Gatekeeping Theory

Twitter is a social news service in which information is selected and distributed by individual members of the tweet audience. While communication literature has studied traditional news media and the propagation of information, to our knowledge there have been no studies of the new social media and their impacts on the propagation of news during extreme event situations. This exploration attempts to build an understanding of how preexisting hyperlink structures on the Web and different types of information channels affect Twitter audiences’ information selection. The study analyzes the concentration of user-selected information sources in Twitter about the 2009 Israel-Gaza conflict. There are three findings. First, a statistical test of a power-law structure revealed that, while a wide range of information was selected and redistributed by Twitter users, the aggregation of these selections over-represented a small number of prominent websites. Second, binomial regression analyses showed that Twitter user selections were not constituted randomly but were affected by the number of hyperlinks received and the types of information channels. Third, temporal analyses revealed that sources via social media channels were more prominently selected especially in the later stages of the news information lifespan.

In Gatekeepers: The Emergence of World Literature and the 1960s (Oxford University Press, 2016) professor William Marling presents four thorough case studies explaining and detailing how four writers (García Marquez, Bukowski, Auster and Murakami) came to world fame. As it turns out, these four were lucky or clever enough to find the right gatekeepers (translators, agents, editors) to promote them abroad and worldwide.

RESUMEN
Vivimos en un mundo cada vez más consolidado digitalmente, en el que los medios de comunicación buscan adaptar las herramientas que han traído estas nuevas tecnologías. En este contexto, esta tesis capturó un momento de la evolución de un medio digital cuya matriz es una radio reconocida por los peruanos: RPP Noticias. El estudio analizó el nivel de innovación del lenguaje digital en su edición web. Esta tesis tiene como objetivos: identificar sus elementos multimedia, analizar sus tipos de herramientas interactivas, detallar sus características de hipertextualidad, examinar el uso de las herramientas de web analytics y detallar los nuevos perfiles de periodistas digitales en su sala de redacción. Para ello, se realizó el estudio de una muestra de 180 notas, seleccionadas bajo la estrategia metodológica de la ‘semana construida’ y correspondientes a dos periodos de análisis (2016 y 2019). Además, se realizaron entrevistas a redactores y editores. La evidencia muestra que el uso del lenguaje digital tuvo avances moderados y en sus nociones más básicas. Asimismo, la audiencia es tomada en cuenta por parte de editores y redactores, a través del uso de las herramientas de analítica web. Sin embargo, ambos actores hacen un balance constante entre su propio criterio y las preferencias de los usuarios.
Palabras clave: lenguaje digital, interactividad, multimedia, hipertexto, analítica web, gatekeeping

Online information intermediaries such as Facebook and Google are slowly replacing traditional media channels thereby partly becoming the gatekeepers of our society. To deal with the growing amount of information on the social web and the burden it brings on the average user, these gatekeepers recently started to introduce personalization features, algorithms that filter information per individual. In this paper we show that these online services that filter information are not merely algorithms. Humans not only affect the design of the algorithms, but they also can manually influence the filtering process even when the algorithm is operational. We further analyze filtering processes in detail, show how personalization connects to other filtering techniques, and show that both human and technical biases are present in today’s emergent gatekeepers. We use the existing literature on gatekeeping and search engine bias and provide a model of algorithmic gatekeeping

This article examines music auditions in jazz education and the artistic valuation of music performances by gatekeepers working in two prestigious schools. Using the inherent insecurities of the entry-test situation as a site of ethnographic fieldwork, the article explores the whole chain of valuation needed in order to produce a hierarchical ordinal ranking of the candidates. By drawing attention to the distinction between what is being said and what is being done by the gatekeepers, a structural ambiguity is identified in the selection game: on the one hand, it is dependent on romantic notions of artistic uniqueness (originality, personality, authenticity) and on the other, it relies on the requirements of jurisdiction and equal assessment (numerical grading, standardized repertoire). The artistic doxa of jazz is constituted in opposition to two negative characters, either by framing the candidates as epigones – echoing the standard repertoire too closely – or framing them as heretics, considered as traitors to the local interpretation of the standard.

One pressing issue in libraries today is the censorship of information. This study applies Kurt Lewin's gatekeeping theory to examine the decision-makers as well as the different pressures and constraints that are at issue in decisions regarding challenges and censorship
attempts that occur in public libraries. Through an in-depth case study of two federal court cases dealing with challenges and censorship attempts that occurred in public libraries, this study seeks to identify the gatekeeping structures present within public libraries, specifically those that contribute to conditions that encourage librarians to censor.

