Malaysian Studies

This paper takes as its starting point Homi Bhabha's explanation of culture and diversity in his essay The Location of Culture (1994), in which he denotes cultural meaning as existing in a transitional space between clashing cultures and, associatively, between competing histories. The cultural space to which Bhabha refers offers a path to a reinvention of the hybrid self (and nation) beyond the more restrictive parameters of what Foucault has termed "the inscribed surface of events" (Foucault, "Nietzsche, Genealogy, History" 344) that the body represents. With reference to Bhabha's delineation of spatial awareness and Foucault's observations of power discourse and the body as a site of knowledge and discursion but also as an inhibiting site of colonisation, and in light of previous English-language Malaysian fiction, I will examine the ways in which Tan Twan Eng (1972-) investigates the conundrum of memory and historical inscription, and his textual approach to the vexed questions of self-determinism and postcolonial agency in his novels, The Gift of Rain (2007) and The Garden of the Evening Mists (2012).

Keringkam, a gold thread embroidery done on veils is a traditional head cover worn by the Sarawak Malays for weddings, engagements, cultural festivals or other special occasions. Traditionally, the keringkam veil or selayah keringkam made by the Sarawak Malays are always of a deep red color and play a significant role in their weddings.  Today, the tradition and interest in the selayah keringkam veil is slowly diminishing and is slowly forgotten by the younger generation. Some have not heard or seen it. Some may have seen it but does not know its value.  Currently, there are very few skilled selayah keringkam-makers in Sarawak who are still practicing the art of making this special veil. This paper identifies the characteristics and processes of making the selayah keringkam with better documentation of the process through pictures. The paper concludes by discussing ways to preserve the traditional embroidery for the purpose of creating awareness among the younger generations, to recognize its importance as part of the Malay heritage in Sarawak and its potential as a tourism product.

Key Words:  selayah keringkam, traditional embroidery

Singapore's status as a trading hub is probably as old as the settlement itself. In earlier times its history was tightly knit to the development and prosperity of its port. Today's global trading hub, however, is broadly conditioned by its position within a global communications regime that includes various modes of transportation by sea, land and air, as well as electronic forms of communication such as telephony and the internet. Transport and telecommunications infrastructure are certainly prerequisites for success, but Singapore's rapid rise in becoming a global trading hub cannot be explained by these factors alone: the hub is backed by an array of industries that directly or indirectly support transport and trade at large, ranging from warehousing to finance and trade. All these activities, moreover, are regulated and driven by policies that have been carefully formulated and put into place over the past five decades. Then there is Singapore's greatest asset today: its people. In the context of this introduction, it is of course impossible to give a detailed or even comprehensive overview of the historical developments that have evolved and today underpin the global trading hub. What is possible, however, is to single out some of the developmental highlights as well as explain their historic relevance and interdependence. In the following sections I shall do so with an eye cast on history and chronological development as well as moving from the larger picture to the particular. As the SG50 celebrations move into the past, the Republic will begin to look toward 2019, the bicentennial of the British colonial settlement's founding. Like SG50, the bicentennial will offer a unique opportunity to look back and take stock, though the time horizon taken on during the bicentennial will be rolled back well beyond 1965 to the beginning of the 19 th century or perhaps even before. There will be a fresh, vigorous debate about what makes Singapore a special place. One question is likely to feature prominently: Just how much of Singapore's historic success is locationally pre-conditioned?

Malaysia’s fundamentals remain strong and the country is expected to grow and increase its appeal to international investors. In spite of recent regional turmoil prompted by China’s economic rebalancing, the end of the commodity supercycle and local political upheavals, Malaysia is poised to strengthen its leadership position within Southeast Asia.

A major economic player in the ASEAN region, Malaysia is a contributing force in the evolution of local, regional and global trade, and its successes are built on strong macro-economic foundations. A well-defined economic programme will ensure that Malaysia’s GDP will grow by 4-5% this year and is on track to achieve developed country status in the next few years, as outlined in the 11th Five-Year Plan. International rankings, ratings and various macroeconomic data provide a clear understanding of why Malaysia’s structural strengths have largely overcome recurring weaknesses and recent setbacks.

