Facebook Studies

The semiotics of the face studies the meaning of the human face in contemporary visual cultures. There are two complementary research foci: widespread practices of face exhibition in social networks like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Tinder; and minority practices of occultation, including the mask in anti-establishment political activism (Anonymous) and the veil in religious dressing codes. The meaning of the human face is currently changing on a global scale: through the invention and diffusion of new visual technologies (digital photography, visual filters, as well as software for automatic face recognition); through the creation and establishment of novel genres of face representation (the selfie); and through new approaches to face perception, reading, and memorization (e.g., the ‘scrolling’ of faces on Tinder). Cognitions, emotions, and actions that people attach to the interaction with one’s and others’ faces are undergoing dramatic shifts. In the semiotics of the face, an interdisciplinary but focused approach combines visual history, semiotics, phenomenology, visual anthropology, but also face perception studies and collection and analysis of big data, so as to study the social and technological causes of these changes and their effects in terms of alterations in self-perception and communicative interaction. In the tension between, on the one hand, political and economic agencies pressing for increasing disclosure, detection, and marketing of the human face (for reasons of security and control, for commercial or bureaucratic purposes) and, on the other hand, the counter-trends of face occultation (parents ‘hiding’ their children from the Internet, political activists concealing their faces, religious or aesthetic veils, writers and artists like Bansky or Ferrante choosing not to reveal their identity), the visual syntax, the semantics, and the pragmatics of the human face are rapidly evolving. The semiotics of the face carries on a comprehensive survey of this socio-cultural phenomenon.

The semiotics of the face studies the meaning of the human face in contemporary visual cultures. There are two complementary research foci: widespread practices of face exhibition in social networks like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Tinder; and minority practices of occultation, including the mask in anti-establishment political activism (Anonymous) and the veil in religious dressing codes. The meaning of the human face is currently changing on a global scale: through the invention and diffusion of new visual technologies (digital photography, visual filters, as well as software for automatic face recognition); through the creation and establishment of novel genres of face representation (the selfie); and through new approaches to face perception, reading, and memorization (e.g., the ‘scrolling’ of faces on Tinder). Cognitions, emotions, and actions that people attach to the interaction with one’s and others’ faces are undergoing dramatic shifts. In the semiotics of the face, an interdisciplinary but focused approach combines visual history, semiotics, phenomenology, visual anthropology, but also face perception studies and collection and analysis of big data, so as to study the social and technological causes of these changes and their effects in terms of alterations in self-perception and communicative interaction. In the tension between, on the one hand, political and economic agencies pressing for increasing disclosure, detection, and marketing of the human face (for reasons of security and control, for commercial or bureaucratic purposes) and, on the other hand, the counter-trends of face occultation (parents ‘hiding’ their children from the Internet, political activists concealing their faces, religious or aesthetic veils, writers and artists like Bansky or Ferrante choosing not to reveal their identity), the visual syntax, the semantics, and the pragmatics of the human face are rapidly evolving. The semiotics of the face carries on a comprehensive survey of this socio-cultural phenomenon.

