Devonian

This map folio should be referenced as:
Scotese, C.R., 2013. Map Folio 70 Early Devonian (Emsian, 402.3 Ma), PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, Late Paleozoic Paleogeographic, Paleoclimatic and Plate Tectonic Reconstructions, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

Introduction
These maps (rectilinear projection) are from the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2013a-f).  This is a digital atlas of plate tectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic reconstructions designed for use with the GIS software, ArcMap (ESRI).  Table 1 lists the various types of maps that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The maps included in this folio are highlighted in bold text (Table 1).
The last map in each folio is a rectilinear graticule that can be overlain on the maps to provide a geographic reference frame.  A rectilinear projection was used because it can be easily georeferenced in ArcMap and transformed into a variety of other map projections.  The rectilinear map projection can also be directly “wrapped” onto a spherical projection, like the oneused by Google Earth. A set of Google Earth paleoglobes has made from the maps in this folio. These Google Earth paleoglobes can be downloaded at: www.globalgeology.com. 
If the map you need is missing, or if there doesn’t seem to be a map folio for the exact time interval of interest, please contact me ([email protected]). Table 2 lists all the time intervals that comprise the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS. The PaleoAtlas contains one map for every stage in the Phanerozoic, as well as 6 maps for the late Precambrian.  Eventually, Map Folios, like this one, will be published for every time interval in the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas.  The following section is a brief description of the maps that makeup the Map Folio.

Fossil occurrences across the world are endangered by development, construction, collecting, and vandalism, even though many outstanding examples have been protected by World Heritage Sites, national parks, monuments and reserves, state and provincial parks, and local government and non-profit organizations, as well as some private individuals. The International Palaeontological Association (IPA) established a PaleoParks Initiative to protect endangered sites and to catalog and make public established parks of any nature that protect fossils in the ground, a primary source of scientific data, educational opportunities and recreational activities, as well as key places protecting "living fossils". IPA has 15 aims and goals and a web site for documenting both established and proposed sites. IPA sponsored meetings and workshops at three international meetings over the past five years to discuss these problems, successful solutions, and its goals and aims. Ten examples of Pale...

Western Australia has one of the most diverse floras in the world. From the giant Karri and Tingle forests in the south, to the scattered tropical rainforests in the north; from the incredibly species-rich sand heath flora in the south-west, to the desert floras of the inland parts of the State, more than 12,000 species of vascular plants are estimated to exist. The changing pattern of the fossil floras in Western Australia is a legacy of both their evolutionary history and of the changing environments in which they grew. In this booklet we provide an illustrated overview of Western Australia’s fossil plant record, based on fossil collections of the Western Australian Museum, the Department of Geology and Geophysics in the University of Western Australia, and the Geological Survey of Western Australia. Although many fossil plants that have been collected over the last 30 years still remain to be described, sufficient is known to provide a broad overview of the ancestors of the state’s highly diverse modern flora.

This Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps shows the changing paleogeography from the Lochkovian (413.6 Ma) to the Devono-Carboniferous Boundary (359.2 Ma).  The maps are from volume 4 of the PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for ArcGIS (Scotese, 2014). Absolute age assignments are from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2008).  An additional map showing the disposition of the three major early Devonian faunal provinces (Malvinokaffric, Appalachian, and Rhenish-Bohemian; Cocks & Torsvik, 2002; Figure 9.) has also been included.
The following maps are included in the Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps:

Map 65  Devono-Carboniferous Boundary (359.2 Ma) Transgressive Systems Track
Map 66  Late Devonian (early Famennian, 370.3 Ma) Tournasian Supersequence Boundary 
Map 67  Late Devonian (Frasnian, 379.9 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 68  Middle Devonian (Givetian,388.2 Ma) Frasnian Supersequence Boundary
Map 69  Middle Devonian (Eifelian, 394.3 Ma) Transgressive Systems Tract
Map 70  Early Devonian (Emsian, 402.3 Ma) Maximum Flooding Surface
Map 71  Early Devonian (Pragian, 409.1 Ma) Emsian Supersequence Boundary
Map 72  Early Devonian (Lochkovian, 413.6 Ma) Lochkovian Supersequence Boundary
Extra Map – Early Devonian Biogeography

This atlas contains an “extra” map that shows the geographic distribution of three imp0ortant early Devonian biogeographic provinces: The Appalachian Province, the Rhenish-Bpohmeian Province, and the Malvino-Kaffric Province.  The Appalachian and Rhenish-Bohemian provinces were populated by warm-water brachiopod faunas the occupied the subtropics. Though they inhabited the same latitudinal zones, they were separated by the Caledonian-Acadian mountain ranges.  It is interesting to note that Appalachian faunas appear both in the Applachina Basin of the eastern U.S. and also in northern South America (Colombia and the Amazon Basin).  Similarly, the Rhenish-Bohemian faunas are found in Northern Africa, Arabia, Central Europe, and eastern Avalonia (northern France, Belgium, and southern England). The less diverse Malvino-Kaffirc province occupied cooler latitudes closer to the South Pole.