A qualitative content analysis of court documents as well as newspaper articles covering the court cases being analyzed, followed by a series of interviews with individuals involved in the cases, seek to reveal in more complexity the gatekeeping structure present in public libraries. Knowing who the decision-makers, or gatekeepers, are in the decision-making process, whether it is library boards, library directors, or public officials, is crucial to the understanding of
censorship in public libraries.

Central to the study is the phenomenon of librarians themselves engaging in acts of censorship. Factors such as power and authority can lead librarians to engage in censorship activities as a reaction to instructions from their governing bodies. Without a clear understanding of the function of gates and gatekeepers in the decision-making process, libraries may allow
unintended censorship of ideas and information to persist. This study seeks to inform librarians and information professionals to become better equipped to support the fight against censorship.

The genre of sports is immensely popular culturally in both national and international settings and often times boosts the morale of relatively large communities mired in tragedy and strife.  Consumption of sports media in U.S. culture has grown significantly by almost every conceivable measure, with trends showing that the demand for it continues to grow.  Applying the theories of gatekeeping, framing, and agenda setting, this study explores the role of sports journalism in the traditional media landscape, reinforcing its notion as a DVR proof format with increasing financial profitability within the traditional journalism business model.  An in-depth look reveals the ethical quandaries of sports journalism, as members of sports media are often forced to compromise their journalistic integrity due primarily to a lack of leverage with the entities they’re assigned to cover.  This study shows that sports journalism typically receives denigration from the traditional news media field despite playing an integral part in serving as the gatekeeper of significant news events of cultural and social significance.  A comparative contextual analysis is implemented using the analytical-descriptive methodology to research the sports media’s coverage of two historical events of vast cultural significance: Jackie Robinson breaking MLB’s color barrier, and Jason Collins and Michael Sam becoming the first publicly outed gay athletes in the NBA and NFL, with subtle bias, a clear agenda, and unethical journalistic practices found in their media coverage.

Sosyal medyanın ortaya çıkışı ile geleneksel
haber merkezlerinin yapı ve işlevlerinde değişiklikler
görülmeye başlanmıştır. Sosyal medya, editör ve
gazetecilerin veri toplama biçimini ve bilgi akışını kontrol
etme işlevlerini değişime uğratmıştır. Bu değişiklikler ile
eşik bekçiliği kavramı da yeniden düşünülmesi gereken
kavramlar arasına girmiştir. Çalışmada, en çok takip
edilen 100 haber sitesi içinden seçilen 10 haber sitesi
editörüne derinlemesine mülakat yöntemi uygulanarak;
kuruluşlarındaki sosyal medya kullanımı, veri toplama
sürecinde sosyal medyanın rolü ve içeriği denetleyen
mekanizmalar hakkında toplam 10 soru yöneltilmiş,
cevaplar 5 başlık altında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda
sosyal medyanın veri toplama modeli ve yapılanmasını
nasıl değiştirdiği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma
sonucunda sosyal medyanın; editörlerin geleneksel
rollerini etkilediği ve günümüzde en önemli haber
kaynaklarından biri durumuna geldiği görülmüştür.
Ayrıca, Twitter’ın haber merkezlerinin günlük
çalışmalarında haber almak için en sık kullandıkları sosyal
ağ olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, geleneksel medya
ile internet medyasındaki eşik bekçiliği sürecindeki en
önemli farklılığın, hız, doğruluk ve güvenilirlik faktörleri
olduğunu, kuruluşlarında sosyal medya içeriklerinin
doğruluğunu kontrol eden bir mekanizma bulunmadığını
ancak kendi bünyelerinde oluşturdukları bazı filtrelerle
bu sorunu aşmaya çalıştıklarını ortaya koydular.

With the advent the social media some changes
started to happen in the face and the function of the
traditional newsrooms. More than that, social media
has changed how editors and reporters, report the
news and, perhaps more importantly, control the flow
of information. The gatekeeping theory came among
the concepts that should be reconsidered due to the
changes have been made. This study examined ten
news professionals have chosen among the 100 most visited
news websites and an in-depth interview method was
used to ask them 11 questions regarding the usage
of social media in their respective news organization,
social media’s role in the newsgathering process and the
the mechanism which controls the content. In this study, the
the way that social media has changed the newsgathering
model and structure were analyzed. The findings show
that social media had an impact on the editor
traditional role in the newsroom and had become one
of the essential news references in today’s newsrooms.
Twitter has been identified as the most used social
network to gather news in the daily newsroom’s work.
The respondents suggested the speed, validity, and
reliability as the most significant difference between
traditional media and online media. They also said that
there are not any specific mechanisms to control the
social media content in their news outlets; however,
they made their filters to cope with social media
content.

