Eye tracking

Games are undoubtedly the most successful computer application yet it is not easy to attribute their success to any one particular feature. Nonetheless, when talking about games, gamers and reviewers frequently refer to the immersive experience of the game as an important aspect to be attained. However, it is not clear what immersion is and even if it is a comparable experience between different players and different games. This paper aims to develop more quantifiable and therefore objective measures of immersion. We describe a study into switching from an immersive gaming experience to another task, not in the game world. Though the degree of immersion does seem to have an impact on the ability to perform the task, the experimental approach is complex and possibly quite fragile. We therefore set out hypotheses for a similar experiment with the aim of exploring whether eyetracking and body motion provide better indicators of the degree of immersion.

Araştırmanın temel amacı; sınıf öğretmenlerinin derste öğrencileriyle göz teması kurma davranışlarını ve bu davranışları hakkındaki görüşlerini, meslekî kıdemlerine, cinsiyetlerine, algısal öğrenme stillerine ve öğrencilerinin akademik başarı düzeyleri ile cinsiyetlerine göre incelemektir. Bu temel amaç doğrultusunda araştırmanın ilk iki bölümünde eğitim ve iletişim literatürü çerçevesinde araştırmanın problem durumu ve kuramsal çerçevesi tanımlanmış, sözsüz iletişim becerileri ile algısal öğrenme stilleri kapsamında araştırmanın temel kavramları teorik düzeyde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca araştırma kapsamında, veri toplama yöntemi olarak kullanılan göz izleme sistemi ve teknolojileri hakkında bilgiler verildikten sonra, farklı bilim alanlarında yapılan göz izleme çalışmalarının sonuçlarına göre; öğretmenlerle öğrenciler arasında gerçekleşen göz teması kurma davranışlarının bu yöntemle ölçümlenip ölçümlenemeyeceği tartışılmıştır. Araştırmanın yönteminin anlatıldığı üçüncü bölümde, öncelikle araştırmanın modeli, değişkenleri, çalışma grubu, veri toplama yöntemleri ve araçları, sınırlılıkları, veri analiz süreçleri anlatılmıştır. Araştırmanın dördüncü bölümünde ise, araştırma kapsamında yapılan göz izleme testi ve diğer veri toplama yöntemleriyle ulaşılan bulgular, öncelikle öğretmenlerin göz teması kurma davranışları, daha sonra ise bu davranışları hakkındaki görüşleri kapsamında iki başlık altında anlatılarak yorumlanmıştır. Kıdem değişkenine göre odaklanma süresi anlamlı olarak farklılaşmaktadır (p=0,039). Ancak, odaklanma sayısı kıdeme göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermemektedir (p=0,336). Başka bir anlatımla, sınıf öğretmenlerinin kıdemi, odaklanma süresini anlamlı düzeyde etkileyen bir faktörken, odaklanma sayısını anlamlı düzeyde etkileyen bir faktör olmadığı söylenebilir. Öğretmenlerin öğrenme stilleri değişkenine göre odaklanma süresi anlamlı olarak farklılaşmaktadır (p=0,004). Ancak, odaklanma sayısı öğretmenlerin öğrenme stillerine göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermemektedir (p=0,199). Başka bir anlatımla, sınıf öğretmenlerinin öğrenme stilleri, odaklanma süresini anlamlı düzeyde etkileyen bir faktörken, odaklanma sayısını anlamlı düzeyde etkileyen bir faktör olmadığı söylenebilir. Öğrenci not ortalması değişkenine göre odaklanma süresi (p=0,031) ve odaklanma sayısı (p=0,022) öğrenci not ortalamasına göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermektedir Başka bir anlatımla, öğrencilerin not ortalamasının, odaklanma süresini ve odaklanma sayısını anlamlı düzeyde etkileyen bir faktör olduğu söylenebilir. Araştırmanın beşinci ve son bölümünde, öğretmenlerin meslekî kıdemlerinin, algısal öğrenme stillerinin ve öğrencilerin akademik başarılarının göz teması kurma davranışları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak öğretmenlerin cinsiyet değişkeninin ve öğrencilerin cinsiyet değişkeninin öğretmenlerin göz teması kurma davranışları üzerinde açıklayıcı etkiye sahip olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre öğretmenlerin göz teması kurma davranışlarını geliştirmeye yararlı olabilecek ve gelecekte aynı konuda yapılacak araştırmalara ışık tutacak önerilerde bulunulmuştur. ANALYSING EYE CONTACT BEHAVIOURS OF CLASSROOM TEACHERS BASED ON SOME VARIABLES The main objective of the present study is to analyze eye contact behaviors of classroom teachers during the class and their opinions about such behaviors of them based on their professional seniority, gender, perceptional learning styles and level of academic achievement of their students. In line with this primary objective, the problem situation and the theoretical framework of the study is defined under the educational and communication literature in the first two chapters of the study, and then the main concepts of the study are analyzed in a theoretical level under the non-verbal communication skills and perceptional learning styles. In addition, upon giving information on the eye tracking system and technologies used as a data collection method, whether the eye contact behaviors between teachers and students can be measured through this method is discussed based on the results of the eye tracking studies conducted in different scientific disciplines. In the third chapter of the study where the method used is discussed, primarily the model, variables, work group, data collection methods, data collection tools, restrictions, data analysis of the study are described. In the forth chapter of the study, the findings obtained through the eye tracking test performed under the study and other data collection methods are interpreted in two headings: firstly, eye contact behaviors of teachers, and secondly, their opinions about such behaviours of them. There is a statistically signifant difference in focusing time based on the seniority variable (p=0,039). However, there is no statistically significant difference in the number of focusing based on the seniority variable. (p=0,336). In other words, while the seniority of the classroom teachers affects the focusing time significantly, it is possible to say that it does not affect the number of focusing significantly. There is a statistically significant difference in focusing time based on the teachers' learning styles variable (p=0,004). However, there is no statististically significant difference in the number of focusing based on the teachers' learning styles (p=0,199). In other words, while the classroom teacher's learning styles variable is a factor that affects the focusing time significantly, it is possible to say that it is a factor that does not affect the number of focusing significantly. There is a statistically significant difference in focusing time (p=0,031) and number of focusing (p=0,022) based on the students' grade point average variable. In other words, students' grade-point average is a factor that significantly affects the focusing time and number of focusing of the students. In the fifth and final chapter of the study, it reveals that there is a statistically significant relation between the eye contact behaviours, professional seniority and percentional learning styles of teachers, and academic achievement of students. However, it is found that teachers' gender variable and students' gender variable do not have a descriptive influence on the eye contact behaviours of the teachers. Consequently, according to the findings obtained at the end of the study, recommendations are made that would help improve the eye contact behaviors of the teachers and shed light on the future studies on the same issue.

