Lexicology

This article traces the historical background of the term 'belly dance', the English-language name for a complex of solo, improvised dance styles of Middle Eastern and North African origin whose movements are based on articulations of the torso. The expression danse du ventre -- literally, "dance of the belly" -- was initially popularised in France as an alternate title for Orientalist artist Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1863 painting of an Egyptian dancer and ultimately became the standard designation for solo, and especially women's, dances from the Middle East and North Africa. The translation "belly dance" was introduced into English in 1889 in international media coverage of the Rue du Caire exhibit at the Parisian Exposition Universelle. A close examination of the historical sources demonstrates that the evolution of this terminology was influenced by contemporary art, commercial considerations, and popular stereotypes about Eastern societies. The paper concludes with an examination of dancers' attitudes to the various English-language names for the dance in the present day.

Ce travail consiste avant tout à rechercher, décrire et analyser les mots du créole réunionnais qui ont des origines dans le malgache. Je trouverai une étymologie pour chacun de ces mots et je me focaliserai sur les mots ayant une étymologie exclusivement malgache. Je tenterai de trouver des tendances générales parmi ces mots. Ces généralités peuvent être au niveau des changements phonétiques, des variétés de malgache d'où proviennent ces mots, du domaine lexical, des parties du discours ou du changement sémantique. Ce travail a ensuite un second objectif : la recherche concernant les connaissances de cette partie du lexique parmi la population présente à La Réunion. Cette recherche comprendra deux enquêtes, une sur les connaissances des mots et l'autre sur les connaissances de l'étymologie. Ces enquêtes seront suivies de l'analyse de celles-ci. Summary This work consists above all of researching, describing and analysing the words in Réunion creole

Our music contains almost all the aspects of our national culture. The need for the studies of common terminology in order to interpret our music through more extensive and meaningful expressions is recognized through the problems. If common musical terminology is designated, the musical misconception between Anatolian Turkish music and other Turkic music might be partially resolved in order to settle these problems. We assume that like in other fields, introducing words supporting common musical terminology among Turkic people will not only solve the problems but also constitute a useful source for learning regional differences in music.
This article discusses common musicological problems between the term “ashula” and “mani” basing on the relationship, similarity and current functioning of the two terms. These two genres, based on the verse types “aruz” and “parmak” and sung with particular melody types (makam),  have enriched their sources while completing their development with the time. These developments led to association of these genres with similar kinds or their differentiation. Whereas had the commonality of expressions been maintained since past, the time would not have been lost for these disputes and more novelties would have been observed instead. These problems are observed not only between the terms “ashule” and “mani”. The same is true for many terms used today. In conclusion, we will examine the term “ashula” equivalent of the Anatolian term “mani”, in terms of its prevalence within the territory of Uzbekistan and its terminological problems in comparison with the term “mani” while seeking new ways to solve this common problem.

"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries.

Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation.

Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian
dialect of Bitola as spoken today.

16th cent., Kostur dialect
21st cent., Bitola dialect

Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime.
Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime.

Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogasko.
Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogatsko.

As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical.
All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th centuries. "

Bu çalışmada, Ahmet Hamdi tarafından kaleme alınan ve 1325 (1907) yılında Trabzon’da basılan Lügat-i
Ecnebiye isimli cep sözlüğü incelenmiştir. Sözlük, İtalyanca, Fransızca, İngilizce, Almanca, Rumca, Latince ve
Yunanca gibi dillerden Türkçeye geçmiş kelimelerden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada sözlükte yer alan kelimelerin
zaman içinde uğradığı ses ve biçim ve anlam değişmeleri üzerinde durulmuş ve metnin transkripsiyonu
verilmiştir.

Six lexical decision experiments were conducted to examine the influence of complex structure on the processing speed of English compounds. All experiments revealed that semantically transparent compounds (eg, rosebud) were processed more quickly than matched monomorphemic words (eg, giraffe). Opaque compounds (eg, hogwash) were also processed more quickly than monomorphemic words. However, when the experimental materials and/or procedure encouraged decomposition/integration, this advantage ...

