Categorization

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics through which consumers structure the heterogeneous field of luxury fashion brands, and to discuss how the distinguishing characteristics become meaningful for consumers. The empirical data was generated through 12 personal interviews, which were elicited with free sorting tasks with brand cards depicting luxury fashion brands. The findings show that luxury fashion brands are categorized in more diverse ways than just by applying brand-related characteristics. Instead, the consumers determine and interpret these characteristics in relation to other brands and reflect them against their personal consumption experiences as well as the social context and time. Thus, the brands were not necessarily organized in hierarchical order (higher – lower degree of luxury). The study extends the understanding of the fragmented luxury fashion field, where previous research has emphasized the product perspective and neglected the consumers' interpretations of what constitutes luxury.

The paper deals with phenomena arising from radical disruptions in numerous spheres of human activity that challenge the conventional understanding of security. Authors endeavour to contribute to understanding of these changes and the emerging paradigm. The notions of cyber security, information security in relation to the cyber-physical systems security, and information security in broader sense which describes safeguarding the information flows to cyberspace and media were considered. Authors explore modern manifestations of these threats, and then dive into the hybrid nature of the threats to cyber-and information security, describing cyber threats and cyber attacks as merged with existing 'conventional' techniques. The examination of hybrids threats-the cyber leverages to diplomacy, the practice of cyber retaliation, cyber sabotage and espionage, cyber weapons and the cyber arms race-was given.

La trajectoire d’Albert Widders, Aborigène australien, permet d’historiciser le modèle ségrégatif qui a dominé le Sud-Est de l’Australie au XXe siècle. Sa vie semble en effet avoir été coupée en deux par l’apparition d’un ordre ségrégatif. Né dans les années 1840, Albert était, dans la première partie de sa vie, assez bien intégré au monde des colons blancs, au point d’épouser une femme européenne. Suite à l’effondrement de son mariage, il a cependant quitté la région et formé une nouvelle famille, cette fois avec une femme aborigène. De ces deux mariages sont issues deux « branches » d’une famille – l’une dans le monde aborigène, l’autre dans le monde « européen » – dont les destins sociaux contrastés permettent d’appréhender avec un regard nouveau les transformations des relations raciales en Australie du Sud-Est, marquées par l’avènement, au XXe siècle, d’une dichotomie rigide séparant « Noirs » et « Blancs ».

Second language acquisition studies can contribute to the body of research on the influence of language on thought by examining cognitive change as a result of second language learning. We conducted a longitudinal study that examined how the acquisition of Spanish grammatical gender influences categorization in native English-speaking adults. We asked whether learning the grammatical gender of Spanish affects adult native English speakers' attribution of gender to inanimate objects. College students enrolled in beginning Spanish participated in two tasks repeatedly (four times) throughout one academic year. One task examined their acquisition of grammatical gender. The other examined their categorization of inanimate objects. We began to observe changes in participants' grammatical gender acquisition and in categorization after ten weeks of Spanish instruction. Results indicate that learning a second language as an adult can change the way one categorizes objects. However, t...

Once natural dangers tied up human energies; now man-made problems – lifestyle diseases, pollution, racism, terrorism, etc. – take the lead and dictate agendas. Entrenchment in fundamental beliefs increases; economism rules, yet aggravates a conflictual development whose root is neither accidental nor 'the human condition', but in a widespread way of thinking, justified by the vast majority of contemporary theorizing: to approach problems dominatively, based on primal assumptions (not openness on principle to the entirety of the subject matter). This way of thinking is self-limited on principle: it can't reach the intrinsic nature of phenomena, it is not generally sound. Action on this basis produces conflicts that can't be resolved by reiterating the method, which is thus not fully sustainable. The mainstream can avoid plurality only by incurring losses, and it is led to believe totally secure thinking is impossible – calling for more formalism, engendering on the theoretical level a self-fulfilling prophecy, and on the practical level an immense inefficiency. Nevertheless secure thinking is viable on the level of pure content. An adequate foundation can be found in completely self-aware querying. Systematizing this path makes perspectivity and universality compatible and opens up categories that are universally applicable within their query perspective. The proposed methodology allows strict thinking from totality towards its aspects – for instance in theorizing seamlessly all human agency, including mental activity. The proposed framework is not just one more theory, but encompasses theory and practice, and fosters personal integrity – the root of all authentic conflict solving.

