Hindi/Urdu

The paper demonstrates the qualitative evaluation of the English to Urdu Machine Translation Systems, namely PBSMT and NMT hosted on Google’s Translate. This system is popularly known as Rosetta, formerly governed by Phrase-based approach and is presently governed by the neural module of source and target languages. In this study, a model corpus set of 100 English sentences has been applied out of 1k cross-domain data considering various types of verbs as input text to evaluate the output of the online systems in Urdu. In order to evaluate the output text in a qualitative manner, the Inter-translator Agreement (IA) of three human translators has been considered with their scores on a five-point scale. The scores are calculated by the Fleiss’ Kappa statistical measure with regard to comprehensibility and grammaticality on the basis of which error analysis and suggestions have been provided for improvement. The Kappa scores of PBSMT for comprehensibility and grammaticality are 0.24 an...

Low-density languages are also known as lesser-known, poorly-described, less-resourced, minority or less-computerized language because they have fewer resources available. Collection and annotation of a voluminous corpus for the purpose of NLP application for these languages prove to be quite challenging. For the development of any NLP application for a low-density language, one needs to have an annotated corpus and a standard scheme for annotation. Because of their non-standard usage in text and other linguistic nuances, they pose significant challenges that are of linguistic and technical in nature. The present paper highlights some of the underlying issues and challenges in developing statistical POS taggers applying SVM and CRF++ for Sambalpuri, a less-resourced Eastern Indo-Aryan language. A corpus of approximately 121 k is collected from the web and converted into Unicode encoding. The whole corpus is annotated under the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) annotation scheme devised for Odia under the ILCI (Indian Languages Corpora Initiative) Project. Both the taggers are trained and tested with approximately 80 k and 13 k respectively. The SVM tagger provides 83% accuracy while the CRF++ has 71.56% which is less in comparison to the former.

The paper demonstrates the qualitative evaluation of the English to Urdu Machine Translation Systems, namely PBSMT and NMT hosted on Google’s Translate. This system is popularly known as Rosetta, formerly governed by Phrase-based approach and is presently governed by the neural module of source and target languages. In this study, a model corpus set of 100 English sentences has been applied out of 1k cross-domain data considering various types of verbs as input text to evaluate the output of the online systems in Urdu. In order to evaluate the output text in a qualitative manner, the Inter-translator Agreement (IA) of three human translators has been considered with their scores on a five-point scale. The scores are calculated by the Fleiss’ Kappa statistical measure with regard to comprehensibility and grammaticality on the basis of which error analysis and suggestions have been provided for improvement. The Kappa scores of PBSMT for comprehensibility and grammaticality are 0.24 an...

This essay lays out the premise for the exhibition ‘Bagh-e Hind’ that is conceptualised around the olfactory landscape of Mughal-era South Asia. The first of its kind, this multidisciplinary exhibition is the result of a collaboration between art critic and perfumer Bharti Lalwani (India) and historian and literary scholar Nicolas Roth (USA). Roth, a specialist in Mughal-era horticultural writings, made deliberate selections of five paintings depicting garden scenes from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for Lalwani to translate into fragrance and Edible Perfume™ .

English Q1: State the KIND of underlined ADJECTIVE in the given sentence. I. The ship suffered heavy damage. _____________________________________ II. I called you several time. _____________________________________ III. Those apples are rotten. _____________________________________ IV. January is the first month of the year. _________________________________ Q2: Complete the passage with correct ABSTRACT NOUN forming with the word given in the bracket. The boy couldn't understand ________________________ (multiply) and ________________________ (divide) in spite of his teacher's ________________________ (explain) and extra ________________________ (instruct) after school. It was not because of ________________________ (lazy). Q3: Joint the sentences by adding a suitable CONJUNCTION. Tom's brother told his parents ______________ the reason for Tom's quietness ______________ nervousness was, he was being bullied at school. Their parents talked about it to the teacher ______________ solved it successfully. Q4: Which HOMOPHONES will go with the given sentences? I. When children are ill they look very _____________. (pail, pale) II. Do you know how much the bus _____________ is going to be? (fare, fair) Q5: Do as directed. 1. They will be enjoying the birthday bash next month this time. (Change into NEGATIVE.) _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Ali told a lie to his father. (Change into INTERROGATIVE.) _____________________________________________________________________ 3. They go upstairs to sleep. (Change into THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.)

