Multinational Corporations

This Paper explores and summarises the Director's Duties of the UK Companies Act 2006 with emphasis on "the duty to promote the success of the company.

Tags:
Companies Act 2006 model articles, Companies Act 2006 summary
companies act 2006 pdf
companies act 2006 model articles
companies act 2006 regulations 2013
Companies Act 2006 UK
UK Companies Act 2006

This paper explores the improvement of efficiency in e-Health by standardizing access to electronic health
records (EHRs). Without superimposed organizations, EHR will remain an uneven and fragmented network
of lagging systems unable to achieve accuracy and consistency, thus efficiencies. A multinational
corporation (MNC) model is proposed to reduce healthcare costs, and implement a coherent system where
data, technology and training are uniformly upgraded to alleviate interoperability issues. The inference
based on literature review suggests that EHR interoperability issues maybe mitigated by creating common
architectures that enable fragmented systems to interoperate under supra organizations.
Keywords – e-Health; EHR; Multi-national Corporation; Interoperability.

«Руководящие принципы предпринимательской деятельно-
сти в аспекте прав человека» являются первым общепризнанным глобальным международным стандартом в области прав человека и бизнеса. В соответствии с ними, ТНК и другие предприятия обязаны соблюдать национальные законы государств и уважать международно-признанные права человека во время осуществления своей предпринимательской деятельности. Однако, в соответствии с доктриной международного права, корпорации не обладают международной правосубъектностью и их обязательства носят скорее добровольный характер, в связи с чем, основная обязанность по обеспечению защиты прав человека ложится на государства. Одним из способов реализации Руководящих принципов на практике, является разработка и последующая имплементация государствами Национальных Планов Действий.

This article examines the impact of contemporary business practices within the American business system on established patterns of industrial relations (IR) management in European subsidiaries of US multinationals, specifically how established firm-level settlements for the management of IR may or may not combine with host-country effects to constrain such innovations. The empirical material leads us to evaluate subsidiaries of US multinationals as a contingent factor indicating that institutional effects at the level of the national business system are likely to be more embedded than the effects of ownership on employment and IR at firm level.

Two competitive intelligence processes within a Global Energy Multinational are critically analyzed-Competitive Strategic Business Intelligence (CIAD) and Competitive Technical Intelligence (CTI). It has been found that the CIAD process is linear and carried out by small team of analysts from which intelligence moves upward to be actioned at the highest levels of a layered organization. There is limited feedback and knowledge sharing. In contrast the CTI approach follows a networked model, with competitive intelligence viewed as individual line responsibility. Intelligence information passes laterally, upward and downward through a flat organizational structure. Consequently these models can be viewed as a response to a variance of styles of management and organizational structure within the organization. A key stumbling block is found to be an organizational culture that prevents open knowledge sharing. The use of technology is identified to be a key enabler allowing transparency and rapid transfer of intelligence across the organization, and thereby facilitating a knowledge-sharing culture. Knowledge management and competitive intelligence are therefore viewed as intimately related. A successful competitive intelligence process requires attention to cultural issues, facilitated by technology to ease knowledge sharing.

The paper addresses the role of multinational companies in changes of oil crisis governance structures along the public-private dimension in 1911 to 2009. Building on transaction cost economics, it argues that companies should seek a move to political governance, if asset specificity and uncertainty increase beyond a certain threshold. The paper presents results of a preliminary Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) on important governance changes. It classifies these changes along two dimensions, namely level of hierarchy and involvement of public actors. It looks into the motives for companies to either support or obstruct these changes by conducting a QCA on changes in asset specificity and uncertainty. Using Stirling’s diversity concept, the paper operationalizes asset specificity roughly as low values in variety, balance and disparity of a supply portfolio. For data, it refers to the IEA’s World Oil Statistics and – for 1860 to 1971 – to the statistical compilation by Etemead and Luciani. Results of the long-term research project will increase our understanding of institutional dynamics in energy crisis governance and transnational public-private partnerships in general.

An over-view of the bottling plant of Coca-Cola Beverages in Pakistan and their operational strategy. Assembly lines all over the world, operations management is crucial to this company. The Coca-Cola Company, which has its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, is an American multinational beverage corporation, Manufacturer, retailer, and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. Has been in business for 125 years, employs 139,600 people, and sells 1.6 billion beverages each day in more than 200 countries.