Although the study of canine cognition is in vogue, at present there is little known about how domestic dogs (​canis familiaris​) categorize information. A touch­screen testing system was used to which a dog was trained to respond differentially to two light­sound compounds – a bright light/soft sound and a dim light/loud sound. Reinforcement was contingent upon touch at a different screen location for each compound. In order to examine how the elements of such light­sound compounds are processed the dog was tested with combinations of additional light and sound intensities. It was found that the dog used the information provided by both stimulus dimensions in a manner that maximized the probability of a correct choice. This research is relevant to the understanding of information processing, specifically attention, categorization and generalization.

The cross-linguistic investigation of semantic categories has a long history, spanning many disciplines and covering many domains. But the extent to which semantic categories are universal or language-specific remains highly controversial. Focusing on the domain of events involving material destruction (“cutting and breaking” events, for short), this study investigates how speakers of different languages implicitly categorize such events through the verbs they use to talk about them. Speakers of 28 typologically, genetically and geographically diverse languages were asked to describe the events shown in a set of videoclips, and the distribution of their verbs across the events was analyzed with multivariate statistics. The results show that there is considerable agreement across languages in the dimensions along which cutting and breaking events are distinguished, although there is variation in the number of categories and the placement of their boundaries. This suggests that there are strong constraints in human event categorization, and that variation is played out within a restricted semantic space.

De film Intouchables is wereldwijd goed onthaald. Het verhaal gaat over een opmerkelijke vriendschap die ontstaat tussen twee personen die op het eerste zicht het totaal tegenovergestelde van elkaar zijn. Dit artikel is een analyse van de rol van de beperking in de film. Op een eerste niveau wordt overlopen hoe beperking als categorie van abnormale vorm krijgt. Op een volgend niveau wordt de representatie van beperking in de filmwereld besproken, om vervolgens op het derde niveau dieper in te gaan op de betekenis van constructies en deconstructies van de categorie van beperking in Intouchables.
(constructies, cultuur, film, Intouchables, ilichaam, norm, Othering, stigmatisering, waardigheid, quality of life)

Recent experimental research in the field of neurophysiology has led to the discovery of two classes of visuomotor neurons: canonical neurons and mirror neurons. In light of these studies, we propose here an overview of two classical themes in the cognitive science panorama: James Gibson's theory of affordances and Eleanor Rosch's principles of categorization. We discuss how theoretical perspectives and neuroscientific evidence are converging towards the current paradigm of embodied cognition. From this perspective, we discuss the role of action and simulation in cognitive processes, which lead to the perceptual recognition of objects, and actions and to their conceptual categorization.

The Information Systems field is structured by the research topics emphasized by communities of journals. The Latent Categorization Method categorized and automatically named IS research topics in 14,510 abstracts from 65 Information Systems journals. These topics were clustered into seven intellectual communities based on publication patterns. The technique develops categories from the data itself, it is replicable, is relatively insensitive to the size of the text units, and it avoids many of the problems that frequently accompany human categorization. As such LCM provides a new approach to analyzing a wide array of textual data.

Reports of key MIS issues based on the perceptions of senior IS executives appear periodically in the MIS literature. In this article, we provide another perspective on key MIS issues by examining published MIS articles. A content analysis of MIS articles appearing between 1989 and ...

This study investigated the effects of hierarchical cognitive training using the categorization program (CP), designed initially for adults with cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Fifty-eight participants were included: a group of fifteen young adults with TBI (ages 18-48), another group of fifteen noninjured young adults (ages 18-50), and two groups of adults over 60 randomly assigned into the experimental group (n = 14) or the control group (n = 14). Following neuropsychological testing, the two young adult groups and the experimental older adult group received the CP training for 10-12 weeks. The CP training consisted of 8 levels targeting concept formation, object categorization, and decision-making abilities. Two CP tests (administered before and after the training) and three probe tasks (administered at specified intervals during the training) assessed skills relating to categorization. All treated groups showed significant improvement in their categorization performance, although younger participants (with or without TBI) demonstrated greater gains. Gains on the categorization measures were maintained by a subgroup of older adults up to four months posttraining. Implications of these findings in terms of adult cognitive learning and directions for future research on adult cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive stimulation programs are discussed.

