Judgement

In its response to common sense judgements such as “here are two hands,” On Certainty gave an analysis of reasoning as structured in hinge propositions. As Duncan Pritchard points out, here Wittgenstein was influenced by Newman and should be understood in the context of faith and reason. One issue, though, is “quasi-fideism,” and another is whether knowledge and certainty are as distinct as Wittgenstein appears to claim. In response, I present Lonergan’s alternative account of common sense in Insight.

Esse estudo se propõe a discutir a possibilidade de aprendizado e desenvolvimento da percepção e julgamento. Apresentadas inicialmente como uma única capacidade e posteriormente identificando a relação de uma com a outra. Entender suas origens, as visões em áreas distintas do conhecimento e investigar possíveis métodos pedagógicos que abordaram esse tema, isto é, seu desenvolvimento enquanto capacidades humanas passiveis de se aprender.
Foram consultados artigos, testes e livros que abordam o assunto nas áreas de capacitação profissional, desenvolvimento de competências, gestão de pessoas por competência, psicologia e pedagogia

There is a "MYSTERY" that the "church-at-large" has hidden from and deprived Christians the knowledge of almost since its inception !!!

** This "Mystery" (Secret) was fundamental to the teaching of Jesus Christ Himself and His early apostles. It was the core teaching of the Apostle Paul. Many of the early Christian Mystics and mystical teachers knew and taught it, especially William Law and Jacob Boehme of the 1600-1700 era.

** It is the foundation stone of TRUE Christian experience, the root source or "modus operandi" of Christian salvation and sanctification, and the ONLY basis or foundation of Christian life. Without the reality of it operable in a life, one can NOT indeed even BE a "Christian" in the Biblical sense !!!

** Despite the ABSOLUTE NECESSITY of this "Mystery" - it is actively known, understood and practiced by a mere handful of the professing worldwide "christian" community. Even fewer could INTELLIGENTLY discuss, explain or teach it to others.

** The majority of those that ARE in ANY sense familiar with this "Mystery" DO NOT understand its origin, foundation, and inner-workings. They know little more than "proof-text" scripture verses, religious jargon and "catch-words" to describe what little they DO know !! They are like the average computer user who knows how to turn the machine on, push a few buttons, and use the mouse and keyboard. They, however, know ABSOLUTELY nothing about HOW or WHY the computer performs its various functions. To them, it is "MAGIC" !!

** "Now, hold on just one minute", someone reading this might object. "I can get my work on my computer done JUST FINE without understanding anything as to HOW it works !!" That may be true enough (as far as it goes) for a computer, but man/woman is NOT a machine - and in the domain of Christianity, as we will further discuss, he/she needs to take an intelligent, cooperative role. Some aspects of the Christian Faith have ALREADY been accomplished "behind the scenes" (so to speak), and require NO contribution from or involvement by us. Other aspects, however, DO require our ACTIVE, intelligent knowledge of and participation in to be effective in our lives.

** I am going to devote this article to revealing said "MYSTERY", and in examining and explaining its TRUE origin and workings. I will attempt to show how "The Church" has, for the most part, deprived not only Christendom but the WHOLE world of this "treasure hidden in a field" that Jesus Christ, Son of the Creator, came to reveal and make available to ALL OF US !!!

Preiser, W. F. E., Davis, A., Salama, A. M., and Hardy, A. (eds.) (2014). Architecture Beyond Criticism: Expert Judgment and Performance Evaluation, Routledge, London, United Kingdom.  ISBN # 978-0-415-72532-3.

For the first time, this book demonstrates that the two paradigms of architectural criticism and performance evaluation can not only co-exist but complement each other in the assessment of built works.

As architecture takes more principled stances worldwide, from environmental sustainability to social, cultural, and economic activism, this book examines the roles of perceived and measured quality in architecture. By exploring in tandem both subjective traditional architectural criticism and environmental design and performance evaluation and its objective evaluation criteria, the book argues that both methodologies and outcomes can achieve a comprehensive assessment of quality in architecture.

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Review by  Philip Nobel, Editorial Director, SHoP Architects, USA

Imagine if architects were trained to respond dynamically to their critics? Imagine if architecture critics practiced with sufficient rigor to be taken seriously by architects? This book is a brave and original attempt to bring together two antagonistic cultures. It points the way to a better-performing future—for critics, for architects, and for those of us, all of us, who would benefit from a built world capable of learning from the lessons of the present.