O estudo proposto visou explorar estratégias inovadoras de direcionamento de conteúdo comunicacional perante o uso das ferramentas Eye Tracking na Web e Métricas para monitoramento de interesse do consumidor online, aspectos que poderiam ser apontados como semelhantes entre o uso das referidas ferramentas e a aplicabilidade dos dados de interação social marca-consumidor. Para tanto, revisou-se a literatura em busca de subsídios para a estruturação de um quadro a contemplar as semelhanças identificadas e outro a exemplificar sua aplicabilidade. Quanto ao objetivo deste estudo, optou-se pela pesquisa exploratória e coleta de dados em fontes secundárias. Os resultados preliminares destacaram que uma comunicação inovadora consiste em fazer diferente do tradicional e corriqueiro, adequando-se às mudanças culturais, monitorando tendências de comportamento do consumidor e seus interesses, em busca de compreender o processo de decisão de compra e, sobretudo, desenvolver mensagens significan...

We are pleased to announce the two-day final event of COCO, the DLR research project that investigated collaborative operations in control rooms together with project partners from several different fields: airline operations center, air traffic control, airport operations, satellite control, and public transport. The COCO-Symposium will take place on November 9 th and 10 th , 2017 at the Radisson Blu Hotel, Hamburg Airport (Hamburg, Germany). The symposium will address the following topics: − How to assess the interaction within small groups using eye tracking analyses − The effects of fatigue on performance in control rooms − The impact of a communication framework on collaboration in the Airport Control Center You will gain insight into the results of the COCO project at the DLR and see demonstrations of our simulation tools. We are delighted to welcome three scientific experts who will be presenting their evaluation of the project results in the context of current psychological research. Please save the date for this unique event! Attendance is limited and registration is necessary. If you would like to participate, please send an e-mail to [email protected] Visit the COCO website for more information:

