Case law

This article concerns online publication of case law, by public entity, free of charge and in open access, its importance, how  it is done and how it should be done. The main contents are: the legal framework of the theme; the reasons why case law should be fully available to the entire community (or, at least, selection criteria should be precise, objective and published), the status quo in Portugal and some proposals.

La Corte di cassazione riconferma la configurabilità del reato di riciclaggio nel caso in cui, su un veicolo di provenienza delittuosa, sia apposta targa di pertinenza di un diverso veicolo.
Tale interpretazione giurisprudenziale, imperniata sull'effetto di ostacolo all'identificazione della provenienza del bene, rappresenta il punto di partenza per una più ampia riflessione in tema di riciclaggio.

The economic value of a patent is reflected in its enforcement. If the patent owner suspects an infringement of their patent, they may react more or less aggressively. The German law distinguishes in particular between the softer notice for production of legitimacy claim (Berechtigungsanfrage) and the stricter cease-and-desist letter (Abmahnung), which can be sent to the potential infringer prior to the initiation of legal proceedings but are not mandatory. Recently, the Düsseldorf Appeal Court (Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf) had an opportunity to look more closely at this distinction (OLG Düsseldorf, judgment of 6 March 2014, Case No. I-2 U 42 /13) - and pursues a strict policy.

The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is one of the most important sources of European Union law. However, case law’s role in EU law is not uniform. By empirically studying how the Court uses its own case law as a source of law, we explore the correlation between, on the one hand, the characteristics of a CJEU case— type of action, actors involved, and area of law—and, on the other hand, the judgment’s “embeddedness” in previous case law and value as a precedent in subsequent cases. Using this approach, we test, confirm, and debunk existing scholarship concerning the role of CJEU case law as a source of EU law. We offer the following conclusions: that CJEU case law cannot be treated as a single entity; that only a limited number of factors reliably affect a judgment’s persuasive or precedential power; that the Court’s use of its own case law as a source of law is particularly limited in successful infringement proceedings; that case law is particularly important in preliminary references—especially those concerning fundamental freedoms and competition law; and that initiating Member State and the number of observations affects the behavior of the Court.

American law and American legal education rest on the case : the case as a source of law and the case as a cardinal tool for legal pedagogy ( (case method and casebooks). American Legal Realism brought many insights and propositions to reshape the way to apprehend the law and to teach it. This article aims at showing the richness of the Realist literature on these topics.

Lo que está en juego en la interpretación de esta norma, en definitiva, es el alcance que el sistema de administración de justicia resuelva acordar a una franquicia establecida por el legislador (en una norma de orden público) como un claro incentivo para motorizar la tutela colectiva de un sector de la población que la Corte bien ha calificado como "tradicionalmente postergado" y "débilmente protegido". Es fácil advertir entonces que se trata de una cuestión íntimamente vinculada con la efectividad de la garantía de debido proceso colectivo (art. 43 Const. Nac.) y con la protección de derechos que, también por mandato constitucional, resultan ser objeto de tutela preferente (art. 42 Const. Nac.)

The private sector substantially spearheads the housing industry in Malaysia. While the Malaysian Government regulates the industry through laws, one of the laws is the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172) ('TPCA'). Nevertheless, despite there are many housing policies and legal means to ensure housing success, there are still issues plaguing housing industry in Malaysia. For instance, one of the significant problems is the issue of abandoned housing projects. This paper focuses on planning law issues in abandoned housing projects. This paper aims to discuss this issue and suggest particular improvement in the planning law in dealing with abandoned housing projects. The research methodology used is qualitative and legal research methodologies. This paper finds that there are specific provisions under the TCPA and planning law that should be improved to protect the interests of the stakeholders.

Mini Assignment untuk subjek undang-undang Kontrak Dr Zalina Zakaria, menjawab soalan berkaitan undang-undang kontrak seperti berikut;

1. ADAKAH BERDIAM DIRI BOLEH MENJADI SUATU PENIPUAN? ADAKAH TERDAPAT PENGECUALIAN KEPADA PRISIP UMUM TERSEBUT?

2. APAKAH PERBEZAAN ANTARA TAWARAN DENGAN PELAWAAN TAWARAN? SILA BAWA 3 CONTOH PELAWAAN TAWARAN BESERTA CONTOH-CONTOH KES.

3. TIGA CONTOH PELAWAAN TAWARAN BESERTA CONTOH-CONTOH
KES
- Pharmaceutical Society Of Great Britain Lwn Boots
- M&J Frozen Food Sdn Bhd & Anor lawan Siland Sdn Bhd & Anor
- Coelho lawan The Public Services Comission

In this video, grieving parents, Mr. & Mrs. Cruz files a complaint for damages against Sun Holidays Resort arising from the death of their son; Ruelito who perished with his wife on board the boat MB Coco Beach III. Was the Resort liable for the death of the passengers?