The following pages present a general analysis of a key issue: the relationship between business
and human rights as one of the most salient aspects of global governance. Thus, after an
introductory section in which the link between the subject matter and private international law is
especially emphasized, in the following one an attempt is made to define such governance, also
highlighting the prominence in it of the great economic operators, along with the growing one that
corresponds in a number of ways to civil society. Then, providing multiple data and based on an
extensive literature review, the third and fourth sections, respectively, aim at determining the
entity in our world of multinational companies and their capacity to generate conflicts, and the
control mechanisms used in this regard. This work culminates with a section on final observations
in which a new paradigm is put on the record, the effective taking into consideration of the interests
of those affected in fact or potentially by business activities, the stakeholders. Something that would
undoubtedly support global governance in the best terms.

SUMARIO: I. INTRODUCCIÓN. II. LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS: PAISAJE DESPUÉS
DE LA BATALLA. A. Un apunte sobre Kiobel. B. Un futuro por definir. III. ¿SALE
EUROPA DE SU LETARGO? A. En general. B. La dimensión competencial. C. El
derecho aplicable. IV. UN TOQUE DE EXTRATERRITORIALIDAD. A. Las
llamadas ETOS. B. Juego de las leyes extraterritoriales. V. VARIA. A. El sector
extractivo. B. España: El llamado Plan Nacional de Empresas y Derechos Humanos.
VI. ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES FINALES.

Ausgehend von der These, dass sich u.a. das Bergbausegment in Eritrea in neokolonialen, ausbeuterischen Strukturen befindet, wird in diesem Essay analysiert, in welcher Beziehung multinationale Unternehmen zu dem autoritären Militärregime in Eritrea um Machthaber Isaias Afewerki stehen und ob von einer globalisierten Ausbeutung der Bevölkerung und der Ressourcen Eritreas ausgegangen werden kann. Es wird festgestellt, dass eine solche Ausbeutung über moderne wirtschaftliche Vehikel wie SPVs von Seiten internationaler Unternehmen stattfindet,  diese jedoch nicht mit der neokolonialen Denkschule kongruieren. Dieses Essay soll zudem auf die menschenunwürdigen Verhältnisse in Eritrea, sowie auf die skandalösen Strukturen in Teilen unserer globalisierten und zunehmend neoliberalisierten Welt aufmerksam machen. Das Essay war Teil eines Seminars für Geographien des Globalen Südens.

İnternet, uluslararası ticaretteki sınırların çoğunu ortadan kaldırmak için kullanılabilecek muazzam bir teknolojidir. İnternet teknolojisi sayesinde bir alıcının dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde bulunan bir ürünü edinebilmesi kolaylaşmıştır. Öte yandan internet, işletmelerin yabancı pazarlara girişini hızlandırmaktadır. İşletmeler böyle bir imkânı mümkün olduğunca etkin şekilde değerlendirirlerse pazarlama faaliyetlerini arttırabilirler.
Kurumsal web sitesi, bir işletmenin uluslararasılaşma sürecini etkileyen bir unsurdur. Genellikle alıcılar, kendine yakın hissettikleri işletmelerle iletişime geçmektedirler. Bu yüzden kurumsal web sitesindeki dil, kültür, renk, tasarım vb. etkenler önem teşkil etmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web sitelerini ne ölçüde uluslararasılaştırdıklarını araştırmak ve ihracat yapan firmaların kurumsal web siteleri arasında farklılıklar olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümü uluslararasılaşmayla ilgili kavramları içermektedir. İkinci bölümde elektronik ticarete ve kurumsal web sitelerine değinilmiştir. Son bölümde ise ihracat yapan işletmeleri inceleyen bir uygulama yapılmıştır. Uygulamada işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Çapraz tablo analizi ve ki-kare testiyle ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri arasında farklılık olup olmadığı belirlenmiştir. 
Yapılan çalışma sonucunda Türkiye’de ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web sitelerinin uluslararasılaşma düzeylerinin yetersiz olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca geleneksel sektörlerde ihracat yapan işletmeler ile geleneksel olmayan sektörlerde ihracat yapan işletmelerin kurumsal web siteleri arasında kayda değer bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. -
Internet is a wonderful technology that can be used to remove most of borders on international trade. Thanks to internet technology, buying a product that be anywhere in the world have been easy for a person. On the other hand, internet accelerates the entrance of companies into foreign markets. Companies can improve their marketing activities if they evaluate such an opportunity as effectively as possible.
Corporate website is an element that affects an enterprise's internationalization process. Generally, buyers communicate with businesses that they feel close to themselves. Therefore, factors such as language, culture, color and design in corporate websites are important.
The purpose of this study is to explore what is the internationalization level of corporate websites of exporting companies in Turkey and to determine whether there is any difference between corporate websites of exporters. In the first part of the study, internationalization concepts were expressed. In the second part, electronic commerce and corporate websites were mentioned. In the last part, a study was carried out which examines exporters. In research, corporate websites of businesses were analyzed by content analysis method. Whether or not exporters have differences between corporate websites were determined by cross-tabulation analysis and chi-square test.
It has been observed that the level of internationalization of corporate websites of exporting companies in Turkey is insufficient. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between corporate websites of companies that export in traditional sectors and corporate websites of companies that export in non-traditional sectors.

