Linguistics. Word-formation. Morphology. Lexicology. Semantics.

Our music contains almost all the aspects of our national culture. The need for the studies of common terminology in order to interpret our music through more extensive and meaningful expressions is recognized through the problems. If common musical terminology is designated, the musical misconception between Anatolian Turkish music and other Turkic music might be partially resolved in order to settle these problems. We assume that like in other fields, introducing words supporting common musical terminology among Turkic people will not only solve the problems but also constitute a useful source for learning regional differences in music.
This article discusses common musicological problems between the term “ashula” and “mani” basing on the relationship, similarity and current functioning of the two terms. These two genres, based on the verse types “aruz” and “parmak” and sung with particular melody types (makam),  have enriched their sources while completing their development with the time. These developments led to association of these genres with similar kinds or their differentiation. Whereas had the commonality of expressions been maintained since past, the time would not have been lost for these disputes and more novelties would have been observed instead. These problems are observed not only between the terms “ashule” and “mani”. The same is true for many terms used today. In conclusion, we will examine the term “ashula” equivalent of the Anatolian term “mani”, in terms of its prevalence within the territory of Uzbekistan and its terminological problems in comparison with the term “mani” while seeking new ways to solve this common problem.

"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries.

Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation.

Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian
dialect of Bitola as spoken today.

16th cent., Kostur dialect
21st cent., Bitola dialect

Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime.
Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime.

Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogasko.
Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogatsko.

As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical.
All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th centuries. "

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o estatuto do formativo agro-, por meio de diferentes enfoques: histórico, morfológico e semântico. Essas perspectivas são utilizadas, uma vez que, pela observação dos dados, são reconhecidas, na Língua Portuguesa, duas formas de diferentes origens, agro- e agri-, do grego e do latim, respectivamente, com significados comuns, coexistindo no Português, a exemplo de agricultura e agronomia. Por isso, as implicações históricas dessas origens são verificadas na atual sincronia.
A análise do estatuto morfológico dos formativos é feita a partir do continuum composição e derivação, como proposto por Bauer (2005) e Kastovsky (2009) e o modelo baseado no uso (BYBEE, 2005, 2010), (LANGACKER, 2008) é o referencial linguístico que orienta esta pesquisa, uma vez que as estruturas investigadas são compreendidas como resultado de atividades cognitivas e sociais que se manifestam em mudanças linguísticas

" Investigación que no se publica no existe " … Cómo escribir una tesis, un libro y un artículo científico Entrevista a la Mgtr. Shirley Verónica Chumacero Ancajima 1 Estimada profesora, sabemos que los alumnos de pregrado universitario muestran muchas debilidades en la construcción de la tesis, ¿a qué se deben estas dificultades? En el contexto universitario se exige el dominio de la comunicación académica. El alumno desde que se inserta en el mundo universitario debe adoptar un lenguaje y estilo académicos tanto en sus textos orales como escritos; el discente debe conocer y dominar la elaboración de monografías, ensayos, informes, proyectos, resúmenes, reseñas… y, por supuesto, como culminación de su trayectoria académica, debe conseguir redactar una tesis, que lo consagrará como profesional. Pero tal competencia comunicativa no se logra afianzar en todos los alumnos, ya que en el transcurso de la carrera universitaria ellos no siempre se han tomado en serio, y con la disciplina necesaria, las tareas de leer y escribir. A todo esto se añade, que una vez que egresan se pueden sumar otros factores que retrasan al alumno en la consecución de la ansiada tesis, desde económicos, familiares, laborales hasta personales. Una vez que se pierde el ritmo de la investigación y de la escritura, encontrar el camino se vuelve más difícil. Esta pausa lo único que hace en el egresado es postergar el fortalecimiento de sus habilidades comunicativas para la redacción final de la tesis.

This paper analyses some types of prefixed nouns that modify other nouns as in bandera bi-color (‘bicolour flag’). After reviewing the different treatments these formations have received, we will try to show that the prefix+N construct belongs to the N category and that it modifies another noun by constituing an apposition structure.