The stay of the newlyweds at the Resort from September 9 to 11, 2000 was by virtue of a tour package-contract with Sun Holidays that included transportation to and from the Resort and the point of departure in Batangas.

Miguel, a scuba diving instructor and one of the survivors, gave his account of the incident that led to the unfortunate incident. Miguel stayed at the Resort from September 8 to 11, 2000. He was originally scheduled to leave the Resort in the afternoon of September 10, 2000, but was advised to stay for another night because of strong winds and heavy rains.

Globalization has led legal systems to influence each other throughout history and legal transplants have not been immune to that process either. Nowadays we do not just see examples of legal transplants but come across cases of 'cross-fertilization' of case law. An emergence of unstudied trends that have spread around the world in a voluntary and involuntary way across legal cultures can also be witnessed. However it seems that legal transplants have been largely misunderstood and have been condemned as mere copy-paste exercises due to their history. This paper studies the different theories of legal transplants in comparative law and also analyses some particular cases that have eventually ‘worked’ efficiently both in the country of origin and in the country where those laws were adopted. We can no longer say that legal transplants are impossible; they are a reality we cannot run away from. Amongst the many challenges faced by this phenomenon, the primary one is to overcome all the obstacles imposed by a ‘legal globalization’ that is threatening developing countries by focusing more on the liberalization of markets, rather than on policies supporting social welfare. Despite this fact, there is still hope for a new concept of ‘legal globalization’, one that includes executing a serious study of the trends that not only developing countries are in need of, but also is a need of the developed countries, which is the adoption of policies towards social welfare, one of the biggest challenges that face modern legal comparatists today.

“...The rule of law has come to be regarded as the mark of a free society... everywhere it is identified with the liberty of the individual. It seeks to maintain a balance between the opposing notions of individual liberty and public order”. (E.C.S Wade)

Short commentary on a decision of the Judge for Preliminary Investigation of the Criminal Court of Venice (February 14th, 2007) on the power of the "support administrator" ("amministratore di sostegno") of a person incapable of attending to their own interests to press charges for a criminal offense committed against the administrated person.

Çalışmada, Danıştay'ın Anayasanın 90. maddesine ilişkin uygulamasının genel çizgileri ortaya koyulmaktadır. İlk bölümde, Danıştay'ın uluslararası antlaşmaları bir norm olarak nasıl tanıdığı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu nedenle, incelenen kararların 2004 Anayasa değişikliği öncesi verilip verilmediği gözetilmemektedir. İkinci bölümde ise, Anayasa değişikliği ile Anayasanın 90. maddesine giren ek cümlenin uygulanması bağlamında, Danıştay'ın izlediği " temel hak ve özgürlüklere ilişkin antlaşmaları esas alma " yöntemleri değerlendirilmektedir. Kararların kurgusunun elverişsizliğine rağ-men, Danıştay'ın temel hak ve özgürlüklere ilişkin uluslararası antlaşmaları esas aldığı farklı durumlar birbirinden ayrılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Esas alma, yalnızca antlaşma ile yasanın çatışması halinde başvurulan bir yöntem değildir. Ancak çatışma halinde, Mahkemenin genel eğilimi yasayı Anayasaya ve antlaşmalara uygun yorumlamak doğrultusundadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Anayasanın 90. maddesi, anayasa değişikliği, temel hak ve özgürlüklere ilişkin uluslararası antlaşma, norm çatışması, Danıştay'ın izlediği yöntemler.

This study discusses the main lines of the Council of State's practice concerning Article 90 of the Constitution. The first part focuses on how the Council of State identifies an international treaty as a norm. In this respect, the dates of decisions, whether they are previous or subsequent to the constitutional amendment of 2004, have not been taken into consideration. The second part evaluates the methods adopted by the Council of State in the context of international treaties on fundamental rights and freedoms in the context of the application of the additional rule inserted into the article 90. Despite the inconvenience due to the construction of decisions, the main emphasis has been laid on distinguishing different aspects, in which the Council of State predicates its decisions upon treaties on fundamental rights and freedoms. Basing on treaties is not a method exclusive to conflict between national legislation and treaties. However, in case of conflict, the Court has a general tendency to develop an interpretation of national legislation appnopriate to the Constitution and treaties.

Key Words: Article 90 of the constitution, constitutional amendment, international treaties on fundamental rights and freedoms, conflicts of norms, methods followed by the Council of State.

