Fire Behaviour

Smouldering combustion is the driving phenomenon of wildfire in peatlands, like those causing haze episodes in Southeast Asia and Northeast Europe. These are the largest fires on Earth and an extensive source of greenhouse gases, but poorly understood, becoming an emerging research topic in climate-change mitigation. In this work, a series of multistep heterogeneous kinetics are investigated to describe the drying and decomposition in smouldering combustion of peat. The decomposition schemes cover a range of complexity, including 2, 3 or 4-step schemes, and up to 4 solid pseudo-species. The schemes aim to describe the simultaneous pyrolysis and oxidation reactions in smouldering fires. The reaction rates are expressed by Arrhenius law, and a lumped model of mass loss is used to simulate the degradation behaviour seen during thermogravimetric (TG) experiments in both nitrogen and air atmospheres. A genetic algorithm is applied to solve the corresponding inverse problem using TG data from the literature, and find the best kinetic and stoichiometric parameters for four types of boreal peat from different geographical locations (North China, Scotland and Siberia). The results show that at the TG level, all proposed schemes seem to perform well, with a high degree of agreement resulting from the forced optimization in the inverse problem approach. The chemical validity of the schemes is then investigated outside the TG realm and incorporated into a 1-D plug-flow model to study the reaction and the species distribution inside a peat smouldering front. Both lateral and in-depth spread modes are considered. The results show that the drying sub-front is essential, and that the best kinetics is the 4-step decomposition (one pyrolysis, and three oxidations) plus 1-step drying with 5 condensed species (water, peat, α-char, β-char, and ash). This is the first time that the smouldering kinetics and the reaction-zone structure of a peat fire are explained and predicted, thus helping to understand this important natural and widespread phenomenon.

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The ventilated façade (VF) system is a double-wall construction, comprising an external lightweight cladding panel and the building's façade, which is used to increase the indoor comfort level (e.g. temperature, humidity) in buildings. Literature reports on VF systems focus mainly on investigating their behavior in terms of energy consumption reduction; there are only scarce reports on the fire behavior of such systems. However, during a fire event, VF systems may contribute to fire spreading on the facade, representing a significant risk to the upper floors of a building, especially in the case of externally venting flames. Aiming to investigate the fire behavior of the VF concept a large scale compartment fire test was carried out. An extensive set of sensors is installed both inside and outside the test compartment, aiming to record the temporal variation of several important physical parameters (gas and wall surface temperatures, gas velocities, mass loss rate). Particular e...

Literature on the modeling and simulation of complex adaptive systems (cas) has primarily advanced vertically in different scientific domains with scientists developing a variety of domain-specific approaches and applications. However, while cas researchers are inherently interested in an interdisciplinary comparison of models, to the best of our knowledge, there is currently no single unified framework for facilitating the development, comparison, communication and validation of models across different scientific domains. In this thesis, we propose first steps towards such a unified framework using a combination of agent-based and complex network-based modeling approaches and guidelines formulated in the form of a set of four levels of usage, which allow multidisciplinary researchers to adopt a suitable framework level on the basis of available data types, their research study objectives and expected outcomes, thus allowing them to better plan and conduct their respective research case studies. Firstly, the complex network modeling level of the proposed framework entails the development of appropriate complex network models for the case where interaction data of cas components is available, with the aim of detecting emergent patterns in the cas under study. The exploratory agent-based modeling level of the proposed framework allows for the development of proof-of-concept models for the cas system, primarily for purposes of exploring feasibility of further research. Descriptive agent-based modeling level of the proposed framework allows for the use of a formal step-by-step approach for developing agent-based models coupled with a quantitative complex network and pseudocode-based specification of the model, which will, in turn, facilitate interdisciplinary cas model comparison and knowledge transfer. Finally, the validated agent-based modeling level of the proposed framework is concerned with the building of in-simulation verification and validation of agent-based models using a proposed Virtual Overlay Multiagent System approach for use in a systematic team-oriented approach to developing models. The proposed framework is evaluated and validated using seven detailed case study examples selected from various scientific domains including ecology, social sciences and a range of complex adaptive communication networks. The successful case studies demonstrate the potential of the framework in appealing to multidisciplinary researchers as a methodological approach to the modeling and simulation of cas by facilitating effective communication and knowledge transfer across scientific disciplines without the requirement of extensive learning curves.