Digital technologies have changed the means by which media organizations produce the news. Using gatekeeping theory, current research has treated news organizations as relatively homogenous, as opposed to analyzing the differences that exist within and across newsrooms about how online news should be produced. This research uses gatekeeping theory to qualitatively examine the accounts of 21 online news personnel from 16 leading news organizations in the United States. The results reveal digital news divisions centered around two themes: resource constraints and news socialization practices. Both of these themes have components that are internal and external to news organizations.

With the advances in social media, some changes started to happen in the face and the function of the traditional newsrooms. More than that social media has changed how editors and reporters, report the news and, perhaps more importantly, control the flow of information. The gatekeeping concept came among the concepts that should be reconsidered due to the changes that have been made. This study examined 10 news professionals chosen among the 100 most visited news websites according to Alexa websıte. In-depth interview technique was used in order to ask them 11 questions regarding the usage of social media in their respective news organization, user-generated content, social media’s role in newsgathering process and the mechanism which controls the content. In this study, the way that social media has changed the newsgathering model and structure is analyzed. The
findings show that social media had an impact on the editor’s traditional role in the newsroom and has become one of the most important news references in today's newsrooms. The Twitter has identified as the most used social network to gather news in the daily
newsroom’s work. The respondents suggested speed, validity, and reliability as the most significant differences between traditional media and digital media. While 70 percent of the participants believe that the editorial process starts with the reporter, 30 of the participants
think that the process starts with the editor. 70 percent of the participants believe in the fact that editors play the most significant role when it comes to the process of gatekeeping whereas the other 30 percent opt for the reporter as their primary choice in this process. This
study found that although the chief editor and editorial coordinator are the people who make the ultimate decisions regarding publishing news, the editor plays a crucial role in internet journalism. They also said that there are not any specific mechanisms to control the social media content in their respective news, however, they made their filters in order to cope up
with social media content.

Key Words: Gatekeeping, Social media, Online journalism, Data gathering
process, Newsroom, Secondary Gatekeeping, Citizen journalism

Bu tez, gazetecilerin, bir hikayenin haber olup olmadığına nasıl karar verdiklerini incelemektedir. Çalışma, “Gazeteciler Kararlarını Nasıl Alır?” sorusunu cevaplamakta ve “Haber Kararına Etki Eden Faktörleri” sekiz ana başlıkta açıklayarak analiz etmektedir.

Tezin saha araştırması, gazeteciliğin en önemli karar platformlarından biri olan haber toplantılarının,Katılımcı Olmayan Gözlemci yöntemiyle izlenmesidir. Bu çerçevede, dört gazetenin (Birgün, Cumhuriyet, Sözcü, Yeniçağ) İstanbul merkezlerindeki haber/gazete üretim süreci toplantıları takip edilmiştir.

Bu tezin literatür taraması niteliğindeki bölümleri, haber kararına ilişkin bilimsel verileri ve eşikbekçiliği olgusunu kapsamlı bir şekilde sunmaktadır. Saha araştırması ise haber toplantılarının şekli, katılımcıları, fonksiyonu, haber üretimindeki yeri ve toplantılara konu edilen mesleki unsurlar hakkında önemli bulgular içermektedir.

Espelho de anos de aulas em Teoria da Notícia, o livro "O Admirável Mundo das Notícias" pretende ser uma manual onde se encontre uma abordagem medianamente aprofundada da literatura disponível sobre Estudos Jornalísticos. Apesar da sua intenção primeira de auxiliar alunos e investigadores não abdica de assumir as perplexidades de um tempo de mudança que afecta o campo jornalístico, descrito como em crise mas também como rico em oportunidades transformadoras. Assim, além dos temas que normalmente são esperados num Manual deste género ( os métodos de análise do discurso noticioso, a produção das notícias, as fontes, as rotinas, o profissionalismo jornalístico, a objectividade e os efeitos das notícias), introduzem-se problemas novos que resultam das modificações que se fazem sentir no espaço de visibilidade mediático: os desafios tecnológicos, as mutações sociais e a emergência de correntes que desafiam os modelos tradicionais e canónicos de jornalismo. - ntrodução 1