In this paper, I’ll try to examine the ideas and the approach of Strange and will try to point out the advantages and disadvantages of a multipolar world to the governance of international trade, finance, production and technology.  Strange has argued that structural power within the international political economy (IPE) has four dimensions; security, production, finance, and knowledge. Understanding these four dimensions is crucial to comprehend Susan Strange. Therefore, in the first subtopic, I’ll try to explain the main theme of Strange’s ideas and will explain the four structure. Later on, I’ll try to classify the advantages and disadvantages of these structures. I’ll be building the grounds of this research paper from the sources such as Strange’s books and other’s work about her. And as the last subtopic, I will try to build a framework about the expanding strategies of multinational corporations after the covid-19 period.

This article examines the efforts made so far in holding multinational
corporations (MNCs) liable for human rights and environmental violations in the light of Switzerland’s failed referendum in November 2020, during the peak of the Covid—19 pandemic. It also looks at other international law instruments that have the potential to hold MNCs accountable. While these other laws have failed to achieve the desired result of holding MNCs accountable, the referendum, if it had succeeded, would have triggered a binding vote on a constitutional amendment to introduce compulsory human rights due diligence for companies incorporated in Switzerland, the first of its kind in Europe. The consequence would have been that victims of Swiss MNCs’ violations would have had the right to bring claims in Switzerland against a defaulting Swiss MNC. Unfortunately, the referendum failed, and to some extent, the Covid—19 pandemic negatively affected the referendum outcome, because it was greatly politicised. It became a lost opportunity on what would have been “one small step for [Switzerland], one giant leap for the [international community]”.

COVID-19, which was first detected in China in late 2019 and has since been declared a pandemic, poses both a serious threat to vulnerable populations and a daunting challenge to the global economy. As confirmed cases of COVID-19 spread, it has the potential to take lives, overwhelm health systems, deplete the value of assets, and trigger lasting geopolitical change. Around the world, desperate efforts are underway to contain what has become a profoundly disruptive outbreak. A successful sustainable development agenda requires partnerships between governments, the private sector and civil society. These inclusive partnerships built upon principles and values, a shared vision, and shared goals that place people and the planet at the centre, are needed at the global, regional, national and local level. COVID-19 has presented a unique challenge for government and multimillion corporations have experience responding to natural disasters, because it continues to evolve, and a lot of the more obvious steps you see after a natural disaster aren't so obvious yet. Urgent action is needed to mobilize, redirect and unlock the transformative power of trillions of dollars of private resources to deliver on sustainable development objectives. Goal 3 clearly refers to health: "to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages" and more relevantly "fighting communicable diseases and pandemic; and preventing and treating non-communicable diseases." Goal 17 clearly stated that Multilateral Organizations, national governments, the private sector and philanthropies must work together to slow the pace of the outbreak, help countries protect their most vulnerable citizens and accelerate the development of the tools to bring this pandemic under control. As we fight this pandemic together, governments, businesses, civil society and citizens require great resilience and adaptability. With an approach that includes the whole society, together we can and will fight this coronavirus pandemic.

RESUMEN: La regulación de las empresas multinacionales ha evolucionado exponencialmente desde el fallo Salomon vs. Salomon en la Cámara de los Lords del Reino Unido: estas empresas comenzaron siendo formas de administrar riqueza pero rápidamente pasaron a ser vehículos predilectos para las inversiones y se convirtieron en una pieza fundamental para generar una economía global integrada. Resulta de particular interés el rol que ha adoptado el Derecho Internacional Público cuando se ha visto envuelto en el mundo corporativo: si bien las empresas multinacionales no se consideran sujetos del Derecho Internacional, es imposible negar su peso en la arena internacional. Basta para ello tomar como ejemplo que los tratados internacionales de protección de las inversiones se han construido alrededor de las necesidades del inversor generando una multiplicidad de foros. El presente trabajo examinará la evolución de la jurisprudencia acerca de la protección de las inversiones de empresas multinacionales en los foros internacionales, tomando como puntos de referencia los fallos de la Corte Internacional de Justicia en los casos Barcelona Traction – Sicula – Diallo y lo decidido recientemente ante tribunal de arbitraje internacional tal como en el caso Yukos. En este sentido, se planteará que la regulación de empresas multinacionales es un proceso regulatorio que aún no encuentran armonización normativa, y que si bien aún no podemos hablar que estamos ante una rama del " Derecho de las Empresas Multinacionales " en el marco del Derecho Internacional Público, podríamos estar en el sendero correcto para ello.

