Conceptual Metaphor Theory

This monograph employs conceptual metaphor theory to investigate philosophy of mind and and the materiality of meditation systems in three c.4th-5th-century CE Sanskrit meditation treatises: the Patanjalayogasastra, the Abhidharmakosabhasya and the Yogacarabhumisastra. The book also challenges the historical framing of these and other texts as 'classical' and applies decolonial thought to how emic labels from South Asian culture might prove more appropriate and useful in categorisation.

Building type explores interpretation as a creative strategy for developing experimental design processes that translate architecture into type. The research sits within the experimental area of the contemporary type design context. The methodology is based on a hermeneutic framework and establishes a cycle of research methods that enable the project to progress through several phases of inquiry. It is a practice-based project, but its intended outputs are not fully resolved typefaces, but rather a range of experimental type design strategies. These strategies translate aspects of selected New Zealand suburban architecture (a single-bay villa, a Californian bungalow and a state house) into letterforms and prototypefaces. The outcomes are communicated through two sets of publications, large format posters, plan print guidelines, card inserts and an exegesis.

This paper investigates how large multinational corporations use multimodal meaning-making resources to communicate a trustworthy corporate identity. It combines insights from Forceville’s work on pictorial and multimodal metaphor (Forceville 1996, 2002; Forceville and Urios-Aparisi, 2009) and key features of Fuoli and Paradis’ (2014) model of trust-repair discourse to examine the discursive dynamics of trust- building in a corpus of promotional corporate videos produced by some of the world’s largest corporations. The analysis shows that multimodal metaphors are deployed as key persuasive devices to promote three fundamental attributes of the companies’ trustworthiness, i.e. ability, integrity and benevolence.

This paper sheds some light on how trustworthiness is constructed through multimodal resources in corporate discourse and contributes to our understanding of the discursive dynamics of trust, which is still limited and fragmentary (Fuoli and Paradis, 2014; Linell and Keselman, 2011). But the study also carries implications for cognitive linguistic theory, in particular for conceptual metaphor theory. Three theoretical issues requiring further discussion are highlighted: (i) the distinction between conventional and novel metaphor and the question of ‘deliberateness’ (Steen, 2008), (ii) the usefulness of the notion of metaphor scenario (Musolff, 2006) as a descriptive tool in the realm of multimodal discourse, and (iii) the adequacy of Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) model versus Blending Theory (Fauconnier and Turner, 1996, 1998; Grady et al. 1999) for describing novel multimodal metaphors and accounting for the evaluative function they can perform in persuasive multimodal discourse.

Keywords: pictorial and multimodal metaphor, conceptual metaphor theory, blending, trust, corporate multimodal discourse

The affective bond between an infant and its caregiver, the so-called mother-infant tie, was analyzed by various reputable psychologists (e.g., Ainsworth, Clark, Erikson, Anna Freud, Harlow, Klein, Spitz, and Winnicott) but both the basic tenets of the bond and the importance of the trauma of maternal deprivation for personality disorders in adults were introduced by Bowlby. Although Bowlby was a trained psychoanalyst, he
rejected central cornerstones of Freudian theory (esp. drive theory) and used concepts promulgated by renowned ethologists (Tinbergen and Lorenz) to establish his framework of “instinctive behavior” that has been developed further into the concept of “attachment theory” under the influence of Mary Ainsworth. However, since any precise xperimental
facts were lacking when Bowlby formulated his ideas on the concept of instinctive behavior, the whole framework is a descriptive, category-driven approach (like the ones of Freudian drives). In order to connect the mother-infant tie – as propounded by Bowlby – with experimental data, this manuscript undertakes a biochemical analysis of it because this strategy proved somewhat successful in relation to Freudian drives.
The analysis unfolded that the neurochemical oxytocin, released by the action of sensory nerves, is of utmost importance for the operation of the mother-infant tie. Furthermore, multiple evidences have been presented to the fact that there is strong interaction between unconsciously operating Freudian drives and the consciously acting mother-infant tie (that is now classified as a drive). The outlined interaction in conjunction with the classification of attachment urges as drives gave a very detailed insight into how a SEEKING-derived reward can be evoked during operation of the mother-infant tie. In summary, there is no need to marginalize either the mother-infant tie or Freudian drives. but rather there is need to respect both (principally different) impulses in moving toward a more extensive description.