1 Conceitos fundamentais 13

1.1 As funções do jornalismo nas sociedades contemporâneas 13
1.2 A importância dos estudos jornalísticos 15
1.2.1 Algumas etapas dos estudos jornalísticos 16
1.2.2 Tendências dos estudos jornalísticos 27
1.3 Delimitação do objecto da disciplina: a notícia em sentido amplo 28
1.4 Características do enunciado jornalístico 30
1.5 Objectivos da Teoria da Notícia 39

2 O discurso das notícias 43

2.1 Linguagem e jornalismo 43
2.2 A notícia como discurso 44
2.3 Os estudos de enquadramento 49
2.4 A função mitológica das notícias 55
2.5 A notícia como “narrativa” 57
2.6 Jornalismo: entre saber cognitivo e saber narrativo 63
2.7 Análise de conteúdo 64
2.8 As notícias: abordagem semiológica. Do signo ao discurso 69
2.9 As linguagens do Webjornalismo: um novo corpo de análise com novos desafios teóricos e metodológicos 71

3 A produção social das notícias 79

3.1 As variáveis condicionantes da acção noticiosa 79
3.2 Factores relacionados com a acção pessoal: do gatekeeper à cognição 81
3.3 O factor organizacional 84
3.4 O news making e as rotinas jornalísticas 87
3.4.1 As tipificações 90
3.4.2 Riscos das rotinas e tipificações 92
3.5 As relações com as fontes 93
3.5.1 Profissionalização das fontes 99
3.6 Factores de natureza económica 100
3.7 Factores políticos 104
3.8 Factores de natureza cultural 109
3.9 As teorias das notícias:uma síntese 110
3.9.1 A produção social de notícias online: notas para uma pesquisafutura 116

4 O Profissionalismo Jornalístico 133

4.1 A problemática do profissionalismo jornalístico 133
4.2 O estudo do jornalismo e a sociologia das profissões 134
4.3 O jornalismo como comunidade interpretativa, campo ou sistema 136
4.4 Os valores jornalísticos e a norma da objectividade 139
4.4.1 A Controvérsia da objectividade 143
4.5 Os saberes comuns 147
4.6 Os critérios de noticiabilidade 149
4.6.1 Valores-notícia (2): tipologia de Ericson, Baranek, e Chan,MauroWolfeNelsonTraquina 151
4.7 Novos problemas 154

5 Os Efeitos das notícias 161

5.1 A importância da Teoria dos Efeitos 161
5.2 Abordagens clássicas 163
5.2.1 Teoria Crítica e cultura de massa 164
5.2.2 Os estudos culturais 167
5.3 A presença das teorias funcionalistas na mass communication research 172
5.3.1 O Funcionalismo e os media 172
5.4 A eficácia dos efeitos 173
5.4.1 Os efeitos totais 173
5.4.2 Os efeitos limitados: Lazarsfeld e a emergência do paradigma dominante 175
5.4.3 Os efeitos verificados: activação, reforço e conversão 177
5.4.4 Os usos e gratificações 180
5.4.5 Crítica do paradigma dominante e emergência de novas tendências da pesquisa 182
5.4.6 A evolução da Pesquisa 184

Social media has changed the face and function of today’s traditional newsrooms. But, more than that, social media has changed how editors and reporters report the news and, perhaps more importantly, control the flow of information via social media channels. Because social media has sped up the news gathering process, the way news and information in controlled from newsrooms to the general public and vice versa has changed.
This study examined seven news professionals ranging in title and duty and asked how big of a part social media played in their day-to-day professional lives and how their respective news outlets “screen” social media news, both incoming and outgoing. The respondents were interviewed and asked a series of 15 questions related to social media, newsroom strategy and news judgement in their respective organizations. Shoemaker’s gatekeeping theory is the basis for this research. Shoemaker and Vos (2009) suggested gatekeepers maintain the flow of information and help that information flow onward. However, the research here shows that downsizing of newsrooms has made an impact on the traditional role of editor to serve as the newsroom gatekeeper, specifically when it comes to social media news and information.
The seven respondents were asked a battery of questions to determine how social media plays a role in their daily professional lives and how the flow of news and information works in their respective newsrooms. Those newsrooms varied in size from small community newspapers to larger metropolitan organizations and also included citizen journalism organizations.
While this research did show patterns in newsroom gatekeeping processes for social media news and information, additional studies into the dynamics of downsized newsrooms and the evolution of the gatekeeping process with news and information not obtained by social media channels is necessary to paint a more complete picture on the status of overall gatekeeping in today’s newsrooms.