مسیحی حلقے اکثر اِس حقیقت کا انکار کرتے ہوئے نظر آتے ہیں کہ بائبل مقدس تحریف شُدہ ہے۔ بعض اوقات مسیحی احباب جوشِ ایمانی میں یہ تقاضا بھی کر بیٹھتے ہیں کہ اگر بائبل واقعی تحریفات کی حامل کتاب ہے تو اِس کا ثبوت پیش کیا جائے۔ مُسمانوں کے ہاں عمومی مزاج قرآن کے بیان کردہ اصُولی نقطہء نظر تک ہی محدود ہے جہاں یہ تاریخی حقیقت ایک اصُول کی صورت میں بیان کر دی گئی ہے کہ مسیحی اور یہودی کاتبین اور علماء نے اپنی مذہبی کُتب میں تحریفات کرنے سے گریز نہیں کیا، تاہم قُرآنِ کریم اپنے مزاج کے مطابق زیادہ وضاحت فراہم نہیں کرتا اور مزید تحقیق کا عُنصر قاری پر چھوڑ دیتا ہے۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ اکثروبیشتر مسلمان مسیحی افراد کے سوالات اور اعتراضات کا مُدلّل جواب دینے سے قاصر رہتے ہیں۔

یہ مقالہ اُردو کے اندر بائبل کی تحریف پر ایک شاہکار کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔ کسی بھی مسیحی دعویدار یا معترض کو اگر صرف یہ ایک مقالہ بائبل کی تحریف کے ثبوت کے طور پر پیش کر دیا جائے تو مجھے یقین ہے کہ بڑے بڑے مسیحی عُلماء کے پاس بھی اِس کا ردِّ جواب نہیں ہو گا۔

A colloquialism is an informal expression, that is, an expression not used in formal speech or writing. Colloquialisms can include words, phrases, or sometimes even an entire aphorism.  Aphoristic collections, sometimes known as wisdom literature, have a prominent place in Urdu cultural tradition. The tradition started with the collection of Hadith (prophet’s saying) in Islam.  The aphoristic tradition in Urdu was further strengthened by Sufis to whom aphorisms are commonly attributed.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to focus on the growth and development of Arabic Journalism in India. In this regard, we can say that when printing presses were invented and newspapers and magazines in different languages were published in the four corners of the world, then Indian journalists played a very vital role in journalism. It was started by the British, James Augustus Hickey was the first Englishman who published the first journal in India in 1780. It was called “The Bengal Gazette”. Then various journals were being published one after another in Calcutta, Mumbai and Madras respectively. In India, Arabic Journalism evolved abit late in comparison to other languages like English, Persian and Urdu. But within a very short period of time, various Arabic Journals like Al- Nafa al- Azeem Li Ahli Hadha al- Iqlim, Al- Bayan, AlDhiya, Al- Jamia, Thaqafah al- Hind, Al- Bass El- Islami, Al- Raid, Al-Daaei, Dawah al- Haqq, Saut al- Ummah, Al- Sahwah al- Islamiyyah,Al- Arab etc. came to be published by the prominent Indian Arabic journalists who had made every effort to Promote and develop Arabic journalism in India. Now a-days, Arabic journalism (العربية الصحافة (has been playing a significant role in the growth and development of Arabic language and literature in India. Today, India has produced a great number of outstanding Arabic scholars who have got wide acceptance in Arabic journalism in the Arab world and whose journalistic noble work can be compared to any work of any great Arab scholars.

