badań mumii egipskich oraz ich rozwój, począwszy od badań inwazyjnych, polegających głównie na rozwijaniu mumii, poprzez nieinwazyjne badania radiologiczne, a skończywszy na laboratoryjnych analizach molekularnych mumifikowanych tkanek. Obecnie zaawansowane multidyscyplinarne badania obejmują m. in. analizy antropologiczne, medyczne, radiologiczne, fizyczne, chemiczne, biochemiczne, genetyczne, kryminalistyczne, których krótka charakterystyka i historia
została przedstawiona w niniejszej pracy.

—Early detection of cancer is the most promising way to enhance a patient's chance for survival. This paper presents a computer-aided classification method using computed tomography (CT) images of the lung based on ensemble of three classifiers including MLP, KNN and SVM. In this study, the entire lung is first segmented from the CT images and specific features like Roundness, Circularity, Compactness, Ellipticity, and Eccentricity are calculated from the segmented images. These morphological features are used for classification process in a way that each classifier makes its own decision. Finally, majority voting method is used to combine decisions of this ensemble system. The performance of this system is evaluated using 60 CT scans collected by Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC) and the results show good improvement in diagnosing of pulmonary nodules.

Developing an accurate finite element model of an ankle joint is a challenging task and time consuming. Several steps were utilized to minimize over-simplification of the model as can be found in literature. The objective of this study is to biomechanically analyzed, via the finite element method, a more precise model of a human ankle joint. Computed Tomography dataset of a healthy male volunteer was used to reconstruct a detailed three-dimensional model of an ankle joint. The bone models were segmented into two types of bones - cortical and cancellous according to the Hounsfield unit. The ankle model consists of tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, three cuneiforms and five metatarsals bones. The cartilages were constructed by offsetting bone layer and were assigned with the Mooney-Rivlin mechanical behavior. To complete the joint, thirty-seven ligaments were modeled using linear spring elements. Finite element method was used to analyze the effect of seven different forces applied on the tibia. Displacements of the model were compared with previous experimental work. The results showed that the predicted displacement of the medial cuneiform bone was similar to those experimental work reported by others.

Aims: Understanding the knowledge gaps among the public regarding radiation protection of each modality has helped to assess the community awareness and perception, which reflects our urgent need for more education for the public. This project aims to evaluate the knowledge levels of patients undergoing medical imaging procedures is regarding the risk and benefits by providing sufficient information regarding their specific medical imaging technique upon examination. Study Design: A prospective study with a special questionnaire to collect data. Place and Duration of Study: Subjects: Different departments of Radiology in different hospitals, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for 3 months. Methodology: The survey was conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to include four major hospitals. The sample of the study included 500 patients (125 for each hospital). Patients are aged 18 years and over were referred by physicians for a radiological examination, including different radiologic modalities. Results: It was found that 52% of patients were provided the information about radiology examination. The mean scores of questions ranged from 69% to 76%. So, there was a strong positive correlation between the radiology examination information received by patients and the radiation questions' score.

Dmytriiev D., Dobrovanov O., Kralinsky K., Dmytriiev K., Melnychenko M. A case report of successful experience of using adaptive support ventilation in the pediatric patient with viral interstitial pneumonia COVID-19 positive. Lek. Obzor, Bratislava: Herba, 2021, 70(3): 119-123. ISSN 0457-4214.

Background: An interesting clinical case of viral pneumonia in a 16-year-old patient is considered in the article. This case deserves attention of anesthesiologists, especially today, during the COVID-19 epidemic. An important role in timely diagnosis belongs to the CT scan, as the X-ray does not always diagnose viral pneumonia. In our case, we adhered to the principles of restrictive infusion therapy, early intubation, protective ventilation and early weaning of the patient from the respirator. The article describes the successful experience of using the ASV intelligent ventilation mode-from intubation to extubation. Were commend you to use ASV in patients with viral pneumonia to achieve protective ventilation, rapid weaning, and low risk of complications.