O livro é fruto da pesquisa de doutorado do autor, que faz um resgate histórico da teoria traduzindo pela primeira vez para o português as tabelas e dados publicados nos anos 1950 por David Manning White. Contrapondo a premissa de que a Internet eliminaria qualquer necessidade de mediação ou possibilidade de controle, a obra traz uma oferta de material de consulta e reflexão sobre o controle sobre a informação em tempos de redes sociais e abundância informativa.

As traditional news media struggle to adapt to a new journalism paradigm with the onslaught of a historic technological disruption in journalism, some institutions are altering decades-old newsgathering and dissemination routines by utilizing emerging media technologies to engage with a newly active audience through two-way asymmetric communication. Concurrently, these new journalism norms are challenging long-standing gatekeeping, agenda-setting, and framing media theories.
This comparison case study focuses on the Orlando Sentinel newspaper in Central Florida and its groundbreaking coverage on two seminal court trials: State of Florida v. Casey Marie Anthony and State of Florida v. George Zimmerman. Both of the trials garnered national and international media attention due to the controversial and sensational nature of the charges. Anthony was acquitted of first-degree murder in the death of her two-year-old daughter, Caylee. Zimmerman was acquitted on second- degree murder charges for the shooting death of unarmed teenager, Trayvon Martin. These trials were selected in part because the researcher was employed by the Orlando Sentinel at the time of the trials and study, and therefore had privileged knowledge and
8
direct access to the inner-workings of the newspaper and the employees who covered the trials.
Employing qualitative case study methodologies, this research involved a series of in-depth interviews with reporters, photographers, web and social media producers, and editors who were directly involved with covering the trials. Through these interviews, the researcher investigated the changes the Orlando Sentinel made to its traditional newsgathering and dissemination processes in response to audience demand, and how those new processes directed readers to the newspaper’s multiple resources in print, online, and on mobile platforms for obtaining information about the trials.
The study demonstrated how these emerging newsgathering and dissemination techniques challenged existing gatekeeping, agenda-setting, and framing media theories, whereby information is no longer passing through one specific gatekeeper and the audience is now actively engaged in setting the agenda and framing the context of the story. Findings show that audience demands for live and continuous information throughout the development of the Casey Anthony and George Zimmerman stories and resulting court proceedings were a driving force in changing outdated journalism paradigms that led to the adaptation of a new norm by the Orlando Sentinel newsroom and journalists.

Journalism is a continuous journey, in fact in English is quite evident: “The english words” journalism “and” journey “are cousins.” With this magnificent sentence begins the book Participatory Journalism: Gates Open at Guarding Online Newspapers published this year by Singer, Hermida, Sun and others to demonstrate this idea, the idea of continuous evolution of this profession.

Internet and social media contribute to the transformation of the process of selection and circulation of content. This paper investigates if Twitter users assume the role of gatekeepers when recommending content to their followers. Through the techniques of content analysis, we analyzed the links associated to #ArdeValencia and #25N, two viral hashtags in Spain about forest fires in Valencia and the Parliament election in Catalonia in 2012. The results question the potential of users as curators of content, because they tend to reproduce the media agenda and link news without following any strategy.

This nationwide survey of news directors at network affiliate television stations explores the impact social media is having on editorial and production decisions related to newscasts. The results show popular, or trending, content and topics on social media are a significant factor in choosing stories to cover. The research examines how these stories are treated in newscasts versus those gathered through more traditional sources. The study also reveals that the reliance on social media content has increased the chances that newsrooms will spread misinformation. A third of respondents indicated their stations have reported information from social media that was later found to be false or inaccurate. Despite this, policy has not caught up with practice. One of the more striking findings of this study is, of those news-rooms that have social media policies, nearly 40% said the policy does not include procedures for verifying social media content before it is included in a newscast.

“Hidden Agendas of Aesthetic Selection: Contemporary Poetry Awards”, Workshop on “Publishing, Gatekeeping, Pa-tronage: Participation and/in the Literary Field”, 67th Annual Conference of the German Association for Ameri-can Studies (DGfA) – “Participation in American Culture and Society”, Heidelberg, June 17–19, 2021 (Lecture, Conference Online).