The geographic distribution of these distinct, early Devonian faunal provices provides an important clue regarding the relative positions of Laurentia (North America), Baltic and Gondwana.  Eastern North America was adjacent to northern South America (Venezuela & Colombia) and England and Central Europe were separated by a narrow ocean from northern Africa. The South Pole was located in the vicinity of southern Brazil.

This work should be cited as
Scotese,  C.R., 2014.  Atlas of Devonian Paleogeographic Maps, PALEOMAP Atlas for ArcGIS, volume 4, The Late Paleozoic, Maps 65-72, Mollweide Projection, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

May, A. (1995b): Verwitterungsbeständigkeit und Verwitterung von Kalkstein-Naturbausteinen. - Münstersche Forschungen zur Geologie und Paläontologie, 77: 229-243, 6 figs., 2 tabs.; Münster.

Abstract: Weathering durability and weathering process of natural building stones from the Lower Muschelkalk, the Upper Muschelkalk, and the Devonian have been investigated. Various properties of each building stone and its limestone material are measured (microscopy, SEM, porosity, ultrasonic velocity, geochemical methods). Defined microfacies types show clear differences in their weathering durability. The quantities of the cold water absorption, the Schurecht ratio (= ratio cold/boiling water absorption), and the residue insoluble by hydrocloric acid strongly affect the weathering durability. Together with the investigation of thin-sections, these properties enable prognoses about the weathering durability. The limestones are mainly damaged by fissures which harm the unity of the stone. Probably these fissures are mainly based on frost phenomena. Connections between the sedimentary environment and the weathering durability are recognizable: generally limestones of the agitated (shallow) marine are more durable than other limestones.

Kurzfassung: Es wird die Verwitterungsbeständigkeit und Verwitterung von Naturbausteinen aus dem Unteren und Oberen Muschelkalk sowie dem Devon untersucht. Definierte Mikrofaziestypen zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in der Verwitterungsbeständigkeit. Die Größe der freiwilligen Wasseraufnahme, der Schurecht-Ratio und des Gehalts an salzsäureunlöslichem Rückstand beeinflussen die Verwitterungsbeständigkeit dieser Kalksteine stark. Der hauptsächliche Schaden an den Kalksteinen sind Risse, die wahrscheinlich durch Frostverwitterung entstehen. Es lassen sich Zusammenhänge zwischen dem sedimentären Environment und der Verwitterungsbeständigkeit erkennen.

This catalogue presents the Devonian vertebrates of China. The ages of some vertebrate fossils are corrected according to recent biostratigraphic correlations. The vertebrate bio-events in the Devonian of China are also investigated. ln South China, the Early Emsian Event is characterized by a changeover from strong endemic fauna to cosmopoJitan fauna. The endemic Galeaspida become almost extinct after the Mid-Emsian Event. The Late Eifelian Event results in the disappearance of rnany placoderms. The Antiarcha have their last radiation in the late Famennian, and become extinct at Carboniferous - Devonian boundary.

(english)
I. V. Karatygin, N. S. Snigirevskaya, and S. V. Vikulin
Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Professora Popova 2, St. Petersburg, 197376 Russia

Silicified fossils from Rhynie cherts in Scotland are studied. A lichen belonging to the genus Winfrenatia is detected and studied. This oldest terrestrial lichen is dated to the Pragian (=Siegenian) of the Early Devonian. New characters of the lichen are described, and their new interpretation is given. The main component of the lichen thallus is a filamentous cyanobacterium (Nostocales). Structures which were interpreted as fungal hyphae are probably hollow sheaths of this cyanobacterium. Mycobiont hyphae develop at the base of the thallus and symbiose with a coccoid cyanobacterium. Thus, Winfrenatia reticulata is a three-parted organism, constituted of a mycobiont and filamentous and coccoid cyanobacteria.

May, A. (2021): Fossils explained 79: Rugose corals. - Geology Today, vol. 37 (1): p. 31-38; Hoboken, NJ.