The Internet has become an integral aspect of our daily lives, playing a role in work, leisure and personal relationships. Over the past fifteen years, researchers and clinicians have noted the intricate ways that the Internet impacts our clients’ lives, creating both positive and negative outcomes. Recently, social networking sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, have become increasingly popular, bringing with their popularity new issues. At this time there is a limited empirical understanding of the role social networking sites play in our clients’ lives and the impact these sites have on offline relationships. These gaps in the literature call attention to the need for research surrounding social networking sites.
The purpose of this dissertation is threefold. First, to review existing literature on Internet infidelity, providing a discussion of where Facebook infidelity fits into the continuum of infidelity behaviors. Second, to answer four questions related to social networking site infidelity: (1) How do people interpret Facebook activities in regard to their offline intimate relationship? (2) What impact does Facebook have on offline relationships? (3) How might differences in gender impact perceptions of Facebook behaviors? (4) What similarities and differences exist between the proposed study’s findings and previous story completion studies on offline and online infidelity? The third aim was to explore how couples in committed relationships communicate about rules and boundaries for Internet behaviors. The research questions for this study are: (1) What rules and boundaries about social networking site use do couples have? (2) How are these
rules and boundaries communicated in the relationship? (3) How are these rules and boundaries monitored? (4) How does age and familiarity with the Internet and social networking sites impact couples’ communication about rules and boundaries?
The format of the dissertation will be three articles corresponding to the three purposes mentioned above. Chapter 1 will introduce the articles and will provide support for the purpose of the studies. Chapter 2 is a conceptual paper that highlights where Facebook infidelity fits on the continuum of offline and online infidelity behaviors. Chapters 3 and 4 are empirical studies, Chapter 3 explored how people interpret Facebook behaviors in the context of their offline relationship, while Chapter 4 examined what rules and boundaries couples have for online behaviors and how these rules are communicated and monitored. Finally, Chapter 5 offers a concluding chapter highlighting how these three articles combined offer a collective understanding of how Facebook infidelity compares to other forms of infidelity, how people view the impact of Facebook infidelity behaviors in the context of intimate relationships, and how couples communicate rules and boundaries about social networking sites for their intimate partner relationships.
Key words: Facebook infidelity, Internet infidelity, Social networking sites

Las generaciones más jóvenes utilizan las Redes Sociales Virtuales (RSV) para diversos objetivos tales como la obtención de información, y la interacción y organización con sus amigos, contactos o compañeros de escuela, entre otros. Este estudio expone y compara las preferencias de los usuarios en relación con el tipo de información obtenida de la RSV Facebook, así como la importancia que le conceden. Se estudian particularmente las preferencias de estudiantes universitarios del sureste de México. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante la aplicación de 458 encuestas a estudiantes de nivel Licenciatura del Campus Ciencias Sociales, Económico-Administrativas y Humanidades, de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY). En los resultados destaca que la información preferida corresponde a los amigos, familia y escuela.

Palabras Clave: Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación, sociedad de la información, Redes Sociales Virtuales, estudiantes universitarios

RESUMO
Este trabalho aborda a (in) visibilidade das juventudes (tribos) na pós-modernidade, tendo como pressuposto que nos espaços virtuais de confluência entre a tecnologia e a arte elas podem ganhar visibilidade. A abordagem ancora-se teoricamente, principalmente, no pensador francês Michel Maffesoli, tendo como método a sociologia compreensiva. A sustentação teórica articulou o pensamento maffesoliano às juventudes como categoria ou metáfora de um modo de ser juvenil e às implicações tecnológicas no processo de interação, mediação e potencialização das expressões estéticas juvenis. Utilizamos as noções de Maffesoli como categorias para compreender as novas formas de socialidade das tribos por meio de suas diversas manifestações artísticas na cibercultura. As descrições e análises das manifestações de Flash Mobs postadas em vídeos do Youtube e grupos que mantêm Site/páginas de Facebook destinados à divulgação de encontros artístico- culturais mediados pelo ciberespaço permitiram perceber que nem todas as tribos funcionam por meio da mesma dinâmica, o que nos levou a elaborar a ideia de intensidade das práticas juvenis tanto em termos das formas de apropriar-se, como do modo de relacionar-se com o que foi apropriado. O viés estético-emocional conduz a identificação do modo de ser juvenil com um espírito dionisíaco. Assim como a metáfora de Afrodite (sensualidade que se refere não apenas à sexualidade, mas à liberdade que se busca na vivência sem regras, a um retorno à natureza) que, para nós, também ronda o estar-junto das tribos. Deparamos, portanto, com muitas possibilidades de visibilidade das juventudes nas tramas artísticas que dialogam na interface físico-virtual e ocupam os espaços públicos da cidade.
Palavras-chave: Juventudes, Maffesoli, estética, cibercultura, Flash Mob, Facebook.