In this study, material properties of calcium aluminate cement concrete (CACC) were investigated at various temperatures of 23, 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C. Material properties namely compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, elastic modulus, stress–strain response, mass loss and compressive toughness were measured using unstressed and residual test methods. High temperature performance of CACC was compared with conventional normal strength concrete (NSC). Data from high temperature tests of CACC revealed that the presence of alumina as a binding agent showed considerable enhancement in the mechanical performance compared to NSC. At elevated temperatures, reduction in the stress–strain response was observed in both CACC and NSC; however, increase in axial strain was more in case of CACC. Compressive toughness was higher in case of CACC as compared to NSC which increases up to 200 °C, but decreases beyond this temperature. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to differentiate the microstructural changes in both types of concrete at temperatures up to 600 °C. Visual investigations after high temperature exposure revealed that CACC exhibits low cracking with less color changes as compared to NSC. Data generated from material property tests was utilized to develop simplified relations for expressing material properties of CACC as a function of temperature.

This article paper is one of the “Most Read” in the LinkedIn Publishing platform, which has been made and provides a course background based on hands-on experiences with the requirement of Fire System Design and Analysis as part of the building built design and construction involving any facilities, which is an environmental design process and management from start to finish methodology. An introduction that will give a glimpse concerning the Fire System design within the building construction based on the client requirement and purpose of the development that explains and discuss the critical phases, elements, usage, and functions of every detail of the project. Moreover, this article talked about fire scenario that was happened in the Europe region within the two high rise building aspects due to the negligence of concerned parties and developer that caused residents fatalities and accidents drastically.
This article is an excerpt topic and edited from "Fire System Design and Analysis" approved AIUs Master Subject Curriculum Course of a research thesis submitted to the Atlantic International University School of Science and Engineering (AIU SCE USA) with a Grade of 4.00 ("A+") earned the Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 2010-2012 with 3.78 GPA. However, this thesis write-up is one of the sources in the Thesis Dissertation from PUP (Polytechnic University of the Philippines) Master of Science in Construction Management (MSCM). Also, a theoretical background of Ph.D. Course Thesis, “Building Fire Protection and Safety Engineering,” from the AIU SCE USA with an excellent marked “A+” (4.00) grade earned for this doctoral course subject, 2016-18 – Ph.D.in Building and Construction Engineering.

This article paper was one of the “Most Read Article with 620+ views published via LinkedIn Publishing Network page last January 20, 2018. The document has been prepared to provide a course background with the requirement of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) which is the QCDD (Qatar Civil Defense Department) for the Fire Detection and Alarm System (FDAS) on all building built scales applications within the building built environment in Qatar constructions specifically. However, this article paper also applies in other state or country around the world in the protection building properties and lives. And thus, provides a learning process and experiences that will involve within the course of my study and research over time in particular with Fire Protection and Safety Engineering, and sharing with you something on the design aspect and even in the construction side.

Safety and security issues beset the people who study, work and live in U.P. Diliman, being a university surrounded by an urban jungle. While ever-present, such issues are rarely discussed by the Isko and Iska until an incident puts such issues to the limelight. From physical ones, such as fire, crime, and natural disasters, to social ones, such as mental health issues and gender-related violence and discrimination, there are a lot of hazards and risks being faced by the Iskolar ng Bayan in their stay in the university.

This paper seeks to provide information of hazards and risks and explore opportunities for student-led mitigation and prevention activities. It will weave through the available information to help us come to an understanding of our current safety and security situation.

