Fish Nutrition

Delonix regia is commonly called Flamboyant or flame of the forest. The seeds were fermented, boiled, sundried and then ground into powdered meal. 40% crude protein based test diets containing Delonix regia seed meal D0 = 0%; D15 = 15%; D20 = 20% and D25 = 25% inclusion levels respectively were prepared. Red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings of 6 weeks old were acclimatized for two weeks and then stocked in 12 hapas at 15 fish per hapa measuring 0.6 m × 1.2 m × 0.7 m placed in a concrete tank. Each diet was assigned to fish in a separate hapa in triplicate and administered at 3% fish body weight per day for 16 weeks. Fish weight and length were taken initially, bi-weekly and terminally. Water quality was monitored weekly. Number of fish at the end was recorded and survival rate, growth, feed utilization, fillet yield and blood parameters were determined. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance and mean separation (P= 0.05). Survival rate was highest in fish rai...

Goldfish is one of the freshwater cultured fish that is favored by the community both for consumption and as ornamental fish. Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) is a plant that can be used as a prebiotic in fish feed. Sweet potato (I. batatas L.) is an annual plant that grows in the tropics. Sweet potatoes contain lots of carbohydrates, provitamin A, B vitamins, vitamin C, minerals, and a little fat and protein. This research is an experimental study using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications each, so the number of experimental units is 12 units. P1 : commercial feed (control), P2: purple sweet potato extract 4 ml / 100 g feed, P3: purple sweet potato extract 8 ml / 100 g feed, P4: purple sweet potato extract 12 ml / 100 g feed. The data obtained were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level through the SPSS program to determine the effect of each treatment. Keywords: Purple Sweet Potato Extract, Carp, Growth, Prebiotics, N...

To study comparative effect of different pearl nuclei implantation and rearing method on survival and growth of freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, the pearl nuclei were implanted in mussels by three methods (mantle cavity, mantle tissue and gonadal implantation), tagged and kept for 10 days in post operative care unit. Live implanted mussels were reared for 12 months by two different methods i.e. in nylon bags (15cmx30cm) suspended in an earthen pond from a bamboo frame and in plastic crates (0.5 m x 0.35 m x 0.25 m) placed at the bottom of the same pond. Maximum survival (85%) of implanted mussels was recorded with mantle cavity implantation method, followed by mantle tissue implantation (70%) and gonadal implantation method (20%). A significantly higher growth (P<0.05) mean length 9.52±0.19cm and mean weight 94.61±1.06 gm was observed in the mussels reared in net bags as compared to mussels reared in plastic crates (mean length 9.16±0.13 cm and mean weight 89.46±1.40 gm). The maximum and minimum
thickness of nacreous layer was 0.35 and 0.20 mm respectively in mantle cavity implantation method. The result reveal that mental cavity implantation and rearing of implanted mussels in nylon bag is the most suitable combination for producing freshwater pearls in L. marginalis under local climatic conditions of Punjab. The present study reveals potential of utilizing freshwater pearl mussels for pearl production in the state.

La epigenética estudia los procesos de expresión géni- ca que no requieren de la modificación de la secuencia de  AdN, es decir, se ocupa de las diferentes trayectorias que un genotipo puede tomar a lo largo del desarrollo del organismo. Estos mecanismos están implicados en procesos biológicos básicos como la diferenciación celular o la selección sexual, en el desarrollo de enfermedades complejas como el síndrome de Rett y en trastornos psiquiátricos como la esquizofrenia y la depresión, entre otros. Los estudios epigenéticos están proporcionando evidencias de que los eventos ambientales y los factores psicosociales pueden modificar el epigenoma.