In our article, we investigate the affective economy of national-populist image circulation on Facebook. This is highly relevant, since social media has been an essential area for the spread of national-populist ideology. In our research, we analyse image circulation as affective practice, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. We use computational data analysis methods to examine visual big data: image fingerprints and reverse image search engines to track down the routes of thousands of circulated images as well as make discourse-historical analysis on the images that have gained most attention among supporters. Our research demonstrates that these existing tools allow social science research to make theory-solid approaches to understand the role of image circulation in creating and sustaining national and transnational networks on social media, and show how national-populist thinking is spread through images that catalyse and mobilise affects – fear, anger and resentment – thus creating an effective affective economy.

Se presentan los resultados del plan de medios sociales de la Plataforma Latina de Revistas de Comunicación (PlatCom) integrada por 8 revistas académicas fundacionales y dos revistas honoríficas consorciadas. El estudio refleja la actividad desplegada en los últimos cinco años (2013-2017). El objetivo es describir la estrategia llevada a cabo en las redes sociales para difundir los artículos académicos y las actividades de PlatCom, así como cuantificar y valorar la interactividad generada y su contribución en los procesos de visibilidad científica. La singularidad de la incitativa reside en la gestión de carácter conjunto y mancomunado realizada para varias revistas de forma simultánea. Se realiza un estudio exploratorio descriptivo comparativo e interanual. El procedimiento consideró la recopilación anual de datos cuantitativos sobre las mismas variables para habilitar la comparación y facilitar la identificación de tendencias o posibles mejoras a realizar.  Para ello, se utilizaron los datos extraídos mediante Google Analytics en los medios propios de PlatCom: el blog, dos redes sociales de carácter generalista (Facebook y Twitter) y dos redes sociales de ámbito académico (Academia.edu y Mendeley). En este periodo, las redes sociales y el blog fueron gestionadas a diario por una profesional especialista en Social Media. Las variables consideradas han sido: las visualizaciones o visitas, las descargas y el número de seguidores.  La conclusión principal del estudio revela que las redes sociales y el blog son muy útiles a la hora de difundir los artículos académicos. Academia.edu obtiene los mejores resultados como red social para artículos académicos. Facebook y Twitter exigen un tipo de comunicación más distendida en el diseño de los mensajes. Como acción futura se sugiere incorporar Social Ads como herramienta de segmentación precisa para llegar al público objetivo que nosotros deseamos y estudiar la relación entre métricas alternativas y citación del artículo.

Il testo si interroga sulla nozione e sullo statuto del discorso letterario soprattutto in relazione alle nuove scritture che emergono sulla Rete. Più in generale il saggetto propone una visione allargata del campo letterario fino al punto di suggerire che si pratica più letteratura di quando si pratichi la non letteratura.

Establishing and developing relationships with customers is an important and inseparable part of marketing management. This effort should be relevant to the target group of customers, and it should be interesting in order to get the appropriate customer response. This paper presents a case study based on the principles of content analysis, pointing to a specific example of an unconventional approach to building customer relationships which is based on the personification of a product – chocolate biscuit called Fidorka, produced by company Mondelez International. The case study analyses a marketing communication campaign in an online environment, specifically by means of a special microsite and profiles on Facebook, YouTube and Instagram.

As with corporate branding and widespread advertising, social media such as Twitter have helped companies and the culture industry influence what young people buy, how they identify with one another, and even how they speak. Through MTV and other music networks, social media is increasingly involved in selling both music and other branded aspects of cultural identity to young people. Combining literature on digital media, branding, and language this article explores how popular music influences and reproduces the speech patterns of undergraduate college students at the University of South Florida. Students use language performatively in everyday speech as well as on social media sites like Facebook and Twitter through hashtagging, which links anonymous users and creates a sense of cultural belonging. Students’ online language is a critical element in the production of both popular culture and the (youth) culture of college students today.