This article paper has been made and published at the LinkedIn Publishing as one of the “Most Read Article” as well as in the Academia Publishing platform. However, I intend to re-publish in the ReseachGate Publishing Network that has been edited which will give and provide a course background based on hands-on experiences with the requirement of Fire Protection and Safety Engineering in the building built construction involving any facilities. It is also an environmental process and management from start to finish methodology at the design stage to the construction and building operation, whereas discussed the economic analysis of the fire sprinkler system in a high-rise building facility.
Moreover, this article paper is an excerpt information in the course subject from my "Fire System Design and Analysis" approved AIUs Master Subject Curriculum Course and used as references of my Thesis Dissertation for my application to be a Licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer (PME) includes Oral Defense with a grade of "Distinction" given by the Philippines Professional Regulation Commission Board of Mechanical Engineering in 2010. And this has been modified, evaluated and edited in my research thesis in align with the subject course submitted to the Atlantic International University (AIU USA) with a Grade of 4.00 ("A"), and graduated with Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering (MSc-Honour) in 2012 with 3.78 US GPA. However, this thesis write-up was one of the sources in my Thesis Dissertation with my PUP (Polytechnic University of the Philippines) Master of Science in Construction Management (MSCM) studies.

Исследование посвящено самосожжениям и другим формам ритуального суицида старообрядцев. Преимущественное внимание уделяется богословским спорам старообрядческих наставников о "гарях", статистике и локализации самосожжений, обрядам, предшествующим "огненной смерти", а также памяти о мучениках, сохраняющейся на протяжении столетий среди сторонников и противников самосожжений.

The results of a major research programme into the cost effective use of fibre reinforced composites offshore, undertaken as a Joint Industry Project by a consortium of universities and contractors are presented in this report.
The report includes a detailed (54 page) summary of current offshore composite applications, followed by a review of the 43 projects conducted during the programme which spanned 13 years and four phases of research and considered the following performance issues – fire, blast/impact, environmental durability, elevated temperatures, jointing, long term behaviour, non-destructive inspection and structural design. These are related to the use of pipes, panels, secondary structures
e.g. gratings, walkways etc. and top-side structures.
The report is intended for use as an information source for engineers involved in the use of composites offshore. The most significant advances have been in the areas of pipework and fluid handling, driven by their light weight and corrosion resistance compared to metals. Until recently, interest focussed on the use of glass fibre-based composites and on the topsides of offshore platforms. However, the prospect of deepwater production is generating a new impetus for high performance composites for demanding subsea applications. The probable scale of some new subsea developments, such as rigid risers and tethers is likely to result in greatly increased demand for carbon based composites as well as for the manufacturing facilities to process them. Composite down-hole tubing is also beginning to find applications subsea and in well intervention.
The original barriers to the use of composites offshore were regulatory requirements, lack of design information and the fragmented structure of the composites industry. The project has made significant progress in their removal, as well as generating increased awareness of the major economic, safety and environmental benefits that a wider use of composite materials can bring. The Composites Offshore programme provided valuable underpinning information for a number of applications, including glass reinforced plastic (GRP) piping, offshore structures, repair systems and composite fire protection of the oil and gas industry.
This report and the work it describes were funded in part by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.

CP07 Fire resistant sandwich panels for offshore structures

The objective of the work was to develop fire resistant panels of lighter construction than existing products.
A low cost computer-controlled furnace was developed, which enabled laminate specimens to be subjected to a prescribed temperature-time curve. Tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of commercial non-structural core materials including polystyrene, polyurethane and mineral wool. Similar tests were carried out to assess the surface protection offered by a number of commercial materials, including vermiculite, phenolic foam, mineral fibre and calcium silicate. A number of formulations based on sodium silicate, vermiculite, perliote, ball clay and latex were also investiged

This paper documents the spread mechanisms of spot fires and their behaviour during a severe bushfire attack in a hilly forested landscape. The study assesses their association with wind speed and direction, potential firebrand source areas and the spotting distances. Apart from augmenting the body of knowledge about Australian fire behaviour, it is hoped that this article helps dispel misunderstandings about the nature and genesis of spot fires during severe bushfires and encourages renewed interest in their effective management rather than declaring them an uncontrollable act of Mother Nature. 
The theory section should also be useful in devising strategies to mitigate or prevent spot fire damage before the next severe fire attack.