CT-scan analyses were carried out on limb bones of straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) from the Middle Pleistocene site of Castel di Guido (Italy), where bifaces made of elephant bone were found in association with lithics and a large number of intentionally modified bone remains of elephants and other taxa. CT-scans show that marrow cavities are present within the limb bones of this taxon.
Though rather small compared to the size of the bones, these cavities suggest that bone raw material procurement may not have been the unique goal of intentional elephant bone fracturing, and the marrow may also have been extracted for consumption.

The Tyrolean Iceman, a 5,300-year-old glacier mummy recovered at the Tisenjoch (South Tyrol, Italy) together with his clothes and personal equipment, represents a unique opportunity for prehistoric research. The present work examines the Iceman’s tools which are made from chert or are related to chert working ‑ dagger, two arrowheads, endscraper, borer, small flake and antler retoucher ‑ and considers also the arrowhead still embedded in the shoulder of the mummy. The interdisciplinary results achieved by study of the lithic raw material, technology, use-wear analysis, CT analysis and typology all add new information to Ötzi‘s individual history and his last days, and allow insights into the way of life of Alpine Copper Age communities. The chert raw material of the small assemblage originates from at least three different areas of provenance in the Southalpine region. One, or possibly two, sources derive from outcrops in the Trentino, specifically the Non Valley. Such variability s...

Definisi Computed Tomography Scan (CT-Scan) adalah pencitraan diagnostik yang menggunakan kombinasi sinar-x dan teknologi komputer dalam mengolah, menganalisa, dan merekonstruksi data menjadi gambaran irisan transversal tubuh (cross sectional) yang diperiksa. Dari waktu ke waktu CT Scan terus mengalami perkembangan.

3D analysis of skeletal volumes has become an important field in digital anthropology studies. The volume of the mastoid process has been proposed to display significant sexual dimorphism, but it has a complex shape and to date no study has quantified the full mastoid volume for sex estimation purposes. In this study we compared three different ways to isolate the volume of the mastoid process from digital 3D models of dry crania, and then evaluated the performance of the
three different volume definitions for sex estimation purposes. A total of 170 crania (86 male, 84 females) excavated from five medieval Croatian sites were CT-scanned and used to produce 3D stereolitographic models. The three different isolation techniques were based on various anatomical landmarks and planes, as well as the anatomy of the mastoid process itself. Measurements of the three different mastoid volumes yielded different accuracies and precisions. Interestingly, anatomical structures were sometimes more useful than classical landmarks as demarcators of mastoid volume. For all three volume definitions, male mastoid volumes were significantly larger than female volumes, in both relative and absolute numbers. Sex estimation based on mastoid volume showed a slightly higher precision and better accuracy (71% correct classifications) than visual scoring techniques (67%) and linear distance measurements (69%) of the mastoid process. Sex
estimation based on cranial size performed even better (78%), and multifactorial analysis (cranium size + mastoid volume) reached up to 81% accuracy. These results show that measurements of the mastoid volume represent a promising metric to be used in multifactorial approaches for sex estimation of human remains.

Die forensische Gesichtsrekonstruktion von Schepenese Schepenese, eine weibliche Mumie aus dem alten Ägypten, befindet sich seit 1820 in St. Gallen. Sie gilt als die berühmteste Mumie der Schweiz und wird in der Klosterbibliothek aufbewahrt. Das Buch schildert die Geschichte der Mumie und ihrer Erforschung und zeigt erstmals das mit forensischen Methoden erstellte Aussehen der Frau aus der 26. Dynastie (Spätzeit).
ISBN: 978-3754943229
https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Michael-Habicht/dp/3754943227/

Advertisement for the first of a series of papers [recently published in the Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 128 (No 12), 2019, pp. 1165-1169] on the Mummy Project of the Hellenic Institute of Egyptology, the National Archaeological Museum of Athens and the Athens Medical Centre.