The paper deals with intercultural marketing, which is a combination of two different phenomena - marketing and culture. The first objective of the paper lies in providing theoretical definitions of the above-mentioned areas. Subsequently, the aim is to analyse marketing communication of the selected automotive companies and determine its efficiency on social media within the context of cultural differences and cultural forms as their manifestations. A considerable amount of literature has been published on intercultural marketing, but only a few studies have concentrated on the connection with modern communication tools – i.e. social media. The data come from a research conducted online focused on Facebook. In total 2606 posts on twenty Facebook profiles of selected automotive companies were analysed. Our findings show that the use of standardization and adaptation is not related to the efficiency of marketing communication of individual Facebook profiles. One of the factors that d...

This article shows how the presence of an election campaign affects the way in which the main political leaders of 18 countries communicate on Facebook. Findings indicate the presence of robust qualitative and quantitative differences between campaign and peace-time periods. More specifically, this comparative analysis points out that election campaigns have a positive effect on the frequency with which political leaders update their Facebook pages and on the personalization of political communication, while a negative effect is associated with the publication of posts about policy issues and with a negative rhetorical strategy. No effect has been discovered concerning the privatization of political communication on Facebook. Finally, independent t-test analyses and bivariate correlations denote a generalized process of homogenization, whereby there is no single main impulse which governs the different communicative choices taken by political leaders on Facebook as an Election Day approaches.

This exploratory paper analyses monetary and power relations between Facebook and news companies by investigating their web traffic sources, social sharing practices and content distribution on Facebook. The paper also seeks to determine the extent to which news companies’ revenue is derived from the platform. This is an ambitious task because news corporations don’t publish any social media related revenue. Similarly, constant tweaks on Facebook algorithms means that the data about news companies news sharing, traffic and potential revenue is constantly changing, and this may distort some findings. Four New Zealand media companies are used as case studies to examine the issue. Two of the companies are news publishers, one a broadcaster and one a digital start-up. The findings of the paper are primarily based on the quantitative analysis of web traffic and social sharing data. In general, academic and industry related reports have concluded that news publishers have become overly reliant on Facebook in terms of news distribution, audience attention and traffic. However, there are contradictory views about the nature and extent of this dependency, and this requires further evaluation.
Social media has become a popular research topic in academia, and the field of research is expanding. Researchers such as Christian Fuchs have extensively analysed social media companies in terms of audience commodification, monetisation and exploitation of digital labour. The Tow Center for Digital Journalism has also examined the power relations between Facebook and news publishers. However, this relationship requires in-depth empirical investigation especially in regard to social sharing and the monetisation of news content on Facebook.
To aid the analysis of relations between Facebook and news companies the concept of platform capitalism is utilised. Platforms make a profit by extraditing large amounts of data from their users and by operating as an intermediary between different user groups, and this business model allows them to control users and set rules for other participants on the platform. With the evidence gathered from the five case studies, the paper will consider the usefulness of the platform capitalism concept in understanding the monetary and power relations between news companies and Facebook.

일단 맥락부터 짚어보자. 페이스북이 저널리즘 프로젝트를 공표한 2017년 1월1은 미국 대선이 치러지고 채 두 달도 지나지 않은 복잡한 시점이었다.
페이스북은 ‘가짜 뉴스(페이크 뉴스)’를 확산시킨 진원지라는 오명에 휩싸였고, 도널드 트럼프의 대통령 당선이 실리콘밸리에 준 충격을 페이스북이 온전히 감당해야만 하던 때였다. 대선 전에는 트렌딩 토픽 스캔들(페이스북 실시간 뉴스 서비스인 트렌딩 토픽의 뉴스를 의도적으로 편집했다는 의혹-편집자 주)로 여론을 조작한다는 비판을 받았던 터다. 담당자를 해고하고 알고리즘으로
대체하는 결단을 감행2했지만, 금이 간 신뢰를
회복하기엔 역부족이라는 지적도 있었다.