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Review by Kristen Richards, Hon. AIA, Hon. ASLA, Founder and Editor, ArchNewsNow.com, and Editor, Oculus magazine, USA

This is a provocative and fascinating examination of the dissolving boundaries between architectural criticism and building performance evaluation, from the historic roots of each to their evolving, sometimes contentious, relationship today. The international roster of contributing architects, planners, critics, and academics offer compelling arguments and case studies that should be fodder for debate in many spheres for many years to come.

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Review by Roger K. Lewis, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, Professor Emeritus of Architecture at the University of Maryland College Park, USA

Powerful building design tools and methodologies, coupled with advanced construction technologies, have enabled architects to create buildings increasingly complex in form and function. Yet assessment of architecture, especially in public media, remains highly subjective and qualitative, focused mostly on visual, contextual and historical attributes. Evidence-based evaluation and objective measurement of building performance - functional, technical, environmental, sociological, economic, and political - are rare in critical discourse. The diverse contributors to Architecture Beyond Criticism rigorously address these contrasting assessment paradigms and, often using place and project case studies, show why architectural criticism must become more comprehensive. Any professional who judges architecture - media critics, historians, design professors, practicing architects, and building engineers - should read this insightful, well researched book.

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Review by Harriet Harris, Principal Lecturer, Oxford Brookes University, USA

Critique has long been considered a vital force in driving architectural excellence. Yet few educators understand the differences between good, actionable critical feedback and creatively limiting, negative feedback. This book invites both established educators and practitioner critics to consider some of the tacit agendas that influence design critique, and the role it has to play in shaping both the values and practices of tomorrows profession.

ÖZET
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Hükümet sisteminin tarzı ne olursa olsun, yargı organlarının bağımsızlık ve tarafsızlık dereceleri söz konusu ülkelerin hukuk devleti olup olmadıklarını ve ne ölçüde demokratik olduklarını büyük oranda ortaya koymaktadır. Fakat yargı organlarının kuruluşlarını ve işleyişlerini hükümet sistemleri ile arasında doğrudan bir bağ olduğunu söylemek yanıltıcı olabilir. 2017 yılında Türkiye’deki Anayasa değişikliğinden önce yargı yetkisi başlıklı 9’uncu maddede söz konusu yetkinin bağımsız mahkemeler tarafından kullanılacağı ifade edilmişken, yapılan değişiklik ile bağımsız ve tarafsız olan mahkemeler tarafından kullanılacağı da ayrıca ifade edilmiştir. Yapılan değişiklikler ile yargı organlarıyla ilgili yenilikler hayata geçirilmiş olsa da söz konusu yeniliklerin, doğrudan cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemi ile ilgili olduğunu söylemek doğru değildir. Yukarıda da bahsedildiği şekilde bu değişiklikler mahkemelerin adları, üye sayıları ve üyelerin seçilme kıstasları ile ilgilidir. Bu çalışmada Anayasa Mahkemesi üyelerinin seçimi, HSK üyelerinin seçimi, Danıştay üyelerinin dörtte birini seçme, Yargıtay Başsavcısı ve Başsavcı Vekilinin seçimi üzerinde durulacaktır.

Preiser, W. F. E., Davis, A., Salama, A. M., and Hardy, A. (2014). Introduction. In W. Preiser, A. Davis, A. M. Salama, & A. Hardy (eds.), Architecture Beyond Criticism: Expert Judgment and Performance Evaluation. (Hardback ed.). Routledge: London, UK, PP. 3-19. ISBN # 978-0-415-72532-3.

"This book aims to establish a dialogue between perceived and measured quality in architecture in two ways: first by recognizing and illuminating commonalities between the two; second by finding areas within the ontological frameworks of each capable of supporting the differences.The “habitability framework” presented later in this chapter is one such structure to be expounded upon that shows how aesthetic and the performative aspects can in some cases even complement each other.With few exceptions, architectural criticism has been carried out by and large by “expert critics” employing subjective methods of assessment focused primarily on the aesthetic properties of buildings; rightly so, the understanding of buildings as composed formal objects traces back to the beginnings of the profession. In contrast, traditional environ- mental design evaluation uses objective criteria and methods of measuring the performance of buildings, using metrics focused on health, safety, functionality, psychological, social, and cultural satisfaction of the building occupants. The development of criticism in architecture over time admittedly did not keep pace with the technological improvements and innovations radically changing the way buildings were being conceived of and built. In other words, as the facility to understand buildings from the design-side evolved, criticism based in the same scientific inquiry did not also evolve as a clear discipline with its own boundaries. Whether this is because critics identify primarily as journalists and are not typically building professionals is up for discussion, especially since there is an increasing need of the combination of evaluation, journalist, and criticism, as shown in Figure 1.1. Nevertheless, the technological developments in the production of buildings, the rise of “big data,” optimization, focus groups, and the use of commissioning and building performance evaluations (BPE) are increasingly included as part of the project delivery method and life-cycle analysis.These requirements of building performance, and the time lag between their regulation and integration, only exacer- bate the schism between professional practice, discourse, and pedagogy. Architectural practice has the responsibility to engage criticism more directly and intelligently than the mere supply of marketing images.The academy is tasked with providing a creative environment in which creativity can flourish within the bounds of technical reality.The discourse and criticism must "mediate between the two by providing an educational platform of technical innovation vis-à-vis the history of the built environment, but also present the aspirational qualities that make architecture unique to a given time and place, as shown in Figure 1.2. In a market saturated with unreal images and the tin-ringing of sycophantic praise, nothing less is demanded than a built environment rooted in the manifold definitions of quality, or permanence, of accountability in the face of slick rhetoric; an Architecture Beyond Criticism."