We conduct a lottery experiment to assess the predictive importance of simple choice process metrics (SCPMs) in forecasting risky 50/50 gambling decisions using different types of machine learning algorithms
as well as traditional choice modeling approaches. The SCPMs are recorded during a fixed pre-decision phase and are derived from tracking subjects’ eye movements, pupil sizes, skin conductance, and cardiovascular and respiratory signals. Our study demonstrates that SCPMs provide relevant information for predicting gambling decisions, but we do not find forecasting accuracy to be substantially affected by adding SCPMs to standard choice data. Instead, our results show that forecasting accuracy highly depends on differences in subject-specific risk preferences and is largely driven by including information on lottery design variables. As a key result, we find evidence for dynamic changes in the predictive importance of psychophysiological responses that appear to be linked to habituation and resource-depletion effects. Subjects’ willingness to gamble and choice-revealing arousal signals both decrease as the experiment progresses. Moreover, our findings
highlight the importance of accounting for previous lottery payoff characteristics when investigating the role of emotions and cognitive bias in repeated decision-making scenarios.

... One can and perhaps should posit, consequently, that this has led to at least two central areas being presently under-researched and largely ignored in eyetracking studies. First, the gaze analysis of film and television documentary. Second, the evaluation of experimental film in relation to gaze patterns and modes of attention and comprehension (see Redmond and Batty 2015 ). It is the aim of this chapter to rectify this absence by attending to one of these research deficiencies – the exploration of experimental film – through a combination of eye-tracking analysis and post-screening questionnaires (more on this to follow). More specifically, the central aim of this chapter is to bring eye-tracking technology to those experimental films that not only eschew the codes and conventions of narrative cinema, but offer the viewer only abstract shapes and silence or discordant sound with which to engage, gaze upon, listen or attend. Our focus, then, will centrally be on abstract experiment film with one notable exception, the Stargate sequence from 2001 (Kubrick 1967), employed as a counterpoint to assess how abstraction is viewed in what is otherwise predominately an art-narrative science fiction film. We have chosen to focus on abstract experimental film for three reasons: first, devoid of human bodies and interactions, the observable screen is a chaotic canvass without obvious narrative cues or continuity principles to ‘bind’ the viewer and to hold their attention. Our meta questions grow from this concern: where do we look and what do we gaze upon when faced with lines, colours and contours that are not defined or have full definition? What do we comprehend when faced with lines of abstraction? What memorial and emotional work do we undertake to make sense of the fragmented and fragmentary worlds of abstract experimental film? In terms of narrative cinema, the tendency to fixate on the centre of an image, termed the central bias, is a well-documented phenomenon (Vitu et al. 2004 ; Tatler 2007 ).The contention in this chapter is that the pull to the centre may well be torn apart by abstract experimental cinema’s tendency to treat the screen’s margins or peripheries as elemental to its shape-making and aesthetic explorations (Brown 2015). Second, the chosen films have a high degree of materiality or texturality: they are made up of impressionable surfaces and these are unevenly layered over one another. Our meta questions here are framed as follows: what do we see when the screen is itself moving like a living tissue or a conductive surface? How might such forms of sensory and organic abstraction affect our emotional responses? What memories might we draw upon to comprehend and make meaning out of such abstractions? When viewing narrative cinema, there are two primary cognitive theories addressing what drives the control of the placement of our fixations. According to the visual saliency hypothesis, fixation locations are selected based on image properties generated in a bottom-up manner from the current scene (Theeuwes 2010 ). This is where gaze control, to a large degree, is a reaction to the visual properties of the stimulus being viewed. In contrast, the cognitive control hypothesis maintains that fixation sites are targeted based on the drive of the cognitive system in relation to the current task in a top-down model ( Hayhoe and Ballard 2005 ; Henderson et al. 2007 ). The cognitive hypothesis posits that eye movements are primarily controlled by task goals interacting with both a semantic interpretation of the scene and our memories from similar past viewing experiences( Henderson and Ferreira 2004 ). The distribution of fixations over a scene is also subject to change, depending on whether the viewer is searching for something or trying to memorize something from that scene ( Henderson et al. 1999 ). By contrast, embodiment theory and film phenomenology extend the reading of fixations to draw on the idea of the co-synesthetic qualities of proprioception ( Sobchack 2004 ), or the theory that all the senses are drawn upon when viewing the moving image. Third, the chosen films have a discordant soundtrack or have no sound at all. Where there is sound, it is both asynchronous and atonal, or it is used to signify disembodied flight and transcendence. When sound is absent, the image is left fl uttering away on the screen, its own mausoleum. The meta questions that frame our thinking here are: what affect does discordant sound have on gazing and comprehending? Does a silent abstract film produce a different type of gaze pattern and sense of forbearance and/or reverie? How do viewer’s match image abstraction to acousmatic sound ( Chion 1994 )? The three films we have chosen to analyse as our case studies for this chapter are: Mothlight (Brakhage 1963), La Région Centrale (Snow 1971) and our counterpoint text, 2001 (Kubrick 1967). Each film presents us with a different type of experimental abstraction and…