In this paper, I explore the concept of multitude according to the writings of Toni Negri, Michael Hardt and Paolo Virno and in opposition to the concept of mass, developed by the French thinker Gustave Le Bon.
Multitude appears as a kind of political subject, which is based on plurality, difference and cooperation. In addition, I claim that, though multitude effectively contributed to modify the current politics in
many countries, it has been more significant in the field of economics. The multitude has become a productive agent in the context of the cognitive capitalism (and what we have called the capitalism of the commons) that is more convenient for the economical goals than the mass. In this space we can see the emergence of a depoliticised face of the multitude.

Un mayor desarrollo de esta cuestión puede ser leído aquí:

https://www.academia.edu/22660452/Senderos_nuevos_del_capital_trabajo_consumo_y_producci%C3%B3n_de_subjetividad_2016_

The aim of the paper is to investigate the use of social media by Italian universities as communication and relational tools. An analysisof the 95 Italian higher education institutions highlightshow nearly halfof the universities (51.6%) have an official presence onat least one social media. In particular,privateinstitutions and small-medium size universities are those that are mostly embracing the relational potentialities of these participatory media. Finally, in order to evaluate the social media performances of theanalysedinstitutions, we introduce the “university social media performance index” (USMPI). Implications for public relation research and practices are discussed.

Resumo: Analisa como os jornalistas acompanham o Facebook e como se pautam pelos assuntos apresentados ali. Compreende qual a relação desse profissional com a rede social e como seu uso impactou o trabalho, tendo em vista peculiaridades de sua atividade, como a instantaneidade e a competição entre os veículos. Esclarece como a popularização desta plataforma influencia a escolha das pautas, e, neste contexto, como se dá a relação com as fontes e a interação com o público. Evidencia a relação entre interação com a audiência e obtenção de notícias exclusivas. Mostra que o Facebook é uma espécie de " termômetro " do que acontece na Internet e que há preocupação com a concorrência neste espaço, no sentido de que a busca por fontes e por postagens de tom polêmico é realizada de forma a não despertar a curiosidade de profissionais de outros veículos. Atesta que não há manual específico para o conteúdo produzido no digital: a orientação é seguir os processos do meio off-line para levar uma informação com credibilidade. Palavras-chave: Webjornalismo. Facebook. Jornalismo colaborativo. Mídias digitais.

The media are playing an important role in childrenns daily lives, whether measured in terms of family income, use of time and space, or importance within the conduct of social relations. Curiously, there is a notable discrepancy between the high levels of public concern over children and young peoplees use of new media and the minimum of empirical research conducted thus far. Although, children are often left out of populationn surveys, in Europe Kelly,. " lso in " lbania, the use of new media from children and young has conduct to undertake some studies related to this domain. Referring to this study we aim to understand the perception of children, parents and teacher about the effects that new media create the children life. The methodology used is a qualitative one based in 20 semi structured interviews with parents and teacher and in a focus group of children age 12-15 years old. Through this study we aim to know more about the new media; the way of use, activities and their negative or positive social effects on children. The conclusions of this paper are: the social media are constantly present in children life of now days; the most use are: Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat. They use new media and social media for entertainments, home works, conversations and socialization. Also, parents and teacher try to controlling in distance the way that the children use media. They try to protect them from different derange. Most of parent and teacher think that the only one positive effect of new media in their children life is the possibility to take information that can help children with home works.

Worldwide, the use of digital communication networks has been a key strategy in activist events involving demonstrations. Its use was evident in the media’s repeated publication of pictures taken on demonstrators’ mobile phones during actions
that have overthrown heads of state during the Arab Spring in 2011. In countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, social network websites and mobile communication devices (phones and notebooks) were used widely for organizing participants and for recording events.
This work intends to analyze not only how communication technologies have contributed to the emergence of such events but also how image production can be interpreted in such environments. Since the use of social media in protests
caught the attention of broadcasting media in 2009 during demonstrations in Iran, a strong connection can be noticed between the content circulating through digital
communication technologies and the body. For images produced during the Arab Spring, the same is observed with a series of strategies connecting body image and social mobilization.
Our intention is to contribute to the debate of political images, considering the way they have been produced in contemporary society, which deals with a complex environment composed of communication technologies, social organization, and the body itself.