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os itens lexicais toxicomania e dependência química no português, cujo sentido tem como ideia central “consumo contínuo ou periódico de substância psicoativa”. Esta análise se baseou nos pressupostos teóricos da lexicologia sócio-histórica (CAMBRAIA, 2013). Do ponto de vista metodológico, a análise foi realizada com base nos 100 lexemas mais frequentes de dois corpora compostos de textos extraídos do Jornal do Brasil: um da década de 1970 para toxicomania e outro da década de 2000 para dependência química. Testaram-se três hipóteses, que foram efetivamente confirmadas: (a) a diferença entre toxicomania e dependência química está relacionada ao tipo de substância consumida; (b) a relação entre toxicomania por dependência química foi influenciada pela recomendação terminológica da OMS em 1974; e (c) a diferença entre toxicomania e dependência química reflete diferentes visões sobre a questão. / The present study aimed to analyze the lexical items toxicomania and dependência química in the Portuguese language, whose meaning has as its central idea the "continuous or periodic consumption of psychoactive substance". This analysis was based on the theoretical assumptions of socio-historical lexicology (CAMBRAIA, 2013). From the methodological point of view, the analysis was performed based on the 100 most frequent lexemes of two corpora composed of texts extracted from Jornal do Brasil: one from the 1970s for toxicomania and another from the 2000s for dependência química. Three hypotheses were tested and they were effectively confirmed: (a) the difference between toxicomania and dependência química is related to the type of substance consumed; (b) the relation between toxicomania and dependência química was influenced by the WHO terminological recommendation in 1974; and (c) the difference between toxicomania and dependência química reflects different views on the issue.

" Investigación que no se publica no existe " … Cómo escribir una tesis, un libro y un artículo científico Entrevista a la Mgtr. Shirley Verónica Chumacero Ancajima 1 Estimada profesora, sabemos que los alumnos de pregrado universitario muestran muchas debilidades en la construcción de la tesis, ¿a qué se deben estas dificultades? En el contexto universitario se exige el dominio de la comunicación académica. El alumno desde que se inserta en el mundo universitario debe adoptar un lenguaje y estilo académicos tanto en sus textos orales como escritos; el discente debe conocer y dominar la elaboración de monografías, ensayos, informes, proyectos, resúmenes, reseñas… y, por supuesto, como culminación de su trayectoria académica, debe conseguir redactar una tesis, que lo consagrará como profesional. Pero tal competencia comunicativa no se logra afianzar en todos los alumnos, ya que en el transcurso de la carrera universitaria ellos no siempre se han tomado en serio, y con la disciplina necesaria, las tareas de leer y escribir. A todo esto se añade, que una vez que egresan se pueden sumar otros factores que retrasan al alumno en la consecución de la ansiada tesis, desde económicos, familiares, laborales hasta personales. Una vez que se pierde el ritmo de la investigación y de la escritura, encontrar el camino se vuelve más difícil. Esta pausa lo único que hace en el egresado es postergar el fortalecimiento de sus habilidades comunicativas para la redacción final de la tesis.

In this paper I discuss the special vocabulary of Rebetico and I demonstrate the sociocultural dimensions of its lexical elements as well as the sources from which they are drawn. I study the linguistic potentiality which defines it an integral part of Modern Greek including elements of renewal, composition and creativity. After a historical review, I  give some descriptive definitions and present the vocabulary used by rebetes with the sources it originates from. I study its linguistic origin examining the loanwords and source languages and classify the lexical elements into grammatical categories. Secondly, in morphology I study inflection and derivation and analyse the use of affixation in derivation. Afterwards, I study the phenomenon of compounding and present the features which contribute to language creativity through compounding. Semantically I examine the vocabulary under the scope of inclusion, identity, hyponymy, meronymy and synonymy. Besides, I refer to polysemy-metaphor and metonymy.

Статья продолжает цикл публикаций, рассматривающих проблемы заимствований в языке современных СМИ. Описываются группы заимствований в текстах «Российской газеты», выявляются причины их вхождения в современный русский язык и степень ассимилированности, анализируются процессы адаптации, перспективы вхождения заимствований в лексическую систему современного русского языка.