Internationally, and especially beyond the immediate arena of Southeast Asia, Malaysia has succeeded in establishing a number of strong economic relationships through shrewd diplomatic initiatives – a political balancing act that has served to tie in Malaysia's fortunes with nations such as China, the US, France and the collective members of ASEAN. Kuala Lumpur is a key member of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and has led the efforts behind the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community, the seventh largest economy in the world with a combined GDP of $2.4 trillion.

USM has envisioned " sustainability " as a core development theme of the university in light of global sustainability issues. In becoming a world-renowned university for sustainability, USM facilitates sustainability attainment through i) innovations and technology, and ii) changes in lifestyles. Subsequently, CGSS has launched a project that engages its surrounding communities via the dissemination of USM " s sustainability lifestyle practices – focusing on the areas of recycling and composting involving awareness campaigns at stakeholders " venues. It was initiated by conducting situational analyses with stakeholders, after which specific sustainability awareness/practices campaigns were then devised, encompassing the setting-up and monitoring of composting units and recycling bins at six schools (SMK Bukit Jambul, SMK Bukit Gambir, SMK Dato " Haji Mohd Noor Ahmad, SK Minden Height, SK Sungai Gelugor and SK Bukit Gambir), commercial entities (Giant Superma...

Arsaythamby Veloo School of Education and Modern Languages, Universiti Utara Malaysia Malaysia ABSTRACT This study attempts to investigate whether MUET results can be used as a predictor of accounting and science stream students’ overall academic performance of matriculation program. This prediction will prove further whether MUET result is valid to be used as a measurement for placement in public universities. Data were analysed at three stages using SPSS version 22.0. Firstly, MUET test scores were explained descriptively for the minimum and maximum scores. Then, to identify the relationship, overall MUET scores and its individual components’ scores were correlated with students’ _Cumulative Grade_ Point_ Average (CGPA). Then, multiple regression analysis was carried out to investigate whether MUET overall scores and its components can be used to predict students’ academic achievements. The results of_ multiple_ regression analysis show that, overall MUET score and reading compone...

This paper examines the degree to which work is becoming de-ethnicised in the Malaysian tourism industry sector. This so-called de-ethnicisation of work is formulated in the Malaysian Government’s 10th Malaysia Plan (2011–2015) as an indicator of Malaysian society’s entry into modernity, the overall yardstick being Malaysia’s progression to a high-income nation by 2020. Empirical research was conducted among employees of 10 ‘Western’ luxury five-star hotels in the greater Kuala Lumpur. The degree of association of occupation with ethnicity was tested through a quantitative survey of 786 respondents from a representative sample of the parent population in 2010. Contrary to the Government’s de-ethnicisation agenda, findings show a continuing strong correlation between ethnicity and occupation, reinforced by qualitative research conducted between 2010 and 2011, which reveals specific ethno-marketing practices and an ‘ethnic groupism’ phenomenon as plausible explanations, among other causal factors.

(Adapted from the blurb) This latest edition incorporates new developments in the law while maintaining the simple and straightforward approach adopted in the first edition. The contents have been arranged in such a way that readers are able to grasp the essence of the Constitution easily. Various issues in constitutional problems are highlighted in addition to the provisions of the Constitution as well as the materials needed to explain them.

Iskandar Malaysia and the future of property investment following the rule of Transformation (i.e. Economic development of the 9 main clusters defined under the CDP and CDPii, new infrastructures, educational hub and so on) Timing (understand the way in and most importantly having an exit strategy) and Demand (if you know and understand where the demand comes from and which type of products will be hunted in future you'll be on the dot).

Assessments of Singapore’s history invariably revolve around Sir Stamford Raffles’ arrival in 1819. Before this date – we’ve been earlier told – “nothing very much appears to have happened in Singapore”. Pre-1819 Singapore was a sleepy, historically insignificant fishing village, little more than the “occasional resort of pirates”.
This ambitious book, co-written by four of Singapore’s foremost historians, offers an assertive re-evaluation of that view, firmly situating Singapore’s starting point seven hundred years ago. Drawing on a multi-disciplinary range of archival, textual and cartographical records, as well as the latest archaeological discoveries, the authors cast a singular historical trajectory for Singapore over the past seven centuries, animating its history like never before.
Written in a compelling and accessible manner, and richly illustrated with more than 200 artefacts, photographs, maps, art works and ephemera, this volume builds upon the foundations of an earlier book, Singapore: A 700-Year History. Extensively rewritten to incorporate ground-breaking research findings, Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore widens the historical lens and offers a vital new perspective on the story of Singapore.