The academic question about the effects of mass media on political participation has a long research history. If the previous century asked the question about the printing press, radio and television, the current century questions now the social networks and, in broad terms, the effect of the internet upon politics.

La connettività individuale abilitata dal Web 2.0, unita alla possibilità di essere sempre in contatto con la propria rete di contatti grazie ai Social Network Sites (SNS), come Facebook o Twitter, contribuiscono a disegnare una rete di relazioni che si sovrappone e si interseca con quella familiare, creando talvolta sinergie, talvolta attriti e frizioni.
L’articolo analizza lo statuto delle famiglie connesse, sia per verificare le trasformazioni in corso sul piano delle relazioni inter e intragenerazionali legate all’emergere della società della rete, sia per mettere alla prova i paradigmi teorici con cui pensarle.

In order to create an effective article, having great content is essential. However, to achieve this, the writer needs to target a specific audience. A target audience refers to a group of readers that a writer intends to reach with his content. Defining a target audience is substantial because it has a direct effect on adjusting writing style and content of the article. Nowadays, writers rely solely on annotated attributes of articles, such as location and language to understand his/her audience. The aim of this work is to identify the audience attributes of articles , especially not-annotated attributes. Among others, this work focuses on the detection of three key audience attributes of related articles: age, gender, and personality. We compare between multiple machine learning classifiers to detect these attributes. Finally, we demonstrate a prototypical application that enables writers to run existing algorithms such as trend detection and showing related articles that are specific to a defined target audience based on the newly detected attributes.

Egypt's January 25 Revolution of 2011 was a dramatic demonstration of the role social media has come to play in radical activism. A key moment was the appearance of the Facebook page "We Are All Khaled Said," which linked activists across the country. But how useful are social media in radical politics? Immense power struggles  took place in virtual arenas. Social media can serve not only as a site of liberation, but also as a place where powerful forces—such the US State Department, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Egyptian military—vie for control over the hearts and minds of the young.

The Egyptian uprising, while in many ways a distinctly Arab event, is also a universal story of power and insurrection in the age of social media.

Estamos viviendo un gran fenómeno social que está revolucionando la manera de comunicarse y de interactuar con los demás. Este fenómeno se denomina «redes sociales» y que desde su origen, se define como una estructura social conformada por un conjunto de personas relacionadas entre sí y con fines en común. Ante este fenómeno, y con la aparición del Internet surgieron los llamados “servicios de redes sociales”, que son plataformas web que ofrecen un conjunto de herramientas para establecer una red social. A estos servicios, por economía lingüística y popularidad de uso de las personas, le suelen llamar “redes sociales” y que según el uso se pueden clasificar de la siguiente manera: redes sociales generales, redes sociales profesionales, redes sociales personalizables, plataformas educativas sociales y redes sociales instalables.

Facebook es una de los servicios de redes sociales más populares en el mundo. Por tanto el objetivo de este artículo es describir los fundamentos sobre los beneficio que Facebook en el ámbito educativo y describir la propuesta de cómo el docente puede utilizarlo de manera educativa en la Universidad y como apoyo a su labor.

Suite à la suspension temporaire du Programme de Sciences, lettres et art en 2011, le comité de programme a travaillé d'arrache-pied afin de rendre le programme plus attrayant et plus adapté à la réalité de ce début de XXIe siècle. Parmi les travaux du comité, la création d'une page Facebook a été envisagée afin de rejoindre plus facilement des étudiants potentiels et de permettre aux anciens de conserver un lien avec le programme.

Après quelques balbutiements, des erreurs et beaucoup d'expérimentation, j'ai pu constater quelques façons de faire qui m'ont semblé efficaces afin de maximiser l'impact de la page Facebook du programme. Le suivi des statistiques pour chacune des actions effectuées sur la page Facebook, l'essai de différents types de contenus et des échanges fructueux et enrichissants avec des collègues et des anciens étudiants ont grandement contribué à ma compréhension du fonctionnement de Facebook.