The book introduces students to the background and key issues of sustainability and suggests ways in which these concepts can be applied in business practice. Though the book takes a business perspective, it is interdisciplinary in its nature and draws on knowledge from socio-economic, political, and environmental studies, thereby providing a practical understanding of sustainability in the changing paradigm of global business.

A number of people have claimed that the ongoing financial crisis has revealed the problems with neoliberal thought and neoliberal policies in the 'Atlantic Heartland'. However, if we look at the history of the 'Heartland' economies then it becomes evident that they were never neoliberal in the first place - that is, the economic policies and discourses in these countries did not follow neoliberal prescriptions. /We Have Never Been Neoliberal/ explores this divergence between neoliberal theory and 'neoliberal' practice by focusing on the underlying contradictions in monetarism, private monopolies, and financialization. The book finishes by proposing a 'manifesto for a doomed youth' in which it argues that younger generations should refuse to pay interest on anything in order to avoid the trap of debt-driven living.

A merger wave on an unprecedented scale has recently been sweeping through the Western world. Many studies have demonstrated the unimpressive economic outcome of most mergers. This article argues that an important reason for disappointing long-term performance is the underestimated difficulties of integrating idiosyncratic technologies in unified product platforms. Instead of focusing on newproduct development, engineers and designers are drawn into lengthy harmonisation issues. An expanded research agenda is proposed, including the role of special interests in driving merger proposals, the impact of mergers on engineering creativity and innovation, and the identification of industries in which firm trajectories of scale and size, ultimately ending in mergers can be compared with the alternative dynamics of de–mergers, knowledge-based networks and research-based start-ups.

RESUMEN: Mediante el análisis comparado de tres estudios de caso sobre conflictos socio-ambientales en México, el artículo determina los factores que aumentan la probabilidad de que los movimientos ambientalistas logren detener la construcción de proyectos financiados por grandes corporaciones que amenazan con causar daño irreversible al medio ambiente. El estudio revela que factores como el framing, la capacidad de visibilidad del conflicto y la articulación de redes son vitales para que las movilizaciones consigan sus objetivos. ABSTRACT: Through a comparative analysis of three case studies in Mexico's socio-environmental conflicts, this article determines the factors that increase the probability that environmen-talist movements manage to stop the construction of projects funded by large corporations, which threaten to cause irreversible damage to the environment. The study reveals that factors such as framing, the capacity of visibilization of the conflict and the articulation of networks are key for mobilizations in order to achieve their objectives.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

We investigate the rapid internationalization of many multinationals from emerging economies through acquisition in advanced economies. We conceptualize these acquisitions as an act and form of entrepreneurship, aimed to overcome the 'liability of emergingness' incurred by these firms and to serve as a mechanism for competitive catch-up through opportunity seeking and capability transformation. Our explanation emphasizes (1) the unique asymmetries (and not necessarily advantages) distinguishing emerging ...

After the hegemony of neoliberalism and the application of the Washington Consensus recommendations, actively supported by International Monetary Fund and the World Bank during the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s, Latin America experienced strong political changes that led to a period of sustained growth (annual growth rates above 4% from 2003
to 2013). In that context, one of the most significant characteristics was the outstanding performance of the manufacturing sector. However, it should be noted that industrial development in Latin American countries differs significantly among countries, and it is highly concentrated on the performance of the three most important economies of the region,
Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, which on average from 1960 to the present have generated 75% of the manufacturing value added. The aim of the book is to analyze the recent performance of the manufacturing sector in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, in order to account for the true possibilities of achieving economic development based on industrialization. In order to do this, we analyze the historical evolution of the industrial sector of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico since the import substitution industrialization stage, the economic impacts of the process of deindustrialization in the last quarter of the twentieth century during the rise of neoliberal policies, as well as the main transformations registered during the first decades of the twenty-first century when a reindustrialization process was registered. Also, the book studies the existence (or lack) of structural change in the economy, its level of technological development, economic concentration and evolution of income distribution, as well as the degree of external dependence and international integration that the different industrial sectors of the countries have.