Abstract: Rugose corals are an extinct group of marine animals that are frequently found in Palaeozoic shallow marine sediments. Just like their counterparts the stony corals (the Scleractinia) do today, during the Palaeozoic the ru gose corals were important constructors of reefs. Although at first glance rugose corals look very similar to the Scleractinia, they differ in important details. The rugose corals are a very special group whose relationships have been disputed for a long time. They were restricted to the Palaeozoic Era and experienced an exciting evolutionary history of victories and defeats; there were times when they built up huge reefs (and were valuable in stratigraphy), and other times when they suffered through extinction events.

Le gisement du Bois de la Hè constitue le troisième site d'extraction et de taille de meules va-et-vient connu pour la Protohistoire dans les niveaux lochkoviens du Massif des Ardennes, presque à mi-chemin entre les deux autres de Macquenoise (une centaine de kilomètres à l'ouest) et de Salmchâteau (une soixantaine de kilomètres au nord-est). Ces meulières sont à mettre en relation avec les objets finis qui commencent à être identifiés sur les sites de consommation dès le Néolithique et au Bronze final dans le nord de la France, puis à l'Âge du Fer dans le nord de la France, en Belgique, aux Pays-Bas et au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Cette dernière observation ouvre donc de nouvelles perspectives sur l'exploitation et la distribution des ressources lithiques autour du massif ardennais.

The Upper Devonian Palliser Formation and its subsurface equivalent Wabamun Formation of western Canada comprise areally and volumetrically one of the largest epeiric carbonate platforms on Earth, covering some 600,000 km2 and reaching 600 m in thickness. Of Famennian age, these monotonous rocks formed in the aftermath of one of the great Paleozoic mass extinction events. Inboard of a ramp-like margin of gentle inclination (<0.5°), the platform shallowed imperceptibly eastward, eventually becoming locally evaporitic in interior areas. The platform is thus characterized by a series of broad facies belts reflecting its relative shallowness and enormous width. Limestones cropping out in the southern and central Rocky Mountains represent mainly the outer and middle parts of the platform. These regions never developed facies cyclicity and the platform remained submerged. The Upper Devonian Palliser Formation and its subsurface equivalent Wabamun Formation of western Canada comprise areally and volumetrically one of the largest epeiric carbonate platforms on Earth, covering some 600,000 km2 and reaching 600 m in thickness. Of Famennian age, these monotonous rocks formed in the aftermath of one of the great Paleozoic mass extinction events. Inboard of a ramp-like margin of gentle inclination (<0.5°), the platform shallowed imperceptibly eastward, eventually becoming locally evaporitic in interior areas. The platform is thus characterized by a series of broad facies belts reflecting its relative shallowness and enormous width. Limestones cropping out in the southern and central Rocky Mountains represent mainly the outer and middle parts of the platform. These regions never developed facies cyclicity and the platform remained submerged. Calcimudstones and peloidal wackestones overwhelmingly dominate with significant proportions of intraclasts, aggregates, dasycladalean calcareous algae, crinoid ossicles and minor amounts of brachiopods, gastropods, ostracodes and sponge spicules; bioturbation was ubiquitous and multi- generational. The shallow seafloor was flat and virtually featureless, with widespread meadows of algae and crinoids plus a few areas of low-relief stromatoporoidal patch reefs. In this storm-dominated system, the sediment surface of varying stiffness was swept and scoured frequently, leaving pack- to grainstones composed of rounded intraclasts and sediment-filled burrows. The abundance of algae and dominantly micritized aspect of crinoid ossicles suggest that the platform was mesotrophic, receiving elevated nutrient supply from the Ellesmerian orogen on the northern side of the craton.
Although superficially uniform and ‘layer-cake’ in aspect, subtle compositional changes show that the platform exhibits four, hitherto unrecognized, long-term transgressive– regressive sequences, culminating in the demise of carbonate sedimentation and burial by nearly craton-wide black shales. Eustatic sea level and, more importantly, subsidence rate fluctuated during these sequences, with the third sequence characterized by subaerial exposure of the proximal region. Thicknesses calibrated to conodont biozones indicate that the marginal ramp had the greatest accumulation rate, although without any dramatic alteration of paleotopography.  The ability of carbonate production to keep a balance with subsidence and eustasy over ~10 million years and hundreds of metres of strata yet not display in peritidal cycles is a characteristic shared by many other large platforms. It may reflect insufficient carbonate production rates, a higher energy regime, and off-platform sediment redeposition, coupled with stable mesotrophic conditions.

