Experimental Methods

ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı, Proje Tabanlı Öğretim yaklaşımının, ilköğretim 4. sınıf matematik dersi, geometri ünitesi, " Açılar " alt öğrenme alanı öğretiminde öğrencilerin başarılarına ve başarılarının kalıcılığına etkisini belirlemektir. Araştırma, gerçek deneme modellerinden " ön test-son test kontrol gruplu model " kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada deneysel desen kullanıldığından evren ve örneklem tayinine gidilmemiştir. Bu araştırmanın çalışma grubunu tesadüfî yolla seçilen İstanbul ili Avrupa Yakasındaki Beyoğlu ilçesindeki Cemal Artüz İlköğretim Okulu'ndaki 4. Sınıflardan 4-E sınıfından 21 öğrencinin deney grubu ve 4-C sınıfından da 20 öğrencinin ise kontrol grubunu oluşturmasıyla meydana gelmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen " Açılar Konusu Başarı Testi " kullanılmıştır. Araştırma açılar konusunun, deney grubu öğrencilerine Proje Tabanlı Öğretim yöntemiyle; kontrol grubu öğrencilerine de sunuş yöntemiyle anlatılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma süresince eğitim öncesi ve sonrası uygulanan başarı testinden elde edilen veriler SPSS 16.00 paket programından yararlanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.Verilerin çözümlenmesi sonucu, deney grubu ve kontrol grubu öğrencileri arasında deney grubu lehine anlamlı farklılık olduğu görülmüştür. Proje Tabanlı Öğretim yöntemi öğrenmeyi artırmıştır. ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to define the effect of the Project Based Learning method on success and permanency of success of students. This work is done on primary school fourth grade students in mathematics class, geometry unit, angles subject. This research is implemented using " Pre-test/Post-test control group design ". In this research, it is not needed to define universe and sample, because of using experimental pattern. The subjects of this research have been chosen from Cemal Artüz Primary School located in Beyoğlu, Istanbul by coincidence. 21 students were selected as experiment group from 4-E class, and 20 students were selected as control group from 4-C class. " Angles Subject Success Test " was developed by the researcher as a tool to obtain data. The research is performed by teaching experimental group students using Project Based Learning method, and control group students using Presentation method. The data acquired from success tests made both before and after teaching have been evaluated with help of SPSS 16.00 software. The evaluation of data shown us that experimental group students learned more than control group students with a statistically significant difference. Project Based Learning has increased learning.

Hydraulic jumps have been the object of extensive experimental investigation, providing the numerical community with a complete case study for models’ performance assessment. This study constitutes an exhaustive literature review on hydraulic jumps’ experimental datasets. Both mean and turbulent parameters characterising hydraulic jumps are comprehensively discussed, presenting at least a reference to one dataset. Three studies stand out over other datasets due to their completeness.
Using them as reference for model validation may ensure homogeneous and comparable performance assessment for the upcoming numerical models. Experimental inaccuracies are also addressed, allowing the numerical modeller to understand the uncertainties of reduced physical models and its limitations. Part 2 presents the three-dimensional numerical investigations to date and their main achievements.

Introduction
In this chapter we discuss children with hearing loss. We will refer to them as deaf, meaning children with a hearing loss of minimally 70 dB without hearing aids. These deaf children can have a traditional hearing aid, or be implanted with a cochlear implant (CI) functioning then with this implant as a hearing-impaired child with a loss as little as 30dB. They cannot, however, acquire a spoken language in exactly the same way as a hearing child. The heterogeneity of the population of deaf learners in comparison to other groups is a major issue.
Some deaf children will acquire a sign language. This is most likely to be the case when these children have deaf parents. However these children form only 5-10% of the deaf child population in Western countries (Mitchell & Karchmer 2004).The vast majority is born to hearing parents and can be provided with a sign language input, dependent on parental choice.They will certainly be provided with spoken language input. Deaf children of deaf parents are also usually exposed to a spoken language.
In this chapter we will discuss both sign language acquisition and spoken language acquisition in the various types of children.

Accurate estimation of basin discharge has been discussed by the experts in various construction projects and this important issue has considerable influence on the design of the required structures and their cost. Basin discharge can be calculated according to different methods. According to the conditions of the basins under study, the accuracy of these approaches varies and the obtained results often show relatively large differences. To estimate the annual average flow of the basin, the obtained results of discharge stations are analyzed by different methods and regional relations discharge are obtained. To this end, in this study four regional models consists of an area – discharge, area – standard deviation, area - specific discharge and height - discharge have been used. Also, basin discharge estimation is presented based on flow shortage methods. For this purpose, the method of empirical relations, like ICAR, Justin and Coutange catchment were used to calculate discharge then regional models were compared. The obtained results indicate the accuracy of the results of flow shortage methods to determine the discharge basin. In this research, Polrud basin co-discharge model has been developed in the Gilan province by using the capabilities of GIS model.

Although researchers often assume their participants are naive to experimental materials, this is not always the case.
We investigated how prior exposure to a task affects subsequent experimental results. Participants in this study
completed the same set of 12 experimental tasks at two points in time, first as a part of the Many Labs replication
project and again a few days, a week, or a month later. Effect sizes were markedly lower in the second wave than in
the first. The reduction was most pronounced when participants were assigned to a different condition in the second
wave. We discuss the methodological implications of these findings.

Quasi-static and dynamic experiments are conducted to characterise the mechanical response of a syntactic foam comprising hollow glass microballoons in a polyurethane matrix. Stress versus strain histories are measured in uniaxial tension and compression as well as in pure shear, at strain rates ranging from 10
'4 to 10'3 s
1, via non-standard experimental techniques; quasi-static in-situ tests are conducted to visualise the deformation mechanisms in tension and compression. The material displays a pronounced sensitivity to the imposed strain rate and relatively high tensile and shear ductility at both low and high strain rates. A tension/compression asymmetry is displayed in quasi-static tests but is lost at high rates of strain.

Incentivized methods for eliciting subjective probabilities in economic
experiments present the subject with risky choices that encourage
truthful reporting. We discuss the most prominent elicitation methods and their underlying assumptions, provide theoretical comparisons and give a new justification for the quadratic scoring rule. On the empirical side, we survey the performance of these elicitation methods in
actual experiments, considering also practical issues of implementation
such as order effects, hedging, and different ways of presenting
probabilities and payment schemes to experimental subjects. We end with
a discussion of the trade-offs involved in using incentives for belief elicitation and
some guidelines for implementation.