Oxidized polyacrylonitrile (OPAN) fiber, such as Zoltek OX™ fiber, is designed for cost-effective, flame and heat resistant solutions in textile, industrial, aircraft, automotive and battery markets. 
The performance features of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber include:
• Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values between 45 - 55
• Unsurpassed flame and heat dimensional stability
• Easy processability into yarns, wovens, knits & nonwovens
• Soft, comfortable fabrics
• Electrically nonconductive and excellent chemical resistance
• No halogens and very low toxic gas emissions, upon flame exposure
This paper details the properties of OPAN fiber, how to process the fiber and describes various end use applications and the test methodologies used to characterize OPAN based products..

This paper presents the results of the detailed assessment of a method that can be used to predict the intumescent coating behaviour and thermal conductivity under different conditions (changing steel section factor, intumescent coating thickness and fire condition). The basis of this method is the analytical solution of Amon and Denson (1984) [1] for predicting bubble growth under pressure under an idealised condition, which has previously been extended by the authors to non-uniform temperature field and temperature-dependent viscosity of intumescent melt. This paper demonstrates the accuracy of the predictive method to quantify the expansion process of intumescent coatings under different fire conditions, by comparing the temperatures of intumescent coating protected steel plates under different fire conditions with the fire test results of Zhang et al. (2012) [18]. The method is then applied to assess how the intumescent coating expansion and effective thermal conductivity are affected by changing the coating thickness, the steel thickness and the fire condition including smouldering fire. The results indicate that the expansion ratio of intumescent coating decreases, and hence the effective thermal conductivity increases, as the rate of heating increases. Therefore, the intumescent coating thermal conductivity obtained from the Standard fire exposure can be safely used for slower realistic fires, but would produce unsafe results for faster fires.

Minimum structural fire resistance imposed by prescriptive design methods is usually of lesser value than the actual performance of an individual building under fire. The behaviour of the entire structure as a whole is not considered. Real fire conditions are not taken into account. Full-scale fire tests are also proven not to be economically feasible as standard procedure.
The work presented in this dissertation follows a performance-based approach, with the purpose of arriving at a numerical model capable of simulating the structural response of a building under fire conditions.
A field model for a compartment fire was created with computational fluid dynamics software Fire Dynamics Simulator. A ten-storey previously designed steel-concrete composite building was modelled using commercially available finite element analysis software ABAQUS. The effects of fire from the field model were simulated with a thermal-stress analysis.

This project will focus on investigating the behaviour of fire in informal settlements, to understand the problem and develop better solutions. This will involve full-scale testing of individual shacks, multiple shacks and large-scale tests of up to 60-70 shacks, which will be burnt down in single experiments. The applicant will also be involved in overseeing a series of surveys done in informal settlements to understand the fire loads and fire risks in such areas. The research team will be developing models to understand and predict fire spread through such settlements. 
The postdoctoral candidate will have the opportunity to work on individual research as well as to work within a team (doctoral, masters and Hons level students), and in addition, to gain experience in supervision of MEng and Honours students where possible. Two additional postdoctoral team members will be based at the University of Edinburgh and will work in close collaboration with the local team. The applicant will be required to travel to Edinburgh to engage with the team there for short periods.

Host: This will be a collaborative project between the University of Stellenbosch, University of Edinburgh and Western Cape Disaster Management, Fire & Rescue Services. The postdoctoral position is based within the Fire Engineering Research Unit at the department of Civil Engineering at Stellenbosch University.