Background and Objective: Fish haematology is gaining increasing importance in fish culture because of its importance in monitoring the health status of fish. The present study compared different stocking densities and its effect on the blood parameters of hybrid catfish (Heteroclarias) when they are fed at 1 and 2%  body weight, respectively. Materials and Methods: The experiment lasted 12 months using 30 tarpaulin  tanks  of  1 m volume. The study was designed to have five different stocking densities, T = 100 fish/m , T = 75 fish/m , T = 38 fish/m , T = 18 fish/m and T = 9 fish/m and two feeding levels, 1 and 2% body weight as treatments.  These  were  replicated 3  times. The fish was fed three times daily using commercial feed at 1.0 and 2.0% body weight, respectively. The feed was adjusted monthly with increase in body weight. Blood profile was determined using 5-part differential Haematology Auto-analyzer (Mindray BC 5300 model). Results: At 1.0%, white blood cells count, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were insignificant (p>0.05) for T -T . Red blood cells count and packed cell volume however showed significant variation (p<0.05) across treatments. At 2.0%, there was significance (p>0.05) in only mean corpuscular haemoglobin, all other blood parameters showed no significance (p>0.05) across treatments. Conclusion: Heteroclarias easily adapts to high stocking densities without any serious effect on the health status if adequate measures are put in place during management.
Key words: Hybrid catfish,  Heteroclarias,  stocking density, feeding level, haematology, blood profile

RINGKASAN

Ahmad sabri, 1404112490: Identifikasi Bakteri Patogen Pada Ikan Gurami Batanghari (Osphrounemus gouramy) di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam Provinsi Jambi di bawah bimbingan Dr. Dra. Hj.Iesje Lukistyowati, MS
Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy)  merupakan salah satu jenis ikan air asli dari indonesia yang sangat populer dan digemari oleh masyarakat karena memiliki kelebihan diantaranya  dagingnya yang enak, walaupun harganya yang cukup mahal namun permintaan ikan gurami terus meningkat terutama dari kalangan menengah keatas sehingga menuntut pembudidaya untuk meningkatkan jumlah produksi. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan budidaya secara intensif.  Budidaya secara intensif mempunyai keuntungan yaitu padat tebar yang tinggi, namun budidaya intensif juga memiliki kekurangan yaitu tingginya serangan infeksi bakterial. Oleh sebab itu penulis tertarik untuk melakukan praktek magang mengenai Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri pada Ikan Gurami Batanghari
Praktek magang ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 23 Januari - 23 Februari 2017 yang bertempat di Laboratorium Nutrisi, Kesehatan Ikan dan Lingkungan (NKL) di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam Provinsi Jambi. Metode yang digunakan dalam praktek magang ini adalah metode survey dan praktek langsung, yaitu mengambil sampel ikan yang menunjukan gejala klinis terinfeksi bakteri.  Sampel ikan di bawa ke laboratorium untuk di isolasi bakterinya dari luka serta organ-organ ikan yang sering terinfeksi bakteri seperti hati, limfa dan ginjal. Bakteri dari ikan yang sakit di isolasi ke media TSA  dan di inkubasi selama 18-24 jam. Kemudian di lakukan pengamatan morfologi dan pengujian biokimia. uji biokimia meliputi Gram  Ryu, Katalase Oksidase, Pewarnaan Gram,  Motility,  Indol, MR, VP, Nitrat, Malonat, KCN, Citrat, Urease, O/F, Gelatin, NaCl 6,5%, Dnase Dan Uji Gulaa-Gula
Selama pengamatan isolasi pada ikan gurami batanghari, dari 3 ekor ikan yang diisolasi tidak ada satupun bakteri yang tumbuh pada media TSA, oleh karena itu pembimbing dan penulis melakukan uji Postulat Koch  dan menggunakan bakteri Streptococcus agalatiae dengan kepadatan 108 Sel/ml disuntikan pada 10 ekor  ikan Gurami Batanghari dengan dosis 0,2 ml/ekor, kemudian  setelah ikan tersebut mengalami kematian lansung dilakukan isolasi  kembali dari ikan yang telah diinfeksikan ke media TSA dan setelah dilakukan identifikasi bakteri yang diketemukan adalah Streptococcus agalatiae sama seperti bakteri yang diinfeksikan ke ikan Gurami Batanghari..Disarankan untuk Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam Provinsi Jambi agar selalu mengaktifkan semua Biosecurity pada balai karena Biosecurity merupakan tindakan pertama yang harus dilakukan dalam mencegah penyakit pada ikan