This theoretical essay uses Kurt Lewin’s gatekeeping theory to examine the decision-makers as well as the different pressures and constraints that are at issue in decisions regarding challenges and censorship attempts that occur in regards to library collections. Knowing who the decision-makers, or gatekeepers, are in the decision-making process, whether it is library boards, library directors, or public officials, is crucial to the understanding of censorship in public libraries. Without a clear understanding of the function of gates and gatekeepers in the decision-making process, libraries may allow unintended censorship of ideas and information to persist.

Without a clear understanding of the function of gates and gatekeepers in the materials selection process, libraries may allow unintended censorship of ideas and information to persist. Censorship is closely tied with the library selection process when building a library's collection. Through the framework of gatekeeping theory, the act of censorship in libraries will be analyzed by using the theory to map the different pressures and constraints that are at issue in decisions regarding library collections.

This study contributes to the theory of gatekeeping by examining how community media journalists in Sub-Saharan Africa navigate through conflicting information. Using the case of COVID-19, the study examined how journalists from community media in Zambia and Tanzania reported government information that conflicted with what the local communities they served believed to be untrue. Drawing from interviews with journalists from community media organizations, we were able to demonstrate that there was a schism between what the editors thought as newsworthy versus what the reporters believed as possessing journalistic values relevant for their communities. Unlike the reporters, most editors aligned much with what the government wanted the media to transmit. This is especially true in Zambia where reporters indicated that most of their stories were flagged as irrelevant by their editors. These findings are then examined through the lens of gatekeeping, particularly a focus on various
levels of analysis.

This is a multiple case study of the ways middle grades social studies teachers, as curricular-instructional gatekeepers, may make decisions to provide their gifted students with purposeful differentiated instruction. More specifically, this study explores what teachers believe they should do to instruct gifted students, in what ways teachers prepare and adapt curriculum and instruction
for gifted students, and how instruction for gifted learners can take place in a middle school social studies classroom. Through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and supportive visual evidence, six middle grades (6-8) social studies teachers disclosed in what ways they differentiate their middle grades social studies curriculum and instruction for their gifted adolescent learners. Through Hatch’s (2002) Inductive Analysis model, findings were recorded and presented in the form of individual teacher observation and thematic cross-case analysis. Findings suggest that middle grades social studies teachers take into consideration factors that influence their curricular instructional beliefs, directly affecting the decisions they make in terms of curriculum selection, instructional delivery, and the methods of differentiation employed to meet the needs of their gifted students. Much of what teachers planned, prepared, and adapted was often influenced by the needs of their students, but also addressed mandates of their school and district agendas. This conflict between meeting the needs of both students and administration resulted in gatekeeping that often favored administration, while reducing the frequency of best practices for middle level gifted students in social studies classrooms.

Implications for the study include how teacher confidence, or the lack there of, effects instructional practices. Time constraints in middle level curriculum pacing and increased assessment also limited opportunities for rigorous, relevant, and differentiated social studies instruction for gifted students. Middle level social studies teachers of gifted call for clearer and more illustrative descriptions of what the academic ceiling for gifted social studies might look like in general. There are distinctive contrasts between models of differentiation and neighboring concepts of individualized and personalized learning. While in theory differentiation is meaningful, middle level social studies teachers find it difficult to implement methods of differentiation in their classroom with desired frequency. There is a distinctive bond between the fields of social studies, English Language Arts, and research skills. Middle level social studies teachers of gifted seek greater opportunities for meaningful professional development options. Lastly, there is a call among middle level social studies teachers for the inclusion of gifted initiatives in teacher education programs.

Topics that could be explored for future research include a continued effort to expound applicable gatekeeping practices, the provision of purposeful professional development and learning for teacher populations, continued application and practice of differentiation in the field of social studies education, increased inclusion of social studies in the elementary classroom, the awareness and servicing of gifted learners in the middle school social studies classroom, and the increased inclusion of gifted populations with undergraduate and graduate social studies education programs.

This theoretical article focuses on a part-whole relationship between journalistic translation (or news translation) and the overall process of news gatekeeping within and outside of the boundaries of media organizations. The article argues for understanding the part (i.e., journalistic translation) in light of the whole (i.e., news gatekeeping) and the whole in light of the part. In this regard, it approaches journalistic translation in terms of its relationships with other news gatekeeping operations (e.g., information selection and editing) and factors that control the whole process of news gatekeeping (e.g., organizational and social constraints); besides, it touches on the relevance of the inclusion of the concept of translation in theorizing about news gatekeeping and the potential of the findings of research on translation in news production settings to contribute to news gatekeeping scholarship.