By examining the trans-disciplinary neologisms called "terminological junctions" in writings of Arakawa and Gins, one may find adequate conditions for making visible, and perhaps resolving a central paradox in the thinking of Gilles Deleuze, who exhorts us to "forge alliances" across scientific percepts, philosophical concepts and artistic constructs, and yet denies the adequacy of metaphor specifically, and tropes generally, because of the taint of representation and transcendence. Drawing on my earlier work which emphasizes the "agency" of tropes (by reference to Peter Galison and Bruno Latour) I attempt to recuperate tropes from within a Deleuzean frame, through an analysis of of "terminological junctions" as "shocks of thought."

This article is an attempt to apply MIPVU (Steen et al., 2010) for identifying and extracting metaphors used in the educational discourse of teaching the Persian language to first and second grades of elementary schools in Naghedeh. The main objective is to investigate the challenges of applying MIPVU to Persian and present a template for tagging metaphor-related words according to morphological, syntactic, and semantic features of Persian. The second objective is to analyze the conceptual metaphors underlying educational discourse in the first and second grades of elementary schools in Naghadeh.

The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor argues that we need metaphors in order to express abstract concepts and complex experiences such as emotions. These metaphors related to emotions are reenactments of sensory-motor experiences. For example, happy is up, emotion is heat or sympathy is softness. Metaphors conceptualizing emotions represent a well-researched area within the general framework of a cognitive theory of metaphor. They have been identified and analysed in the verbal corpus (Kövecses), in comics (Forceville and Urios-Aparisi), in sound (Fahlenbrach; Zangwill) or gestures (Cienki and Müller; Hurtienne et al.) At the same time, research has been carried out on the ways films cue emotional responses (Plantinga and Smith; Smith, G.) or the emotional structure and design of audiovisual media (Grodal). The intention of this chapter is to continue in this line of research, by arguing that filmmakers can use the different aspects of mise-en-scène metaphorically in order to help create and maintain the mood of a film.

This study applies Conceptual Metaphor Theory to the pedagogy and activity of the college composition classroom by means of collecting and analyzing instructor and student metaphors for literacy. The research explores: What are the metaphors we read and write by? The investigation covers how college-writers write about writing and talk about writing.

Our experience of physical matter provides a firm experiential basis for the conceptual organization of language and its functional uses in narrative and argumentative contexts. Nouns typically denote UNITS OF THOUGHT AND EXPERIENCE – the THINGS we perceive, the THINGS we have in mind, the THINGS that we talk and reason about. “Ontological metaphors” (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, 1999) and “conceptual reification” (Langacker 2000, 2008) accordingly play a central role in human cognition. They are essential components of semiotic expression, in all its verbal, written or gestural manifestations. Gesture research, in particular, confirms that reflection is physically and metaphorically enacted as a type of OBJECT MANIPULATION that gives visibility and substance to invisible thoughts (Lapaire 2016). That is why our experience and understanding of MATTER matters so much; why THINGS, not just our HANDS, “help us think” (Goldin-Meadow 2003).

A substantial number of studies of metaphor have rejected the notion that a statement must be literally false in order for it to be metaphorically interpreted. Self-evidently true statements that can, under appropriate circumstances, be metaphorically interpreted, are frequently used as evidence to support this position. This article contends that there is a substantial body of data that cannot be accounted for unless we assume that "literally true" metaphors presuppose one or more literally false implications. In so doing, the article first examines presupposition in relation to negation, and then proposes two diagnostic tests that allow us to see whether or not "literally true" metaphors imply literally false presuppositions.  Offprint available upon request ([email protected]).

