Energy Saving

This paper discusses the thermal effect of covering the building envelope with vegetation on the microclimate in the built environment, for various climates and urban canyon geometries. A two-dimensional, prognostic, micro scale model has been used, developed for the purposes of this study. The climatic characteristics of nine cities, three urban canyon geometries, two canyon orientations and two wind directions are examined. The thermal effect of green roofs and green walls on the built environment is examined in both inside the canyon and at roof level. The effects of this temperature decrease on outdoors thermal comfort and energy savings are examined. Conclusions are drawn on whether plants on the building envelope can be used to tackle the heat island effect, depending on all these parameters taken into consideration.

This paper addresses and implements a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) transceiver for Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems based on FPGA. A transceiver was implemented including a transmitter capable of driving an array of light emitting diodes (LED) and a Pseudo-Noise (PN) matched decorrelator. The receiver architecture uses a discrete FIR correlator for data synchronization and acquisition. In this paper, a novel and simple PN code with a 10 bit sequence length is developed. This code ...

In this analysis, we considered three building types that offer the most savings potential: residences, offices, and retail stores. Each building type was characterized in detail by Pre-1980 (old) or 1980 + (new) construction vintage and with natural gas or electricity as heating ...

A wireless network consisting of large number of small sensors with low-power transceivers. These devices rely on battery power so that; improvement in the energy of these networks becomes important. Wireless sensor network (WSN) require various power management protocols to reduce the power consumption. In this paper we study that different number of clustering algorithm leads to different network performance on the energy balancing, energy consumption and network lifetime. We propose a Multi-hop Hierarchical Stable Election Protocol (MHSEP) for wireless sensor networks to enhance the network lifetime and avoid the formation of energy holes. Classical clustering protocols assume that all the nodes in a system are equipped with the equal amount of energy and as a result, network cannot take full advantage of the presence of node heterogeneity in system. Our proposed protocol is a heterogeneous-aware protocol to increase the time-interval before the death of first node (we refer to a...

In the present study, different insulation thicknesses were used and analysed by taking into account different environment temperatures, experimentally and numerically. For this aim, a small building called as energy home that has two rooms with approximately 35 m 2 and boiler room was constructed on the west direction of the Cumhuriyet University campus in Sivas which is located in the Central Anatolia Region was selected to investigation of the effect of insulation thickness on energy saving. Experimental analyses were carried out on the wall that includes polystyrene insulation material which was used as demountable on external side of wall in the different thicknesses (S i =3cm and S i =5cm). Heat flow patterns of corner walls, floor-wall and wall-roof conjunctions of energy home envelope with thermal bridge were investigated with infrared thermography from inside and outside environment and also numerically. The field measurements using infrared thermography showed temperature distributions of wall and thermal bridges occurring in actual energy home. Calculated temperature and heat flux contours were obtained for externally insulation cases with different insulation thickness and different inside (T i) and outside (T o) environment temperatures (T i = 20 °C, 23 °C and T o =-2 °C,-3 °C,-4 °C,-6 °C and-8 °C) by Fluent program. Results showed that high heat transfer rates were obtained in the region of thermal bridges for all environment temperatures and insulation thicknesses. It was obviously obtained that heat transfer rate decreased with increments of the insulation thickness and outside environment temperature and also IR thermal camera can be used directly to indicate heat losses from the building elements.

For many water authorities worldwide, one of the greatest potential areas for energy savings is in pump selection and in the related effective scheduling of daily pump operations. The optimal control and operation of an irrigation pumping station is achieved here by first solving the nonlinear governing model using Lagrange Multipliers (LM) and then through Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach. Computation

This document provides a market assessment of existing building sensors and controls and presents a range of technology pathways (R&D options) for pursuing advanced sensors and building control strategies. This report is a synthesis of five white papers, each devoted to either the market assessment or
the identification of R&D options to expand the market, and resultant energy savings, from advanced building controls and sensors.

The ideas presented in these white papers were purposefully unconstrained by budget to attempt to capture the full range of potential options. As such, choosing and summarizing highlights from each of these papers, and in turn highlighting this in an Executive Summary, is quite challenging. Instead, what is contained in this Executive Summary is an overview of each chapter.