This book studies the hybrid intellectual culture of eighteenth-century late-Mughal India, tracing the circulation of poetic and art styles between cosmopolitan Delhi and provincial centers. It presents a case study of the Rajput principality of Kishangarh, which is famous for its paintings, but was also an important literary center. Highlighted are the works of Savant Singh (1699–1764), alias Nagaridas, who was a prolific poet in Old Hindi and commissioned Kishangarhi paintings to illustrate his own devotional poetry to Krishna. Using newly discovered manuscript sources, this book highlights the interface between art and literature. Taking as its point of departure calligraphies of Nagaridas' poetry in Rekhta, now known as early Urdu, this study provides a first chapter in the as yet unwritten history of the reception of early Urdu in non-Muslim provincial milieus. It demonstrates the exchange of both painting and poetry between cultural communities before the hardening into 'Hindu-Hindi' and 'Muslim-Urdu'. BERLIN [ WWW.EBVERLAG.DE ] Heidi Pauwels is Professor in the Department of Asian Languages and Literature at the University of Washington in Seattle. She has authored two books on sixteenth-century Krishna devotion and one comparing classical, medieval and contemporary film and television retellings of the stories of Krishna and Rama.

शब्द हर समय सत्ताओं के सजदे में झुके होते हैं। सत्ताएँ शब्दों को अर्थ देती हैं और शब्द उन्हें पहचान और स्थाईत्त्व। ये एक-दूसरे को प्रामाणिक बनाते हैं, एक-दूसरे को छिपाते हैं, एक-दूसरे का सार्वभौमीकरण करते हुए सामान्य बोध का हिस्सा बनाते हैं। जो अदृश्य होकर बच्चों को सुनायी जाती लोरी से लेकर हुंकार तक, समाचार से लेकर संगीत फैला होता है। हमारे स्वप्न, हमारी चाहतें, उदासी, आनंद इसी से समंजित हैं। हमारा जीवन इसी का प्रभावोत्पाद है। सामान्य भाषिक व्यवहार इसी दायरे में, इसी को मज़बूत करता हुआ, इसी के दम पर संभव होता है। हमारे द्वारा दुहराया गया हर वाक्य उसे मज़बूत करता है। इस तरह हम हर दुहराव के साथ अपनी आत्मविरोधी दुनिया रचते जाते हैं। किसी भी भाषिक सृजन का काम गहराई में इस दुष्चक्र को तोड़ना है। शब्दों में कुछ पुरानी अर्थ-छवियों को पुनर्जीवित करना या नई अर्थ-छवियों को पैदा करना है। पारंपरिक लय को तोड़ना और नई लय पैदा करना है। शब्दों को उधेड़ कर रख देना है, जिससे उनका इतिहास दिखे और अर्थ-छवियों के गमन से उनके भीतर बनी राह खुल जाए। इस बिन्दु से ही सार्थकता, सम्प्रेषण और लोकप्रियता जैसे तमाम मुद्दे जुड़ते हैं।
भाषिक व्यवहार वर्तमान सत्ता संरचना, उसकी लय, उसके भाव-बोध, आइडियोलॉजी के अनुकूल है तो सम्प्रेषण और लोकप्रियता सहज संभाव्य है। पर सृजन और सार्थकता संभव नहीं। अतः कविता का संभव होना सार्थकता और सम्प्रेषण के तनाव पर ही निर्भर है। एक कवि को हमारे चरों तरफ़ मौजूद दुनिया में संवेदना के गमन के लिए नई जमीन तोड़नी होती है। उसे नया लय, नया भावावेग देना होता है। और साथ ही इस सृजन को संप्रेषणीय भी बनाना होता है। इसके लिए मौजूद भाषिक संरचना का एक हद तक उपयोग भी करना होता है। वरना बात ही संप्रेषित न होगी। किसी कवि की जमीन, उसकी दिशा की पड़ताल करने के लिए यहाँ तक आना ही होता है। अगर आप यहाँ नरेश सक्सेना की कविताएं लाएँ तो उनकी ताक़त और उनका अधूरापन दोनों साफ़ हो जाएगा