This article reports on a study that contributes to the literature on gatekeeping, gatewatching and crowdsourcing in African contexts. It does so by significantly expanding the scope, and theoretically incorporating the value of information and message content, through which the study revealed how citizen journalists only participate in the already existing media agenda. Citizen journalists are not professional journalists, instead they transmit information using social media platforms. By analysing a total of 2 418 stories from social media users and conducting surveys among 314 journalists, the study was able to demonstrate that journalists and the political elites are the main creators of news media agenda. The findings also suggest that journalists do not crowdsource to obtain a diversity of opinions, but rather to validate their already made agenda. These findings, although consistent with the extant literature, present an important topic to the so far understudied area of Africa.

Abstract: Originally the linkage & leverage theory was conceptualized by S. Levitsky & L. Way to measure and analyze democracy promotion by the West. J. Tolstrup updated their model, making it neutral by adapting the Western-centered mid-level theory to cover authoritarian promotion as well. This paper is a continuation of this model and an attempt to make it more concrete and useful. The author provides an instrumentarium of how (great) powers have used various forms of linkage in support of other (authoritarian) regimes in order to integrate or consolidate that state’s position within the former’s zone of influence. Further this set of tools shows how the same forms of linkage can be used to destabilize or coerce non-compliant regimes or even bring about regime change. In response, as Tolstrup observed, target regimes are no toys in the hands of great powers, they have agency as well and can use gatekeeping techniques in order to erode various forms of linkage. Some of these gatekeeping methods are also described. The instrumentarium is not exhaustive nor normative, but hopefully provides a new stepping-stone in the mid-level study of autocracy and democracy promotion within international relations.
Keywords: Authoritarian promotion, Democratization, Linkage, Leverage, Gatekeeping, Black Knight, regime overthrow, Coup d’état, Coup proofing techniques, Dependency.

A major challenge in experimental fashion is to define innovation in the field. This challenge offers an opportunity for comparative analysis and triangulations. Pieces of experimental fashion may not have any resemblance either to fashionable clothes or the human body. Dramatic pieces of experimental fashion may be considered as situated at the boundary of fashion and fine arts.

This paper addresses a problem of defining innovation in experimental fashion by analysing two awards launched by professional bodies to promote and support experimentalism in fashion. These are the British Fashion Council awards (BFC awards), and Han Nefkens awards (Nefkens awards) based in the Netherlands.
Selection criteria and selection processes were compared to track significant signposts for defining innovation in experimental fashion from the professional bodies’ point of view. Comparison between the two awards revealed a distinct contrast in effect, in which the BFC awards show evidence of business orientation and commercial fashion styling in contrast with the arts orientation and emphasis on dramatic impact of commissions in exhibitions for the Nefkens awards. Cross referencing analysis of this complex field brings together interpretations of innovation in experimental fashion and assists in finding ground for further theoretical enquiry.

ABSTRACT: The author applies the Linkage-Leverage theory, updated by Jakob Tolstrup to three Central Asian Countries. The paper argues that the Central Asian countries have more or less successfully diversified their geopolitical and economic linkages with Russia, China and the U.S.A. since the end of the Cold War. This leads the author to believe that other forms of linkage, especially social and communication linkage will become more important over the next years. The question remains how the People’s Republic of China will act if Russia becomes more assertive in the wake of American withdrawal from the region, in particular since China only possesses economical linkage.
KEYWORDS: Leverage, Linkage, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, geopolitics.

Gatekeeping theory and the hierarchy of influences model were used as a framework to analyze democratic norm development in Iraq. The study developed three watchdog gatekeeping models that could be adapted for other conflict or post-dictatorship environments or modified for longtime democracies. The study used hierarchical regression to analyze forces that influenced attitudes of 588 Iraqi journalists in their gatekeeping role. Individual-level forces, followed by ideological-level forces, contributed the most toward watchdog gatekeeping attitudes toward access to government meetings and news media routine forces contributed the most toward influencing attitudes toward access to government records.