Melakukan pembuatan pakan dalam hal menguji komposisi kandungan nutrisi melalui uji proksimat dan mengamati pertumbuhan ikan yang telah diberi pakan buatan tersebut. Adapun manfaat yang akan dicapai yakni mahasiswa dapat mengetahui prosedur pembuatan pakan dan mampu memnentukan komposisi nutrisi yang baik bagi pertumbuhan ikan yang dipelihara

Cost-effectiveness, food utilization and proximate composition of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed locally formulated (sinking) and commercial (floating) diets in tarpaulin tanks were observed for 56 days. Ninety (90) C. gariepinus fingerlings with initial mean weight (72.99 g ± 3.09) per treatment were observed during the period with three replicates at a stocking density of 15 fish per m 2. The fish were fed 5% body weight three times daily. Results showed that C. gariepinus fingerlings fed floating diet had significantly lower (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (0.83 ± 0.03) than sinking diet (3.23 ± 0.40). Protein efficiency ratio was significantly (p<0.05) higher in fish fed commercial diet (2.69 ± 0.09) than locally formulated (0.80 ± 0.11). Specific growth rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher in floating (3.29 ± 0.07) than sinking diet (0.97 ± 0.20). Incidence cost was lower (₦1,989.65) in fish fed commercial diet than locally formulated (₦3,819.63). The profit index was higher in C. gariepinus fed floating diet (0.74) than sinking (0.19). From these findings, floating (commercial) feed is recommended for feeding C. gariepinus fingerlings since it showed better food utilization, better proximate composition of the carcass, higher profit index and consequently lower incidence cost.

ABSTRACT
An experiment was designed and carried out to assess the growth performance and feed utilization (weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, specific growth rate, feed intake and survival) of Heteroclarias post fingerlings (48.66g) fed graded levels of toasted Leucaena leucocephala seed meal based diets with the aim of establishing the best inclusion level of Leucaena seed meal. One hundred and ten (110) post fingerlings with an initial mean weight of 48.66g were allotted at random to six treatments in triplicate groups with each treatment tank having five post fingerlings and were fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing 40% crude protein (CP). The toasted seed meal was used to replace soybean meal in the diets in the following proportions: diet I (0%), diet II (10%), diet III (20%), diet IV (30%), diet V (40%) and diet VI (50%). At the end of the feeding trials that lasted for 8 weeks, the mean weight gain of fish, feed intake and specific growth rate showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between treatment I and II, but were significantly different from treatments III, IV and V. The percentage weight gain and protein efficiency ratio were not significant difference (P > 0.05) among all the treatment while feed conversion ratio was significant difference (P > 0.05) among all the treatment. Although, the mean weight gain of fish, percentage weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio was highest in treatment I, followed by treatment II in mean weight gain of fish, percentage weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio and highest in protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate, while, mean weight gain of fish, Feed intake, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency was lowest in treatment IV. Percentage weight gain was lowest in treatment VI. Survival among treatments slightly varied significantly but was not as a result of the feed consumed. At the end of the experiment, the recommended inclusion level of Leucaena seed meal was 10%.