Requirements:
• PhD with a background in engineering sciences, from fields such as civil, mechanical or chemical engineering. (Strong applicants with no PhD will be considered if sufficient experience in the field of fire engineering can be demonstrated, but should contact rwalls(AT)sun.ac.za to discuss).
• Understanding of fire / heat transfer / thermodynamics / temperature behaviour preferable.
• Understanding of informal settlements and associated problems beneficial.
• Research and publication record. We hope to publish much from this research.
• Good management skills as significant local management of big test setups will be required.
• Driving license to be able to visit test sites preferable.
• Willingness to learn new skills in an exciting new research field.
• Ability to speak other local languages such as Afrikaans or Xhosa beneficial, although not compulsory.

Commencement of duties: As soon as possible
Bursary: £1,500 per month (+-R25,000. Amount is fixed in pounds). Please note that postdoctoral fellows are not appointed as employees and their fellowships are awarded tax free. They are therefore not eligible for employee benefits. 
Closing date: 24 May 2017 at 12h00.
Enquiries: Send a letter of application, accompanied by a comprehensive curriculum vitae, including list of publications and the names and contact details of at least two referees, to Dr Richard Walls at rwalls(AT)sun.ac.za.

Purpose This paper aims to present technical aspects of the assessment method and evaluation of fire damaged steel structures. The current work focuses on the behavior of structural normal steel (hot-rolled and cold-formed) and high-strength bolts after exposure to elevated temperatures. Information on stainless steel, cast iron and wrought iron is also presented. Design/methodology/approach Because of the complexity of the issue, an elaborate presentation of the mechanical properties influencing factors is followed. Subsequently, a wide range of experimental studies is extensively reviewed in the literature while simplified equations for determining the post-fire mechanical properties are proposed, following appropriate categorization. Moreover, the reinstatement survey is also comprehensively described. Findings Useful conclusions are drawn for the safe reuse of the structural elements and connection components. According to the parametric investigation of the aforementioned data,...

This Manual documents known bushfire spread and flame height mechanisms in Australian vegetation in a way that transparently shows how to trace scientifically valid fire behaviour back to scientific fundamentals. It will give bushfire managers and researchers confidence that their diagnoses, analyses, explanations and predictions are based on scientific foundations and will provide them with a framework to assess how far some of the observations and opinions that abound and the some fire behaviour models in the marketplace stray from scientific standards. The mechanisms explain how flames and embers spread and how flame height occurs and provide the answers to how spread and height can be managed or eliminated on any site. The solution to managing or indeed eliminating the bushfire threat relies on applying bushfire behaviour knowledge. There can be no reasonable discussion of bushfire threats unless all parties have common ground understanding of their mechanisms.

We exist in the world of uncertainties.
Any uncertainty always arises from a conflict of experience and chance, more precisely, from a conflict between the observer's experience and the chance observation. In other words, this indivisible pair, ``experience and chance'', is the source of any uncertainty.
Other sources of uncertainty simply do not exist.
A theory that describes this conflict strictly mathematically is the new theory, called theory of co~events, or the theory of experience and chance. Now we can say that this theory is a theory of uncertainty in its broadest sense.

The eventology approach gave impetus to the development of a theory that turned out to be broader than the theory of probabilities.
This new theory is a dual combination of two theories - Kolmogorov's theory of probabilities of ket-events (k-e.'s) and its dual reflection - a new theory of believabilities of bra-events (b-e.'s). Today, the theory of co~events has a strict axiomatics, in which Kolmogorov k-e.'s describing the future case of observation are dually reflected in b-e.'s describing the past experience of the observer, and a co~event is defined as a measurable binary relation on the Cartesian product: ``a set of bra-events X a set of terraced ket-events''.