Neuromarketing techniques (use of psychophysiological responses as variables in decision making processes) are being used successfully in the area of marketing. However, there is no academic research that enables us to explore the degree of effectiveness of these techniques, as well as the cognitive and affective mechanisms underlying. This data will allow the construction of theoretical models. The objective of the research was to analyze the mechanisms of action of 3 psychophysiological variables widely used in this field: eye-tracking, GSR (galvanic skin response) and facial emotion. Thirty five randomly selected subjects (men and women, ages from 22 to 65 years), carried out the experiment in the NeurolabCenter at the Complutense University of Madrid. Each participant received 30 euros as an incentive. Method: subjects viewed four different types of packaging. Each image was presented randomly for 10 seconds, while their GSR, eye-tracking and facial emotions responses were recor...

A common limitation in human factors research is that vehicle simulators often lack perceptual fidelity. Video games, on the other hand, are becoming increasingly realistic and may be a promising tool for simulator-based human factors research. In this work, we explored whether an off-the-shelf video game is suitable for research purposes. We used Grand Theft Auto (GTA) V combined with a Smart Eye DR120 eye tracker to measure eye movements of participants cycling in hazardous traffic situations. Twenty-seven participants encountered various situations representative of urban cycling, such as intersection crossings, a car leaving a parking spot in front of the cyclist, and the opening of a car door in front of the cyclist. Data of participants’ gaze on the computer monitor as recorded by the eye tracker were translated into 3D coordinates in the virtual world, as well as into semantic information regarding the object where the participant was focusing on. We conclude that GTA V allow...

Traditional language acquisition research that employs offline tasks, such as act-out, pointing, sentence-picture matching, truth-value and grammaticality judgments, has established that children up to the age of 6 make mistakes in the comprehension of anaphoric expressions. With the adaptation of the Visual World Eye-Tracking Paradigm (VWP) for language acquisition, it has become possible to investigate the interpretation of anaphoric expressions in children in real time to gain a better understanding of the development of pronominal reference. This chapter provides an overview of the VWP studies of 3- to 9-year-old children’s comprehension of reflexives and personal pronouns in terms of various linguistic constraints and their interaction. There is a developmental trajectory of such constraints, with morphological (gender) and lexico-semantic (verb transitivity) constraints being acquired first, followed by syntactic constraints (Principles A and B of the Binding Theory). Discourse-level constraints, such as information structure and order-of-mention, develop last and often need to be present in combination for children to apply them online.

In developing a website, it is essential to test its design. For example, users may look at a certain image or text paragraph without paying attention to what designers may consider being the most essential information or the users may erroneously interpret its design and get confused. If users don’t interact with the website as designers anticipate, the design of website becomes dubious. In our eye-tracking study we invited 11 undergraduate students from an introductory chemistry course to test the usability of newly developed website on climate change. The results show that animated features draw more attention regardless of strength of relationship to content. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, we present possible recommendations how to improve the design of the website and how to enhance user’s overall experience.

Abstract: Higher Education is increasingly relying on e-learning as a means of providing students with teaching and learning resources. Almost inevitably, this means that students interact with these learning resources through the medium of the computer screen. Although there have been significant advances in the design and implementation of online resources, exactly how students interact with these resources is a relatively new field of research. In this feasibility study students were asked to interact with a virtual learning environment, i.e. Blackboard, as well as Internet based resources, i.e. Ingenta and Wikipedia. Specifically, the students were asked to find the answer to a question provided, e.g. “what is classical conditioning?”orto locate a body of research related to a given topic, e.g. “theories of forgetting”. As they searched for the information the eye movements of the students were recorded using a Tobii X50 eye tracking system. The data gathered was analyseddynamic...