This thesis explores the association between natural phenomena and deities in Mesopotamian religion. Within Assyriology, expressions such as »Anu is the sky god«, »Enlil is the storm god« and »Girra is the fire god« are being used as if their meaning was transparent and self-evident. In the first part of my thesis, I trace the origin and discuss the validity of this practice. In the second, I explore and re-evaluate how the relationship between gods and natural phenomena is expressed in the sources, in the context of a case study of the »fire god«, Girra.
The way religion has been perceived and studied by Assyriologists has so far not been analysed systematically. The first part of my thesis, I will at-tempt to do such an analysis. The concept of nature gods is traced from its animistic and nature-mythological origins in the 19th century, through astral mythology and the predominantly hermeneutical tradition of the first dec-ades of the 20th century, to the phenomenological and intellectualist trends of the post-war years. In this way, far more continuity than previous histo-riographical studies have acknowledged, is demonstrated.
Particularly persistent within Assyriology is the notion that there has been a development in Mesopotamian religion from an early stage, where gods were identical with or immanent in the natural phenomenon they were associated with, to a later stage, where gods assumed anthropomorphic form. The various sources and theories that have given credence to this idea are discussed, as well as its impact on the way in which texts have been dated and interpreted. This leads to my claims that: 1) the differences in content between various texts that have been interpreted as the result of historical development, are in fact differences determined by the genre of these texts, and 2) the practice of distinguishing between historical layers in individual texts is not only circular, but violates the way natural and anthropomorphic metaphors are used in the texts.
These two claims are the points of departure for my analysis of the fire god, Girra. A new, theoretical perspective that combines genre theory and cognitive linguistics is proposed. Following a suvery of current knowledge of the god Girra, the various texts in which he appears are then analyzed in turn, by genre. The most important textual genre is incantations, in which fire is utilized ritually. I also discuss the way in which Girra appears in a number of mythical texts as well as in royal inscriptions and astrological and speculative texts. In each case, I show that the way in which Girra is repre-sented in these sources is determined by the formal and pragmatic character-istics of the source in question. Lastly, I analyse the complete and often very artful integration of natural and anthropomorphic metaphors in detail. My conclusion is that the god Girra has in fact only a very limited amount of common characteristics across various textual genres and that this point has far-reaching implications for the study of Mesopotamian religion as a whole

Presentation at “The Way We Think: A Research Symposium on Conceptual Integration and the Nature and Origin of Cognitively Modern Humans.” University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Demark, August 19-23,  2002. Document includes Supplemental Materials: Resource Guide and Commentaries
In recent years the relationship between language change and biological evolution has captured the attention of investigators operating in different disciplines, particularly evolutionary biology, AI and A-Life (Zeimke 2001, Hull 2001), as well as linguistics (Croft 2000; Sinha 1999), with each group often bringing radically different conceptualizations of the object under study, namely, “language” itself, to the debate.  Over the centuries, meanings associated with the expression “language” have been influenced by mappings of conceptual frames and inputs from the biological sciences onto the entity referred to as “language”. At the same time the prestige of the “science of linguistics” created a feedback mechanism by which the referentiality of “language”, at each stage, was mapped back into the field of evolutionary biology along with the emergent structure(s) of the resulting “blend”. While significant energy has been spent on identifying ways in which biological evolution has been linked to concepts of language evolution (Dörries 2002), little attention has been directed to the nature of the conceptual integration networks that have been produced in the process. This paper examines the way conceptual integration theory can be brought to bear on the “blends” that have been created, focusing primarily on examples drawn from 19th century debates concerning the “language-species-organism analogy” in the emerging field of comparative-historical philology.

Cohesion is a semantic notion that refers to non-structural text-forming meaning inherent in relations of connectedness which may or may not be linguistically coded. It is the means by which one element is construed by reference to another. As a part of the system of a language, cohesion is evidenced by means of 'reference', 'ellipsis', 'conjunction' and 'lexical cohesion'. The purpose of this study is to explore and explain the occurrence of two types of lexical cohesive devices, i.e. collocation and synonymy evident generally in both fiction and non-fiction genres. The corpus for the analysis was composed of 20000 words from a sample of prose fiction in English from five novels thatspan and represent different eras of English fictional literature. The model for analysis was mostly taken from Halliday (1985) and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004). The manner and frequency of occurrence of both collocation and synonymy were investigated and calculated. The results point to synonymy being the prominent cohesive device which manifests itself within a large number of cohesive chains. Another significant finding is the salient presence of chain leaps across unrelated synonymous words, while the presence of chain leaps across collocational and synonymous terms is less prominent, but present nevertheless. The analysis also shows that a noteworthy number of metaphorical expressions which are properties of the novel blur the cohesive lines of this genre by co-occurring and co-existing with cohesion and bringing to the fore the involved textual and discursive bonds that exist between metaphor and cohesion and the need to research this interesting textual phenomenon further. Some stylistic explanations of the textual patterns are offered. The findings of this study carry implications and can be beneficial for language teachers and learners too.