Sono raccolti i primi articoli della rivista "Il Radiologo" (2010-2018).
La paleoradiologia si usa per rispondere alle domande che l’antichità – o meglio il passato, talvolta anche quello prossimo – ci pone. A queste domande rispondono, insieme, gli archeologi, i medici, i biologi, gli antropologi, gli storici. Sono i nuovi paleoimager che studiano le tante questioni che la bioarcheologia presenta.
Una importante differenza di carattere lessicale, talvolta origine di incomprensione, deriva dal fatto che nei paesi anglosassoni il termine bioarchaeology riguarda esclusivamente lo studio dei resti ossei umani, mentre per noi la «bioarcheologia» è la disciplina che si occupa in senso lato dello studio dei resti organogeni, sia animali che vegetali, recuperati in un contesto archeologico.

Computed Tomography Scanner (CT Scan) atau Pemindai Tomografi Komputer merupakan salah satu penemuan teknologi pencitraan medis yang terbesar dalam bidang radiodiagnostik kedokteran. Dengan unit peralatan CT Scan tersebut, dapat ditampilkan gambar dari bagian dalam tubuh manusia secara tomografi atau irisan transversal, dimana densitas yang berbeda-beda dari tiap jaringan dinyatakan dalam suatu skala dari hitam ke putih (grey scale) berdasarkan nilai atenuasi masing-masing jaringan terhadap radiasi sinar-X. Generasi CT scan mulai dari  Sumber Tunggal, akuisisi spiral hingga Multi Detektor Sumber Ganda (DSCT) dibahas dalam tulisan ini. Dibahas pula metoda pemindaian yang diterapkan, unit peralatan penunjangnya dan teknik pengolahan data termasuk koreksi-koreksi pra-pemrosesan yang harus dilakukan sebelum data direkonstruksi kembali oleh komputer.

https://www.tokopedia.com/tokojonk?source=universe&st=product

The most discussed and controversial of all ancient bronze coins is the so called Pannonian cap coin, discovered in 2003, showing Constantine I wearing a pillbox cap. We have examined every detail of this coin through stereoscopic wet and dry study, physical probing, iconographical analysis, die matching, and two types of radiological analyses: XEDS and micro-CT scanning. Each individual way of investigation indicates that the coin is ancient, and we are confident that it was produced in 318-319 CE. It shares the obverse die with a second Cap coin, discovered in 2012, which is thus also ancient. We identify the reverse die of the 2003 coin as engraved by an Imperial Mint engraver, and since the two coins share the same obverse die, it is likely but not certain that they were produced at the Imperial Mint of Siscia. Nor is it certain that they were officially sanctioned. We show that headgear seen on early 4th C art - including the porphyry tetrarchs in Venice and Niš; the Arch of Constantine; the great hunt mosaic in the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina; and on numerous palaeochristian sarcophagi - conventionally identified as the “Pannonian cap” of Vegetius, is in fact the headgear of the lictors – the state-paid summoners - at the time. We accordingly identify the pillbox cap on the two coins as that of a lictor.

Molecular imaging techniques using nanoparticles have significant potential to be widely used for the detection of various types of cancers. Nowadays, there has been an increased focus on developing novel nanoprobes as molecular imaging contrast enhancement agents in nanobiomedicine. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the use of a variety of nanoprobes and their current achievements in accurate cancer imaging and effective treatment. Nanoprobes are rapidly becoming potential tools for cancer diagnosis by using novel molecular imaging modalities such as Ultrasound (US) imaging, Computerized Tomography (CT), Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Optical Imaging. These imaging modalities may facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis and staging the most of cancers.

Numerous studies have shown that human bone has the ability to remodel itself to better
adapt to its biomechanical environment by changing both its material properties and
geometry. As a consequence of the rapid development and extensive applications of dental
implants, the effect of bone remodeling on the success of a dental restorative surgery is
becoming critical for implant design and pre­surgical assessment. This article provides an
extensive review on the issues of mandibular and maxillary bone remodeling as a result of
dental implantation. Following the success of remodeling­driven orthopedic design from
the long bone community, substantial clinical/experimental data of implantation have
been driving the development of corresponding remodeling laws and algorithms to various
dental settings, of which it is believed to contain potential to significantly impact on
futuristic dental implant design. In this paper, the published remodeling data is analyzed
and different biomechanical remodeling stimuli are assessed. The established relationships
between bone density and corresponding mechanical properties are outlined and a range
of potential methods of predicting the mandible and maxilla remodeling are critically
evaluated and compared. It is anticipated that this will provide a better understanding of
implant­induced bone remodeling and help develop a new design framework for patient­
specific dental implantation.