Paper focuses on hypertrophy of internationalisms in the lexical field of job titles which is approached from the point of theory of lexical motivation. The analysis shows the most prominent intersection between interlingual and paradigmatic motivation is synonymy which emerges as a result of weak semantic outlines as well as pragmatics. Use of imported or adapted job titles is therefore influenced not only by policy and terminology of international companies, but also by added strong communication prestige, as they are perceived as more prestigious and attractive for job applicants. Key words: adaptation, interlingual motivation, internationalism, pragmatic motivation, abbreviation, theory of lexical motivation, transsemantization, multi-word unit

The transcategorizing prefix anti- forms prefixed words that, attached to the noun base, present peculiar characteristics that make difficult their classification. In syntactic compounds they function as adjectives, however it is not a prototypical adjective, which is obvious from its disagreement in the category of number with the nominal nucleus. These prefixed words also show instability in their spelling and in the use of the singular or plural form of the base. In this article we summarize the peculiarities of this type of prefixation and we present the corpus we compiled with its equivalents in Slovak. We offer the equivalent
options in Slovak (we found ten different solutions) and analyze them according to their frequency of use.

A short meditation on Revelation 2:12-17
Pergamum church was faithful is spite of trials and suffering, and evildoers people. They hold fast the name of Christ and continued to witness but few things they needed to improve. We are good but in some areas the word of telling us to repent from evildoers. Hope you will be bless as you read this short sermon.

This paper presents the steps undertaken for building a word formation lexicon for Latin. The types of word formation rules are discussed and the semi-automatic procedure to pair their input and output lexical items is evaluated. An on-line graphical query system to access the lexicon is described as well.

This paper attempts to demarcate the class of Akan verb-noun compounds like bɔ́-àdéɛ́ [create-thing] 'creator', to discuss their properties and to present a Construction Morphology account of the properties. Working with the view that Akan verbs are invariably consonant-initial and that the verb constituent of verb-noun compounds are invariably simplex, it is shown that many exemplars cited in the Akan literature do not belong to the class because they bear affixes that betray them as either nominalized verb phrases or noun-noun compounds with deverbal left-hand constituents. It is shown that the noun constituent may be the internal argument of the verb mostly, but may also be the external argument or an adjunct, usually naming the location of the action. The noun constituent may bear the semantic role of undergoer, affected object, patient, instrument, location, result or goal of the action/event designated by the verb, while the denotatum of the compound may be agent, theme, instrument, location or condition. Finally, it is shown that Akan Verb-Noun compounds have endocentric and exocentric subtypes whose properties are adequately accounted for in Construction Morphology.

This contribution aims at showing how paradigms and associative relations can be integrated into word-formation, with special attention paid to compounding. In this regard, we will take into account a phenomenon at the border between derivation and compounding, namely formations like süßherzig ‘sweet-hearted’, in which -ig is an adjective-forming suffix and AN a possible compound. To do so, we will explore data available from a large web corpus, on whose basis we will show how syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations developed in syntax find their way into word formation. We will show that the most productive compounding schemas as they are currently assumed in Construction Morphology give rise to processes of semi-affixation which are a first step toward derivation proper.

The current paper offers a detailed analysis of a small corpus of 80 terms used in air traffic and aviation in English with their Romanian equivalents. The analysis starts from the word formation patterns of these terms and tries to identify any corresponding patterns in the target language, i.e. Romanian. Our analysis makes use of newer terminological concepts that have been paid lesser attention so far due to the lack of competing terminology theories as well as due to the lack of typologies of the causes of certain terminological phenomena. One such phenomenon that is discussed here is denominative variation which can help explain certain cases of synonymy in specialized language (e.g. rudder = direcţie, cârmă), whose existence the traditional theory of terminology used to dismiss.

В статье обсуждаются значение морфологических работ А. А. Зализняка для русской и общей морфологии, анализируется ценность его исследований с точки зрения истории лингвистики и возможности развития его теоретических идей.
The paper is devoted to the contribution of morphological works by the outstanding Russian linguist A. Zalizniak to Russian and general morphology and to possible ways of the development of his ideas.