This thesis centres on an examination of the music and commentary of Thomas Adès. Though academics and journalists alike have noted the importance of Adès’s programmatic descriptions, there is little work that considers his music alongside his commentary. Reinforcing this split is the notion that Adès is not merely reticent but also deliberately misleading: Service (2012) notes the way in which Adès wittily plays with his questions in interview whilst Fox (2004) suspects the composer of being knowingly naïve when outlining his approach to Brahms and the Piano Quintet. Venn (2006) has investigated the relationship between the discourse stemming from Asyla’s title and the music, concluding that ‘the notion of asylum inspires the musical processes only in an abstract manner, if at all’. However, examining the music alongside his commentary can uncover valuable insights into his music and enrich our experience of the work.
I shall explore the two of his works, Polaris (2010) and Living Toys (1993) and their programmatic discourse in order to demonstrate how it can be understood as part of the work. Thomas Adès, builds up elaborate conceptual metaphors which I shall explore through Facounnier and Turner’s theory of Conceptual Blending. It is my position that, rather than understanding programmatic discourse as an explanation or translation of Adès’s music, it is more fruitful to view it as an extension of the compositional process, and an active part of the work. The final part of this paper relates the issues found in the thesis to my own composition portfolio.

There are many stylistic attempts to examine the trauma in 9/11 literature(Jaff and Al-Jumaili 2020; Al-Jumaili and Jaff 2020; Jaff 2020), however, no study attempted to discuss Eric Walters' We All Fall Down (2006) stylistically. Therefore, the main focus of the current paper is to investigate the metaphorical representation of trauma stress in Eric Walters' We All Fall Down (2006). The paper investigates the ways the experiences of traumatic stress are communicated via metaphors. The study adopts insights from the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) as a model of analysis on selected metaphors from the novel. The application of conceptual metaphor theory on literary texts helps in a better understanding of how different feelings are communicated through metaphors. In Walters' novel, many linguistic metaphors are used to communicate traumatic stress, such as "thunderous explosion", "flood", "ghosts", "bizarre movie", "wave", "drawing". In addition, in "We All Fall Down", the recurrent conceptual structures are NEGATIVE EMOTION IS NATURAL FORCE, EMOTION IS A NATURAL FORCE, NEGATIVE EMOTION IS DOWN and SADNESS IS A NATURAL FORCE. The paper also discusses the mapping process to examine the sources domains conceptual structures that are mapping onto the target domain to modify and clarify the meaning of traumatic stress in the novel.

By focussing on the dichotomized metaphorical strategy and myth creation, this study aims to analyze how the U.S. and the European Union (EU) media respond to the entrenched metaphor of migration and refugee “crisis”. In this respect, the U.S. and the EU media sources covering the time period from 2015 to 2016 were collected and analyzed in the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphor theory and critical metaphor analysis. By applying the metaphor identification procedure, it has been determined that most of the media narratives contribute to further developing the central bias of migration by means of metaphorical delegitimization that is discursively construed through the binary opposition between “them” and “us.” The metaphorical representation has been grouped into two kinds of ideologically represented story lines: (a) the myth of dehumanization, realized through the metaphors of Objects and Commodities; and (b) the myth of moral authority, realized through the metaphors of Natural Phenomena, Crime, and Terrorism. The findings have shown that most of the media narratives both delegitimize and stigmatize the status of a migrant by deeper entrenching the “outsider” stereotype and, therefore, create the general feelings of instability and intolerance within the EU.

In this article, we describe how antithesis and metaphoric conceptualization interact with each other and which rhetorical effects this interaction brings about. We illustrate this interaction with an analysis of seventeen graffiti art-works by Banksy, who uses the contraposition of visual elements that are characterized by opposite semantic and affective values. This article contributes to the expanding field of empirical studies of visual/pictorial metaphors and antitheses, in which artworks are interpreted according to conceptual dynamics and not only in relation to their thematic, semiotic and representational properties.

Although musical structure is commonly perceived as moving, its motivation remains a debated issue. Conceptual Metaphor Theory approaches assume that musical motion is motivated by conceptual metaphors like time is motion and change is motion. The current study aims to investigate whether these concep- tual metaphors successfully describe musical motion. For the analysis, a corpus of 10,000 words taken from the genre of music criticism (academic musicology journals and newspaper concert reviews of classical music) was compiled and exhaustively analysed with respect to metaphorical expressions. The results suggest that whereas many motion expressions for music seem to be motivated by time is motion as well as change is motion, a number of instances may instead present cases of fictive motion.