Im Frühjahr 1969 wurde bei Ausgrabungen der Universität Bonn unter Leitung von Elmar Edel auf der Qubbet el-Hawa ein außergewöhnliches Depot mit Materialien einer antiken Gusswerkstatt gefunden. Im Zuge der Fundteilung gelangten die meisten Stücke des Konvolutes in das Ägyptische Museum der Universität Bonn und werden dort aufbewahrt.

Die Deponierung des für die Forschung zur antiken Metallurgie bisher einzigartigen Konvoluts geschah im Zuge der Nachnutzung von Grabanlagen aus dem Alten Reich (um 2100 v. u. Z.) in der ägyptischen Spätzeit (um 550 – 400 v. u. Z.). Das Depot enthält Objekte, die alle Fertigungsstufen von Metallgegenständen im Wachsausschmelzverfahren dokumentieren. Es wurden Stücke von Rohwachs sowie Wachsmodelle und die zu deren Herstellung genutzten Negativformen gefunden. Weiterhin enthielt es vollständige Gussformen, die in einem aufwendigen Mehrschalenverfahren hergestellt wurden und teilweise bereits für den Guss ausgebrannt worden sind. Schließlich zählen einige Metallfiguren sowie weitere figürliche Objekte zum Konvolut, die alle in den Bereich einer kunsthandwerklichen Werkstatt deuten. Eine Besonderheit stellen zudem Gussformen dar, in denen Fragmente von Metallfiguren zur Reparatur im Überfangguss vorbereitet waren.

Das Depot wurde in der Gesamtpublikation der Bonner Grabungen bisher nur summarisch vorgestellt. 2014/15 initiierten die Abteilung Ägyptologie der Universität Bonn und das LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn unter Ludwig D. Morenz und Michael Schmauder ein gemeinsames und von der Fritz-Thyssen-Stiftung gefördertes Forschungsprojekt, das von Martin Fitzenreiter, Johannes Auenmüller und Frank Willer geleitet wurde. In Kooperation mit Dietmar Meinel (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Berlin / BAM, Fachbereich 8.5 Mikro-ZfP), Roland Schwab (Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH, Mannheim), Gerwulf Schneider (FU Berlin, Exzellenzcluster TOPOI), Ursula Baumer und Patrick Dietemann (beide Doerner-Institut / München), Thorsten Geisler-Wierwille (Steinmann Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie der Universität Bonn) sowie Ursula Tegtmeier (Labor für Archäobotanik der Universität Köln) wurden die Objekte des Konvolutes eingehend und mit zeitgemäßen Verfahren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieses Forschungsprojekts werden in dieser Publikation vorgelegt.

ABSTRACT

Introduction

It is reported that the healthcare workforce in Zambia is inadequate for the healthcare needs of the country. This stems from healthcare professionals, particularly radiographers, exiting the public health sector for non-governmental organizations or other countries with attractive conditions of service. It has been argued that employees are more likely to be satisfied with their job and retained when their expectations are met. Workplace experiences can influence employee satisfaction and retention, negatively or positively. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the workplace experiences of radiographers in the public health sector in the province of Lusaka in Zambia and to examine how these experiences influence job satisfaction and staff retention.

Methodology

This research was a qualitative, explorative, descriptive study which adopted a constructivist paradigm, using a case study approach. Radiographers working in four public hospitals in Lusaka were included in the study. Using purposive sampling, thirty-nine (39) radiographers who met the inclusion criteria participated in the study. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview schedule. An audio recorder was used to capture the interviews, which were transcribed verbatim. The data was analyzed using a thematic approach and the themes were derived and interpreted in relation to the main concepts in Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (Herzberg’s TFT).