In “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?” Susan Moller Okin takes up “the claim, made in the context of basically liberal democracies, that minority cultures or ways of life are not sufficiently protected by the practice of ensuring the individual rights of their members,
and as a consequence [that] these should also be protected through special group rights or privileges” (1999, 10–11). Insofar as most (especially non-Western, nonliberal) cultures are characterized by gender practices and ideologies that strongly disadvantage women, says Okin, “group rights are potentially, and in many cases actually, antifeminist." Thus, she concludes, “a liberal defense of human rights must give priority to the rights of individuals, not minority cultures or groups.”  Proceeding in this way, it is not difficult for Okin to make a reasonable case against multiculturalism, understood as the extension of special rights to cultural groups, for the latter tend in her view to discriminate against
women. But what counts as discrimination? Critics accuse Okin of an ethnocentric account of traditional cultures that is informed by contestable liberal conceptions of autonomy, freedom, and equality. Persuasive though these critiques may be, at the end of the day Okin’s argument cannot be easily dismissed. What continues to resonate in her essay, long after the various criticisms have been made, is something Okin herself
nowhere explicitly states but nevertheless implies: we (feminists and citizens
of Western democracies) need to make judgments about cultural
and political practices not always our own and, where appropriate, declare
them “bad for women” and refuse them our political support.
If it is at once necessary and risky to judge cultures and practices not one’s own, then a Western feminist does well to ask: What am I doing, really, when I declare something “bad for women”? What gives me so much as the idea that my judgment could
be, or ought to be, accepted as valid by others, especially by people who
do not share my particular cultural heritage or social location? In this essay I address these and related questions.

Hz. Ömer İslam tarihinde müstesna bir yeri bulunan, İslamî ilimlerde ve başta Kur’an/
tefsir yorumlarında temayüz etmiş en önemli kişiliklerdendir. İslam’ı kabul ettikten sonra
Hz. Peygamber’in ashabı arasında eşsiz bir konuma sahip olmuştur. Hz. Peygamber’in
vefatı öncesi ve sonrasındaki yaşantısıyla, Kur’an ve Sünnetteki hükümlere bağlılığıyla
ve hilafet dönemindeki hassas ve dengeli yönetim anlayışıyla büyüklüğünü ispat etmiştir.
Bütün bunların yanısıra Hz. Ömer, Kur’an’ın nüzul sürecindeki olgu ve olaylara
vukufiyeti ve her planda dillendirmekten çekinmediği özgün fikir ve içtihatlarıyla, fıkhi
derinliği olduğunu da göstermiştir.
Bu makalede değişen zaman ve şartlara göre Hz. Ömer’in Kur’an’ın bazı hükümlerini
uygulamaması ya da ayetlerde belirtilenden farklı şekilde uygulaması gibi içtihat ve
yorumlarıyla ilgili rivayetlere yer verilmiştir. Söz konusu içtihatlarla ilgili rivayetlerden
Hz. Ömer’in Kur’an’daki herhangi bir ayetin hükmünü iptal etmediği, sadece askıya
aldığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

To begin this inquiry, we are going to examine HOW mankind views the relationship between God and (fallen) mankind. Contained within and integral to THIS inquiry is how God dealt (deals) with the SEPARATION between Himself and His creation (creatures - mankind). To this end, Theology (man's attempt to categorize, define, understand, systematize and CONTROL God) has put forth various THEORIES of Atonement (doctrine that describes how human beings can be reconciled to God). Suffice to say that today, the almost universally accepted THEORY is that called, "The Penal - Substitution Theory", and the VERY similar, "Satisfaction Theory". There is, however, also the "Ransom Theory"