The paper focuses on the (re)emergence in the late twentieth century of a specific form of cross-border labour migration--viz. guest-work or circular/managed migration--that is designed to keep migrants from settling in receiving countries. The paper is part of a larger project that situates this form of transnational work-mobility regimes within the larger historical debates over the slippery line between free labour and forced labour. Specifically, it traces the genealogy of guest-work, and makes some preliminary observations about the specificity of contemporary circular / managed migration as it becomes incrementally normalized as a desirable policy tool across the world.

This research make comparison between two Islamic party in Malaysia; Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH). The author argues these two political party had different Islamic ideology, which then create different understanding on how Islam should be implemented in Malaysia. PAS and AMANAH then compete to gain voters support and power during Malaysia 14th Grand Election. Surprisingly, both Islamic parties did a significant gain in the electoral. Kindly contact the authors or publisher to get full version.

This study challenges proverbial notions by contesting that the definition of skilled human capital should be expanded to include undergraduates, and in doing so, examines three (3) possible factors that increase the propensity of Malaysian undergraduates to return. Relationships between the proposed factors and the undergraduates’ (n=175) propensity to return were statistically colligated, verified and ranked according to their correlational strength. All three independent variables: (1) Social influence: Parents, Friends and Diaspora, (2) Entrepreneurial Opportunities and Venues of Activism (Social Initiatives) and (3) Governmental Engagement of Students are statistically found to be significant at influencing the propensity of Malaysian undergraduates to return. Governmental engagement possesses the highest correlational strength, unearthing new possibilities that could result from their role in undergraduate repatriation. Following that, the implication of the findings on domestic repatriation policies were expounded upon and appropriate recommendations were made as a conclusory discussion.

“Customer Satisfaction  in  Malaysian  Cellular Phone Network  Industry : An Exploratory  Study in International Consumer Behavior”, Refereed Proceedings of the 2000 Conference, Academy of  International  Business, Northeast Regional Meeting, June 9 & 10, 2000, pp. 195 – 210, Ithaca, New York. (With Andy Teoh Ean Lee)

Chinese have migrated to Malaysia for more than a century，they were not only maintain the language
but also inherited their culture in the local. It was inevitable for the Chinese to interact with other ethnics at
work and in their daily life. After long term encounter with the local culture which represented by the Malay and
Indian generally，have the Chinese adapted to the local culture? Have the acculturation to the local life style and
customs taken place? This paper investigated the level of acculturation from four cultural perspectives which are
the approaches in life，food，attire and taboo. Using qualitative and simple descriptive quantitative approach，the
analysis is done based on the data collected from 230 local Chinese via questionnaire. The finding shows that the
Chinese respect the Malay and Indian approaches in life by not rejecting and yet not adapting the local’s. In terms
of food and attire，the Chinese accept the Malay culture better than the Indian’s but not to the point to allow the
replacement of their culture by other cultures. For the Malay and Indian taboo，the Chinese neither accept nor reject
totally. It can be concluded that the acculturation at this stage has come to a mixed mode of Chinese Malaysian
culture by which the local food culture penetrated more than other cultural aspects. It is also found that the acculturation
to the Malay culture is greater than to the Indian culture.
Key Words：Chinese people；acculturation；Malaysia；Malay；Indian；perception

A martial-arts master escapes from a prison camp in wartime China and flees to Malaya. His hopes for a quiet life are dashed when he saves a bus driver from a lynch mob. The master agrees to impart his secrets to five disciples. Although the organisation they found becomes internationally renowned, the arts are almost entirely lost as the initiates succumb to internal squabbling and greed.

New in Singapore, Chris Murray tracks down Chan See-meng, favourite disciple of the great Chee Kim Thong. Through dusty Malaysian villages and Shaolin Temple in China, the adventure that begins with gruelling practice on Chan's rooftop leads Chris in the footsteps of the masters. As he becomes absorbed in the esoteric depths of Five Ancestors Fist, he investigates the journey of Zen martial-arts from ancient temples to modern gymnasia. Can the traditional arts can survive in modernity?