Diverse and abundant trilobite faunas occur in several beds near the base of the section of the upper Emsian to Eifelian Timrhanrhart Formation exposed at Jbel Gara el Zguilma, south of Foum Zguid in Morocco. While trilobites occur throughout much of this section, they are exquisitely preserved and most diverse in the lowest (upper Emsian) portion. Several of the trilobite species are commercially available, but their taxonomy has never been formalized, and their field occurrence has not previously been described. Near the base of the section, two nodular argillaceous limestone beds contain highly diverse trilobite faunas, with many spectacular spiny forms. These include examples deviating from bilateral symmetry that are apparently unique in the Trilobita. Alpha diversity is high, with as many as 23 trilobite species in one bed.
We suggest that these nodular beds represent thick, rapidly emplaced storm obrution deposits that underwent transport for a short distance before the trilobites came to rest in chaotic burial orientations. Calcareous nodule formation during early diagenesis protected the trilobites from compaction. Higher in the same section, in strata of Eifelian age, trilobite faunas are of lower diversity, and composed mainly of species of Phacops, Hollardops and Parahomalonotus, although one horizon has an alpha diversity of at least 9 species.
Twenty three new species-level taxa include: Acastoides zguilmensis, Acastoides haddadi, Coltraneia effelesa, Cyphaspis agayuara, C. eberhardiei, C. hamidi, Diademaproetus mohamedi, Gerastos tuberculatus marocensis, Hollardops hassainorum, Kayserops tamnrherta, Koneprusia dahmani, Leonaspis haddanei, L. spinicurva, Parahomalonotus calvus, Phacops granulops, P. lebesus, P. smoothops, Psychopyge hammerorum, Scabriscutellum hammadi, S. lahceni, Tropidocoryphe amuri, Walliserops hammii, and W. tridens. Cyphaspis new species A is known only from a single cephalon. “Sculptoproetus” new species A and “S.” new species B are being named in another work that will appear in print after this work.

New millipede specimens from the Paleozoic of Scotland are described, including Archidesmus macnicoli , from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Tillywhandland Quarry SSSI and three new taxa—Albadesmus almondi, Pneumodesmus newmani, and Cowiedesmus eroticopodus—from the mid Silurian (late Wenlock—early Ludlow) Cowie Formation at Cowie Harbour. Cowiedesmus eroticopodus new species is placed within the new Cowiedesmidae within the new order Cowiedesmida. Kampecaris tuberculata Brade-Birks from the Lower Devonian (Siegenian) of the Lanark Basin near Dunure is shown not to be a kampecarid myriapod, redescribed as Palaeodesmus tuberculata and placed order incertae sedis within Archipolypoda. Anthracodesmus macconochiei Peach is also redescribed and tentatively placed order incertae sedis within Archipolypoda. Archidesmus macnicoli, Albadesmus almondi, and Palaeodesmus tuberculata are each demonstrated to have broad sternites with laterally placed coxal sockets and paramedian pores containing paired valves. These pores are interpreted as having housed eversible vesicles. Some specimens of Archidesmus macnicoli and Cowiedesmus eroticopodus are male and have a pair of modified legs on trunk segment 8, identified as leg pairs 10 and 11, respectively. The presence of modified anterior legs restricted to segment 8 increases the range of variability known in modified appendage location in male millipedes and compounds existing uncertainty about using the presence of gonopods on trunk segment 7 as a synapomorphy of Helminthomorpha. An affinity between Archidesmida and Cowiedesmida is suggested based on possession of modified legs on segment 8 and Archidesmida + Cowiedesmida is placed along with Euphoberiida in Archipolypoda based on possession of free, broad sternites with bivalved paramedian pores and fused pleurotergites. The oldest known evidence of spiracles is demonstrated in Pneumodesmus newmani, proving that the oldest known millipedes were fully terrestrial.

Brachiopods (Productida [except Chonetidina], Orthida, Athyridida, Spiriferida [Adolfiidae, Reticulariidae, Ambocoeliidae, Thomasariidae], and Spiriferinida) recovered in the interval, in terms of the standard conodont zonation, between the Palmatolepis hassi and P. triangularis zones (Late Middle Frasnian to Early Famennian) in the Namur-Dinant Basin (Belgium) are described. The orders and suborders investigated include 32 species: 21 are described in open nomenclature, seven are previously known, four are new of which three are assigned to previously known genera: Aulacella aggeris n. sp., Dicamara plutonis n. sp., and Warrenella (Warrenella) aquaealbae n. sp. Th e fourth species belonging to a newly defined genus: Neptunathyris buxi n. gen., n. sp. A major brachiopod faunal change occurs at the top of the P. rhenana Zone in southern Belgium, with the disappearance of most existing species in parallel with the deterioration of the oxygenation conditions preceding the Upper Kelwasser Event. Only an impoverished fauna (Lingulida, Chonetidina, Rhynchonellida) has been collected in the P. linguiformis Zone. The recovery of the Famennian brachiopods after the end-Frasnian biotic crisis was rapid in the basal Famennian but, despite their great abundance, their diversity was relatively low. New cosmopolitan genera appeared at this time especially among the rhynchonellids, athyridids and spiriferids with new species of pre-existing orthid and orthotetid genera.