English
The striving for equivalence in painting is the subject of the study carried out during the seminar "Art Reception - Experimental Studies" at the Institute of Art History at the University of Vienna. This study is the first of its kind to question the theory of equivalence established by the Romanian painter Arthur Segal in the first quarter of the 20th century. Two methods were used during the study, eye-tracking, and questionnaire. During the eye-tracking experiment, eye movements were recorded and later evaluated in the eye-tracking program. The questionnaire was used to obtain additional qualitative results. The analysis of the recorded data showed that in most cases the theory could not be proven as Arthur Segal had suggested. Only in a few individual cases or for an observed stimulus could the theory be partially confirmed or proven. As the first study on this topic and with limited resources or a small number of tested persons, the aim is not to confirm or deny the theory, but to open up new areas of research and to recommend new methods and ways of exploring the theory of equivalence in the future.

German
Das Streben nach Gleichwertigkeit in der Malerei ist Gegenstand der Studie, die während des Seminars „Kunstrezeption – Experimentelle Studien“ am Institut für Kunstgeschichte der Universität Wien durchgeführt wurde. Diese Studie stellt als erste ihrer Art die Gleichwertigkeitstheorie in Frage, die der rumänische Maler Arthur Segal im ersten Viertel des 20. Jahrhunderts aufstellte. Während der Studie wurden zwei Methoden verwendet, Eye-Tracking und Fragebogen. Während des Eye-Tracking-Experiments wurden die Augenbewegungen aufgenommen und später im Eye-Trace-Programm ausgewertet. Der Fragebogen wurde verwendet, um zusätzliche qualitative Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Die Analyse der aufgenommenen Daten zeigte, dass die Theorie in den meisten Fällen nicht bewiesen werden konnte, wie Segal vorgeschlagen hatte. Nur in einigen Einzelfällen bzw. bei einem beobachteten Stimulus konnte die Theorie teilweise bestätigt bzw. bewiesen werden. Als erste Studie zu diesem Thema und mit begrenzten Ressourcen bzw. einer kleinen Anzahl von getesteten Personen ist es nicht das Ziel, die Theorie zu bestätigen oder zu verneinen, sondern neue Forschungsbereiche zu eröffnen und neue Methoden und Wege zu empfehlen, wie die Gleichwertigkeitstheorie in Zukunft erforscht werden kann.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie koncepcji badań aktywności marketingowej wystawców z wykorzystaniem mobilnego eye trackera. Skoncentrowano się na ogólnym wyglądzie stoisk oraz na ich części ekspozycyjnej, czyli strefie, w której-za pomocą pro-duktów lub innych eksponatów (np. modeli, filmów, plansz)-wizualnie prezentuje się ofertę targową. Opracowanie wypełnia lukę w literaturze, gdyż w Polsce nie wykorzystano jeszcze eye trackingu podczas wydarzeń wystawienniczych, a w zagranicznym piśmiennictwie nauko-wym znajdują się tylko lapidarne wzmianki o zastosowaniu tej metody w przestrzeni targowej. W sensie ogólnym przedstawiono genezę oraz przebieg badań okulograficznych. W odniesieniu do targów natomiast zaproponowano możliwe obszary wykorzystania mobilnego eye trackera oraz zidentyfikowano ograniczenia wiążące się z zastosowaniem tego urządzenia/
This paper presents a concept of research into the exhibitors' marketing activity using a mobile eye tracker. Attention focuses on the general design of booths and their demonstration area, that is to say, a zone whereby means of products or other showpieces (e.g. using models, films, display boards)-a trade fair offer is presented visually. This work fills a gap in the literature, since eye tracking has never been used at any Polish exhibition event thus far, and as regards international scientific publications, only some of them contain succinct references to the adoption of the method in question in the trade fair environment. In a general sense, the paper shows the origin and conduct of eye tracking. As far as trade fair is concerned, the possible areas for the use of the mobile eye tracker were proposed, as well as the limitations relating to the use of such a device were identified.

In this paper, we characterize the gaze collaboration patterns of successful and unsuccessful programming pairs as they traced and debugged fragments of code. A dual eye tracking experiment was performed on pairs of novice programmers and their fixation sequences were analyzed using Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis (CRQA), which is an analysis on cross-recurrence plots (CRP). Other eye tracking metrics were also used. Findings revealed that successful and unsuccessful pairs can be characterized distinctively based on their CRQA results, CRPs, and other eye tracking metrics. Successful pairs have more incidences of low CRQA reflected on their CRPs as single and isolated points, presence of more white bands and empty regions, and few rectangular segments known as laminar or "trapped" states. On the other hand, the unsuccessful pairs have more occurrences of high CRQA manifested on their CRPs as heavily clustered points and visually recurring patterns because of their more pronounced similar scan and fixation cluster patterns compared to successful pairs. Other eye tracking metrics also provided differentiation between the successful and unsuccessful pairs. These preliminary findings provide the groundwork to objectively quantify and characterize collaboration among programming pairs and can also be used in similar studies to strengthen pair programming.