Justices on the US Supreme Court are rational and therefore strategic policymakers. Yet, how rational are they? How far into the future would their strategic considerations reach? Due to potential influence on both policy and doctrine, ceteris paribus they find opinion authorship desirable; when selecting cases, in addition to thinking about legal issues and the final disposition, justices strategically consider opinion crafting.To overcome the measurement error inherent to the estimation of rational behavior of the type proposed here, the Simulation Extrapolation protocol is introduced.There is strong support for the notion of doctrine-minded justices at cert.The social implications of such rational behavior are far-reaching; employing this strategy, over the course of her time in office, a justice would be able to considerably influence several policy and legal issues. In closing, implications of strategic behavior on the individual-justice level for the constitutional position of the Court within American society are discussed.

More Americans are using social media in their daily lives and finding news and information on sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Media organizations are using social media sites to locate sources and verify information to increase ratings and circulation. Reporters and editors are interacting with audiences more than ever before. The result is a weakening of news organizations’ systems of editorial control and, consequently, their traditional gatekeeping function. To assist with disseminating information about news stories and engage with their audiences more, some media organizations are creating a new position at newspapers and broadcast stations, known as a social media editor, producer or manager. They are more common in larger news organizations and differ from website editors because social media editors focus on creating conversations with the audience. Their place in the newsroom, however, is developing and uncertain, especially at the local news level. This study aims to ...

This study applies Kurt Lewin's (1947) gatekeeping theory to examine in more complexity the decision-makers as well as the different pressures and constraints that are at issue in decisions regarding challenges and censorship attempts that occur in public libraries. Central to the study is the phenomenon of librarians themselves engaging in acts of censorship. Through an in-depth case study of two federal court cases dealing with challenges and censorship attempts that occurred in public libraries, this study seeks to identify the gatekeeping structures present within public libraries, specifically those that contribute to conditions that encourage librarians to censor.

Expanding the boundaries in translation studies by incorporating a theory from media studies might help us understand TV interpreting better. In this vein, this article draws on gatekeeping, which is a term widely used in media studies. The article investigates gatekeeping in TV interpreting in Turkey, drawing on a larger empirical study. TV interpreting has recently come to be recognised as notably different from conference interpreting. One of the outcomes of the institutionalization of the practices involved in interpreting on TV in Turkey is that a gatekeeping process has become commonplace. It is hypothesised that lexical transformations are indicative of gatekeeping in TV interpreting performed in Turkey. This hypothesis will be tested on the basis of an analysis of official guidelines, self-narratives of the interpreters and actual cases of interpreters themselves rendering the terms denoting " Iraqi Kurdistan " into Turkish. The findings suggest that state policy serves as a gate in interpreting for the Turkish audience on TV.

This book will examine the unique way that fathers around the world contribute to the positive educational outcomes of children. From ages 3 to 18 (Pre K – 12), fathers play a distinct, developmental and directed role in their children's schooling. We seek empirical research-based submissions, both quantitative and qualitative, that highlight what fathers do to help their children get ahead in school. We define fathering as biological or non-biological male parenting. Submissions are not limited to but can include: race, gender, socioeconomic status, and/or comparative analysis from around the world.

Across the world both journalists and their audiences now depend on social media and search engines to deliver them news and information. Standing between the individual and the ever-growing volumes of digital data are a variety of automated gatekeepers—algorithms—whose great and growing power to influence journalism is only starting to be recognised. This unaccountable software—generally under the control of large intermediaries like Facebook, Apple and Google—is already influencing the ways in which journalists prioritise potential stories, how they research them, and how these stories are published and consumed. This chapter draws on Feenberg’s critical theories of technology (Questioning Technology, Routledge, London, 1999) to explore this phenomenon and describe some possible consequences for the provision and consumption of knowledge to the public sphere.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar as formas de apresentação e consumo de informações esportivas. A pesquisa em que se baseia o estudo partiu da hipótese de que a fonte a que os indivíduos recorrem para a busca de tais informações estaria se alterando drasticamente, com uma crescente participação do meio Internet, em detrimento dos meios midiáticos tradicionais. Tal hipótese foi levantada por observações pessoais de um dos autores deste artigo, procedendo-se, então a uma pesquisa em dois níveis: a coleta de dados sobre a apresentação das notícias em dois jornais virtuais ; e pesquisa de opinião com o público consumidor através de questionários. Os resultados alcançados apontam no sentido de que veículos virtuais, especialmente os sites esportivos, vêm obtendo destaque dentre os meios de comunicação, seguindo a tendência internacional.