May, A. (1984a): Geologie Westfalens. Eine Einführung (Erdgeschichte, Fossilien, Mineralien). - In: Bergkamen gestern und heute, vol. 10 + 11: 1-74, 23 figs., 2 tabs.; Bergkamen (Heimatmuseum Stadt Bergkamen).

A short overview on the geology of the northwestern Sauerland and the southwestern Münsterland.

A consideration of pixy traditions of Devon and Cornwall reveals similarities and differences. Although people from both places described the supernatural beings in similar ways, examples of migratory legends diverge, particularly when comparing those from the far west of the peninsula with those from Devon. A method employing Reidar Christiansen’s index demonstrates that differences in these narratives reflect the isolation of far western Cornwall. This analysis indicates that nineteenth-century Cornish folklore should be seen as distinct from English traditions.

ABSTRACT--Charting the broad patterns of vascular plant evolution for Gondwana against the major global environmental shifts and events is attempted here for the first time. This is based on the analysis of the major vascular plant-bearing formations of the southern continents (plus India) correlated against the standard geological time-scale. Australia, followed closely by South America, are shown to yield by far the most complete sequences of productive strata. Ten seminal turnover pulses in the unfolding evolutionary picture are identified and seen to be linked to continental drift, climate change and mass global extinctions. The rise of vascular plants along the tropical belt, for instance, followed closely after the end-Ordovician warming and extinction. Equally remarkable is that the Late Devonian extinction may have caused both the terrestrialisation of the vertebrates and the origin of the true gymnosperms. The end-Permian extinction, closure of lapetus, together with warming, appears to have set in motion an unparalleled, explosive, gymnosperm radiation; whilst the Late Triassic extinction dramatically curtailed it. It is suggested that the latitudinal diversity gradient clearly recognised today, where species richness increases towards the tropics, may have been partly reversed during phases of Hot House climate. Evidence hints at this being particularly so at the heyday of the gymnosperms in the Late Triassic super-Hot House world. As for the origin of terrestrial, vascular, plant life, the angiosperms seem closely linked to a phase of marked shift from Ice House to Hot House.
Insect and tetrapod evolutionary patterns are discussed in the context of the plants providing the base of the ever-changing ecosystems. Intimate co-evolution is often evident. This isn't always the case, for example the non-linkage between the dominant, giant, long-necked, herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs and the dramatic radiation of the flowering plants in the Mid-Cretaceous.

RÉSUMÉ--Pour la première fois, une tentative de reconnaissance des modes principaux de l'evolution de la plante vasculaire du Gondwana en fonction des variations d'environnements et des événements globaux majeurs est présentée ici. Elle se fonde sur l'analyse des grandes formations à plantes vasculaires des continentaux méridionaux (plus l'Inde) corrélées avec les niveaux d'étage en fonction de l'échelle standard des temps géologiques. L'Australie, suivie de près par l'Amérique du Sud, montre les séquences de strates productives de loin les plus complètes. Dix épisodes de bouleversement sont identifiés dans l'établissement du tableau de l'évolution et sont liés de façons variées à la dérive des continents, aux changements climatiques et aux extinctions globales en masse. Par exemple, la progression des plantes vasculaires dans la zone tropicale a suivi de près le réchauffement et l'extinction de la fin de l'Ordovicien. Il est également remarquable que l'extinction du Dévonien tardif a pu déclencher à la fois la sortie des eaux des Vertébrés et l'origine des vrais Gymnospermes. L'extinction de la fin du Permien, et la fermeture de l'Ocean Iapetus, avec le réchauffement, semble avoir mis en mouvement une expansion explosive, sans parallèle, des Gymnospermes que l'extinction du Trias tardif a stoppée de façon brutale. Il est suggéré que le gradient de diversité en fonction de la latitude, clairement reconnu aujourd'hui, la richesse en nombre d'espèces augmentant vers les tropiques, a pu s'inverser en partie lors des phases de climat à effet de serre. L'apogée des Gymnospermes au Trias tardif sous un climat de super-effet de serre constitue un argument. Comme dans le cas de l'origine des plantes vasculaires terrestres, l'origine des Angiospermes semble étroitement liée à une phase de transition marquée d'un climat glaciaire à un climat chaud.
Les modes d'évolution des Insectes et des Tétrapodes, quoique non reportés, sont discutés dans le contexte des végétaux constituant la base des écosystèmes toujours en réorganisation. Des évolutions intimement mêlées sont souvent évidentes. Ce n'est pas toujours le cas, par exemple l'absence de lien entre les Dinosaures Sauropodes herbivores à long cou dominants et l'expansion extraordinaire des plantes à fleurs au cours du Crétacé moyen.