Some  of  the  rights  enshrined  in  the  ECHR  are  absolute  (the  prohibition  of  torture  (Article  3), the prohibition of slavery and forced labor (Article 4)). It means that they can under no circumstances be restricted or reduced. All other rights may be partially restricted under the terms of Art. 15 of the ECHR, in cases of social urgency – martial/emergency within the limits necessary to prevent the threat to the life of the nation. Some ECHR articles explicitly state the conditions for restrictions on human rights  and  freedoms.  So,  the  right  to  privacy  (Art.  8),  freedom  of  thought,  conscience  and  religion (Art. 9), freedom of expression (Art. 10) and freedom of assembly (Art. 11) may be restricted, if required by the law and is necessary in a democratic society.Thus, conventional rights may also have inherent limitations. In particular, in some cases, the rights guaranteed by the various articles of the ECHR collide.Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to research the essence and core elements of the principle of proportionality in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR.To evaluate the proportionality of an interference with a right or freedom, it is necessary to determine its impact on the law, the causes of the interference, its results, the importance of local circumstances, and the complexity of objective evaluation of relevant rights and interests. It is the states that must justify such intervention. Herewith, the reasons should be ‘substantial and sufficient’, the need for the restriction ‘established by the law’, the exceptions ‘clearly stated’, and the interference must comply with ‘urgent social need’.According to the principle of proportionality, all legal actions and state decisions must be established by the law, necessary, relevant (suitable) and least restricts the right of the individual. In addition, the proportionality test must ensure that a person’s loss from the restriction of the right is commensurate with the benefit from the aim pursued. The balance is fair, if the restriction does not encroach on the very essence of the right and does not cause its real content to be lost.

Η παρούσα εργασία καταπιάνεται με την θεματική του τεκμηρίου αθωότητας. Πρωτίστως, ο συγγραφέας αναφέρεται εν συντομία στην θέση που κατέχει στο Κοινοδίκαιο και στην Κυπριακή έννομη τάξη. Ακολούθως, επεκτείνεται στην υπερεθνική του διάσταση, όπου επικεντρώνεται, κατά ένα μεγάλο μέρος, στην ανάλυση του τεκμηρίου αθωότητας υπό το πρίσμα της Νομολογίας του ΕΔΑΔ δίδοντας έμφαση στις κυριότερες θεματικές του, όπως η νομική του φύση, το χρονοδιάγραμμα προστασίας και το περιεχόμενο του. Εν συνεχεία, δράττεται της ευκαιρίας να αναφερθεί σε μια ειδική έκφανση του τεκμηρίου και συγκεκριμένα στο δικαίωμα της σιωπής και μη αυτοενοχοποίησης, το οποίο επεξηγεί με πληρότητα. Ενόψει της ανάλυσης περί υπερεθνικής διάστασης του τεκμηρίου, ο συγγραφέας αναφέρεται και στην νομική υπόσταση του τεκμηρίου αθωότητας κατά τον Χάρτη Θεμελιωδών Δικαιωμάτων της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, καθοδηγούμενος από την Νομολογία του ΔΕΕ. Σημειωτέο ότι σε όλη την έκταση της παρούσας εργασίας γίνεται ουσιαστική μνεία στις κυριότερες πρόνοιες της πολυσυζητημένης και σχετικά πρόσφατης Ευρωπαϊκής Οδηγίας 2016/343/ΕΕ, όπου αυτή σχετίζεται ή διαφοροποιείται κυρίως με τα προαναφερόμενα υπερεθνικά νομοθετήματα. Εν κατακλείδι, ο συγγραφέας παραθέτει σε συντομία τις θέσεις του.

This thesis paper maps the milestones of data privacy case law and the evolution of legal doctrines established in the opinions as well as the novel legal and constitutional challenges that large-scale data breaches in the digital age present.
This paper also attempts to explore how the Cambridge-Analytica data harvest scandal features against US constitutional protections of privacy and specifically against the said case law of privacy protection.

In this case note, I analyze the modes of interpretation used by the Justices and the legal philosophies underlying their application of law to the facts of the case. With an emphasis on the historical context of the case, I briefly trace the changes in legal reasoning leading up to the case as well as how the decision substantively affects case law. Also studied are the strategies of argumentation utilized by counsel for plaintiff and respondent.