आदर्श केंद्रित लोकतांत्रिक समाज की आधारशिला रखने वाले गुलाब सिंह की रचनात्मक प्रस्तुतियाँ 'ऑफ़ स्टेज' नहीं, बल्कि ‘ऑन-स्टेज' हैं। इस 'ऑन-स्टेज प्रस्तुति' से भाव-संवेदन एवं परिवेश के स्तर पर भावकों को आधुनिक समाज की संगत एवं विसंगत छवियाँ तो देखने को मिलती ही हैं, मानवीय संवेदना से परितृप्त शब्दों-बिम्बों के चिन्तनपरक चित्रांकन एवं रागवेशित भावाभिव्यक्ति से जीवन मूल्यों की पुनर्स्थापना हेतु एक विशिष्ट प्रकार का संवाद भी स्थापित होता चला जाता है। यह संवाद जहाँ बाज़ारवाद के बढ़ते दुष्प्रभावों के बीच मनुष्य की पीड़ा, त्रास, घुटन, आभाव, शोषण, भय आदि को उजागर करता है, वहीं मनुष्य होने की कुछ बुनियादी शर्तों की वकालत करता हुआ निस्वार्थ प्रेम, दया, करुणा, त्याग, सहयोग एवं सम्मान करने और प्रकृति के साथ सच्चा साहचर्य निभाने की बात भी करता है। यह अलग बात है कि ऐसा करने में यह लोकोपकारी रचनाकार कभी-कभी अपने नवगीतों में शिल्पगत छूट ले लेता है, फिर भी अन्य नवगीतों की तरह ही उसकी ये रचनाएँ भी कथ्य के स्तर पर सुगढ़, मौलिक और नवीन हैं; उनमें टटकापन, सहजता और लयात्मकता है।

MLA Citation:
चौहान, अवनीश सिंह, "अर्थों की पंखुड़ियाँ बिछाते गुलाब सिंह", साहित्य कुञ्ज, वर्ष : 17, अंक : 184, 01 जुलाई 2021, वेब पृष्ठ

It is a short review on the rich socio-historical and cultural Nawabi heritage of Lucknow, which is an attempt to cover a few wonders of the Owadh by the writer. The city of Lucknow has been given various other historical names too to interpret its value, such as “The Constantinople of India”, “Shiraz e Hind” and “The Golden City of the East” because of its marvels. Lucknow is a large city in northern India which is also a hub of Shia and Sunni Ulama of high repute. Alas! It was looted and destroyed by the cruel and brutal British Empire. Thanks to the veteran writers and the successors of the custodian of the lost heritage, today we know something about it.

A newly proofread (2015) and uncut version of the introduction to and translation of shahr-āshob poems from “The Lament for Delhi” (Fughān-i Dihlī) eventually published in: Nationalism in the Vernacular: Hindi, Urdu, and the Literature of Indian Freedom. Ed. Shobna Nijhawan. Delhi: Permanent Black. 2009. 88-92.

A Critical Analysis of " To The Welsh Critic Who Doesn't Find Me Identifiably Indian " (Arundhathi Subhramaniam) The title of the poem, " To The Welsh Critic Who Doesn't Find Me Identifiably Indian, " makes it quite evident that the poet, Arundhathi Subhramaniam, intends to break down the generalizations surrounding people of Indian ethnicities that persist in the Western world through this work of hers. She vehemently ridicules many notions regarded as archetypical of Indians by the people of the West and mocks the belief held particularly by Western academics that all users of English from India bear, in their ways of speaking and writing in the language, distinctive giveaways about their nationality. She applies a nationalistic tone to her work and provides many hints that she is proud of her cultural background throughout her speech. In the first two lines of the poem itself the poet makes it clear that she does not acknowledge the norms she is expected to adhere to by virtue of her nationality. She is aggravated enough to even label the people perpetuating these stereotypes as the " wide-eyed Eng Lit type " (line 2). We may infer from this that the poet, by the time she wrote these lines, was very frustrated by how some people of Western cultures noticed her command over English as being exceptional for someone of her cultural heritage. She alludes to the history of British