This study evaluated growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of cultured Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed locally formulated (sinking) and commercial (floating) pelleted diets in tarpaulin tanks. Fingerlings of initial mean weight (72.99 g ± 3.09) were stocked in each treatment replicated 3 times. Fish were cultured for 8 weeks. The stocking rate was 15 fish per m2. The fish were fed three times daily at 5% body weight. Results showed that C. gariepinus fingerlings fed
floating (commercial) diet had significantly higher (p<0.05) final mean weight (921.73 g ± 47.44) than sinking (locally formulated) diet (184.22 g ± 20.54). Commercial feed had higher (p<0.05) specific growth rate (3.29 ± 0.07) than locally formulated diet (0.97 ± 0.20). Fish fed commercial diet has significantly lower (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (0.83 ± 0.03) than locally formulated diet (3.23 ± 0.40). Protein efficiency ratio was significantly (p<0.05) lower in fish fed locally formulated diet (0.80 ± 0.11) than commercial diet (2.69 ± 0.09). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in survival rate for fish fed commercial feed (95.55 % ± 2.22) and locally formulated feed (97.78 % ± 2.22). Water quality parameters including temperature (°C), dissolved oxygen (mg/l) and pH were not significantly different (p>0.05) during the study and were maintained within acceptable range. Proximate analysis of the dry matter of the two experimental feeds showed that the commercial feed had higher value of crude protein (45%) and crude lipid (14%) and lower value for crude fibre (2.5%), total ash (7.5%) and carbohydrate (28.2%) when compared with the sinking diet of lower crude protein (22.75%) and crude lipid (8.06%) and higher value of crude fibre (9.66%), total ash (11.50%) and carbohydrate (48.06%). Based on these findings, commercial feed is recommended for feeding C. gariepinus fingerlings since it showed higher growth performance, better nutrient utilization and greater survival.

This research which lasted for 85 days, was done to compare the feeding effects of live Maggot and Vital feed on the growth and survival rate of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. One hundred thirty-five fingerlings of initial mean weight 1.33g were stocked in nine plastic containers (15 fish per container) and were fed 5% of their total body weight twice daily with Vital feed (Control diet), Live maggot meal, and a mixture of Vital feed and Live maggot meal at a ratio of 50: 50 as treatment A, B and C, respectively. Physico-chemical parameters of water (Temperature, pH, and DO), weight and length of fish were measured biweekly using a thermometer, pH meter, DO meter, sensitive weighing scale and measuring board. Other parameters, including food conversion ratio (FCR), food intake (FI), Specific Growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), percentage survival, mean weight gain and mean length gain, were also determined. Data for each parameter collected were subjected to one-way ANOVA at p<0.05 using the R statistical programming software. The result showed a mean final weight of 24.12g, 21.92g and 22.89g and a mean weight gain of 22.77g, 20.59g and 21.57g for Treatment A, B, and C, respectively. A mean length gain of 12.01cm, 10.80cm and 10.84cm and a mean specific growth rate (SGR) of 3.39, 3.28 and 3.33 for Treatment A, B, and C, respectively, were recorded. The feed intake was 46.57g, 43.91g and 44.96g, while the protein efficiency ratio (PER) was 1.02, 1.29 and 1.06 for Treatment A, B, and C, respectively. Whereas the feed conversion ratio was 0.51, 0.52 and 0.52, the Percentage survival was 91.11%, 88.89%, 91.11% for Treatment A, B, and C, respectively. Albeit Vital feed performed better than live Maggot, there was no significant difference at (P<0.05) in all analysed parameters. Therefore, Live maggot meal may not replace Vital feed in the rearing of Clarias gariepinus because Vital feed appears to have all the necessary ingredients required for fish growth in the right proportion. However, further research can be conducted to determine whether Live Maggot will perform better if processed into a protein source and mixed with other feed ingredients required for fish growth.

Citation Adegbesan SI, Obasa SO and Abdulraheem I (20xx) Growth performance, haematology and histopathology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying levels of Aloe barbadensis leaves. Abstract One hundred and twenty Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (2.33 ± 0.07 g) were fed with 40% crude protein diets containing three concentrations of Aloe barbadensis leaves-paste: ABL1, 1%; ABL2, 2%; ABL3, 3%, and control, 0% ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. Mean weight gain and percentage weight gain increased (P < 0.05) as concentration of A. barbadensis increased. Survival rate decreased as concentration of paste increased. Differences (P < 0.05) seen in packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC), thus highest in ABL3: PCV (36.67 ± 0.89%), Hb (12.37 ± 0.37 g dl –1) and RBC (3.47 ± 0.08×10 6 L –1) and lowest in control: PCV (22.0 ± 0.58%), Hb (7.37 ± 0.20 g dl –1) and RBC (2.07 ± 0.06 ×10 6 L –1). Liver histology of control fish was normal, while fatty degenerations were seen in the treated fish. The histology of fish kidney was normal in all treatments. The study concluded that 1% A. barbadensis leaves-paste could effectively improve growth performance, nutrient utilization and survival of cultured C. gariepinus.

