Economic Social and Cultural Rights

Human rights activists frequently claim that human rights are indivisible, and the United Nations has declared the indivisibility, interdependency, and interrelatedness of these rights to be beyond dispute. Yet in practice, there remains a significant divide between the two grand categories of human rights: civil and political rights, on the one hand, and economic, social, and cultural rights on the other. To date, few scholars have critically examined how the notion of indivisibility has shaped the complex relationship between these two sets of rights. In Indivisible Human Rights, Daniel J. Whelan offers a carefully crafted account of the rhetoric of indivisibility. Whelan traces the political and historical development of the concept, which originated in the contentious debates surrounding the translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into binding treaty law as two separate Covenants on Human Rights. In the 1960s and 1970s, Whelan demonstrates, postcolonial states e...

This paper argues that the development of a regime for sovereign debt workouts has created an asymmetry between the rights and interests of sovereign lenders and those of the population of a debtor state. It first analyzes the impact of sovereign debt workouts on human rights. Subsequently, it explores avenues for the justification of adjustment measures affecting human rights with a view to reconciling human rights with adjustment policies and rectifying the asymmetrical relationship. This includes the proposal of a checkbox test for adjustment programmes with retrogressive effects for human rights. Further, the paper discusses which actors besides the debtor state are bound by human rights. The concluding section argues that human rights impact assessments, among other procedural tools, might help reconciling the rights and interests of people living in debtor states with creditors’ rights and interests and cure the present asymmetrical relationship.

Abstract
This dissertation examines the state of the human right to food and the post-1991 [Ethiopian] state’s compliance with its human right to food obligations as envisaged by the relevant international human rights instruments, i.e. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The study was undertaken in varying socio-economic contexts of Ethiopia, among the communities living in the rural Simada Woreda in the Amhara National Regional State and urban Gulele Sub-city of the Addis Ababa City. Deriving from the right to existence, the human right to food guarantees every human being the entitlement to be free from hunger and to have unrestricted access to food that is adequate in both quantity and quality that in turn would enable the right holder to live a healthy and active life. In this respect, in its very essence, the human right to food entitles right holders to have access to the means to feed themselves in dignity. Despite the affirmation of the right by the UDHR and the ICESCR since the second quarter of the 20th century, the right to food remains to be one of the most violated human rights around the world. As per the recent estimates of the FAO (2017), about 1 billion people around the world and about 40 million people in Ethiopia have been victims of hunger and undernutrition. The central aim of this study is, therefore, to investigate the state of the realization of the human right to food in varying socioeconomic contexts of Ethiopia, in the rural Simada woreda of the Amhara National Regional State and Gulele Sub-city of Addis Ababa City Administration. For this purpose, the study has adopted a qualitative multidisciplinary case study approach. Accordingly, information was gathered through document analysis, interviews, and focus group discussion. The state of the realization of the human right to food has been analyzed based on the human right to food constituting elements; availability, accessibility, and adequacy and correspondingly, the compliance of the state to the right to food obligations has been investigated on the basis of state obligation normative standards; recognition, respect, protection and fulfilment of the right, respectively. The finding of the study reveals that the human right to food is currently a mass violated right in the case study areas. The existing national legislation and policies of the state are not adequately addressing the demands of the realization of the human right to food. Often, as discussed in chapter four and following chapters, the national legislation and policies of the state and their implementation rather than providing the required respect and protection, they themselves contravene with the right. Though the Constitution of Ethiopia has paid tribute to the ICESCR by giving it access to the local legal system (Article 9(4) and Article 13(2)) and the human right to food can also be presumed as a guaranteed right within the purview of right to life, Article 15, an overt and express provision protecting the human right to food is lacking. At the level of practice, apart from foreign-funded food aid and the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) of the government which is currently under implementation only in selected rural Woredas, there has been no alternative or available social security scheme to the most and the chronically food-insecure people in Ethiopia. Particularly, to the dismay of the urban poor, PSNP and other safety net program are not yet functionally available. On top of this, the government is not opting to put the right to food among its policy priority list, in both rural and urban contexts. This thesis, therefore, argues, there is a compelling need to recognize the human right to food expressly and unequivocally under the human rights chapter of the FDRE constitution. For such a recognition would be a major milestone, though not a panacea, to address the problem. It would facilitate the realization of the right to food, and help the state and its agencies to comply with their constitutional obligations to the right and to hold them accountable accordingly. Apart from this, a human right to food legal framework would support the effort to better realize the right by providing the details on the right and its means of enforcement. Moreover, it is argued here that there is a need for a paradigmatic shift in policy approach from ‘food security’ to ‘food sovereignty’. For food security is a technical term, not a legal one, and does not put a duty on the state for the realization of the same. On the other hand, food sovereignty, both as a policy alternative and a grass-root social movement, underscores food as a fundamental human right. Therefore, as discussed in chapter seven, it would be instrumental to the realization of the right. Finally, yet importantly, this study has suggested that through more democratic governance that ensures participation, accountability, non-discrimination, transparency, human dignity, empowerment, and rule of law the human right to food can be better realized.
Key Terms: Freedom, Hunger, Malnutrition, Poverty, Right to Food, State Obligation