Student dormitories are intensely used buildings that meet the resting, accommodation and living needs of students. It is necessary to ensure the safety of students and to eliminate possible risks in dormitories as intensive use areas. Fires pose a great risk in dormitories and may cause serious casualties and injuries. The reduction of casualties and injuries can be achieved by analyzing occupant behaviour during fires according to the building use scenarios. In this paper, a type of dormitory that provides two alternative exits is explored. The building use scenarios of the dormitory were investigated by making on-site observations. Students’ use of sleeping units, dining units and partial sleeping/dining units and fire exit routes were determined. Pathfinder computer program was used to analyze the fire evacuation performance. This program was defined in accordance with occupant behaviour and different fire evacuation times were suggested depending on the building use scenarios. At the end of the study, based on the evacuation times, the flow rate at the exit doors according to the location of the occupants was analyzed. In the fire escape routes, as the upper floors are reached from the lower floors, the occupant flow rate decreases at the exit doors and the flow rates continue to be stable as the number of occupants is saturated according to the door width. The decrease in the number of occupants in the dining unit decreases the flow rate at the exit doors. It is important that various assembly units in dormitories, such as the dining unit, are designed on floors that can directly provide evacuation to a safe area. The results obtained are suitable for all dormitories, residences, hotels and other similar buildings.

This article has been provided with the CEAI VIEWPOINT Journal June 2018 quarterly edition in line with the theme concerning asset management. My contribution deals with the Infrastructure Asset Management in relation to the tangible assets entitled, " Skyscraper Fire Protection, an Asset Management Strategy " , which is based on the three pillars of competency of management, engineering, and information required for the level of service to be provided in a cost-effective manner within the entire lifecycle of the building built asset. The Fire Protection Engineering Systems economic variables have relative to costs and benefits which has been weighed in securing through by providing an efficient and appropriate fire system protection, that is likely to be the most beneficial to the asset owners in the aspect of asset management, to the building's occupants and the adjoining premises.

Piloted ignition of woods has been commonly investigated, which is accelerated by a spark plug. Autoignition is a complex phenomenon that combustible materials are ignited by internal heating, without the spark plug. Compared with piloted ignition, process of autoignition is closer to the development of real fire. Very few studies have focused on the prediction of ignition time and average mass loss rate by autoignition. Therefore, ignition time and mass loss rate on six species of commonly used wood samples, namely pine, beech, cherry, oak, maple, and ash, were studied under external heat flux by autoignition in a cone calorimeter. Three mass loss stages of woods under external heat flux was observed. Empirical models of ignition time and average mass loss rate for woods under external heat flux were developed. These empirical models can be used not only for fire risk evaluation, but also for modeling input and validation.

There is a Malay proverb says, "A small fire became friends, when the fire grows it will become our enemies" or in equivalent English proverb, "A small leak will sink a great ship.

"Malay proverbs are a word that is consistent with the use of fire in daily life. While fire is a necessity in daily life, it can be dangerous if not properly controlled. Fires are a chemical reaction in which heat and light are generated, which in turn produces smoke.

There is a saying that "Prevent Is Better Than Treating". The question now is "How do you prevent a fire, if you don't know the cause". Therefore, it is necessary to understand how a fire can occur.

Fire will only happen if there are three elements that combine to help fuel the flame, such as wood, paper and oil, air to supply oxygen and temperature or heat to generate heat or flames. The picture shows a triangle of fire where all three elements combine to produce a fire.

There have been three significant bushfire behaviour studies in eucalypt forests in Australia – McArthur, Burrows, Vesta. Coincidentally, most of the fire trials have been done in similar West Australian forests. This Paper reinvestigates them to identify usable useful findings that the bushfire manager can apply in day to day management and planning.

The major focus on bushfire research in eucalypt forests in Australia has been on rate of spread. Flame height observations were sometimes included, but have rarely been the focus of specific study. For this reason I begin analysis of bushfire research with rate of spread and then proceed to flame height.

This paper examines the findings of major research works in eucalypt forests against the framework of bushfire behaviour mechanisms. I am taking this approach because Australian bushfire researchers have successfully muddied the waters. For example, Vesta has condemned the McArthur prediction model and wants to replace it altogether, yet Australia’s bushfire weather forecast system is based on the McArthur Meter, which is highly respected and understood. The prediction model and the Meter were derived by the same author and are closely interconnected. Project Vesta did some good work but has produced its own prediction model that has unknowingly amalgamated three distinct mechanisms, and therefore has not advanced the cause or practice of science.