Fisheries play an important role in the livelihoods of riparian communities in Ghana. However, not much study has been undertaken to unravel the socio-economic profitability of the small-scale fishery sub-sector in Ghana, especially in the northern belt. Most studies on the sector have focused mainly on the biological and technical aspects and less on the socio-economic impacts of the sector on poverty alleviation in local communities. Specifically, the study examined the proportion of the population dependent on small-scale fishing activities, the non-income profits accrued from fishing to individual fishers’ households in the community and the effect of accrued benefits on the local economy of Buipe. The survey employed 50 respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect primary data. Descriptive analysis included charts, percentages, and cross-tabulation using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. The results showed that 56% of the respondents had no formal education but were fully supported under the sub-sector. Averagely, 400 people were dependent on the sub-sector among every 50 fishery operators sampled. The non-income profits accrued by individual households indicated that 40% of the traders had houses constructed with blocks and roofed with iron sheets, and 70% could also afford modern healthcare. Furthermore, 80% of the gear owners and processors could only afford two meals daily. In effect, it was realised that the sub-sector served as a development engine for the local economy through employment security. Finally, it was concluded that the small-scale fisheries sub-sector played an important role in reducing poverty in the survey area, hence, the need to promote more pro-poor policies to improve the livelihoods of the small-scale fishers in the community.

Background and Objective: Sustainability of the consistent expansion of aquacultural industry depends on development  of  fish culture techniques in order to obtain the most efficient, safe and cost effective methods for producing aqua products. The study evaluated the Heterobranchus bidorsalis  fed varying levels  of  flamboyant (Delonix regia) growth performance and feed utilization of African catfish seed meal as replacement for wheat offal for 14 weeks. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted for 14 weeks (98 days) from May 6th to August 12th, 2017. Four experimental feeds (Diets 1, 2, 3 and 4) each with about 40% crude protein content were Delonix regia seed meal formulated at diet 1 = 0%, diet 2 = 15%, diet 3 = 20% and diet 4 = 25% inclusion levels of fermented and boiled (FSM). Post 2 weeks of acclimation, 15 fish were stocked in a happa pen sized 0.432 m  for each feed with 3 replicates. The initial mean weight of fish was (33.70±0.78 g). Fish were fed at 3% body weight daily and adjusted accordingly every fortnight. Water quality parameters were noted morning and evening weekly. Results: Survival rate ranged from 79.99-86.66% randomly without significant difference. Treatments which contained 15% FSM gave the highest nominal performance with respect to mean weight gain, percentage mean weight gain, mean growth rate, specific growth rate and performance index, though there was no clear superiority over other feeds (p>0.05). The feed utilization indices were generally fair across all treatments, with best nominal performance in the treatment containing 25% FSM. Conclusion: The results revealed that the fish were able to utilize all the feed types well for growth, particularly at 15% inclusion level of flamboyant seed meal as basal feed stuff.
Key words: Growth performance, feed utilization, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Delonix regia

Phytobiotics are valuable materials in promoting growth and reducing pathogenic diseases in cultured fish diets. To this effect, a 12 weeks experiment was conducted in a 40- litres fresh water- filled rectangular plastic tanks to evaluating the growth, nutrient utilization potential and gasytointestinal microbes of Clarias gariepinus fed varying levels of Zingiber officinale root powder. 120 C. gariepinus fingerlings (2.33±0.07g average weight) were fed with 40% crude protein diets containing three concentrations of Z. officinale roots-powder: ZOP1–1%; ZOP2–2%; ZOP3–3%, and control–0% ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks.  Significant differences (p < 0.05) occurred in the growth and nutrient utilization parameters except feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate. Survival rate decreased as concentration of powder increased. The total bacterial counts (TBC) and total fungal counts (TFC) decreased as inclusion levels of the supplements increased which were different (p < 0.05) from the control. The study concluded that 1% Z. officinale roots-powder dietary supplementation in cultured C. gariepinus could effectively promote growth and reducing the microbial load of the fish.