An intimate memoir with historical scope, Crippled Immortals unites a cast of legendary heroes and slack-jawed monks, Indian yogi and Tibetan lamas, bluffers, gangsters, and champions who have been touched by Old Man Chee's arts. The practitioner’s path to enlightenment is always arduous, often hilarious, and sometimes heart-breaking. True adepts talk with their fists, but the strength that endures lies in the bond between master and disciple.

James Chin & Joern Dosch (eds)

Mahathir Mohamad stepped down as Malaysia's longest serving prime minister in 2003. Officially he does not hold any political office, but his views and influence still prevail. He was largely responsible for deposing his handpicked successor, Abdullah Badawi, and he is in the process of trying to do the same to the current PM Najib Razak.

But Malaysian society has moved beyond Mahathir especially in the non-political arena. Malaysian youths are now more open and largely influenced by social media, as can be seen in Barisan Nasional's loss of the popular vote in the 2013 general. At the same time, Malaysian society has become more Islamic and conservative. The government is still pursuing Anwar Ibrahim, Mahathir's nemesis, through the courts.

This collection of essays will look at how Malaysian society has evolved in the past decade without Mahathir as PM. While there are groups in Malaysia that would like to see the return of Mahathirism, others are questioning if Malaysia is heading in the right direction or Malaysia should return to Mahathir-type policies.

(singapore: marshall cavenish 2015)

From the past few years, multi-stakeholder governance is one of the captivating concepts that mostly discussed in public administration. Multi-stakeholder governance has represented the modes of governing that involves a multiplicity of informal actors and formal institutions. This new mode of interaction has involving a network of government sectors, non-profit organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGO) and other non-state actors in implementing the public policy. There is many type of public policy and solid waste management policy is one of them. In developing countries, the issue of ineffective policy implementation on solid waste management has grabbed attention of many public policy scholars. Poor multi-stakeholder governance in solid waste policy implementation is one of the main causes. In fact, ineffective solid waste management will brought negative impact to human health, environment and the economy development. Hence, the study of multi-stakeholder governance is very crucial to enhance solid waste policy implementation. This concept paper is critically examines multi-stakeholder governance as a theoretical tool which has potential to advance our understanding on the complexity of policy implementation with regard to solid waste management. This could be an insight for developing countries like Malaysia for achieving sustainable solid waste management.

The Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) initiative was launched 1994 to accelerate development of the economy of Brunei Darussalam (hereafter referred to as Brunei) and some of the lesser developed areas of the three other countries: in Indonesia: East and West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, Southeast Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Maluka, and Irian Jaya; in Malaysia: Sabah and Sarawak states, and the Federal Territory of Labuan; and in the Philippines: Mindanao and Palawan.

During the early stages of the initiative the ADB carried out a comprehensive investigative study to identified significant opportunities for regional economic cooperation, but enthusiasm to implement the proposed initiatives was short-lived. The Asian Crisis, the El Niño phenomenon, and other natural and man-made phenomena in 1997-98 combined to prevent implementation of those proposals. Concern over how BIMP-EAGA should respond to these and other events was expressed by delegates to the Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) in Manado, Indonesia in August 2002. In an effort to revitalize BIMP-EAGA, delegates requested that the following two key issues be examined: (1) how to deepen the understanding of the impact of the changing global and regional environment on BIMP-EAGA and the implications of reviving the subregional cooperative initiatives; and (2) how to prioritize the emerging opportunities for cross-border cooperation activities to achieve tangible results for BIMP-EAGA in a short period of time based on the previous experiences and clearer understanding of the prospects of the subregion.

As regional development advisor to BIMP-EAGA, the ADB supported the SOM’s request by providing technical assistance (TA) for the present study. The study aims to produce a realistic and pragmatic subregional development framework that can be supported by the BIMP-EAGA governments, the private sector and other stakeholders and help them prepare a development blueprint for implementation of the proposed subregional cooperation strategy and program (SCSP). To that end, the study reviews and updates the EAGA’s development strategy and identifies achievable objectives based on both the ADB’s 1996 study and developments since then. In particular, the Study Team has been asked to (1) enhance the understanding of the strengths and potential for economic cooperation among EAGA countries by reviewing changes in their production structure, market dynamics and policy and institutional aspects of economic cooperation in the post-crisis period; (2) prioritize potential subregional cooperation sectors, programs and projects; and (3) support the preparation and formulation of project concepts for selected priority activities in subregional economic cooperation.