In Deutschland endet etwa jede dritte Schwangerschaft mit dem (zumeist frühzeitigen) Verlust des Kindes (Kersting 2015, S. 161). Trotz der Häufigkeit dieser oftmals traumatisierenden Erfahrung können Fehlgeburt, Totgeburt sowie prä- und perinataler Kindsverlust als eines der letzten Tabus in der postmodernen Gesellschaft angesehen werden (vgl. Müller 2012, Stukenbrock 2013). Bisherige Forschungen haben gezeigt, dass die Trauer um verstorbene früh- oder totgeborene Kinder nach Verlassen des Krankenhauses vielfach als ungerechtfertigt verurteilt wird und die Betroffenen bei ihren Mitmenschen auf weitgehendes Unverständnis stoßen. Das daraus resultierende Verschweigen des Ereignisses ist insofern problematisch, als dass sich die Bewältigung von Trauer im Rahmen von Sinnerzeugung durch Sprachgebrauch vollzieht (Malacrida 1998, Neuman u.a. 2006).
Bekannt ist mittlerweile aber auch, dass Trauernde ihre ‚Sprachlosigkeit‘ durchbrechen, indem sie ihre Erfahrungen in Blogs oder Webforen teilen, sich in Diskussionsforen engagieren, virtuelle Friedhöfe oder eine Gedenkseite auf eigens dafür vorgesehenen Internetportalen gestalten (vgl. Jacoby/Reiser 2013, Tienken 2013). Hastings u.a. (2007) haben zudem gezeigt, dass die Teilnehmenden in dem von ihnen untersuchten Forum eine Art „counterplot to societal narrative expectations for bereavement“ erstellen (ebd., S. 153). Die Bezeichnung Sternenkind für im Mutterleib oder kurz nach der Geburt verstorbene Kinder erscheint dabei im Kontext von Foren zu Schwangerschafts- und Kindsverlust signifikant.
Der vorliegende Beitrag hat daher zum Ziel, den Neologismus Sternenkind als Sinnformgebung im Schnittpunkt von Lexikologie, Wortbildung und kulturanalytischer Linguistik zu erfassen.  Mit Sinnformgebungen sind sprachliche Formen gemeint, die individuelles Handeln und deren kollektive Ratifizierung dialogisch in sich vereinen. Es sind sprachliche Formen, die durch kommunikative Passungsprozesse ihren sozialen Sinn erhalten und somit ihre kulturelle Bedeutung offenbaren (vgl. Tienken 2015). Im Rahmen eines solches Konzepts lässt sich zeigen, inwiefern Kommunikationsgemeinschaften „ihr Selbst- und Weltverständnis herstellen, sicherstellen, aber auch verändern“ (Linke 2014, S. 188)



Publication Name: Susanne Tienken (2015): Von der Fehlgeburt zum Sternenkind. Ein Neologismus und seine kulturelle Bedeutung. In: Magnus P. Ängsal/ Frank Thomas Grub (Hrsg.): Visionen und Illusionen. Frankfurt am Main: Lang. S. 129-149.

Research Interests:
Media and Cultural Studies, Lexicology, Social and Cultural Anthropology, and Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)

War, the struggle between social groups with different persuasions, has not been kept from the internet, a technology which was supposed to bring people together in-stead of breaking them apart. In internet communication we often find a particular kind of discourse that can be seen as hate speech, which is a manifestation of intolerance, racism, xenophobia and ethnocentrism, while from a different prespective it appears as trolling, a supposedly playful way of ridiculing others and disturbing communication by breaking certain codes of behaviour. In order to define the attitudes of internet users who comment on various articles about politics, we propose using a transitional term, the  hate, from American slang, although it also functions very well in Poland. This term refers to an attitude of criticism which is characteristic of the slander engaged in by the “enraged” users on the internet. Our study analyzes the discourse of internet us-ers in the comments on political articles published in the two major French and Polish dailies, Le Monde (lemonde.fr) and Gazeta Wyborcza (gazeta.pl). The paper discusses some examples of hate from a discourse analytical perspective as well as in terms of the vocabulary used, which contains forms that are often offensive and at the same time creative. We also examine the degree to which hate varies between speakers from dif-ferent countries, and try to find out whether there are certain general trends in internet hate use due to globalisation.