Индоевропскиот корен *der- продуцирал богат деривациски процес во поголемиот дел од индоевропските јазици. Од овој корен во прасловенскиот се развиле пет превојни варијации и тоа: *der-, *dar-, *dir-, *dor- и *dьr-. Во текстот ќе ги прикажеме формалниот и семантичкиот деривациски процес на оваа коренска основа во македонскиот јазик. Идентификацијата и потврдувањето на индоевропските и прасловенските основи и форми ја засноваме врз констатациите содржани во користените етимолошки речници. Преку анализата на процесот на семантичка деривација на избраните прасловенски основи ќе се обидеме да ја следиме вградената, основна семантичка компонента и нејзиниот развој, притоа поаѓајќи од антрпоцентрично-спацијалната теорија за јазикот што се однесува на прототипните човекови состојби и активности како основа за преносот на семантичките компоненти од реалниот, материјален свет до најапстрактниот, т. е. менталниот свет на човекот.

Apesar de negligenciada durante muitos anos, tem-se assistido, recentemente, a um aumento da importância da diacronia para os estudos linguísticos e a área da formação de palavras não tem sido exceção. Neste artigo, a análise incidirá sobre algumas mudanças observadas no sistema sufixal nominal do português, tomando como casos de estudo os sufixos -ádig- / -ádeg- e -idão. Os dados foram recolhidos a partir de fontes primárias, mais concretamente textos do português arcaico, os quais fazem parte do CIPM - Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval. Posteriormente, estes dados foram confrontados com as descrições das gramáticas históricas do português. O objetivo principal é evidenciar convincentemente que os estudos com uma perspetiva diacrónica subjacente são relevantes para a análise da formação de palavras em particular e para a morfologia em geral.

This article deals with the history and word formation of the Icelandic word for ‘police’, i.e. lögregla. The word constitutes an interesting case of word formation in that said lexeme is a dvandva compound whose creation is related to the expression að halda uppi lögum og reglu ‘to maintain law and order’. Moreover, it is argued that the word has arisen in the wake of the Icelandic purist movement in the first half of the 19th century, and that its creator is Konráð Gíslason, who was at the time a
member of the Icelandic Literary Society (Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag) and editor of the journal Fjölnir. According to the sources, the word, lögregla, cannot have been formed as an independent lexical item. In fact, the word appears first in a compound with maður ‘man’, meaning ‘policeman’ or, more precisely, ‘a man who is in charge of maintaining
law and order’. It is argued that lögregla has in fact been created in order to gradually substitute the Danish loanword pólití, first in compounds such as pólitímaður and pólitíþjónn ‘policeman’, and then as a single lexeme. The Danish loanword pólití had a twofold meaning: ‘policeman’ and ‘police’. Moreover, it is argued that lögregla, as an unbound lexeme, was initially a shortened form for lögreglumaður, and later assumed
the general meaning ‘police force’ by means of synecdoche (pars pro toto).

English: The current study focuses on the grammatical category of person inherent to personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. Even though some Bulgarian parts of speech (mostly verbs, for example) have significant differences in comparison with Russian ones, the systems of
meanings of the Bulgarian and Russian pronomina personalia function in a similar way. Additionally, the subject of examination is the set of categorial and non-categorial meanings of the grammatical category of person. The two semantic types are invariably connected but the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality. Bulgarian serves as a background to Russian empirical data, and the main approach used is a comparative one. The main goal is to explain and describe the ways in which the non-categorial meanings of person function in Russian. For this purpose, fi rst categorial meanings are examined and then non-categorical ones are reviewed.

Russian: Объектом настоящего исследования является грамматическая категория лица, присущая личным местоимения в русском и болгарском языках. Несмотря на то, что у некоторых классов слов в болгарском языке (например, у глагола) наблюдаются значительные различия в категориях по сравнению с русским языком, системы значений болгарских и русских pronomina personalia функционируют схожим образом. Предметом исследования являются категориальные и некатегориальные значения категории лица местоимений. Эти два семантических типа неразрывно связаны друг с другом, но акцент делается на проявлениях некатегориальности. Болгарский язык имеет статус языка фонового сопоставления с русским эмпирическим материалом, а основной метод работы – сопоставительный. Основная цель исследования – объяснить и описать случаи функционирования некатегориальных значений лица в русском языке. В связи с этим сначала рассматриваются категориальные значения, а потом и некатегориальные.