On the history of the introduction of elections in Malaya during the colonial period, which was essentially 'election without democracy' because no colonial power endorsed democratic principles. Election was a tool of colonial social control and solving conflict through the ballot box. It engenders 'electocracy', namely, a bureaucratic institution anchored in election. Its success depends on the level of political literacy amongst the voters and elections become a stage for party leaders gladiator-like struggle.

With the advent of industrial 4.0, more and more enterprises and business entities are moving towards technology and digital based platform. Contextualising the topic to Malaysian scenario, the country is in the verge of adoption of this indusial change very fast in comparison with other South East Asian countries. A quantitative cross sectional study was conducted to analyses the impact of Technology Disruption, Competence Depletion on and Business Performance. The study follows purposive sampling among the employees at the small and micro enterprises of Selangor state of Malaysia. The study used PLS SEM to estimate the model. The research has pointed out practical and managerial implications to the management of micro and small scale industries.

Singapore has depended on water imports from neighbouring catchments in Johor, Malaysia since its founding. Despite long-standing cooperation, economic, environmental, and political forces are destabilizing cross-strait water flows. Johor has historically been water-abundant, but increased water consumption from economic development and population growth in combination with water stresses from drought and pollution have reduced its dry season water catchments. Johor has taken recent far-reaching measures including requesting additional water supply from Singapore, rationing supply to residential and commercial users, and requesting RM660 million in federal support for construction of a new dam at Sungai Ulu Sedili, and there appears to be bilateral support for continuing the Singapore-Malaysia water trade. However, water stress in Johor risks undermining the bedrock of the relationship, and creates the need for redoubled regulatory diligence and clear-minded diplomacy by authorities in Johor, Singapore, and Kuala Lumpur.

Abstrak Kajian ini akan menguji hubungan jangka masa pendek dan panjang di antara pelepasan karbon dioksida dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penggunaan tenaga di Malaysia. Kajian ini akan menggunakan data daripada tahun 1972 hingga 2011. Keadah yang digunakan oleh pengkaji ialah autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) dan menggunakan ujian Granger Causality untuk melihat hubungan sebab dan munasab perkara ini berlaku di Malaysia. Kajian ini mendapati memang wujud hubungan yang positif dan signifikan dalam perkara ini. Hubungan causality menunjukkan bahawa perkara ini wujud hubungan satu hala. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa keyakinan untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga bagi mengurangkan kandungan karbon dioksida adalah tepat tetapi kelakukan ini akan menganggu pertumbuhan ekonomi. Oleh itu, polisi yang sesuai perlu digubal atau disemak semula oleh pihak berwajib supaya perkara ini dapat mencapai titik noktah. PENGENALAN Macarpada, perubahan iklim secara agresif kesan daripada peningkatan kepanasan global telah menjadi mengukur asas kepada masalah persekitaran. Peningkatan tahap pengeluaran karbon dioksida dijadikan oleh pengkaji sebagai alatan yang menyebabkan pemanasan global dan ketidakstabilan iklim. Situasi ini boleh intrepatasi dengan menggunakan falsafah ekonomi iaitu menghubungkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pencemaran persekitaran. Intrepetasi ini boleh dilakukan oleh pengkaji dengan menggunakan hipotesis keluk Kuznets diperkenalkan oleh Simon Kuznets. Lebih memburukan lagi, lebih daripada 60% pengeluaran karbon dioksida memberi kesan kepada gas rumah hijau (Ozturk dan acaravcii, 2010). Sumber utama yang memyebabkan kandungan karbon dioksida meningkat di dalam udara ialah penggunaan tenaga yang tidak boleh diperbaharui iaitu minyak, gas dan arang batu. Terdapat pendapat yang mengatakan bahawa pihak berwajib perlu menjalankan tindakan dengan mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga tersebut tetapi hal ini akan memberi kesan kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Hal ini demikian kerana terdapat hubungan yang signifikan di antara pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengeluaran karbon dioksida dan penggunaan tenaga (Saboori dan Sulaiman, 2013). .