Analisando as tendências contemporâneas do Direito Público brasileiro em termos de direitos fundamentais econômicos e sociais, o presente artigo busca refutar a concepção segundo a qual o papel do Estado resume-se a assegurar somente condições mínimas de existência digna ao cidadão, necessárias ao exercício das liberdades, bem como a ideia de que o Poder Judiciário, mediante a concessão de prestações individuais, é a via mais adequada para a efetivação desses direitos. A partir de uma leitura da Constituição de 1988, propõe-se que a promoção do desenvolvimento, um dos objetivos fundamentais da República, reclama a postura interventiva de uma Administração Pública inclusiva, por meio de ações universalizadas, que não se restrinjam à garantia do mínimo existencial. Defende-se que ao Estado não incumbe uma função subsidiária nessa seara, limitada a proporcionar uma igualdade de oportunidades entre os indivíduos como ponto de partida; pelo contrário, a ele compete a implementação de políticas públicas de modo planejado, com vistas à redução das desigualdades entre as posições sociais existentes na realidade brasileira.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo examinar, sob uma perspectiva crítica, a utilização da noção de mínimo existencial como um critério determinante para delimitar a exigibilidade judicial dos direitos fundamentais econômicos e sociais. Para tanto, busca-se precisar o significado jurídico conferido ao conceito, perpassando pela análise de suas origens, natureza e fundamentos jurídicos, estrutura normativa, relação com os direitos fundamentais econômicos e sociais, para demonstrar que a doutrina e a jurisprudência brasileiras têm se valido do mínimo existencial de maneiras muito distintas e com propósitos diferenciados. Objetiva-se, assim, mapear as variadas posições adotadas a respeito dos diversos aspectos da noção de mínimo existencial, com o escopo de evitar confusões acerca do tema. Verifica-se, na pesquisa, que há três focos principais de divergências em relação à concepção de mínimo existencial, nem sempre explícitos nas obras sobre o assunto e nas decisões judiciais que o invocam: (a) quanto ao seu conteúdo: conteúdo determinável no caso concreto vs. existência de um rol constitucional preferencial; (b) quanto à sua estrutura normativa e forma de aplicação: direito prima facie (princípio) vs. direito definitivo (regra); (c) quanto à sua utilidade como critério de justiciabilidade dos direitos sociais: mínimo existencial como piso mínimo vs. mínimo existencial como teto máximo. Ao longo do estudo, são apresentados alguns caminhos e posicionamentos voltados a um emprego funcional do conceito, demonstrando a impossibilidade de utilizá-lo como critério definitivo para delinear a exigibilidade judicial dos direitos fundamentais sociais.