Previous work on Inuit has analyzed the morpheme pi as a ‘dummy root’ or ‘empty stem’; a morphological or phonological filler which satisfies a language-specific requirement that words contain lexical roots. We argue instead that pi is a pro-form similar to English ‘do so’ and ‘one’. As evidence for this analysis we examine the use of pi to avoid repeating constituents, its ability to replace VP-sized constituents, the need for discourse markers in some constructions containing pi, similarities with ‘stem ellipsis’ in Arctic Quebec Inuktitut, and pi’s behaviour in noun-incorporation.

The importance and interest in agriculture field nowadays contributed to the rapid increasing of the deluge fruits images, for instance; durian images. With hundreds of durian varieties, it will be a challenging task to differentiate the images of this crop. Furthermore, with the existing of semantic gap, the current search engine unable to retrieve only the relevant varieties images to the user. Hence, applying semantic technology became the crucial thing in order to bridge the semantic gap. Thus, this paper will discuss about the durian varieties and its characteristics in order to differentiate and determine the images of a durian variety with other varieties. These characteristics then will be employed later in the Conceptual Graph to construct and semantically represent the knowledge regarding of durian varieties and its characteristics.

This paper presents a seven hundred entry, one-hundred-and-thirty-three year old Kwak ̕ wala wordlist. It displays the original entries along with their English translations, as well as modern recreations of these words using the Um ̓ ista orthography. This resource endeavors to provide the reader with an insight into an older version of Kwak ̕ wala, as well as retrieve some vocabulary otherwise lost to time.

[1. Verb forming suffixes,  2. Prefixes, 3. Parasynthetic verbs, 4. Suffixoids, 5. Prefixoids, 6. Complementaty distribution and competition]

Η μελέτη αυτή έχει ως στόχο την περιγραφή και ανάλυση των μορφολογικών μέσων που χρησιμοποιούνται για την παραγωγή ρημάτων στη νέα ελληνική γλώσσα. Ο σχηματισμός ρημάτων με την προσθήκη στο θέμα ρηματικών επιθημάτων αποτελούν το αντικείμενο μελέτης του κεφαλαίου 1. Η παραγωγή ρημάτων με την προσθήκη προθημάτων εξετάζεται στο κεφάλαιο 2. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 διερευνάται μια ειδική κατηγορία παράγωγων ρημάτων, τα παρασυνθετικά, στα οποία ένα παραγωγικό πρόθημα συνυπάρχει υποχρεωτικά με κάποιο παραγωγικό επίθημα. Η παραγωγή ρημάτων με την προσθήκη στο θέμα επιθηματοειδών στοιχείων αποτελεί αντικείμενο μελέτης του κεφαλαίου 4. Τα προθηματοειδή που χρησιμοποιούνται στο σχηματισμό ρημάτων εξετάζονται στο κεφάλαιο 5. Τέλος, στο κεφάλαιο 6 διερευνάται κατά πόσο οι διαδικασίες σχηματισμού ρημάτων στη νέα ελληνική γλώσσα συνδέονται μεταξύ τους με σχέση συμπληρωματικότητας ή ανταγωνιστικότητας.

Les émotions et leur manifestation linguistique en français et en géorgien Résumé Notre étude vise à déterminer les structures morphologique et sémantique des expressions émotives, pour définir des convergences et divergences manifestées dans les deux langues. Notre intérêt concerne en particulier l'étude des expressions métaphoriques des émotions. En analysant les marques explicites et implicites des combinaisons lexicales, nous avons essayé de mettre en évidence leurs traits caractéristiques, de souligner les spécificités émotives des structures métaphoriques en français et en géorgien. Nous avons élaboré l'analyse sémiologique des concepts tristesse et joie ce qui a permis de distinguer les composants cognitif, affectif et comportemental des sèmes des langues mentionnées. En nous appuyant sur le corpus en tant qu'analyse de la recherche, nous avons défini le modèle morphologique dominant (noyau verbal) des structures syntagmatiques.