В данной статье автор излагает опыт применения процедуры идентификации метафоры в тексте, разработанной исследователями Амстердамского свободного университета, к библейским текстам. Цель статьи — показать, что современные методы лингвисти-ческих исследований могут быть успешно применены в изучении античных текстов. В первой части рассматриваются теоретические основания применения процедуры идентификации метафоры MIP(VU) к текстам значительного объема. Данная проце-дура позволяет в несколько последовательных шагов выявить метафору посредством сравнения буквального и контекстуального значения лексических единиц. Во второй части описываются результаты проведенного по данному алгоритму анализа метафо-ры на материале древнегреческого подлинника Евангелия от Иоанна. Анализ текста посредством метода MIP(VU) слово за словом позволил выявить сеть потенциально метафорических слов, число которых составило порядка 10% (для существительных). Обозначены основные достижения и перспективы проведенного анализа.

This chapter examines the local traditions (through Pausanias and Theognis), discourse environment, and positionality of Megara to establish abstract principles of the Megarian worldview, and then applies those principles to the local traditions in an attempt to present a cohesive account of Megarian myths from the earliest mythistorical times to the beginning of oligarchic government. An important discovery resulting from this is the general avoidance of all things Corinthian in Megarian narrative traditions.

U kognitivno-lingvističkom pristupu metafora ima mnogo šire značenje od njenog tradicionalnog razumevanja kao književnog sredstva. Konceptualne metafore oblikuju ne samo naš način komunikacije, već i način na koji razmišljamo i reagujemo. Metafora igra veoma važnu ulogu u ljudskom razmišljanju, razumevanju, pa čak i stvaranju društvene, kulturne i psihološke stvarnosti jer je obični ljudi svakodnevno koriste bez mnogo truda. Lejkof i Džonson su 1980. godine predstavili konceptualne metafore kao kognitivne procese koji su uobičajeni, neizbežni i duboko ukorenjeni u nesvesnom delu našeg kognitivnog aparata (Lakoff i Johnson 1980). Ne bi trebalo da čudi što se domen rata primenjuje u metaforama za sve tipove ljudske borbe i sukoba, jer nam metafora, kao osnovna kognitivna struktura, pomaže da razumemo relativno apstraktan pojam pomoću konkretnijeg koncepta. Cilj ovog rada je da pokaže da postoji značajan nivo konceptualnog preklapanja između domena sporta, konkretno fudbala, i domena rata, kao i da je ova metafora veoma prisutna u medijskim izveštajima sa fudbalskih mečeva, što pokazuje opravdanost glavne metafore FUDBAL JE RAT, varijacije na glavnu metaforu TAKMIČENJE JE RAT (Lakoff 1991). Ovaj cilj će se ostvariti kvalitativnim istraživanjem mapiranja između izvornog domena RAT i ciljnog domena FUDBAL u korpusu koji je sastavljen od medijskih izveštaja o fudbalu sa najpoznatijih srpskih internet medijskih portala. Iako se često koristi da bi se apstraktni pojmovi objasnili paralelama sa jednostavnijim konceptima koji su ljudima poznati, u ovom slučaju je primetno korišćenje ove metafore u cilju stvaranja napetije atmosfere prilikom izveštavanja. Svođenjem radnje na terenu na osnovniji koncept, tj. fizički sukob, osigurava se emotivnija reakcija čitalaca.

Metaphern – verstanden als »Ausdruck einer Sache mit den Mitteln einer anderen« – spielen in Therapie und Beratung seit jeher eine bedeutsame Rolle. Ausgehend von den Thesen von Lakoff und Johnson, dass wir unvermeidlich in Metaphern fühlen, denken und handeln, heißt das, dass in Beratung und Therapie die metaphorischen Denk- und Erlebenswelten von Klient_innen und Berater_innen bzw. Therapeut_innen aufeinander treffen. Was heißt Verstehen und Verändern unter dieser Prämisse? Die Autoren untersuchen den alltäglichen metaphorischen Sprachgebrauch, in dem über Psychisches gesprochen wird, stellen die kognitive Metapherntheorie von Lakoff und Johnson dar und verbinden sie mit dem Schema-Begriff. Anschließend untersuchen sie die Rolle der Metaphern in verschiedenen psychotherapeutischen Ansätzen. Die praktische Anwendung wird anhand zahlreicher Kriterien vorgestellt: Metaphern von der Stange vs. »on the spot« entwickelte Metaphern, störungsspezifische Metaphern, Metaphern unter transkultureller Perspektive, Metaphern für existenzielle Krisen etc. Um einen eigenen versierten Umgang zu ermöglichen, wird gezeigt, wie »Metaphernkompetenz« erlernt werden kann.