RESUMO
A recente adoção dos Protocolos Facultativos ao Pacto de Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais (PIDESC) e à Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança (CDC), conferindo a indivíduos a possibilidade de reclamar da violação de seus direitos humanos para órgãos de tratado da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), completa o sistema de comunicações individuais dos principais tratados universais de proteção de direitos humanos, conhecidos como core human rights treaties. O presente artigo fornece uma visão geral sobre a evolução, aspectos procedimentais e eficácia dos mecanismos de petição individual existentes para esses tratados, dando ênfase ao Protocolo Facultativo ao PIDESC que entrou em vigor em 5 de maio de 2013.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Tratados internacionais, Direitos humanos, Reclamação individual, Mecanismos de petição individual, Vítimas, Órgãos de tratado

Abstract: The recent adoption of Optional Protocols to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) and to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) establishing the ability of individuals to complain to United Nations (UN) treaty bodies about the violation of their human rights fully completes the individual communications procedures framework existing under the so-called core international human rights treaties. This paper gives a general overview of the development, procedural aspects and effectiveness of the individual complaints mechanisms existing under these treaties, with special enphasis on the Optional Protocol to CESCR that came into force on May 5, 2013.
KEYWORDS: International treaties, Human rights, Individual complaints procedures, Individual communications, Victims, Treaty bodies

This essay recognizes human rights as something
more profound than legal rights. In the context of the
rise of global capitalism, being faithful to human
rights’ intrinsic counter-hegemonic nature requires
contemplating a picture larger than rights litigation.
This involves reassessing the efficacy of human rights
instruments in order to address the structural causes
impairing human rights.

O artigo visa a analisar se os direitos fundamentais econômicos, sociais e culturais e ambientais ostentam titularidade individual ou transindividual, e, por consequência, se a sua tutela deve ser realizada de forma isolada ou coletiva. No estudo, com base (i) na distinção entre “direito fundamental como um todo” e “pretensões jurídicas jusfundamentais”, (ii) na multifuncionalidade dos direitos fundamentais, e (iii) na dupla dimensão (subjetiva e objetiva) desses direitos, defende-se que todos os direitos fundamentais apresentam uma dupla titularidade. Sustenta-se que, em cada direito fundamental, algumas das pretensões dele decorrentes revelam-se como posições subjetivas exigíveis individualmente, ao passo que outras encontram-se associadas à dimensão objetiva do direito, possuindo titularidade transindividual. Diante disso, todo direito fundamental, quando considerado em sua integralidade, exibirá tanto uma faceta individual quanto uma feição transindividual, a depender da pretensão em análise. O trabalho tece uma crítica ao intento de se enquadrar de forma genérica e exclusiva os direitos fundamentais em alguma das categorias previstas da legislação processual civil brasileira (individual, coletivo, difuso ou individual homogêneo), haja vista que um mesmo direito enfeixa pretensões jurídicas distintas.

O estudo parte da premissa de que não se pode assegurar a satisfação dos direitos fundamentais sociais apenas à parcela da população que logra acesso ao Poder Judiciário, deixando à deriva todos os titulares das mesmas pretensões jurídico-subjetivas que não conseguem obter a proteção dos seus direitos pela via judicial. É preciso, paralelamente à busca de instrumentos judiciais de tutela dos direitos sociais, identificar no ordenamento jurídico mecanismos administrativos que sejam capazes de proporcionar uma tutela não apenas eficaz de tais direitos, mas também igualitária. Impõe-se, portanto, encontrar ferramentas no Direito Administrativo que vinculem a Administração Pública às decisões estatais prévias – sejam elas administrativas ou judiciais – que concederam a determinados cidadãos a tutela de seus direitos sociais, estendendo a concessão das mesmas prestações a todos os demais titulares do mesmo direito que venham a reivindicá-lo perante os Poderes Públicos. É este o objeto do presente artigo: sustentar a vinculação da Administração aos precedentes administrativos e judiciais em matéria de direitos sociais, como meio de promover a sua tutela em consonância com o princípio constitucional da igualdade.