L'articolo propone un’analisi della posizione di Tullio De Mauro nel panorama lessicografico italiano a partire dall’elaborazione del 'Vocabolario di base della lingua italiana' pubblicato in appendice a 'Guida all’uso delle parole' (1980), ed espressasi successivamente nel 'Grande dizionario italiano dell’uso' (GRADIT 1999). L'analisi verterà dapprima sui postulati teorici dell’approccio demauriano, che affronta lo studio semantico in chiave storica. Non è possibile comprendere a pieno la portata dell’approccio di De Mauro in lessicografia e, in generale, nello studio dell’italiano contemporaneo se si ignora il fondamento teoretico e filosofico del suo impegno linguistico. Saranno quindi analizzate le scelte compiute dal linguista in ambito lessicografico prendendo in esame la continuità epistemologica che intercorre tra il progetto del Vocabolario di base e la microstruttura del GRADIT, nonché i luoghi in cui lo studioso illustra, argomenta e giustifica le proprie scelte programmatiche. L'indagine sarà poi estese ai principali dizionari dell’uso contemporanei nell'intento di indagare le eventuali convergenze con l’approccio demauriano e valutare se, e fino a che punto, la lessicografia contemporanea ne abbia accolto le sperimentazioni.

Malgré une longue tradition qui remonte au XVIIe siècle avec l’Academia della Crusca, la lexicographie italienne connaît une période de crise au XXe siècle. Néanmoins, à partir de la fin du XXe siècle, elle semble témoigner d’un renouvellement de méthode. Cet article propose une analyse du rôle de Tullio De Mauro dans le panorama lexicographique roman à partir de l’élaboration du Vocabolario di base della lingua italiana (1980) et intégré ensuite dans le Grande dizionario italiano dell’uso (1999). Il s’agit d’abord d’étudier le positionnement théorique de De Mauro qui privilégie l’étude sémantique selon une perspective historique (Une introduction à la sémantique, 1965). En effet, on ne peut pas comprendre la portée de son approche en lexicographie et, en général, dans l’étude de l’italien contemporain, si l’on ignore les fondements théorétiques et philosophiques de sa conception linguistique. D’un point de vue épistémologique, l’analyse de ce parcours permet de réfléchir aux continuités entre les postulats de la recherche linguistique et la description lexicographique. Enfin, l’élargissement du regard aux dictionnaires italiens contemporains permet d’étudier la réception de l’approche de De Mauro et d’évaluer si, et jusqu’à quel point, la lexicographie italienne a accueilli les expérimentations de ce linguiste.

Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Artikel wird der Neologismus Begriff anhand der sprachwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen genauer behandelt. Unter diesen Untersuchungen wird vor allem die lexikographische Analyse gemeint. Das Ziel erwähnter Analyse ist das Verfassen des Neologismenwörterbuchs, das die für die Benutzer und Lerner deutscher Sprache einen großen Beitrag ausmachen sollte. Schlüsselwörter Neologismus, Terminologie. Lexikographie, Wörterbücher Abstract The term of Neologism in the linguistic researches is the subject of this article. The main attention is drawn into lexicographical analysis and preparing dictionaries assigned neologisms in German. The main purpose of this type of analyze is creating of dictionary dedicated neologisms, which sould be a useful tool for learner of German and German speaking persons as well.

Contextual word-formative innovations in Internet publicized texts and theircomments. A case study.
This study treats linguistic innovations as (i) either the result of the application of wordformation means to create a particular utterance (or usage event in the sense of Langacker)in order to achieve a given communicative aim, or (ii) as objects of intellectual operationsdone on an Internet text by a recipient or recipients of the text-related speech act. Withrespect to the latter, the author points to the diverse roles the context plays in the way thecomponent structures of an innovation contribute to our understanding (or interpretation) ofthe persuasive role of the usage event.