Despite the large volume of material published on the cognitive potential of metaphor, little has been done to assess how claims made within the field draw upon continental philosophy. This is remedied in this book. I examine the relationship between metaphor, art and science, against the backdrop of modern European philosophy and, in particular, the work of Kant, Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty. I contextualize recent theories of the cognitive potential of metaphor within modern European philosophy and explores the impact which the notion of cognitive metaphor has on key positions and concepts within aesthetics, epistemology and the philosophy of science. The continental tradition from Kant to the present, I argue, extends the significance of the figure to the point where it becomes a tension, operating in between the fundamental distinctions of philosophy. The consequence is that the ease with which we think we can think in terms of properties belonging to objects, including what belongs to me and my experience, is thrown into doubt.

This article is very much an excursion into methodology and possible new avenues for the study of Tantra. It will consider
recent insights from the growing field of the Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR), especially the modern conceptual metaphor theory developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson and ‘conceptual blending theory’, a more-recent method crafted by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. We will apply their ideas such as ‘conceptual integration networks’, ‘cross-domain
mapping’, ‘emergent structure’, and ‘blended worlds’ to the consideration of Hindu Tantric visualization sequences, generation of the ‘yogic body’, and the ‘remembrance’ of one’s ‘forgotten’ cosmic essence as a type of anamnesis (‘reverse amnesia’). We will examine beliefs, practices, and texts from the
Vaisnava Sahajiya Tantric traditions of 16th to 19th century greater Bengal.  I argue that these new CSR methods can help us to illuminate the vivid and imaginative worlds and processes found in the highly esoteric Vaisnava Sahajiya traditions, and may be useful to the study of religion in general.

Research in cognitive linguistics over the past three decades has contributed much to our understanding of processes of meaning construction, and to the role mappings between different domains play in the imaginative resources manifested through metaphor and metonymy. In this chapter I explore how meaning construction is shaped when one of the domains involved in such mappings involves patterned non-linguistic sound—that is, music. Mappings of this sort challenge (in a helpful way) some of our basic presuppositions about processes of meaning construction (since they suggest that " meaning " can be built up either wholly or in part through extra-linguistic means) and point to uniquely creative resources for human expression. My exploration of cross-domain mappings that involve music will be illustrated by examples drawn from a variety of genres (including oratorio, Hindustani raga, and the symphony) and will consider how musical utterances offer unique resources for the construction of meaning and thus for creativity.

This paper raises the issue of the generality of the application of particular source domains to particular target domains and suggests a new, theoretically useful notion for this purpose: that of the "scope of metaphor"; that is, the range of the application of particular source domains to target domains. The example on which the study is based is the American conception of friendship. 1t is found that there are no metaphors (i.e., source domains) that are used exclusively for friendship. The abstract concept of friendship as target appears to derive its source domains from six large metaphor systems: "communication" metaphors, "emotion" metaphors, "state" metaphors, "complex systems" metaphors, "event structure" metaphors, and "positive/negative evaluation" metaphors. If these findings are correct, metaphor research will have to turn to several new tasks in the future: (1) to determine whether the metaphor systems suggested in this work are really there in the metaphorical system of English; (2) if they are, to describe fully the metaphor systems presented only partially in this paper; (3) to isolate similar large systems of metaphors; (4) to describe further abstract concepts with the help of these metaphor systems; and (5) to construct theories about how the large metaphor systems fit together. It is proposed that in all of this work the notion of "scope of metaphor" (or more precisely, the scope of the source domains of metaphors) plays a crucial part.

This research aims at analyzing the conceptual metaphors of Hope Aspiration or Imagination in Thai and the conceptual system of Thai people, derived from the usage of Metaphors by Cognitive Linguistics Theory. The both data in this research are from the selected Thai published and on-line documents. The results of this study are as follows: there are 12 kinds of conceptual metaphors of Hope Aspiration or Imagination in The conceptual metaphor reflects 2 systems of the hopeful metaphoric concept of Thai native speakers; The conceptual system of ontological correspondences and the conceptual system of epistemic correspondences.

A giant book of Greek spells, that often were metaphoric and symbolic, rather than an actual spell.  The main idea is that some of the so-called spells are theological, mythological legalisms of considerable merit.  Some of the invocations were anciently used by priests of various civilizations and ancient world religions to invoke the blessing of the good gods and holy spirits.  Somehow the Greek collection represents a gathering of more than just Greek spells. 