The Malaysian Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management is the national forest management certification standard that specifies the requirements for the certification of sustainable forest management system of a specified forest management unit, either natural forests or forest plantation. The Standard supersedes the existing MC&I Natural Forest and the MC&I Forest Plantation as the standard to be used for certification of forest management of natural forests and forest plantations in Malaysia. The Standard has been designed to support and strengthen the regulatory framework within which the forest managers operate, where compliance with legislation is a minimum requirement. Its set of requirements support the achievement of sustainable forest management which may involve going beyond the legal minimum to fulfill the social, environmental and economic aspects of certification. This certification standard will be effective for the next 5-years; 2021-2025.

The paper analyzes Charlotte Parkinson Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper from a feminist perspective. It reveals the reasons behind the existence of this literary text in the late 19 th century. For this purpose, the paper presents Gilman's life as the background of the study, and then, it tries to find a link between her life as a woman and the life style of narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper. In this way, the paper theorizes the arguments with reference to both Gilman's life, and the sequences of events in The Yellow Wallpaper. During the lifetime of Gilman, majority of women suffered from being subject to men and male dominance which confined them into homes. Thereby, they were forbidden from their rights to work or to get knowledge or even to speak their minds. So, being affected by the miserable condition of women around her, Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper in order to defend women in her society. Thus, the paper tries to demonstrate that Gilman uses her text as a tool to encourage and normalize women's resistance to the patriarchal rules in their society that confined, oppressed, and dehumanized women. Gilman uses her protagonist in the text as a role model for women in her society who were oppressed, and left helpless. Throughout the text, Gilman tries to walk in the shoes of those women who never got a chance to be what they are and got broken at the end. Thus, the paper exposes the dystopian life style of the narrator so as to reach into a conclusion that the narrator's story is not more than Gilman's story which is presented to stand for women's story in the late 19 th century. The phrase "Helpless Angel" in this paper, thus, is symbolically presented so as to symbolize the helpless women in Gilman's time. The phrase is driven from one of the main patriarchal terms of the age which was The Angel in the House.

With the advent of industrial 4.0, more and more enterprises and business entities are moving towards technology and digital based platform. Contextualising the topic to Malaysian scenario, the country is in the verge of adoption of this indusial change very fast in comparison with other South East Asian countries. A quantitative cross sectional study was conducted to analyses the impact of Technology Disruption, Competence Depletion on and Business Performance. The study follows purposive sampling among the employees at the small and micro enterprises of Selangor state of Malaysia. The study used PLS SEM to estimate the model. The research has pointed out practical and managerial implications to the management of micro and small scale industries.

Kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu sering digambarkan sebagai perjuangan pena dan kertas. Namun disebalik kemerdekaan itu jarang sekali dibincangkan apakah yang telah dilepaskan oleh Orang Melayu kepada kaum lain. Penulisan ini cuba memberikan sedikit gambaran tentang beberapa perkara yang sehingga kini menjadi perdebatan di antara semua kaum di Malaysia khasnya dalam pendidikan dan ekonomi dan adakah hal ini berkait rapat dengan Kontrak Sosial yang sering disebut-sebut oleh masyarakat Malaysia.

The internet has come along with a myriad of positive and negative challenges. One of the positive developments is the increased access for all age categories, especially people of young ages; however, it is not without a side effect. A cyberbullying threat has become interesting areas of research over the years because of the importance of the concepts toward understanding children's online behaviours and making the internet safe again for the kids to surf. Thus, this article seeks to provide a further understanding of the phenomenon by reporting the findings of a study performed in Selangor, a state of Malaysia. A questionnaire was administered to 375 respondents selected using stratified random sampling from a population of 6,671 primary and secondary school pupils aged 9 to 16 years. The key findings revealed that most children had been involved in the act of cyberbullying. Interestingly, most of them were aware of online threats but did not know that it was bad behaviour. However, most of them were rarely involved in a sex-related cyberbullying incident. A collective approach to guarantee the internet