KEY WORDS: derivational innovations, memes, conceptual blending theory, context

В  статье  предлагается  этимологический  анализ  девяти славянских  слов  (чешские,  словацкие,  русские,  украинские,
белорусские), которые, по мнению автора, являются лексическими
архаизмами,  т. е.  относятся  к  праславянскому  наследию  в
славянском  словаре.  Особенность  их  структуры  заключается  в
том,  что  она  испытала  действие  локальных  фонетических
процессов,  которые  исказили  этимологическое  звучание
предполагаемых  праславянских  лексем.  Реконструкция  формы
одной  единицы  генетического  гнезда  ведет  к  реконструкции
целого  ряда  однокоренных  форм,  затронутых  поздними
изменениями,  потому  в  некоторых  этимологических  этюдах
восстановлены  небольшие  фрагменты  нескольких
этимологических  (генетических)  гнёзд.  В  настоящее  время
существуют  основания  для  реконструкции  таких  праславянских
лексем:  1) народная  географическая  терминология
(*badonʼa/*badunʼa,  *bodenъ  и  *saky,  *sagy,  -ъve);  2) лексика
растительного  мира  (*xarobytьje);  3) слова,  описывающие
внешность  человека  (*kokodьra);  4) лексика  материальной
культуры  (*berouzdьje,  *bьrouzdьje,  *xodylь,  *ojekъrmъ).  Кажется
вполне  обоснованным  восстановление  фрагментов  двух
словообразовательно-этимологических  гнёзд:  1) *korm-/*kъrm-:
*kъrmъlъ/*kъrmъla,  *kъrmalъ;  *kormъla,  *kormъkъjь,  *obkormъkъ;
2) *pъrz-/*pъrs-:  *pъrzati/*pъrsati,  *pъrziti,  *pъrznǫti,  *čepъrznǫti,
*kopъrzati/*kopъrsati, *kopъrziti, *kopъrznǫti, *čepъrzikъ, *kopъrza.
Некоторые  из  рассмотренных  случаев  показывают,  как
внимание  к  звуковой  стороне,  казалось  бы,  ареально
изолированных слов, искажённых в местном диалектном обиходе,
помогает  распознать  их  не  затронутые  фонетическими
«мутациями»  близкие  аналоги  в  прочих  ареалах.  Примером  тому
служит группа чешских и словацких лексем с основами grm- и gram-.
В остальном же акцент на формальных модификациях славянского
слова  остаётся  определяющим  при  работе  с  так  называемыми
«тёмными» случаями.
Ключевые  слова:  семантика,  лексема,  дериват, реконструкция, прототип.

The paper deals with the etymological analysis of nine Slavic words
(Czech,  Slovak,  Russian,  Ukrainian,  Belarusian),  which  in  according  to
the author are lexical archaisms, that is all of them belong to Proto-Slavic
heritage in Slavic vocabulary. Salient feature of these lexemes is that their
structure  was  impacted  with  local  phonetic  processes,  which  distorted etymological  sounding  of  conjectural  Proto-Slavic  lexemes.  The reconstruction of basic form of one unit of a genetic cluster leads to the reconstruction  of  a  number  of  all  cognate  forms,  affected  with  late changes,  therefore  in  some  etymological  essays  small  fragments  of  the several etymological (genetical) clusters are reconstructed. Nowadays is every  reason  to  reconstruct  such  Proto-Slavic  lexemes  as:  1) folk geographical terms (*badonʼa/*badunʼa, *bodenъ and *saky, *sagy, -ъve); 2) lexis of the plant world (*xarobytьje); 3) words for physical description of  a  person  (*kokodьra);  4) vocabulary  of  material  culture  (*berouzdьje, *bьrouzdьje, *xodylь, *ojekъrmъ). The reconstruction of fragments of two etymological  (word-formative)  clusters  seems  to  be  quite  substantiated: 1) *korm-/*kъrm-:  *kъrmъlъ/*kъrmъla,  *kъrmalъ;  *kormъla,  *kormъkъjь, *obkormъkъ;  2) *pъrz-/*pъrs-:  *pъrzati/*pъrsati,  *pъrziti,  *pъrznǫti, *čepъrznǫti,  *kopъrzati/*kopъrsati,  *kopъrziti,  *kopъrznǫti,  *čepъrzikъ, *kopъrza. Some  of  viewed  cases  make  clear  that  attention  to  sounding  of words,  which  seem  to  be  geographically  isolated  and  distorted  in  local dialect  using,  can  help  to  recognize  their  not  affected  with  phonetic «mutations» close analogies in other areas. A case in point is the group of Czech  and  Slovak  lexemes  with  bases  grm-  and  gram-.  The  rest  of emphasis  on  formal  modifications  of  Slavic  words  continues  to  be  the defining when working with so-called «dark» cases.
Keywords:  semantics,  lexeme,  derivative,  reconstruction, prototype.