The aim of this article is to analyze the motif of scales in Netherlandish art from the 15th to the 17th century. The motif of scales was present in art from earliest times, but its role and function differed in various historical epochs – antique, the middle ages, and the modern age. The core part of the article is devoted to the symbolic relationship between scales and different aspects of justice. The first painting taken into consideration is Rogier van der Weyden’s Last Judgment (approx. 1445 to 1450), and the last one – Jan Vermeer’s Woman Holding a Balance (approx. 1662-1663). The article attempts to answer some crucial questions. What were the meanings attributed to scales during the two centuries examined? How did these meanings evolve, and was the interpretation of the symbol influenced by the ethos characteristic for particular periods and geographical spaces, as well as transient fashions, religious and political changes? The article presents paintings selected during th...

http://www.diaphanes.net/titel/whats-legit-6053

Arendt’s criticism of human rights is not that they are powerless — and therefore useless but also harmless. Her criticism is rather that human rights entail disastrous negative effects when incorporated in the heart of nation states. She argues that it was the institution of human rights as “the basis of the constitutions of all civilized countries” which made possible that a vast number of people in the twentieth century — for the first time in history — lost any protection that human rights were originally supposed to provide. At the heart of this problem there is, as I will show in this article, a division between two kinds of rights: between human rights as citizen rights and human rights as such (1). The main difference between these two kinds of rights lies, according to Arendt, not in their form but in their content (2). The fatal consequences of this difference become evident when citizen rights are lost (3). This loss of citizen rights is not just the end of human rights, but involves the realization of a problematic aspect of their idea (4). Contrary to expectations, this realization takes place as a killing of the juridical person, that is, of legal capacity (5). As opposed to this effect of human rights, Arendt develops, as I will outline, the “right to have rights” as a right to being judged (6). In the last step, I will show what transformation of the idea of rights this involves, which problems this transformation answers — and what problems it raises (7).

The Thomistic reflection on ius presents itself as an interesting example of realistic reflection, since in it the legal system finds in judgment its fulcrum and judgment proves to be regulated by a criterion that is not primarily the application of the law but the achievement of justice. Achieving justice is carried out, however, through dialectics, according to an essentially realistic kind of objectivity, as shown by the Thomistic definitions of ius as ipsa res iusta and of the medium iustitiae as medium rei.

Ineffectiveness of current river restoration practices hinders the achievement of ecological quality targets set by country-specific regulations. Recent advances in river restoration help planning efforts more systematically to reach ecological targets at the least costs. However, such approaches are often desktop-based and overlook real-world constraints. We argue that combining two techniques commonly used in the conservation arena - expert judgement and systematic planning - will deliver cost-effective restoration plans with a high potential for implementation. We tested this idea targeting the restoration of spawning habitat, i.e. gravel bars, for 11 rheophilic fish species along a river system in Germany (Havel-Spree rivers). With a group of local fish experts, we identified the location and extent of potential gravel bars along the rivers and necessary improvements to migration barriers to ensure fish passage. Restoration cost of each gravel bar included the cost of the action...

The legal profession and the legal academy stress the importance of clear writing as a substantial component of effective law practice. But does clear writing translate into effective lawyering? This study takes a novel approach by using lawyers’ writing to measure the quality of legal advocacy. It is the only study to do so at the trial court level, where most lawyers practice, and is the first to track the difference in the readability of opposing parties’ briefs in the same case. After earlier studies of appellate brief quality and success on appeal yielded conflicting results, our study provides a clear association between brief readability and favorable outcomes on summary judgment motions. The study focuses on summary judgment motions because they offer a clear dichotomous outcome: the motions are either granted or denied. After controlling for attorney experience, law firm size, and a lawyer’s status as a repeat player before the motion judge, we find a statistically significant correlation between brief readability and summary judgment decisions.

The writing of student theses is an important activity at universities and is expected to demonstrate the students’ academic skills. In the teacher-education programme, examiners from different academic disciplines are involved in supervising and examining student theses. Moreover, different subject disciplines have different traditions concerning what is seen as knowledge and the way research is performed, which could result in different assessment practices and judgements. Earlier studies demonstrate a fragmented picture concerning the importance of the examiners’ academic discipline in judging theses. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether examiners from different academic subject disciplines emphasise similar or different criteria when assessing student theses. A total of 66 examiners from six universities with teacher education programmes in Sweden have answered an online Q-survey where they compared different criteria and rank-ordered them. The results demonstra...