Purpose There is a substantial minority of children for whom lexical retrieval problems impede the normal pattern of language development and use. These problems include accurately producing the correct word even when the word’s meaning is understood. Such problems are often referred to as word-finding difficulties ( WFDs ). This article examines the nature of naming and lexical retrieval difficulties in these and other groups of children. Method A review of the relevant literature on lexical access difficulties in children with word-finding difficulties was conducted. Studies were examined in the terms of population parameters and comparison groups included in the study. Results and Conclusions Most discussions of the cognitive processes causing lexical retrieval difficulties refer to semantics, phonology, and processing speed. The authors propose that understanding of these topics will be further advanced by the use of appropriate methodology to test developmental models. In this ...

The problem of literature norm in history aspect The article deals with norms of literature language. In center of attention is historical formation of norm. Author talk about flexibility of norm and its correlation with non norm. It is indicated that correctness defined in point of view of culture tradition.

The purpose of this study was to test whether the content and function word dichotomy of speech disfluency found in English-speaking adults who stutter (AWS) was evident in a language other than English. A group of adult Arabic-speaking AWS were sampled across spontaneous speaking, oral reading, and single-word naming tasks. Moments of disfluency were identified and examined in regard to lexical category. Results indicated no significant differences in the amount of disfluency occurring on content and function words. The production of combined content-function words, a unique feature of the Arabic language, was associated with a high level of disfluency. The linguistic bases of stuttering are discussed in regard to language-specific influences.

El interés de esta investigación está enfocado en una clase específica de verbos derivados que son frecuentes en la lengua española, a saber, los verbos denominales con base agentiva como 'cabrear', 'espiar' y 'vagar'.

Tiene como objetivos principales 1) montar un corpus equilibrado y adecuado para 2) analizar el comportamiento gramatical de los VDNAG y entonces, 3) poder elaborar generalizaciones, con el apoyo de las frecuencias de uso, de subclasificación en torno a la categoría, todo ello con la intención de responder, por lo menos inicial y cuantitativamente, cuestionamientos como: si los VDNAG tienen lexicalizado el rasgo agentivo en su base y si el sujeto es el argumento oracional típicamente vinculado con este mismo papel semántico, ¿cuál es el comportamiento general de la agentividad en las oraciones de las que son núcleo? Es decir, ¿qué pasa con la codificación de sujeto si el agente ya está lexicalizado en la base? ¿Es posible que el rasgo agentivo esté, simultáneamente, en la base verbal y en el primer argumento? ¿Las bases de los VDNAG siempre conservan su semántica agentiva o la ceden al sujeto?

Tiene, además, un objetivo secundario. Dado su carácter predominantemente cuantitativo, busca constituirse como material de apoyo para futuras investigaciones o como infraestructura para la toma de decisiones en quehaceres lexicográficos de adiciones, enmiendas o supresiones, tal como el ejercicio que se presenta en la tercera parte del trabajo.

L’article analyse l’"Examen critique des dictionnaires" (1808 ; 1828) de Ch. Nodier, texte inclassable qui réactive deux héritages (remarques sur la langue et dictionnaires) et mélange des micro-textes polémiques de doctrine grammaticale et lexicographique. Après avoir rappelé la genèse de l’ouvrage, l’article le situe dans le panorama de la lexicographie française et en retrace la réception. Sont analysés ensuite ses traits structurels et énonciatifs en regard des deux autres traditions métalinguistiques convoquées.

The interest in lexical resources is evolving continuously as a result of different needs and technologies. The Lexicon is central to research in various domains : lexicography, vocabulary learning, reading tools, etc. By and large, it is also the basis for natural language processing tools and language technologies in general. Building and enriching lexical resources remains a costly and time-consuming task that requires competencies in different disciplines. At present, language processing tools enable better coverage of lexicons as well as the specific, explicit and detailed linguistic information contained within them. In addition, the methods used to build the resources have become diversified (automatic, collaborative) and the resulting lexicons tend to be increasingly dynamic, designed with a view towards large-scale linked data. Lastly, lexical resources are a major issue for society, because they are essential in developping tools for learning languages, assistive technolog...