The aim of the article is to introduce the authors' perspective on how English loanwords are changing the structure and the content of the verbal code of Russian culture and the Russian linguistic pictures of the world, as well as on how the latter might change the former. Having used the continuous sampling method, observation method, and synchronic-diachronic approach (lexical semantic analysis, comparative semantic analysis, morphological and quantitative analysis), the authors have allocated and analyzed 487 loanwords, which led to the introduction of three distinguished types of interaction between the verbal code of the Russian language and foreign loanwords. The first interaction type is the process whereby the loanwords adapt semantically to the rules of the host language and culture, which leads to the complete change of a loanword meaning or its modification (15 words). The second interaction type is connected with the loanwords bringing new concepts to a host language and indicating borrowed ideas and objects (270 words). The differentiation of these two interaction types is based on the results of a synchronic and diachronic study of the loanwords in Russian. The analyzed interaction types are linked to the changes in the host language's verbal code. A concept of a "hybrid linguistic picture of the world" is being introduced as the one constituting the third interaction type (201 words). According to the authors, the hybrid linguistic picture of the world is developing at the current stage of the Russian language and is caused by the process of the morphological adaptation of English loanwords, which is manifested in the production of hybrid words and Russian words being actively substituted by English borrowings.

САЖЕТАК. Тема овога рада јесте статус именица типа nomina agentis изведених суфиксима -тељ и -лац (и од њих сложеним суфиксима) у савременом српском језику. У речницима српског језика налази се велики број изведеница овим суфиксима, а притом се ниједном об-лику не даје предност. Циљ рада јесте пронаћи којим облицима говорници српског језика дају предност у свакодневној комуникацији, или, ако су равноправни, да ли постоји разлика у домену употребе. Извршено је испитивање употребе ових изведеница међу студентима у Србији, првенствено међу студентима Универзитета у Нишу, да би се дошло до закључка који се облици чешће употребљавају. Испитивање је показало да именице на -л(а)ц доминирају, као и да се све именице могу према употреби и начину на који их осећају типични говорници раздвојити у неколико група.

บทคัดย่อ

บทความนี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งในงานวิจัยที่ศึกษาเปรียบเทียบข้อผิดในกระบวนการสร้างคำประสมภาษาอังกฤษที่เป็นคำยืมแปล กลุ่มตัวอย่างในจำนวน 60 คน คัดเลือดมาจากระดับคะแนนประสบการณ์ภาษาอังกฤษของนักเรียนไทยระดับปริญญาตรีชั้นปีที่ 1 จำนวน 330 คน โดยจำแนกนักเรียนไทยที่มีประสบการณ์ภาษาอังกฤษสูง และกลุ่มที่ประสบการณ์ภาษาอังกฤษต่ำ ข้อมูลที่ใช้ในงานวิจัยมาจากแบบทดสอบการสร้างคำประสมภาษาอังกฤษจากคำภาษาไทยที่เป็นคำยืมแปลจำนวน 80 คำ โดยไม่จัดกัดอัตราความเร็วในการนึกรู้คำ (Reaction time) ผลการวิจัยสรุปได้ว่า กระบวนการสร้างคำประสมภาษาอังกฤษที่มีความหมายเทียบเท่ากับคำประสมในภาษาไทยทีเป็นคำยืมแปลมีลักษณะของการสร้างคำที่มีความแตกต่างเป็นแนวต่อเนื่อง (Continuum) จากการ (Problem Avoidance Strategy) ซึ่งกลวิธีและข้อผิดในการสร้างคำประสมภาษาอังกฤษของกลุ่มตัวอย่างทั้ง 2 กลุ่มมีความแตกต่างกัน นอกจากนี้กระบวนการการสร้างคำภาษาอังกฤษของนักเรียนกลุ่มต่ำแสดงให้เห็นถึงความจำกัดของคลังคำซึ่งนักเรียนไทยมีไม่เพียงพอจะใช้เพื่อนึกรู้คำ และเป็นกลุ่มที่ข้อผิดเกิดจากการถ่ายโอนภาษาแม่มากที่สุดผ่านทั้งทางรูปเขียนและมโนทัศน์ อย่างไรก็ตาม ผลการทดลองเสนอแนวคิดที่ว่า ผู้เรียนทวิภาษาที่มีประสบการณ์ภาษาอังกฤษสูงมีกลวิธีการสร้างคำประสมภาษา มีความหมายใกล้เคียงกับคำในภาษาอังกฤษมากกว่าและมีรูปแบบที่หลากหลายกว่า โดยใช้โครงข่ายทางความหมาย และมีระดับความถูกต้องตามไวยากรณ์ของรูปคำภาษาอังกฤษมากกว่า ครั้งนี้ไม่พบกลยุทธ์การเลี่ยงปัญหา ดังเช่นในกลุ่มที่มีประสบการณ์ภาษาอังกฤษต่ำ