Market Assessment
The market assessment includes estimates of market potential and energy savings for sensors and control strategies currently on the market as well as a discussion of market barriers to these technologies. Contributors to this report believe that significant energy savings and increased comfort and control for occupants can be achieved with advanced technologies. An estimation of the potential market and energy savings from these advanced technologies is the subject of a follow-on market assessment by TIAX, which should be available in 2005.

Technology Pathways
The Technology Pathway is organized into four chapters:
• Current Applications and Strategies for New Applications
• Sensors and Controls
• Networking, Security, and Protocols and Standards
• Automated Diagnostics, Performance Monitoring, Commissioning, Optimal Control, and Tools.

These chapters can roughly be characterized as follows:
1. Applications to building sub-systems (e.g., lighting) and potential new applications (e.g. disaster mitigation).
2. Sensor and controls hardware including wireless devices and actuators.
3. Issues relating to the inter networking of sensors, controls, and actuators and standards and protocols required for full interoperability.
4. Tools and applications for whole building system integration, monitoring, and controls.

Each technology pathway chapter gives an overview of the technology or application. This is followed by a discussion of needs and the current status of the technology. Finally, a series of research topics is proposed.

Capacitively-driven on-chip wires reduce both latency and energy compared to repeaters. A series coupling capacitance offers preemphasis to lower wire delay, reduces the driven load, and lowers the wire voltage swing without a second power supply. A 0.18mum CMOS testchip shows 10.5times energy savings at a 50mV swing compared to full-swing repeated wires, and a 3times gain in wire bandwidth

Current difficulties surrounding air conditioning systems involve an increase in input air aimed at improving indoor air quality (IAQ), the financial costs arising from energy consumption and external environmental impact, linked to the greenhouse effect (GWP) and the destruction of the ozone layer (ODP). One alternative technique which offers an adequate combination of IAQ and acceptable energy saving is the

Using an electronic apparatus simulating a bird roosting in a nest at night, we examined the insulating qualities of Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) nests built in nest boxes under winter conditions. Nests of different construction were compared with an empty box, and with roosting in open air. Energy savings in an empty box accounted for 18%, in boxes with

Application of night cooling to educational buildings looks very promising in mild climates. Night cooling strategy performance in a school building to be realised in Italy during 2008 has been studied by means of a commercial CFD code. Due to the symmetry of the building, first a 2D numerical model consisting of a vertical section through the three-storey building has been developed. The CFD model includes the solid zone describing the concrete structure. A conjugate heat transfer transient simulation has been implemented to evaluate the natural ventilation flow and the cooling power during a typical mid-season and summer night cooling cycle . A similar 3D model has been used to obtain a more detailed description of the air distribution in the room and to test the results of different turbulence modeling approaches: Reynolds Average Navier Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Some critical aspects of turbulence modeling in buoyancy multi-scale model have been detected and...

Abstract For indoor environments, thermal discomfort must be clearly distinguished from the air pollution caused by outdoor air as well as by inside polluting agents. Full air conditioning of a room requires the introduction of a minimum ventilation air flow whose characteristics ...

Abstract:- Flexible AC Transmission (FACTS) devices are installed in the transmission network to divert the power flow, minimize the power losses and to improve the line performance but it has some limitations and drawbacks. Distributed Flexible AC Transmission (D-FACTS) is a improved version of FACTS devices which is used to improve the security and reliability of the network in a cost effective manner. This paper discusses the concept of D-FACTS technology for saving of electrical energy, minimization of losses, reduction of coal consumption and minimization of environmental pollution from thermal power plants. This paper also discusses comparative evaluation of passive and active approaches in design of controllers for transmission line. Analysis also deals with computer simulation for reactances, equivalent voltages required for injection in the transmission line, and number of distributed modules per conductor per kilometre. Computations for saving of coal and associated enviro...

The philosophy of efficient energy consumption is vitally crucial to profitable production cost in manufacturing industries. This is because the unit production cost is largely determined by the cost of unit energy supply; which is quite higher than the cost of raw materials in Nigeria. It has been established that the Nigerian industrial sector is responsible for 8.7% of the total energy consumption in the nation. Out of this chunk, the food and beverage industry appropriates approximately 2%. Meanwhile, it is observed that the energy consumption trend in most industrial electric motors is always high due to continuous operation even during the idle time/period in production. In this study, data gathered has a coefficient of determination of 99.7%. This is, thus, subjected to regression analysis which assists in predicting the energy consumption trend for a period of one year. Further to this, the capacity of control principles in efficient energy consumption is demonstrated by pra...