This article describes my Ph.D. project. In particular, it is aimed at giving an overview of the phenomenon under discussion, namely the coexistence and competition between loanwords and endogenous words in Old Icelandic. Examples are given from three different textual typologies, as they are taken from a religious text (The Icelandic Homily Book), a law-book (The Grágás), and one of the Icelandic family sagas (Egils saga). The article is in Icelandic. However, the main content of this article is also available in English in two of my conference papers (see  "Talks" here on Academia).

Se ofrece una visión de conjunto sobre la toponimia menor de Brincones, agrupada por campos temáticos. Los nombres de lugar estudiados proporcionan elementos de juicio valiosos para ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre la etimología y la historia del léxico, y sobre la cultura material del occidente salmantino. La comparación con otros topónimos afines en las provincias occidentales de la Meseta permite poner en contexto e interpretar la semántica del paisaje implícita en dichos nombres. ABSTRACT: A survey is carried out on the minor place-names of a village located in Salamanca's western area. The toponyms under consideration provide key indications to enlarge our knowledge of the etymology and the lexical history, as well as the material culture of the occidental border of the Meseta. A comparative procedure is adopted, whereby other similar toponyms in the region provide context and help interpreting the landscape semantics inherent to place-names.

В работе делается попытка создания теоретических принципов орфологической лексикографии, обосновываются закономерности формирования в контексте нормативной лексикографии словарей совершенно нового направления, воплощающих в себе иную, нежели нормативные словари, лексикографическую идею и соответствующих названию орфологический в новом понимании.
Для лингвистов, преподавателей, филологических факультетов вузов.

Contronymy, a phenomenon which has received much attention in recent years, has often been described as sense opposition at the micro-level. By extending current theories on the different types of paradigmatic sense relations of exclusion and opposition (i.e. horizontal relations) which concentrate on issues of contrastive relations, five different types of contronyms can be distinguished, namely contronymy of incompatibility, contronymy of antonymy, contronymy of complementarity, contronymy of conversivity and contronymy of reversivity. This article provides an investigation of this unusual phenomenon by demonstrating each type together with relevant examples. Its lexicographic applications will also be discussed.

Псковский областной словарь с историческими данными – словарь полного типа: в нем представлены все бытующие в крестьянской речи общерусские и диалектные слова. Это также первый исторический словарь народных говоров. В нем используются данные из средневековых памятников письменности и документов XIV–XVIII вв. Псковской земли.

Словарь адресован лингвистам разных специальностей, историкам, этнографам, фольклористам, специалистам-филологам и всем, кто серьезно изучает русский язык.

Словарь псковских народных говоров составляется коллективом преподавателей, аспирантов, студентов филологического факультета Ленинградского/Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета на основе богатой картотеки (более 1 000 000 карточек). Эта ценнейшая картотека собрана на протяжении последних 40 лет во время ежегодных диалектологических экспедиций в Псковскую область. По объему "Псковский областной словарь с историческими данными" почти равен четырехтомному "Толковому словарю живого великорусского языка" В.И. Даля.

Народная речь Псковской области представляет большой интерес в международном плане, не говоря уже о ее исключительном значении для историков и диалектологов русского языка, так как она отражает тысячелетние связи и культурный обмен русского населения с тесно примыкающими народами прибалтийско-финской группы, с латышами и литовцами, а также и белорусами.

Большим преимуществом перед всеми имеющимися областными словарями русского языка (как и других славянских языков) будет наличие в  Словаре большого исторического материала. Кроме Новгорода, ни один край ("удел") феодальной эпохи не сохранил такого обилия торговой, юридической, политической документации, такой богатой местной литературы; достаточно напомнить о выдающихся своим местным колоритом Псковских летописях. Это дало нам возможность впервые в русской лексикографии поставить в непосредственную связь лексику современных псковских говоров с отражениями живой народной речи в документах и памятниках письменности феодальной эпохи. Региональный словарь на широком историческом фоне - принципиально новое дело в мировом языкознании.