Examining the concepts underpinning the reasoning processes of social worker's decision-making provides important insights into how social work practice is undertaken. This paper examines one of the major discourses used by social workers in decision reasoning in a non-governmental organization child protection context in Aotearoa/New Zealand: family maintenance. This study found that family maintenance as a concept was strongly privileged by social workers. This resulted in attempts to preserve families and created a hierarchy of preferred decision outcomes. A preference for family maintenance was supported by legal, moral, psychological and Māori cultural concepts. This pattern of constructs underpinned the ‘weighing up of harms’ when considering removal, and generally reflected a child welfare orientation. In addition to this, it was found that ‘family’ was broadly defined, and could include people who had a relationship with the children, or Māori definitions of extended family, in addition to legal ones.

Рішення суду як юридичний факт взагалі є спірним питанням цивільного права і процесу. У зв’язку з наведеним склалося три підходи до правової природи судового рішення. Перший полягає у визначенні його як окремого, самостійного юридичного факту, другий – у визначенні як частини фактичного складу, третій – у визначенні судового рішення як результату діяльності суду, який лише підтверджує певні обставини дійсності і не має характеру юридичного факту. Наприклад, на думку М. Г. Авдюкова, «судебное решение… не заключает в себе ни нормативного характера права, ни правообразующего характера юридических фактов». Вчений вказував, що юридичними фактами є не судові рішення, а факти, що мали місце «поза процесом». На його думку судове рішення ніколи не виступає у якості матеріально-правового юридичного факту, що перетворює право; воно завжди є актом правосуддя, що захищає права. В той же час ряд процесуалістів, до яких відноситься і В. В. Комаров зазначали, що рішення суду, як правозастосовчій акт, характеризується також і тим, що воно є юридичним фактом. Такої самої точки зору притримується і М. А. Гурвич, на думку якого перетворювальне (конститутивне) рішення передбачається нормою матеріального права і набуває значення юридичного факту матеріального права, з яким пов’язуються матеріально-правові наслідки.

На відміну від звичайних юридичних фактів судові рішення мають ряд особливостей. З одного боку, вони, як і інші правоприпиняючі юридичні факти припиняють права та обов’язки сторін як окремий, самостійний юридичний факт. З іншого боку, судове рішення може бути юридичним фактом, який входить до фактичного складу, але воно є не завершальним юридичним фактом, який підтверджує всі попередні на підставі яких виноситься, а навпаки, дає поштовх для включення механізму правоприпинення. Судове рішення як самостійний юридичний факт – це рішення про визнання права власності, про виділ частки у спільному майні, про визнання договору дійсним, тощо. Особливістю цих судових рішень є те, що всі вони породжують правоприпиняючі юридичні наслідки з моменту набрання законної сили. Прикладами судових рішень як правоприпиняючих юридичних фактів, які входять до юридичного складу є рішення про визнання договору недійним і здійснення реституції, про примусовий викуп нерухомого майна з мотивів суспільної необхідності, про конфіскацію майна, про припинення права власності на об’єкт, який за законом не може належати особі. Особливістю цих рішень є те, що всі вони породжують реальні наслідки лише після вчинення ряду заходів і дій іншими суб’єктами цивільно-правових відносин. Як правило, з винесенням цих рішень і набранням ними чинності пов'язується момент початку дії механізму правоприпинення, а не сам момент правоприпинення. Правоприпинення в такому сенсі розуміється одна з ознак судового рішення – виконуваність. Її сутність полягає у тому, що сторони можуть звернутися до органів виконання за реалізацією даного рішення.

[EN] Two news stories, published in two local newspapers – Correio da Paraíba and Já Paraíba –, were analyzed, based on the appraisal system, developed from principles of Systemic Functional Linguistics, in particular the category of judgment (one of the regions of the sub-system attitude), in the social norms group. An appraisal analysis was carried out within the scope of a theoretically narrative discursive genre, as well as the occurrence of this appraisal independently of linguistic variations (an aspect emphasized by the fact that the two newspapers in this study have opposing linguistic approaches), through a comparative reading.

[PT] Duas notícias, divulgadas em dois jornais de circulação local – Correio da Paraíba e Já Paraíba –, foram analisadas, tomando-se por base o sistema de avaliatividade, desenvolvido a partir dos princípios da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, mais especificamente, a categoria de julgamento (uma das regiões do subsistema atitude), no grupo da sanção social. Analisou-se o caráter avaliativo no âmbito de um gênero discursivo teoricamente narrativo, como também a ocorrência desse julgamento, havendo ou não o registro de variações linguísticas (aspecto ressaltado pelo fato de os dois jornais em questão serem de propostas linguísticas opostas), mediante uma leitura comparativa.