El estudio analiza el problema de la inactividad de la Administración Pública en emitir, en un plazo razonable, decisión expresa en los procedimientos administrativos iniciados por provocación del ciudadano y cuyo objeto es la solicitud de tutela de derechos sociales. Se propone distinguir las nociones de "plazo razonable" y "plazo legal", admitiendo que en determinadas situaciones de urgencia la Administración tendrá el deber constitucional de decidir el caso antes del plazo establecido por la ley. Se argumenta, además, que en los procedimientos administrativos relacionados con la tutela de los derechos sociales, el silencio de la Administración Pública que se mantenga después del plazo legal para resolver debe interpretarse de manera positiva, como si se hubiera concedido la petición del ciudadano.

La constitucionalizacion de los derechos sociales se situa en la encrucijada entre las exigencias de la democracia y las demandas de la justicia distributiva, dos cuestiones fundamentales de la filosofia politica contemporanea cuya conexion ha sido indebidamente ignorada. En este trabajo se sostiene que estas dos importantes cuestiones estan relacionadas y que, por lo tanto, es posible que surjan conflictos entre ellas. En particular, la proteccion robusta de los derechos sociales debe dar cuenta de las objeciones contrademocraticas que pesan de manera especial sobre el control judicial de constitucionalidad de las exigencias de la justicia distributiva.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has been the topical issue amongst nations of the world for the better part of the last two months. Countries have continued to seek solutions to tackle the increasing spread of the virus which has stifled the economy world over. This has seen laws being enacted, rules and regulations made in a bid to mitigate the continued spread. Indeed, Nigeria was not left out as the government issued some directives and made regulations to be complied with by all her citizens and those residing legally in the country, these measures ranged from cessation of movement, closure of business and ban of flights from affected countries to ban of large gathering of persons. In this article the validity of these measures in relation to human rights law shall be examined, answering the question as to whether or not such measures are in breach of the rights of citizens. Also we shall critically look at matters arising as a result of the measures taken such as the limited right to ...

It may appear to be paradoxical to celebrate work as a human right in an economic system in which for many work is associated with activities that are rather repetitive or stressful, sometimes meaningless, and seldom freely chosen. After presenting the content and historical origins of the human right to work, as defined in Article 6 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, this article argues that the right to work cannot be universally fulfilled in the contemporary state-centred global economy. Moving beyond economic discussions placing too much attention on how to provide enough but sometimes unfulfilling work, the article examines the human potential to reduce the need to work. It outlines the theoretical and definitional foundations of the 'human economy', where human potential and creativity are rewarded in order to make the transition from the right to work to freedom from work. The human economy is a potentialist approach in which the right to be free to choose work plays an increasing role.

The environmental costs of economic development have received increasing attention during the recent years. According to the World Energy Outlook 2009 today´s energy policies have a severe impact on climate change, since energy accounts for 75% of the greenhouse-gas emissions.
In this context, the European Union is working for a global agreement to control climate change though the implementation of energy efficiency measures and emissions reduction. Therefore, this paper attempts to explain the impact of economic growth in the evolution of CO2 emissions within the European Union. With this aim we estimate the so called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) using panel data models.
Since energy is at the heart of the environmental problem it should also form the core of the solution. Therefore we also propose some extensions by including renewable energy sources as explanatory variables in our model.
Our data sets are referred to the 27 countries of the European Union during the period 1950-2007. With this information, our empirical results show some interesting evidence about the significance of the European Environmental Kuznets Curve and the impact of renewable energies in CO2 emissions.

Using Canada as a case study, this chapter suggests a reconceptualization of the role of the judiciary in interpreting human rights. The author suggests that traditional paradigms of rights as originating outside of courts, by way of constitutional agreements or international human rights treaties, must be nuanced by a better understanding of human rights practice -- a process through which rights are perpetually re-constituted through the historical act of claiming and re-interpreting rights. Social rights claims are often understood as claims to goods or entitlements but they should equally be understood as claims to meanings that speak to and address the experience of previously excluded claimants and evolving socio-historical struggles. Judiciaries must be independent of the political branches of government but the courts’ role should not be construed as independent of historical struggles or of the evolving social construction of the meaning of rights; if it were, judicial inte...