In this discourse, Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1922-1990), a spiritual teacher (also known as Shrii Shrii Anandamurti) and social philosopher, describes how the languages of India evolved from pre-historic times to the present. P.R. Sarkar had a vast knowledge of languages and their grammars and spoke many languages fluently. I was present in India in 1988 when he gave a demonstration of speaking in an Indian language the way it was spoken about 20,000 years ago. This spoken discourse was given in Kolkata on 25 September 1990. -- Richard Gauthier, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California, USA, 13 September, 2020.

Urdu Playwright and theatre director Afaq Almas is ready with a theatrical dramatization in Urdu of Susan Masotty's English translation of the Diary of Anne Frank. The diary itself is yet to be translated into Urdu, the lingua franca of linguistically diverse South Asian Muslims who make up one third of the global Muslim population. Certain sections of them deny or minimize the Holocaust. Overall there is widespread ignorance of the Holocaust in South Asia. Afaq Almas's endeavour would be a great remedial measure. He also intends to stage the play in all major cities of India and elsewhere in South Asia, though he has little idea as to how he will manage the funds to cover the expenses involved.

Complete lecture for this paper - https://youtu.be/iBjHaBHO_qU

In India during the Post-Independence Era; a period of colossal chaos, Sahir struggled to align his stance and literary point of view. Interestingly, rather than going to extremes, Sahir chose the middle path. He kept himself aloof from becoming a complete advocate of revolution or love and chose to express the anguish of both; the personal and the political.

Urdu language derived from Sanskrit, an extinct language, into Prakrit and later on into the languages today known as Urdu and Hindi. Elements of Persian, Arabic and Turkish were incorporated into Urdu at a later stage through different language reforms, Islamic and cultural influences. At the same time, Hindi eliminated elements from Persian, Arabic and Turkish and kept on borrowing lexical elements from Sanskrit. With the arrival of Islam to the Subcontinent, the predecessor language of Urdu and Hindi was split into these two languages according to the religion of the speakers. The Muslims utilized a Persian script called Nastaliq and the Hindus kept de Devanagari script. The split of the language according to the script gave birth, in fact, to two different languages, Hindi and Urdu. This research is conducted under descriptive, analytical and quantitative approaches which mean to place data regarding language development along with an analysis from different angles. In this research, the remaining elements of Sanskrit and Prakrit in Urdu language are studied. For this purpose, one thousand words of the basic vocabulary of Urdu language will be analyzed from an etymological point of view. In this manner, the exact percentage of Sanskrit vocabulary as well as Prakrit vocabulary present in Urdu's basic vocabulary will be obtained. The research is significant since it is probably the first corpus-based, survey of the use of Sanskrit and Prakrit terms in Urdu language. The investigation lends itself to the understanding of the impact of Sanskrit and Prakrit on contemporary Urdu.

Since the rise of India as an economic powerhouse in the world scene, more and more North American universities have started taking an interest in South Asia. In the catalogue of courses offered on South Asia, Hindi-Urdu as a foreign language is a prominent one. Are Hindi and Urdu two languages? Or one? If two, what are the grounds to offer them as one course? And if one, why do many universities teach them as separate languages or teach only one of them? Without going into the details of the socio-political aspect of the Hindi-Urdu controversy , in this paper, I will only deal with the rationale behind bringing Hindi and Urdu into one course offering, and the pros and cons of such an academic approach and its justifications. I will also discuss some of the challenges faced by Hindi-Urdu teachers: lack of textbooks, Hindi (Devanagari) first/Urdu (Nastaliq) first approach, assessment, and so forth.

The Urdu language has suffered a process of evolution and reforms. In this book this process is explained from a historical linguistics point of view, noting those factors natural and otherwise which have influenced the language to be in the form we find it today.  The book also analyzes the etymological components of the basic vocabulary of Urdu language.