Key Words: Clarias gariepinus, Dietary supplement, Microbe, Growth, Z. officinale roots-powder.

The effect of fermented Tamarindus indica seed nut on the composition, growth, nutrient utilisation and carcass
composition of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings fed graded levels of fermented T. indica seed meal was investigated for 84
days. Fermentation significantly increased the crude protein and lipid content of the seeds by 10.17 and 46.62%, respectively
while alkaloid, saponin and phytate content of the seeds were reduced by 59.46, 21.74 and 60.30%, respectively. Five diets
were formulated to include 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% inclusion of fermented T. indica seed meal. The results for growth and
feed utilisation revealed that the best experimental diet was the 75% inclusion level, as it gave the best mean weight gain
(8.58g), standard length gain (2.54cm), total length gain (3.12cm), specific growth rate (0.85%days), percentage weight gain
(1.01) and nitrogen metabolism (194.60) compared with the other diets. Carcass composition showed that all fish fed
experimental diet had an increase in carcass crude protein and ranged between 49.99-54.02% compared to the initial of
43.91%. Thus the use of T. indica seed at 75% replacement level of soya beans seed is recommended in the diet of O.
niloticus fingerlings.

Present research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and hematological indices of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings fed Moringa oleifera seed meal (MOSM) based diet. Existence of phytate in plant byproducts decreases the bioavailability of nutrients to fish, resulting in low nutrients availability, poor fish growth and hematological indices in fish body. Moringa byproducts such as M. oleifera seed meal (MOSM) was used as test ingredient to formulate experimental diet. Experimental diet was divided into six test diets and were supplemented with graded levels (0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 FTU kg-1) of phytase. The fingerlings were fed at the rate of 4% of live wet weight twice a day in V-shaped indoor tanks. Phytase supplementation showed significant (p<0.05) improvement in bioavailability of nutrients, growth indices and hematological parameters. Results showed that maximum growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and improved hematological values of C. catla fingerlings were noted at 900 FTU kg-1 level of phytase supplementation in MOSM based test diet. It was concluded that phytase supplementation at 900 FTU kg-1 level was helpful to develop an eco-friendly and cost effective fish feed incorparating moringa seed meal.

The aim of this study are to investigate metabolic oxygen consumption rate, energy content and growth performance of Hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp) with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and artificial food. Two separate feeding trial were conducted in 28 days, the feeding trial was divided into 14 days for each feeding trial using 60 hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp). Metabolic oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion were calculated and digestibility of the two diets were conducted. For Metabolic oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion were significantly higher in fish fed with artificial food. In term of digestibility, protein and lipid showed significant effect  (p<0.005) while glycogen was insignificant ( p> 0.005)  The general evaluation showed that mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) have the potential to replace or to supplement fish meal. Through the result, hybrid tilapia fed with mealworm showed good results in survival and overall growth performances throughout 14 days of feeding trial

— This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient composition of raw and hydrothermally processed watermelon whole seeds at different duration (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes boiling time) to ascertain their suitability for incorporation into fish feed.