An Interesting read for its thoroughness of all the different types of incantations.  Spells were obviously a woman's trade, and are shared here to display the feminine contribution to society and literature and law and philosophy. 

A good reference for insight into the ancient Greek sub-culture of mystical magic and spells.  It is worth noting that spells were not the same as we think of them today.  Ancient magic spells were often simply a way for people to explain or inquire into things, much like visiting an oracle or seer.

(the Bible mostly just forbids speaking to mediums about the dead, and also the avoidance of wizards and sorcerers, like in the court of Pharaoh that strove with Moses, unreliable men that were not priests, or shaman, or medicine men, or spiritualists, yet that concentrated their learning on much less reliable sources of information, usually dirty tricks passed down through the generations.) 



Some items were basically little jokes, either crude or clever.  Some 'spells' were encoded instructions for the learned or initiated to suggest how to address a bad situation. 

Some spells were incantations, very similar to prayers to God or the gods, that were common place in the ancient Egypt, and therefore this is a somewhat the counterpart and companion book to the Egyptian book of the Dead, (the Book of  Entering the Light).  The ancient priesthoods would often use invocations of God (or the gods) to memorialize a moment or person in time, before the omniscient gods.


It is theoretically possible to sort through the "spells" and organize them into a more logical and concise book of useful information, removing weeds, etc.  The book is posted here to encourage scholarship of good things, and to encourage removal of bad things.

Also, recall, that Greek culture went through a transformation after the 4th century BC, into a less noble society, where some of the unclean doctrines probably have originated.  That is to say that for many centuries the Greek took pride in being a noble and educated people of a divine character.

The time is long past when scholars would complain that very little had been written on metaphor in translation: fifty years have now gone by since researchers started probing this topic, and a considerable body of writing now exists reporting on work already carried out. So, if we were to take stock of the progress that has been made in this important area, and perhaps plan for the next phase of our investigation, what would be the situation we would discover?

Firstly, the following areas can now be considered to be familiar ground:

• literary, religious and political texts
• Arabic <> English translation
• procedures for translating metaphor
• metaphor as a (possible) problem for translators
• some concepts from cognitive linguistics (e.g. conceptual metaphor)
• individual metaphorical expressions
• ideological aspects
• interlingual and intercultural variation in metaphor

This does not mean that they have been researched exhaustively, simply that other topics, such as the following, should now also be beckoning us:

• new subject areas and language pairs
• further concepts from cognitive linguistics, and theoretical approaches other than the cognitive theory of metaphor
• chains and networks of metaphor
• specific phenomena (e.g. metaphorical terminology, complex metaphor, mixed metaphor, punning metaphor, visual metaphor and metaphor added in translation)
• new corpus-based techniques, and methodology in general
• more translation process research

Some of these are summarised in Shuttleworth (forthcoming). A subsidiary but important question concerns how our methodologies and insights can benefit researchers in other disciplines, particularly cognitive linguistics. Matters such as metaphors for translation (St. André 2010) and translation as metaphor (Guldin 2016) should be considered to be separate from what is discussed above.

References
Guldin, Rainer (2016) Translation as metaphor, Abingdon: Routledge.
Shuttleworth, Mark (forthcoming) Studying scientific metaphor in translation: An inquiry into cross-lingual translation practices, New York & Abingdon: Routledge (to appear in 2017).
St. André, James (ed.) (2010) Thinking Through Translation with Metaphors, Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.

Psycholinguistic research has shown that conceptual metaphors influence how people produce and understand language (e.g., Gibbs 1994, 2017a; Kövecses, 2010; Jacobs & Kinder 2017). So far, investigations have mostly paid attention to non-poetic metaphor comprehension. This focus stems from the original discovery of Conceptual Metaphor Theory that much of everyday, non-poetic language is metaphorical. The present study aims to expand this focus and explores whether people access conceptual metaphors during poetry interpretation. To answer this question, we conducted a psycholinguistic experiment in which thirty-seven participants, all L1 speakers of English, completed two tasks. In each task, participants read excerpts of poetry containing conceptual metaphors before selecting or rating items that indicated their implicit and explicit awareness of the conceptual metaphors. The results of both tasks show that participants retrieve conceptual metaphors when reading poetry. This provides...