This article assesses to what extent the right to academic freedom as construed in terms of international human rights law, specifically UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel of 1997, is protected in the law of the 28Member States of the European Union. It determines the elements of this right, to then operationalise these by way of indicators accorded numeric values in order to assess state compliance and rank states in terms of their performance. The article shows that there is retrogression in Europe insofar as the legal protection of the right to academic freedom is concerned. Institutional autonomy is being misconstrued, academic self-governance denied and job security eroded. These developments appear to be the result of deliberate policy decisions by EU Member States seeking to make higher education “the arm of national economic policy,” so as to ensure higher education will contribute to national GDP.

This Article reports and comments on the results of an assessment of the legal protection of the right to academic freedom (an examination of its factual protection to be undertaken at a future point) in EU member states, having examined these countries’ constitutions, laws on higher education, and other relevant legislation. The assessment relied on a standard scorecard, developed by utilizing indicators of protection of academic freedom, notably as reflected in UNESCO’s Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher- Education Teaching Personnel, a document of 1997 that is not legally, but “politically” binding, and which concretizes international human rights requirements in respect of academic freedom—a right under international human rights law. The results for the various countries have been quantified, and the countries have been ranked in accordance with “their performance.” Overall, the state of the legal protection of the right to academic freedom in Europe appears to be o...

"NJCM/FIAN Seminar: "Social and Economic Rights Across Borders: a Practical Exploration of the Maastricht ETO Principles', 18 September 2013, 13.00u-17.00, Campus Den Haag,The Hague. More info at: http://goo.gl/AG07ln 

With lectures by Prof. Fons Coomans (Maastricht University), Prof. Wouter Vandenhole (University of Antwerp) and practical workshops with case-studies led by NGOs. "

ResumenEste documento ofrece una panoramica de la situacion de los afrodescendientes latinoamericanos en aspectos tales como su identificacion en los sistemas estadisticos, la realizacion de sus derechos, las brechas de inequidad que los separan de otros grupos sociales y su nivel de organizacion en la sociedad civil, con la idea de contribuir a la transversalizacion del enfoque etnico en la region. El primer articulo analiza las implicaciones conceptuales y metodologicas de las preguntas introducidas en los censos, las encuestas y los registros de salud de los paises de America Latina en relacion con los grupos etnicos, identificando la disponibilidad y el tipo de datos relacionados con estos grupos, en particular los afrodescendientes, sus alcances y limitaciones, con miras a su utilizacion como insumos de politicas publicas. El segundo articulo realiza un recuento del marco de derechos humanos en el que se insertan los problemas del racismo y la discriminacion, en especial respec...

ResumenEste documento ofrece una panoramica de la situacion de los afrodescendientes latinoamericanos en aspectos tales como su identificacion en los sistemas estadisticos, la realizacion de sus derechos, las brechas de inequidad que los separan de otros grupos sociales y su nivel de organizacion en la sociedad civil, con la idea de contribuir a la transversalizacion del enfoque etnico en la region. El primer articulo analiza las implicaciones conceptuales y metodologicas de las preguntas introducidas en los censos, las encuestas y los registros de salud de los paises de America Latina en relacion con los grupos etnicos, identificando la disponibilidad y el tipo de datos relacionados con estos grupos, en particular los afrodescendientes, sus alcances y limitaciones, con miras a su utilizacion como insumos de politicas publicas. El segundo articulo realiza un recuento del marco de derechos humanos en el que se insertan los problemas del racismo y la discriminacion, en especial respec...