During these last years, considerable attention has been given to unconventional oil and gas shale in northern Africa where the most productive Paleozoic basins are located (e.g. Berkine, Illizi, Kufra, Murzuk, Tindouf, Ahnet, Oued Mya, Mouydir, etc). In most petroleum systems, which characterize these basins, the Silurian played the main role in hydrocarbon generation with two main ‘hot’ shale levels distributed in different locations (basins) and their deposition was restricted to the Rhuddanian (Lllandovery: early Silurian) and the Ludlow-Pridoli (late Silurian). A third major hot shale level had been identified in the Frasnian (Upper Devonian). Southern Tunisia is characterized by three main Paleozoic sedimentary basins, which are from North to South, the southern Chotts, Jeffara and Berkine Basin. They are separated by a major roughly E-W trending lower Paleozoic structural high, which encompass the Mehrez-Oued Hamous uplift to the West (Algeria) and the Nefusa uplift to the East (Libya), passing by the Touggourt-Talemzane-PGA-Bou Namcha (TTPB) structure close to southern Tunisia. The forementioned major source rocks in southern Tunisia are defined by hot shales with elevated Gamma ray values often exceeding 1400 API (in Hayatt-1 well), deposited in deep water environments during short lived (c. 2 Ma) periods of anoxia. In the course of this review, thickness, distribution and maturity maps have been established for each hot shale level using data for more than 70 wells located in both Tunisia and Algeria. Mineralogical modeling was achievd using Spectral Gamma Ray data (U, Th, K), SopectroLith logs (to acquire data for Fe, Si and Ti) and Elemental capture Spectroscopy (ECS). The latter technique provided data for quartz, pyrite, carbonate, clay and Sulfur. In addition to this, the Gamma Ray (GR), Neutron Porosity (ΦN), deep Resistivity (Rt) and Bulk Density (ρb) logs were used to model bulk mineralogy and lithology. Biostratigraphic and complete geochemical review has been undertaken from published papers and unpublished internal reports to better assess these important source intervals.

The literature references of MayLib from the year 2000 to the year 2015 presented as a CSV file. This CSV file can be read by EXCEL, for example.

For more details see following publication, which can be read and downloaded below:

MAY A. (2015).- MayLib - a textfile-based bibliographic database for geosciences and a list of references on Devonian matters.- Carnets Géol., Madrid, vol. 15, nº 6, p. 59-62. Abstract: Scientists need to manage their own collections of bibliographic data as well as exchange these data easily with colleagues. One solution for this need is MayLib, a bibliographic database that runs on many different operating systems and does not require pre-installation of any software. MayLib is a very small, efficient and comprehensive JAVA program that handles references to publications in any Unicode-compatible language. It is user-friendly and not only contains the basic functions of a bibliographic database, but also has some advanced features. Using MayLib the author has been able to create a list of references, which contains 500 periodicals and 4206 literature references. Of these 4206 references 3191 deal with Devonian matters and 1594 references deal with corals. Key Words: Java, bibliographic database, Devonian, corals, fossils.

The literature references of MayLib from the year 1816 to the year 2000 presented as a CSV file. This CSV file can be read by EXCEL, for example.

For more details see following publication, which can be read and downloaded below:

MAY A. (2015).- MayLib - a textfile-based bibliographic database for geosciences and a list of references on Devonian matters.- Carnets Géol., Madrid, vol. 15, nº 6, p. 59-62. Abstract: Scientists need to manage their own collections of bibliographic data as well as exchange these data easily with colleagues. One solution for this need is MayLib, a bibliographic database that runs on many different operating systems and does not require pre-installation of any software. MayLib is a very small, efficient and comprehensive JAVA program that handles references to publications in any Unicode-compatible language. It is user-friendly and not only contains the basic functions of a bibliographic database, but also has some advanced features. Using MayLib the author has been able to create a list of references, which contains 500 periodicals and 4206 literature references. Of these 4206 references 3191 deal with Devonian matters and 1594 references deal with corals.