The synthetic steroid 17α-Methyltestosteron (MT) is commonly used as a feed additive to produce male population of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The use of synthetic testosterone hormone is not recommended in Indonesia. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of natural testosterone hormone in bull testes meal (BTM) on the masculinization of Nile tilapia using validated aceto carmine squash method of gonads of the fish. Experimental design was utilized two factors experiments in completely randomized design. Fry kept in 40-L glass aquaria at a density of 40 fry/aquarium. Fry (7 dph) received the BTM for 7 days (T1), 14 days (T2) and 21 days (T3) and doses 0% (D1), 3% (D2), 6% (D3), and 9% (D4). When treatment was these results, indicated that significant (P≥0.05) masculinization occurred only in the group treated of BTM and no treated of BTM. In the group treated of BTM, doses and duration treatment is not significant. The percentage of male fish 83.3% (9%-7d, 9%-21d, 6%-21d: doses and duration, respectively), higher than all group. Survival rate of fry (95-99.5%) is not affected by treatment BTM (no significant P≥0.05). Fish growth was significantly affected by treatment BTM compare with no treated of BTM. The highest growth performance of fry were obtained with the 9% BTM. ABSTRAK Steroid sintetik 17α-Methyltestosteron (MT) umumnya digunakan sebagai aditif pakan untuk menghasilkan populasi ikan nila jantan (Oreochromis niloticus). Penggunaan hormon testosteron sintetis tidak dianjurkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh hormon testosteron alami dalam makanan testis banteng (BTM) pada maskulinisasi ikan nila menggunakan metode divalidasi aceto carmine squash, dari gonad ikan. Desain eksperimental dimanfaatkan dua eksperimen faktor dalam desain benar-benar acak. Fry disimpan dalam 40-L akuarium kaca pada kepadatan 40 fry/akuarium. Fry (7 DPH) menerima BTM selama 7 hari (T1), 14 hari (T2) dan 21 hari (T3) dan dosis 0% (D1), 3% (D2), 6% (D3), dan 9% (D4). Ketika pengobatan hasil ini, menunjukkan signifikan (P ≥ 0,05) hanya terjadi maskulinisasi pada kelompok perlakuan dari BTM dan tidak diperlakukan BTM. Pada kelompok diobati BTM, dosis dan durasi pengobatan tidak signifikan. Persentase ikan jantan 83,3% (9%-7d, 9%-21d, 6%-21d: dosis dan durasi, masing-masing), lebih tinggi dari kelompok semua. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup benih (95-99,5%) tidak dipengaruhi oleh pengobatan BTM (tidak ada P yang signifikan ≥ 0,05). Pertumbuhan ikan secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh BTM pengobatan dibandingkan dengan tidak diobati BTM. Kinerja pertumbuhan tertinggi fry diperoleh dengan BTM 9%. Kata kunci: maskulinisasi, ikan nila, tepung testis sapi PENDAHULUAN Ikan nila memiliki keunggulan, yaitu mudah berkembangbiak, pertumbuhan cepat, toleran terhadap kondisi lingkungan, ber-daging tebal, disukai masyarakat, mudah dibudidayakan (Phelps dan Popma, 2000; Shalaby et al., 2007; Bombata dan Somatun, 2008). Karena mudah berkembangbiak, maka dapat terjadi pemijahan yang tidak terkontrol dan menyebabkan pertumbuhan menjadi lambat. Laju pertumbuhan ikan nila jantan lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan ikan betina.

A total of 1098 different fish including 492 fish belong to Barbus species were caught from the reservoir of Hemrin dam on Deyala river. Between January and December 1998. Shabbott (B. grypus), Kattan (B. xanthopterus), Himrri (B.luteus), Bizz (Barbus esocinus) and Abu baratum (B.barbulus) were collected to study their stomach contents and diet overlap. Bizz were found mainly feeding on small fishes

A total number of 120 Koi carp "Cyprinus carpio" were used to evaluate the effect of giving ways of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance and immune response. The results revealed that a significant increase in final body weight, weight gain, weight gain percent, specific growth rate and globulin concentration in Cyprinus carpio supplemented with Bacillus subtilis in feed (0.2 g. kg diet -1) than those applied in water (0.2 g.L -1) and control one (P< 0.05). phagocytosis and bactericidal activity in treated Cyprinus carpio with Bacillus subtilis were higher than control one.

This quantitative study of commodity prices examines the
early modern food market, a period and topic widely neglected by
historians owing to a lack of data or palaeographic expertise that has
prompted scholars to turn their attention to later periods. Despite the
ubiquitous presence of fish in European food markets, specialists have
difficulty identifying its consumption levels or price. This paper provides
a wide panorama of qualitative observations about food provisioning
practices and the cost hierarchy of commodities on the French market
from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. We conclude that sea fish
became an affordable alternative source of protein in the general diet.
Our research demonstrates that cod fish occupied a good place on the
French food market, competing successfully against top-selling
commodities such as meat.