C'est donc sans prétention et grâce au soutien de la direction des Services éducatifs du cégep que je vous présente ce petit guide qui comporte en tout quatre sections portant sur la création d'une page Facebook, la gestion et l'administration de ses paramètres, la sélection du contenu et la planification des mises-à-jour. J'espère que ces réflexions et suggestions sauront vous être utiles dans la gestion de votre page Facebook.

With focus on Facebook, this paper contributes to the scholarly discussion that draws from Marxist concepts to examine “labour relations” between social media organizations as capitalist enterprises and users as both free labour and unwitting commodities sold to advertisers. This critical stream of research has not yet paid much attention to the ​ideological processes that may be facilitating the establishment and maintenance of such exploitative relations. We adopt a discursive perspective and draw on linguistic pragmatics to shed light on these processes. In particular, we employ the notions of ‘relevance’ and ‘cognitive illusion’ to explore in detail the discourse that influences how the user­platform relationship is, firstly, constructed in and by Facebook’s organizational communication, and secondly, understood by social media users. We introduce a discursive process we call​context manipulation​; it is an analytical concept that helps bring to focus the discursive obscuring of...

This chapter focuses on the role of social media in galvanizing street protests, demonstrations, and other forms of democratic participation associated with the Iranian Green Movement, and examines how Iranian activists framed relevant events, norms, values, ideologies, issues, narratives, and symbols on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other websites.  The political, social, economic, and technological circumstances in Iran that triggered the Green Revolution and eventually contributed to its apparent demise are investigated.  In particular, the chapter explores how movement activists utilized social media to enunciate their political demands and mobilize supporters – both within Iran and around the world.  Attempts by activists to achieve a frame alignment between the Green Movement and relevant indigenous (national) and transnational discursive concepts are examined.  The chapter proposes that the use of collective action frames in social media was instrumental initially in mobilizing the Green Movement and contesting the dominant frames of the regime, but ultimately proved to be insufficient and even counterproductive at times in sustaining the necessary levels of popular support to topple the regime from power.

Abstract
With the diffusion of the Internet, Web 2.0 and online social network usage, consumers’
power has increased against to companies which were seen inaccessible in the past. The
Internet that enables consumers to be producers has an important place in the development
and diffusion of political consumerism. Via the Internet and especially online social networks,
people can easily access information about consumer activism and join the related networks.
So, the purpose of this research is to explore overall perception of political consumerism
among Turkish Facebook users. In this context, the research particularly investigates tendency
of Facebook users to be a political consumer. This empirical paper also examines the
relationship between political consumerism and demographic variables and the effects of the
political consumerism on consumers’ political buycotting and boycotting behaviors.
The study has followed a quantitative approach. For attaining the above aims, an online
survey was conducted in Facebook. The data was collected by a structured questionnaire from
a sample of Turkish Facebook users. The study revealed that there was not a meaningful
relationship between Facebook usage and political consumerism. However, some significant
relationship between gender and political consumerism has founded. The results also
suggested that political consumerism in the cognitive phase has a positive effect on buying
behavior.
Key Words: Political consumerism, political consumers, online social networks, Facebook