Human expressions play an important role in the extraction of an individual's emotional state. It helps in determining the current state and mood of an individual, extracting and understanding the emotion that an individual has based on various features of the face such as eyes, cheeks, forehead, or even through the curve of the smile. A survey confirmed that people use Music as a form of expression. They often relate to a particular piece of music according to their emotions. Considering these aspects of how music impacts a part of the human brain and body, our project will deal with extracting the user's facial expressions and features to determine the current mood of the user. Once the emotion is detected, a playlist of songs suitable to the mood of the user will be presented to the user. This can be a big help to alleviate the mood or simply calm the individual and can also get quicker song according to the mood, saving time from looking up different songs and parallel developing a software that can be used anywhere with the help of providing the functionality of playing music according to the emotion detected.

Human capital is the key factor to maintain the
competitiveness of an organization by having
enough right people with the right skills. In
technology advancement, machine learning
technique can be used in order to identify the right
employee for the right task by classifying their
performance achievement. Support Vector Machine
(SVM) is a powerful supervised machine learning
technique for classification because it uses kernel
trick with the ability to build expert knowledge for
the problem via kernel engineering process. In this
study, Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO)
algorithm from SVM technique is the chosen
method due to its capability to solve most of convex
optimization problem. This study consists of four
phases; data collection, data preparation, model
development and model evaluation. In the
experimental phase, selected academician
performance achievement data in Malaysian Higher
Institution have been used as the training dataset
based on 10-fold cross validation. Several
experiments were carried out by using different set
of training and testing datasets to evaluate the
accuracy of the model. As a result, the accuracy of
the proposed model is considered acceptable and
needs further enhancement. For future work, to
enhance the accuracy of the proposed model, a
comparative study should be conducted using other
SVM algorithms such as Grid Search and Gabriel
graph algorithms that focus on reducing the size of a
training set.

Tanulmányomban a nyelvi és a nem nyelvi kategorizáció kérdéseire utalva az erdélyi magyar nyelvjárásokban használatos rom án eredetű kölcsönszavak szemantikai integrálódását vizsgálom. A vizsgált nyelvi anyag alapját a M árton Gyula, Péntek János és Vöő István szerkesztette A  m a g y a r  n y elv ­ járások rom án kölcsönsz avai cím ű szótár képezi (1977). (A szótárra való utalás a továbbiakban a szakirodalomban bevett RK rövidítéssel történik.) Ez a mű nagy többségében 20. századi kölcsönelemeket tartalmaz. Figye­ lembe vettem Bakos Ferencnek a RK-hoz írt, 20. századi adatokat tartal­ mazó kiegészítő jegyzeteit (Bakos 1982: 4 5 7-7 8 , 1984), illetve Zsem lyéi János doktori értekezésének adattárából azokat a köles önszavakat, am elyek valamilyen okból nem kerültek be az e lített szótárba. A korpuszt tovább gazdagítottam saját gyűjtésen alapuló lexémákkal. A vizsgált adattár tartal­ mazza mindazon 2 0. századi elemeket, am elyek az eddigi gyűjtések során előkerültek. Az így összeállt adatokból számítógépes adatbázist hoztam lét­ re, ezáltal lehetővé vált, hogy a lexikai rétegeződésről és a szemantikai jelen­ségek érvényesülésének arányairól pontos képet kapjunk. Összesen 4475 kölcsönszóval, 5804 jelentésegységgel dolgoztam. A kölcsönszóanyag elem­zése alapján utalok azokra a jelentésváltozási tendenciákra, amelyek be­folyásolják az átvevő nyelv jelentésrendszerét, amelyek alapján az egyszerű szó szintjén új nyelvi kategóriák jönnek létre. 2. Kognitív tartalom , szemantikai tartalom A különböző nyelvek eltérő módon tagolják a valóságot azáltal, hogy grammatikai és szemantikai rendszerük sajátos viszonyokat teremtve utal az emberi környezetre. A nyelv ilyen értelemben szemléletmódot kínál a beszélők számára. A világnak ez a nyelvspecifikus látásmódja a jeltárgyak bizonyos tulajdonságait kiemelheti, és ezáltal is sajátosan kategorizálhat bizonyos tár­gyakat, viszonyokat. A nyelvi világképet azonban nem úgy kell elképzel­nünk, m int valami sorsszerűén adottat, amelynek hatásától a beszélő nem szabadulhat. Inkább arról van szó, hogy a nyelv által hajlamosak vagyunk bizonyos összefüggéseket úgy "látni", úgy hangsúlyozni a tárgyak attribútu­mait, ahogy a nyelvi szemléletmód ábrázolja, de megfigyelés és gondol­kodás által képesek vagyunk ezeket a viszonyokat újrarendezni, másként értelmezni.