Results

Five main themes were identified from the data, namely: physical work environment, staff workloads, remuneration and incentives, leadership style, and professional development. With regard to the physical work environment, radiographers reported inadequate ventilation, particularly in the imaging rooms, insufficient imaging equipment, accessories and consumables, outmoded and faulty equipment, inadequate patient spaces, inadequate working and resting spaces for staff. Regarding remuneration and incentives, the participants highlighted inadequate salaries and non-availability of incentives and rewards. Participants reported inflexible work allocation, inadequate staffing, and excessive workloads as challenges related to staff workloads. Challenges regarding the theme of the style of leadership and supervision included lack of the following: openness to modern management approaches, emotional intelligence on the part of leadership, autonomy in the workplace, and motivation and appreciation of staff. With respect to professional development, the participants expressed an appreciation for continuing professional development (CPD) opportunities and workshops including the opportunities for new learning experiences. The lack of advocacy by the relevant radiography professional bodies and/or societies was also highlighted. The findings show that the challenges experienced by the radiographers, within the workplace, negatively influence job satisfaction and staff retention, which in turn impacts negatively on imaging service delivery.

Discussion

Herzberg’s (TFT) was selected to provide a meaningful interpretation of the findings, as it highlights the hygiene and motivator factors that affect job satisfaction. The hygiene factors refer to the physical work environment, working conditions, remuneration and rewards, leadership and management. A safe and conducive work environment is essential for radiographers to undertake their daily tasks effectively. They have a right to work in a physical work environment that has adequate spaces, sufficient ventilation and uninterrupted water supply to ensure proper infection control measures as well as to minimize occupational health risks. They also require updated and properly maintained imaging equipment and related ancillaries to provide optimal imaging service delivery. They also experience a higher level of satisfaction when they have a suitable place to rest. Radiographers’ job dissatisfaction is greater when they receive inadequate salaries and there is lack of other rewards and incentives such as radiation risk and overtime allowances. Radiographers experience job satisfaction when they have manageable workloads and there is an adequate staff patient ratio. Staffing shortages lead to increased workloads, which in turn contribute to increasing work-related stressors. Radiographers experience higher levels of job satisfaction and are likely to remain in their positions when their efforts are recognised and rewarded by their respective managers and/or leaders. In addition, radiographers thrive in a work environment that fosters autonomy.
The motivator factor in Herzberg’s (TFT) refers to professional development and employee recognition. Radiographers recognize that CPD is essential to maintain professional aptitude and they also recognize the significance of the professional body in the development of the profession as well as the role that public hospitals play in providing opportunities for continuing learning. Therefore, it is imperative the radiographers are provided with adequate opportunities for professional development and lifelong learning, especially in the ‘era of uncertainty’.

Conclusion

Radiographers, working in the selected public hospitals in the province of Lusaka, experience many challenges in their workplaces. The challenges are related to the physical work environment, remunerations and rewards, staff workloads, leadership style, and CPD which negatively affect job satisfaction and staff retention among public service radiographers. Failure by the employers to address these challenges results in employee job dissatisfaction and negatively affects staff retention. To enhance job satisfaction among public service radiographers, the employers need to support professional development, and recognize and reward performance. This study could contribute positively to enhancing the radiographers’ work environment, which could enhance job satisfaction and staff retention among public service radiographers.

Pemeriksaan CT Scan saat ini menjadi baku emas dalam mendiagnosis nyeri pinggang akut yang mengarah ke diagnosis batu menggantikan intravenous urography (IVU). Pemeriksaan CT low dose memiliki sensitivitas 97% dan spesifitas 95%. Pemeriksaan CT dapat menentukan ukuran dan densitas batu, struktur dalam batu, jarak batu ke kulit serta anatomi di sekitar batu. Selain itu, pemeriksaan CT juga dapat mendeteksi batu asam urat dan xanthine yang tampak radiolusen pada foto polos. Namun pemeriksaan CT belum dapat mendeteksi batu indinavir. Kemampuan CT untuk mendeteksi batu asam urat dikarenakan densitasnya yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan jaringan lunak sekitar. Densitas batu asam urat adalah 150-500 HU, batu fosfat 300-900, dan batu kalsium oksalat 800-2000 HU. Kelemahan pemeriksaan CT Scan adalah tidak dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui fungsi ginjal dan adanya paparan radiasi. Guna mengurangi paparan radiasi dapat digunakan CT low dose.