Cerchiamo diagnosi e cure su «Dr. Google». Leggiamo blog alla ricerca di recensioni su specialisti e ospedali. Interagiamo con il medico su WhatsApp. Contattiamo le Asl su Facebook e Twitter. Sempre più, oggi, Internet e i social media sono ambienti comunicativi in cui ricercare informazioni sulla salute, ma anche piattaforme per mettersi in relazione e comunicare con medici, cittadini e strutture sanitarie. In questi anni la comunicazione della salute si è profondamente modificata, grazie a innovative pratiche digitali, in uno scenario caratterizzato da profondi cambiamenti nel sistema dei media e nella comunicazione pubblica e istituzionale.
Il volume prende spunto da questi fattori per analizzare come i social media trasformano i processi e le pratiche comunicative tra istituzioni pubbliche della salute, medici e cittadini/pazienti. Attraverso la lente della comunicazione pubblica, si ripercorrono usi, pratiche, opportunità e criticità legati all’adozione dei social media per la comunicazione della salute.
Un percorso di ricerca che si snoda tra la gestione strategica di profili istituzionali social e le pratiche digitali di cittadini connessi, che danno visibilità a temi di salute sempre più controversi e richiedono una voce pubblica credibile, presente e autorevole. Una ricerca tra consapevolezza e competenze, tra retoriche dell’innovazione tecnologica e sperimentazioni 2.0, tra teorie e studi empirici a livello internazionale e nazionale.
Una nuova sfida per la sanità, i comunicatori pubblici e i cittadini. Un affascinante ambito di indagine per chi studia e fa ricerca in comunicazione.

Since the 1990’s the digital revolution has inspired the prophecies of Silicon Valley pundits that we are about to enter a leaderless society. Yet, the cyberutopian excitement about the ‘wisdom of the crowd’ has given way to an unprecedented disillusionment since 2016 at the latest. If we want to learn from this sobering experience, we must face the decisive problem: Every democracy is founded on practices of acclamation and praise. Social networks like Facebook have turned such practices into a manipulative tool that undermines the democratic pursuit of the true and the good. What can we learn from the premodern cultivation of practices of worship and praise if we want to overcome the life-threatening crisis of contemporary democracies?

En la actualidad se cuenta ya con un robusto cuerpo de investigaciones relacionadas con las redes sociales online. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser una temática que ha dado lugar a numerosos trabajos, hasta la fecha sigue abordándose de manera más bien tradicional. Las aproximaciones cuantitativas se colocan a la cabeza, siendo la encuesta su bandera. Mientras que aquellos que optan por aproximaciones cualitativas continúan valiéndose de herramientas como los grupos de discusión o las entrevistas en profundidad. La presente investigación propone incorporar a estas técnicas la de la bitácora. En este sentido, se muestra un ejemplo de cómo esta técnica puede ser empleada para conocer los hábitos comunicativos de los jóvenes en Facebook. Los resultados revelan, por una parte, que los jóvenes pasan mucho tiempo inactivos en esta plataforma, y que su uso más habitual es la comunicación interpersonal. Por otra, dejan de manifiesto que la aplicación de técnicas cualitativas como la bitácora pueden resultar de gran utilidad para profundizar en el estudio de comportamientos online, complementando los datos que arrojan otro tipo de investigaciones.

Abstract
Nowadays, we already have a robust body of research related to online social networks. However, despite being a subject that has led to numerous studies, most of them study these platforms in a traditional way. Quantitative approaches are placed at the head, with the survey as flag. While those who choose qualitative approaches are only using tools such as focus groups or interviews. This research proposes to incorporate to these techniques the diaries. It constitutes an example of how this technique can be used to know the communication habits of young people on Facebook. The results show, on one hand, that young people spend a lot of idle time on this platform, and its most common use is interpersonal communication. On the other, they let clear that the application of qualitative techniques such as diaries can be useful for further study of online behavior, complementing quantitative data research.

Click farms are often considered either a form of fraudulent online marketing or as a type of exploitative digital labour based on an illegitimate business operation that produces ‘click spam’. There has, however, been limited research on how these entities operate, who the
actors are, and how the market is organised. In an ethnographic spirit, this essay takes click farmers not as an aberration, but rather as a starting point for approaching the ‘like economy’.

An International, Interdisciplinary Conference Organized by


SILC, Semiotic Interdisciplinary Laboratory on Cultures, Shanghai University and University of Turin

Co-Sponsored by

The Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

CIRCE, the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Communication, University of Turin, Italy

The European Research Council (This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 819649 – FACETS).