Key Words: Java, bibliographic database, Devonian, corals, fossils.

The Palynology and Stratigraphy of Devonian and Carboniferous sedimentary rocks and metasediments outcropping along the Porto-Tomar shear zone are described and interpreted. The Palynology and Stratigraphy of the Santa Susana Basin and of the Odivelas Limestone are also described and interpreted.
There is a discontinuous sedimentary record possibly associated with the Porto-Tomar shear zone extending from the Late Devonian to the Pennsylvanian. From the Late Devonian to the Mississippian, the sedimentation was marine, essentially turbiditic, with a general shallowing trend. The thermal maturation of these rocks (Albergaria-a-Velha Unit) is high, and the unit is considered to be post-mature in terms of hydrocarbon generation potential. The incipient metamorphism is accompanied by intense deformation.
The Buçaco basin is entirely terrestrial and its age is restricted to the Gzhelian (upper Pennsylvanian). The sedimentation is clearly controlled by the Porto- Tomar shear zone. Its thermal maturity is relatively low (within catagenesis range) and the deformation milder, contrasting with the Albergaria-a-Velha Unit.
The contact between the two is tectonic. The field evidences and the thermal maturity data of the basin and surrounding units point to an important regional thermal and deformation event that took place between the Serpukovian and the Gzhelian and another, essentially tectonic, between the Gzhelian and the Carnian (Upper Triassic).
The Santa Susana basin has similarities with the Buçaco basin as it is also within an important shear zone, in this case separating the Ossa-Morena and South Portuguese Zones. Its age is kasimovian, and possibly moscovian (middle Pennsylvanian). The thermal evolution of the basin and the structural relations with the surrounding units point to a regional scale thermal and tectonic event occurring between the Viséan and the (?)Moscovian- Kasimovian.
The detailed study of several occurrences of the Odivelas Limestone allow an insight to the regional palaeogeography of the Western Ossa-Morena Zone during the latest Emsian – Givetian interval (latest lower Devonian – middle Devonian): marine (and possibly sub-aerial) volcanic activity forming volcanic buildings on top of which reef communities developed (and possibly on structural highs). The reef biota persisted, in terms of diversity, during all or most of this time interval. The basal Choteč event is recorded in one of these occurrences.

This diagram show the rise and fall of global temperatures during the last 540 million years.  Scotese (2016) describes how this curve was made.  It replaces the curve published in Scotese et al., (1999).

PETM= Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (55.8 Ma), EEOC = Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (54 Ma – 46 Ma), MECO = Mid-Eocene Climatic Optimum(42 Ma), EOT = Eocene-Oligocene Transition (40 Ma – 33 Ma), MMCO=Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (15Ma – 13Ma), LGM = Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 years ago), 2016 = Modern MAT, PAW = Post-Anthropogenic Warming .  White stars indicate rapid cooling episodes (Stoll-Schrag Events26) at 160Ma, 127Ma, 97Ma, 91Ma, 71Ma, and 65 Ma).  Black stars represent rapid warming episodes (Kidder-Worsley Events16) at (Present-day, 15Ma, 43Ma, 56Ma, 65Ma, 93Ma, 120Ma, 183Ma, 200Ma, 251Ma, 300Ma, 359Ma, 374Ma, 444Ma, 499Ma, 520Ma, and 542 Ma).

Please cite as:  Scotese, C.R., 2015.  Phanerozoic Temperature Curve, PALEOMAP Project, Evanston, IL.

To learn more about how this curve was produced see:
Scotese, C.R., 2016.  Some thoughts Global Climate Change: The Transition from Icehouse to Hothouse, in Scotese, C.R., Earth History: The Evolution of the Earth System as Revealed through Plate Tectonics, Paleogeography, Paleoclimate, and the Evolution of Life, PALEOMAP Project, (in preparation), Evanston, IL.