ResumenEste documento ofrece una panoramica de la situacion de los afrodescendientes latinoamericanos en aspectos tales como su identificacion en los sistemas estadisticos, la realizacion de sus derechos, las brechas de inequidad que los separan de otros grupos sociales y su nivel de organizacion en la sociedad civil, con la idea de contribuir a la transversalizacion del enfoque etnico en la region. El primer articulo analiza las implicaciones conceptuales y metodologicas de las preguntas introducidas en los censos, las encuestas y los registros de salud de los paises de America Latina en relacion con los grupos etnicos, identificando la disponibilidad y el tipo de datos relacionados con estos grupos, en particular los afrodescendientes, sus alcances y limitaciones, con miras a su utilizacion como insumos de politicas publicas. El segundo articulo realiza un recuento del marco de derechos humanos en el que se insertan los problemas del racismo y la discriminacion, en especial respec...

This pioneering volume explores the long-neglected history of social rights, from the Middle Ages to the present. It debunks the myth that social rights are 'second-generation rights' – rights that appeared after World War II as additions to a rights corpus stretching back to the Enlightenment. Not only do social rights stretch back that far; they arguably pre-date the Enlightenment. In tracing their long history across various global contexts, this volume reveals how debates over social rights have often turned on deeper struggles over social obligation – over determining who owes what to whom, morally and legally. In the modern period, these struggles have been intertwined with questions of freedom, democracy, equality and dignity. Many factors have shaped the history of social rights, from class, gender and race to religion, empire and capitalism. With incomparable chronological depth, geographical breadth and conceptual nuance, Social Rights and the Politics of Obligatio...

El debate sobre la exigibilidad de los derechos economicos, sociales y culturales (DESC) es recurrente en el seno de la actual Sociedad internacional, entre otras razones por las consecuencias que, en una economia crecientemente globalizada e integrada, tienen para la efectividad de los mismos las secuelas de la crisis financiera de 2008 y la tendencia mas o menos generalizada a la ampliacion de las desigualdades sociales en buena parte de los Estados. Esta obra colectiva se centra en el analisis de cual es la aportacion del Derecho internacional a la promocion y mejora de la exigibilidad juridica de los DESC, sus limites y sus dificultades

Social and economic rights (SER) adjudication is an ever more common feature of rights-protecting democracies. Yet democratic concerns continue to be expressed: the threat of a judicialized politics, a politicized judiciary, co-opted claimants, distorted markets, and other (real and imagined) challenges. These concerns are raised within jurisdictions that have not yet entrenched SER and those in which SER are explicitly justiciable. Scholars seeking to address, or at least quiet, such concerns often explore the real-world examples of SER justiciability in South Africa, India, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina and other jurisdictions discussed in this book. Another approach is to examine new ways of theorizing the models of democratic representation and separation-of-powers implicit in these criticisms and to test these new models against comparative experience. This chapter examines the promise of the approach of “democratic experimentalism”. We begin by cataloguing the typical critiques ...

Globalisation – Key Features
The UN, Globalisation and Human Rights
Globalisation and the Right to Development
Globalisation, Human Rights and the Workforce
Globalisation and the Right to Health
Globalisation and Children’s Rights
Globalisation and Migration (including Abusive Forms of Migration)
Enhancing Cooperation – International Partners for Addressing the Right to Development and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

espanol?Son los derechos economicos, sociales y culturalesexigibles realmente? ?Su naturaleza es distinta a lade los derechos civiles y politicos? ?Que establece nuestra Constitucion al respecto? ?Cual ha sido lapostura de la jurisprudencia nacional e internacional sobre la materia?En el presente articulo, los autores cuestionan la concepcion que normalmente se tiene de dichos derechos, y analizan la labor que ha desarrollado el Tribunal Constitucional peruano al respecto. EnglishAre social, economic and cultural rights really enforceable rights? Is their nature different from those of the civil and political rights? What does our Constitution state on the matter? What is the posture that national and international jurisprudence have adopted regarding the issue?In the article at hand, the authors challenge the common conception about those rights, and analyze the work done by the Peruvian Constitutional Court on the matter.

