Fossil Fuel

The use of fossil fuels has caused an increase in GHG concentration in the atmosphere, which has a direct effect on global warming.Among the possible technologies to mitigate GHG emissions, carbon capture and storage (CCS) can be applied to existing plants and now it is being accepted officially in order to gain emission reduction certificates. This paper presents a feasible solution for CO2 capture and storage network in Italy from sources that are included in the National Allocation Plan and that are forced to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the second phase of the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The technical aspects of carbon sequestration are derived from industrial applications, while transportation and storage depend on local and geological characteristics. Since Italy has complex geological characteristics, the selection of the most convenient sites should include hydrocarbon reservoirs that are currently used or are depleted. To select these sites, all oil wells that are located in the Italian territory and are managed by UNMIG (National Mining Office for Hydrocarbons and Geothermy) were considered, and a short list was selected among those that have safety and lasting characteristics to ensure a long time permanence. The position of the selected storage sites is drawn on a GIS map containing all the plants included in the National Allocation Plan to be able to identify the optimal networks for carbon dioxide transportation.The case study is located in an area that includes Milan, Pavia and Lodi districts. Knowing the amount of CO2 produced by plants in the selected zone, it is possible to determine the tons of CO2 to capture and the size of transportation and storage systems. Pipelines are, in this case, the most appropriate transport technologies. From emission and sequestration points to storage sites it is necessary to build 122 km pipelines for 8 MtCO2 capacity. Using this CCS grid it is possible to avoid CO2 emission with economic feasibility close to the cost of carbon trading values. In fact, the market cost of a European Union Allowance (EUA) at the start of the first period of application of Directive 2003/87/CE was about 30 €/tCO2. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The utilization of concentrated solar energy as external heat source for methane steam reforming has been investigated. Molten salts at temperatures up to 550°C can be used as solar heat carrier and storage system, and hydrogen selective membranes can be used to drive reforming reaction at lower temperatures than conventional (<550°C), with hydrogen purification achieved thereby. The combination of new technologies such as membranes and membrane reactors, concentrating solar power (CSP) systems, and molten salt heat carriers, allows a partial decarbonation of the fossil fuel together with the possibility to carry solar energy in the current natural gas grid. Different plant configurations and operating conditions have been analyzed using a mathematical model and AspenPlus simulator. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008

... Full-size table. View Within Article. Previously, it has been shown that a reduction of 1.663 billion US$ in fossil fuel cost can be made possible by increasing the domestic production of oil, lignite, and hard coal and by decreasing imports in Turkey (Çamdalı and Ediger, in Press). ...

In December 2021, the US Department of Energy (DoE) unveiled the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations with $21.5bn in federal funding to deploy the advanced green technologies. The most significant portion of the budget, $9.5bn, has been dedicated to renewable hydrogen to commercialize innovative technologies and establish four regional hubs and a recycling and manufacturing program. Green hydrogen is already the focus of the DoE's energy initiatives, which aims to mitigate the cost of renewable hydrogen production by 80% over the next decade.

As a result of skyrocketing prices, environmental concerns and depletion associated with fossil fuels, renewable fuels are becoming attractive alternatives. In this respect, the demand for biodiesel has increased tremendously in recent years. Increased production of biodiesel has resulted in a glut of glycerol that has reduced the demand for this once valuable commodity. Consequently, finding alternative uses for glycerol is a timely proposition. One alternative is producing renewable hydrogen from this cheap commodity. Only a handful of studies have been conducted on producing hydrogen from glycerol. Previous studies have mainly focused on finding effective catalysts for glycerol steam reforming. This paper extends previous knowledge by presenting kinetic parameters in relation to glycerol steam reforming over Ni/CeO2 and a reactor modeling. The study found that the activation energy and the reaction order for the glycerol steam reforming reaction over Ni/CeO2 catalyst were 103.4 kJ/mol and 0.233, respectively.