Ignition of electrical wires by external heating is investigated in order to gain a better understanding of the initiation of electrical-wire fires. An ignition-to-spread model is developed to systematically explain ignition and the following transition to spread. The model predicts that for a higher-conductance wire it is more difficult to achieve ignition and the weak flame may extinguish during the transition phase because of a large conductive heat loss along the wire core. An experimental study was performed using several sample wires with different core metals, diameters and coating thicknesses of polyethylene. A coil heater was adopted as the ignition source, and both the heat flux and heating time were selected as the main parameters to identify the flashpoint and spread point of wire fires. Experiments show that additional heating times after flash are required in order to fully pass the transition and achieve a spreading flame, agreeing with model predictions. Finally, the effects of different heating lengths, environmental pressures, and oxygen concentration on wire ignition are discussed, which may be useful for upgrading the design and standards of future fire-safe wires.

Цель: Цель работы состоит в определении особенностей флегматизирования стехиометрической гептановоздушной среды бинарной смесью аэрозоля с азотом, а также в определении концентраций и времени сгорания горючей смеси при разных соотношениях компонентов указанных смесей. Методы: Для определения особенностей флегматизирования н-гептана, бинарными смесями аэрозоля с азотом была использована установка в виде толстостенного цилиндрического стеклянного сосуда объемом 0,5 литра с мощным электрическим источником зажигания, расположенным внутри цилиндра, в котором Purpose: The purpose of the work is to determine the characteristics of phlegmatization of stoichiometric air-heptan mixture with aerosol-nitrogen binary mixture, as well as to determine the concentration and combustion time of the combustible mixture in different ratios of the components of these mixtures. Methods: To determine the characteristics of n-heptan phlegmatization using aerosol-nitrogen binary mixtures, an installation was used of a thick-walled cylindrical glass vessel of 0.5 liter capacity with a powerful electric ignition source placed inside it. An aerosol-nitrogen mixtured was combined with an air-heptane mixture. Time-lapse shots of the explosion process were captured by Nikon 1 j4 camera which can capture 1200 frames per second. Results: The results of the experiments showed that the value of phlegmatization concentration of aerosol obtained on the basis of the mixture for aerosol formulation based on iditol for the stoichiometric mixture is 66 g/m3. Also obtained was the dependence between the concentration of the mixture of the phlegmatizer and the proportion of the content of its ingredients, taking into account the condition that a single concentration of the phlegmatizer (the aerosol-nitrogen mixture) is 44%. It was also discovered that the optimum ratio of the components of the mixture are as follows: aerosol – 20-35 g/m3, N2 – 15%-8%. Significant fire resistant efficacy of the binary mixture has been shown, which is meant to reduce the spread of the flame front over the whole volume of the combustible mixture, when the fireball dies before touching the walls of the cylinder. As a result of the conducted experiments, the synergistic interaction between components of the binary aerosol-nitrogen mixture was also confirmed, which is manifested by a sudden decrease in concentration of its components due to their combined action. The components of the mixture act both as heat phlegmatizers and chemical inhibitors. Shots were obtained of combustion processes resulting from explosion while adding aerosol-nitrogen binary mixtures to a stoichiometric binary mixture. The shots confirmed the phenomenon that fire reduced by a phlegmatizer while the concentration of aerosol and nitrogen is decreased three times, which ensures maintaining the oxygen concentration at a level suitable to maintain human life processes.
Conclusions: The paper presents the effect of reducing the spread of flames over the entire volume of the fuel mixture of heptane and air
when the aerosol-nitrogen binary mixture was added. The effect is interesting from a practical point of view: in order to ensure fire safety and
explosion protection of buildings (sites) where there are flammable gases, liquids and mixtures thereof. Practical application of the binary
mixture for extinguishing and phlegmatization will result in reducing the scale of destruction due to limiting the spread of flames over the entire volume of the homogeneous fuel-air mixture.