Medication errors commonly involve confusion between drug names that look or sound alike. One possible method of reducing these errors is to print sections of the names in ‘‘Tall Man’’ (capital) letters, in order to emphasise differences between similar products. This paper reports an eye-tracking experiment that evaluates this strategy. Participants had their eye movements monitored while they searched for a target product amongst an array of product packs. The target pack was replaced by a similar distractor in the array. Participants made fewer errors when the appearance of the names had been altered, that is, they were less likely to incorrectly identify a distractor as the target drug. This result was reflected in the eye movement data.

This paper investigates the value of eye tracking in evaluating the usability of a Learning Management System, at an open distance learning university where the users’ computer and Web skills vary significantly. Eye tracking utilize the users’ eye movements, while doing a task, to provide information about the nature, sequence and timing of the cognitive operations that took place. This information supplements, but does not replace standard usability testing with observations. This forces the questions of when the added value of eye tracking justifies the added cost and resources. Existing research has indicated significant differences in the usability experienced by experts and non-experts on the same system. The aim of this paper is to go one step further and shed light on the type and severity of the usability problems experienced by non-expert users. Usability testing with eye tracking is a resource intensive method but our findings indicate that eye tracking adds concise, summarised evidence of usability problems that justifies the cost when testing special groups such as users deficient in Web and computer skills. The contribution of this paper is to highlight the added value of eye tracking as a usability evaluation method in working with Web non-expert users. Furthermore, the findings improve our understanding of the knowledge differences between expert and non-expert Web users and the practical challenges involved in working with non-expert users.

Experimental aesthetics has shed light on the involvement of pre-motor areas in the perception of abstract art. However, the contribution of texture perception to aesthetic experience is still understudied. We hypothesized that digital screen-based art, despite its immateriality, might suggest potential sensorimotor stimulation. Original born-digital works of art were selected and manipulated by the artist himself. Five behavioral parameters: Beauty, Liking, Touch, Proximity, and Movement, were investigated under four experimental conditions: Resolution (high/low), and Magnitude (Entire image/detail). These were expected to modulate the quantity of material and textural information afforded by the image. While the Detail condition afforded less content-related information, our results show that it augmented the image's haptic appeal. High Resolution improved the haptic and aesthetic properties of the images. Furthermore, aesthetic ratings positively correlated with sensorimotor ...

... 1 observed that young subjects showed a stronger bias towards emotionally negative material than older individuals, while emotionally positive pictures ... LIZZIE MAUGHAN is a senior consultant at Bunnyfoot, specialising in eye tracking research of offline marketing material. ...

Studies of reading that involve eye-tracking often utilise stimulated-recall interviews with participants. A new approach to stimulated-recall interviews designed to enrich participant verbalisations allows researchers to directly link participants’ statements to specific moments of their test – accomplished by video recording their actions during test taking. The session will discuss how this approach to stimulated-recall interviews can work alongside eye-tracking to produce rich qualitative data related to individuals’ cognitive processing.

1,4Virtual Reality Laboratory, EPFL, IC ISIM, Station 14, 1015 Lausanne, SWITZERLAND 2Pychiatrist and psychotherapist, Rue du Valentin 61, 1004 Lausanne, SWITZERLAND 3Computer Science Department, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs vej 8, 6705 Esbjerg, DENMARK

Eye Tracking Supported Research Into Sight Translation. Lapsological Conclusions.

In the article, the author, on the basis of eye tracking research, indicates the linguistic elements that posed the greatest difficulty for the test subjects in sight translation from Polish into Russian. She explains what the difficulty of these elements is and what causes problems in translating them. Interestingly, other types of translation difficulties were revealed by eye tracking research (in fact, objective research of increased mental effort), while others were indicated by the respondents themselves in questionnaires when answering the question - what do they think will be the biggest problem for them. 
Next, the author presents in tables the most frequent mistakes that the respondents made in sight translation. Most of them were interference errors (51% of the total number of errors) due to the very strong influence of the visual stimulus in this type of translation, which is the source text lying all the time in front of the translator. On the other hand, when it comes to specifying the nature of interference errors, they were predominantly lexical errors (78% among the interference errors), while interference at the grammatical level constituted 22%.