L’étude du sort des exceptions environnementales et sanitaires à l’OMC permet de mettre en lumière l’équilibre qu’assurent les organes de règlement des différends entre les valeurs commerciales et non-commerciales. Ces exceptions sont pourtant vouées à une ineffectivité systémique au sein du droit de l’OMC. Les organes de règlement des différends fonctionnent comme des régulateurs exclusivement portés par et pour les intérêts commerciaux. En refusant d’infléchir les principes du libre-échange au nom des exceptions inscrites dans les textes, ils appliquent un droit rigide, vecteur d’insécurité environnementale, sanitaire et alimentaire. Une première approche linéaire de la jurisprudence révèle que les organes de règlement des différends cultivent l’apparence d’une régulation équilibrée dans ces domaines. Cet équilibre de façade est néanmoins contredit par une recherche approfondie sur le véritable sort réservé aux exceptions environnementales et sanitaires. La présente étude démontre que les organes de règlement des différends ont en réalité interprété ces exceptions de manière tellement restrictive qu’elles en sont devenues ineffectives. Une seconde approche, plus transversale, révèle que la rigidité du multilatéralisme commercial est ancrée jusque dans les mécanismes juridiques et techniques du droit de l’OMC. Ainsi en va-t-il du droit de la preuve et de la reconnaissance des normes externes au droit de l’OMC qui neutralisent les exceptions environnementales et sanitaires. Pourtant, ces verrous actuels représentent les clefs potentielles de demain, à même de relever les défis contemporains.

The environmental and sanitary exceptions in WTO case-law
The use of the environmental and sanitary exceptions’ study highlights the balance between commercial and non-commercial values provided by the WTO’s dispute settlement organs. Yet, these exceptions turn out to be mere decoys, since they are doomed to ineffectiveness in the WTO’s law. The dispute settlement organs appear to be exclusively motivated by and for commercial interests. By refusing to inflect the free trade’s principles on behalf of the textual exceptions, they turn WTO in a rigid law, vector of environmental, sanitary and alimentary insecurity. A first linear perspective shows that the dispute settlement organs claim to ensure a balanced regulatory activity in these areas. Nevertheless, a deeper study of what happens to the environmental and sanitary exceptions contradicts this apparent balance. As a matter of fact, the dispute settlement organs have adopted such a restrictiv interpretation of these exceptions, that they have become ineffective. A second cross perspective shows that the rigidity of the comercial multilateralism is deeply rooted into the technical juridical  mechanisms of the dispute settlement. Such is the case of the rules on proof and the recognition of external norms: these locks in the present could be keys in the future that would enable the WTO’s law to meet the contemporary challenges.

Il punto di vista del diritto del lavoro (Presiede Arturo Maresca, ne discutono Maria Emilia Casas Baamonde, Massimiliano Delfino e Emanuele Menegatti)
Il punto di vista del diritto privato (Presiede Guido Alpa, ne discutono Mauro Grondona, Roberta Peleggi, Guido Smorto e Giuseppe Vettori)
Il punto di vista del diritto pubblico (Presiede Paolo Ridola, ne discutono Alessandra Di Martino, Tania Groppi, Matteo Nicolini e Paolo Passaglia)
Conclusioni (Michele Graziadei e Alessandro Somma).

This essay provides the highlights of my full research paper "In Denial: White Slavery in the Virginia Colony, 1607 to 1619,  + 'Reasonable Cause for Reparations' for Descendants of African Slaves."

For your convenience, I pose a short litany of questions that points to the compelling argument for the 'Reasonable Cause for Reparations' for the Descendants of African Slaves:

1. What were the two-legal slavery periods in America?
2. When was the 1st Freedom document issued for the [overground] White Slave Survivors in the Virginia Colony?
3. When was the 2nd Freedom document issued for the [underground] White Slave Survivors in the United States?
4. Why were White Slave Survivors [of the Virginia Colony] paid Reparations, but not African Slave Survivors (13th Amendment)?
5. Are you familiar with what the "Jim Crow Laws" were?
6. Why does the issuance of Reparations to the White Slave Survivors represent a legal precedent (Case Law)?
7.Who was the historian that described the White Slave Virginia Colony as it "…was ruled during that period by laws written in blood; and repeatedly
suffered an extremity of distress too horrible to be described?"
8. Out of the 5-consecutive time-periods associated with the Legal System of Indentured Servitude,
when and how long did the 1st period last?
9. Why was "Martial Laws" used during the 1st 12 years of the Virginia Colony, 1607 to 1619 AD?
10. What was the documented message in 1624 AD from the White Slave Survivors of the Virginia Colony to us, the later generations?
11. Are you familiar with the inventions that African Americans contributed towards the United States since 1790 AD?

I trust that you will appreciate the authentic claims. Thank you for your interest for truth, and all the best to you and Yours

George Rainey, Jr.
Nubian Pageant Systems, Inc.