It may appear to be paradoxical to celebrate work as a human right in an economic system in which for many work is associated with activities that are rather repetitive or stressful, sometimes meaningless, and seldom freely chosen. After presenting the content and historical origins of the human right to work, as defined in Article 6 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, this article argues that the right to work cannot be universally fulfilled in the contemporary state-centred global economy. Moving beyond economic discussions placing too much attention on how to provide enough but sometimes unfulfilling work, the article examines the human potential to reduce the need to work. It outlines the theoretical and definitional foundations of the ‘human economy’, where human potential and creativity are rewarded in order to make the transition from the right to work to the freedom from work. The human economy is a potentialist approach in which the right ...

This article sets out the methodology and findings of a Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA) of the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) for Mauritius. It presents analysis of possible impacts of services trade liberalisation and deregulation on the right to water, on labour rights and on labour migration. By examining impacts of trade-related policies through the lens of human rights law, this article brings to the fore how an HRIA can strengthen trade policy-making, and how it can provide African negotiators and other stakeholders with legal and conceptual arguments to strengthen their positions in economic negotiating contexts that are often highly complex. The article is a contribution to the literature in that it provides insights into the underexplored area of human rights impacts of liberalisation of trade in services, and in that it illustrates through specific examples how the human rights analytical framework can be applied to services trade negotiations in other fora, and ...

ABSTRACT: Aim of this paper is to investigate places in the city - and buildings that shape it - where social rights embed in. The paper proposes to enhance the value of spatial dimension of rights in an innovative way for both constitutional law and architecture. Architecture in fact is the presupposition thanks to which human needs linked to social rights become tangible forms. The paper assumes that the full satisfaction of social rights doesn't depend only on the distribution of single state benefits, but on the social life that happens in places, buildings. Therefore social rights require the existence of social links - as family, school, working environment, social and personal life environment - in which and through which every people becomes a person and express his-self as a person. Acting an overturning of method the paper puts in evidence the link between social rights and space, but also intends to create a connection between the architectural dimension of spaces and...

O texto esboça um panorama das fontes normativas do direito à cultura (ou dos direitos culturais), primeiramente na ordem jurídica internacional, abrangendo o sistema onusiano, tratados específicos da agência especializada da ONU para a cultura – a UNESCO – e sistemas regionais de direitos humanos (interamericano, europeu e africano). A seguir, trata de aspectos dos direitos culturais na ordem jurídica comunitária da União Europeia. Finalmente, traça um histórico do direito à cultura no constitucionalismo brasileiro, com especial destaque para a Constituição de 1988.

... lasting change in some of the world's poorest places. Search this site. The Right to Food: legal, political and human implications for a food security agenda. Posted in: Development Review 2010. Author: Su-ming Khoo. Article 2.pdf. ...

This submission is prepared by the Coalition for Personal Autonomy to help the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to compose "list of issues prior to reporting" (LOIPR), the response to which will constitute Ukraine’s report under article 16 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The submission covers near hundred problems with implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights with special attention to the problems of: human rights crisis and oppression of personal autonomy in Ukraine; lack of legal safeguards to protect rights guaranteed by the Covenant; lack of legal information and public dialogue on human rights issues; militarization of Ukrainian economy, society, culture, repressions against pacifists and conscientious objectors; unfair distribution of public goods; problems with the registration of religious organizations and discrimination of small religious groups; lack of access to higher education for prisoners and unemployment after serving a sentence; arbitrary deprivation of access to the profession of lawyer and threats of the monopoly of the Bar; poverty among working people; decline of patient autonomy in the mental health system; deprivation of language autonomy; governmental attacks on academic freedom, problems of financing and monopolistic assessment of the scientific research. Submission is published in the UN OHCHR database (country section Ukraine, document Info from Civil Society Organizations: Coalition for Personal Autonomy) at URL https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/SessionDetails1.aspx?SessionID=1264&Lang=en