Basierend auf der Sammlung Fabiszisky werden die Fossilassoziationen eines aufgelassenen Steinbruchs in der obe-ren Nellenköpfchen-Formation (Unterdevon, Vallendar-Unterstufe) im mittleren Kondertal südlich von Koblenz aufgelistet. Ein Großteil der Taxa wird abgebildet und kommentiert. Hinsichtlich der Lithologie sowie der fossilen Flora und Fauna lassen sich große Übereinstimmungen mit dem Steinbruch im Alkener Bachtal feststellen. Darüber hinaus machen Spurenfossilien einen großen Anteil der Funde aus. Die Spurenfossil-Assoziationen der bankigen Sandstein-Abfolgen lassen sich der Skolithos-Ichnofazies zuordnen, während solche aus Sand/Silt-Wechsellagen die Cruziana-Ichnofazies anzeigen. Für die im Steinbruch aufgeschlossene Abfolge der Nellenköpfchen-Formation wird ein landnahes, gezeiten-und sturmbeeinflusstes, wahrscheinlich zeitweise brackisches Ablagerungsmilieu im Bereich einer subaquatischen Deltaplattform angenommen.

Abstract The quarry in the Kondertal south of Koblenz (Rhineland-Palatinate, SW-Germany) – a preliminary palaeontological inventory based on the collection of kurt Fabiszisky (†) Based on the Fabiszisky collection the fossil associations of an abandoned quarry in the middle Kondertal south of Koblenz are listed. The exposed sequence is of Lower Devonian (Lower Emsian, Vallendar Substage, upper Nel-lenköpfchen Formation) age. Most recorded taxa are figured and commented upon. Lithology as well as fossil flora and fauna show striking similarities to the famous Alken quarry. In addition, trace fossils constitute a large part of the collection. Trace fossil associations of the thick sandstone sequences reflect the Skolithos ichnofacies, whereas those from interbedded sands and silts represent the Cruziana ichnofacies. For the exposed sequence, a near shore, tidally as well as storm-influenced and probably at times brackish depositional environment within the reaches of a shallow, subtidal delta plain is assumed.

Two sections were sampled and measured at Mdâour-El-Kbîr (Dra Valley, western Anti-Atlas) and at eastern Ouidane
Chebbi (Tafilalt, eastern Anti-Atlas). In situ elements of two partially limonitized and one carbonatic fauna were found
in both sections. We report this fauna from the upper Merzâ-Akhsaï Formation and the lower Mdâour-el-Kbîr Formation
at Mdâour-el-Kbîr for the first time. Based on these faunas, we recorded a correlation of the early Emsian (Zlíchovian)
strata in the Tafilalt and the Dra Valley regions, which are about 350 km apart. Additionally, new ammonoid finds
(Teicherticeras cf. senior, Lenzites gesinae, Weyeroceras angustus) are figured and described including the stratigraphic
context. The diagnoses of Lenzites gesinae and Weyeroceras angustus are emended. Tabulate corals (Michelinia
mdaourensis sp. nov., Petridictyum sp.) found in both the Tafilalt and Dra Valley are figured and described for the first
time. • Key words: early Emsian, Ammonoidea, Tabulata, Micheliniidae, biostratigraphy, Anti-Atlas, Morocco.

Contributions to the knowledge of Phacopina (Trilobita). The giant phacopids From Maider, SE-Moroccan Pre-Sahara.

The giant trilobites from the Middle Devonian of the Maider area - which attain a total length of 12-17 cm. and occasionally up to 20 cm. - are here assigned to the Tribus Geosopini STRUVE 1984 of the Subfamilia Phacopinae WAWLE & CORDA 1847. They belong to the "North African" genus Drotops STRUVE 1990, represented by the taxa megalomanicus megalomanicus STRUVE 1990, megalomanicus subornatus n. subsp., and armatus n. sp. as well by the "Central European" (sub-)genus Pedinoparops (Hypsipariops) STRUVE 1982, represented by the species vagabundus STRUVE 1990. - The introductory part of this paper treats with the marketing behavior of collectors and dealers, first attempts at determination, and with the problem of falsifications and/or "artifacts". The taxonomic-systematic part is introduced by a discussion of morphological features essential for generic determination. The descriptions are supported by a key for (sub-) generic assignment of Rhenish "aspect" phacopids and by a very simplified key for discrimination of "Maider Giants". - The evaluative part of the paper deals with the biostratinomic and palaeoecologic interpretation of the "Maider Giants" beds. Establishment  of geological age(s) of the collecting site(s) is attempted by conodont and brachiopod evidence, as well as by the evaluation of the developmental stage of the species vagabundus within the phylogeny of Pedinopariops (Hypsipariops). Placozoogeographical affinities are discussed - The appendix treats with the subgeneric sub-division of Phacops EMMRICH 1839 [cited tn the key], with Atryparia eta n. sp. [Zone brachiopod, mentioned in the stratigraphic discussion] and with Chondrites praetargionii n. ichnosp.  [facies indicator, metioned in the palaeoecological-palaeobathymetrical discusson].