Abstract

This article reports an experimental study that aimed at investigating compound of Thai students with different English language experiences in the formation of English compound words equivalent to Thai compounds. The data were collected from 60 students, selected from 330 first-year university students by their English language experience levels determined by the scores acquired from a language exposure questionnaire. There were 30 students in each group that had the highest and lowest English language experiences. The sample groups were required to construct 80 English compound words equivalent to Thai compounds which are borrowed loans. Reaction time was not investigated. The test results from the 2 sample groups demonstrated that the proficiency of L2 lexical access was related to learners L2 experiences. They also exhibited a continuum of English word formation strategies. The result from the low L2 group revealed that they had limited English lexical items in their lexicon. In addition, an avoidance strategy was used frequently in the low group. It was also found that L1 transfer was salient in the English formation patterns of the low L2 group, both in the conceptual and orthographical aspect. However, in bilinguals with high L2 experience, there was a large diversity of L2 compound word formation strategies with a high level of grammatical accuracy. The high group also used a semantic network, and no avoidance strategy was used, in contrast to the low L2 learners.

The ignorance or the misuse of grammatical rules results in poor or distorted meaning. Take the gerund and the infinitive for instance, they cause a lot of trouble when they are not assimilated and used accurately. Both verb forms are rivals on delivering messages meaningfully. They both compete but also collaborate at times to facilitate communication. They make it either easy or hard for the listener to understand discourse.

Uzbekistan has an important place in the field of Turkish Studies.
Uzbekistan which encompasses places like Fergana, Samarkand,
Bukhara, and Harezm, is an important center for Turkish studies. It is a
place where many Turkologists work on Turkish language and culture.
Kazakbay Mahmudov is one of the leading and respected
Turkologists of Uzbekistan. His studies on the works of Middle
Turkish period (Kutadgu Bilig, Divanü Lugati’t-Türk, Atebetü’lHakayık, Orta Asya Kur’an Tefsiri/Anonim Tefsir) and his works on
the phonetics of Uzbek language are important resources of the field.
Many of his articles have been translated into languages such as
Russian, English, and Turkey Turkic.
There has been no research on Kazakbay Mahmudov and his works
in Turkey. Only one of his articles has been translated to Turkey
Turkic, an another has been published originally in Uzbek language.
In this study the life, and work of Kazakbay Mahmudov and his
contributions to Turcology will be focused on. Thus, Kazakbay
Mahmudov, who has an important place in the field of Turcology and
his works will be introduced to the Turkish audience.

The article is devoted to English as a linguistic system, it explores the main ways of formation new words in English language, and also contains the descriptions of borrowings, coinages and adaptations that still are in progress, and the sources from which English language has acquired its vast vocabulary. 
An understanding of this area can be a key skill in helping us as  foreigners to become more independent in our language learning and develop a greater enjoyment and engagement with the language.

This paper deals with the semantic and constructional variation of the
Spanish verb hablar and o￿ers a description of the multiple contexts in which this
verb can appear, based on the study of the focalization semantics of its root and
the temporal configuration of the event in the model of Wotjak (2010, 2012).