Nasa

NASA Contractor Report 159381, 1980
by Kevin E. Hawley, David L. Kohlman, Garey T. Matsuyama, Paul T. Meredith
University of Kansas
526 pages

> Content ...
> Preface  3
> Contents  5
> List of figures  16
> List of tables  19
> List of symbols  23
> List of acronyms  27
> Chapter 1 - Summary  34
> Chapter 2 - Introduction  35
  » 2.1 Background  36
  » 2.2 Purpose  37
  » 2.3 Scope  38
  » 2.4 Approach  39
  » 2.5 Report format  39
> Chapter 3 - Visits to manufacturers + research facilities  40
  » Rotary engine / Rotary combustion engine menshioned: 41, 54
  » 3.1 Introduction  40
  » 3.2 Manufacturers, research facilities, + meetings  40
  » 3.3 Meetings  47
  » 3.4 Results of the facility visits  54
  » 3.5 Recommendations for NASA  58
> Chapter 4 - Technology evaluation  61
  » Rotary engine / Rotary combustion engine menshioned: 64, 81, 86, 180, 181, 183, 199
  » 4.1 Method of technology evaluation  61
  » 4.2 Candidate technology identification  71
  » 4.3 Application of the evaluation technique  87
  » 4.4 Observations on the utilization of the evaluation technique  94
  » 4.5 Evaluation technique results  100
      » 4.5.9.2 Stratified Charge Rotary Combustion Engine  183
  » 4.6 Other promising technologies  195
  » 4.7 Summary of the technology evaluation  198
> Chapter 5 - Design studies  201
  » Rotary engine / Rotary combustion engine menshioned: 206, 229, 231, 232, 254
  » 5.1 Design specifications  201
  » 5.2 Technology integration  203
  » 5.3 Parametric trade studies  210
  » 5.4 Conceptualdesigns  222
  » 5.5 Design study summary  248
> Chapter 6 - General aviation synthesis program  261
  » 6.1 Program familiarity  261
  » 6.2 Program modifications  264
  » 6.3 Program benchmarks  266
  » 6.4 Use of GASP  268
  » 6.5 Results of GASP implementation  268
> Chapter 7 - Results  270
  » Rotary engine / Rotary combustion engine menshioned: 273
  » 7.1 Overview of tasks performed  270
  » 7.2 Results of tasks performed  272
> Chapter 8 - Conclusions + recommendations  276
  » 8.1 Conclusions  276
  » 8.2 Recommendations  277
> Bibliography + reference list  279
> Appendix A - Notes from visits to manufacturers + research centers  306
  » Rotary engine / Rotary combustion engine menshioned: 307, 311, 312, 317, 321, 343, 356,
      357, 358, 397, 403, 405
  » A.1 Airframe manufacturers  307
  » A.2 Propulsion manufacturers  336
  » A.3 Avionics + autopilot manufacturers  362
  » A.4 Systems manufacturers  375
  » A.5 NASA research centers  381
> Appendix B - Technology evaluation  420
  » B.1 Category selection survey  421
  » B.2 Category rating survey  428
  » B.3 Cadidate technology identification  450
  » B.4 Pessimistic, likely, optimistic, + expected (FLOE) figure of merit studies  459
  » B.5 Tabular results of the technology evaluation with an examination of the effect of empty weight  485
> Appendix C - 6-Passenger + commuter design studies  509
  » C.1 6-Passenger designs  509
  » C.2 Commuter design  518
  » C.3 Range factor parametric analysis  524

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/share/author/FIYZJSJFHVCW7Q7FM9W9?target=10.1111/jacc.13205

This article looks at how The Avengers and Captain Marvel helped promote the agendas of NASA and the US Space Force through marketing, promotion, and production relationships.

This presentation explores all the experiments on the Moon since the Apollo missions, regarding the detection of water, hydroxyl, HO-, and other indicators, such as neutron abundances. It also cover many space missions and also correlates lab tests on moon samples with experimental observational data.

Mars in unearthly, unchartered, unknown & yet attracts all of humanity. The hazards of the endeavor are overwhelmed by the hype & hope surrounding the enterprise. A variety of individuals, private companies, commercial firms and national space agencies are engrossed in efforts at landing & inhabiting Mars. However, these efforts are disjoint and there exists little or no coordination. The aspirations as also hazards are immense, the resources scarce & costly. Consequently, left ungoverned, the potential for conflict in space exploration is high. There exists a critical need to regulate and coordinate affairs in this area right now when the technologies and legislation are yet immature. This calls for a credible institutionalized governance structure. This paper proposes an expansion of the existing United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to take on the mantle of space exploration governance and to continue with incremental progressions later.

All UFOs in this world have one source: the Moon, the hatch to the Otherworld that sends them here. // У всех НЛО в мире этом источник один: Луна, люк в шлющий их мир Иной.

Землянину, зрящему поле Луны, дивен плеск иной жизни на этой суровой пустынной планете. Луна, мнится нам – порт миров, с нами дéлящих общий, ей внешний простор, что вселенной зовем мы. Но истина в том, что ЛУНА — ДВЕРЬ В ИНОЕ, портал сутям Неба как Глуби Луны. Из нее, тайной, к нам их поход, жизнь на лунном лице есть РОДНИК ИЗНУТРИ. Люди сей Земли, мы — его капли; Луна, люк Причины — нам Мать, к Миру ключ в мудрой длани. Об этом работа моя.

In this work, we study the steady-states vibrations of the “Koch snowflake drum”, both numerically and by means of computer graphics. In particular, we approximate the smallest 50 eigenvalues (or “frequencies” of the drum), along with the corresponding eigenfunctions (called “snowflake harmonics”) of the Dirichlet Laplacian on the Koch snowflake domain. We describe the numerical methods used in the computations, and we display graphical representations of a selected set of the eigenfunctions (as well as of their gradients). In the case of the first harmonic, the graphical results agree with mathematically derived results (by Lapidus and Pang) concerning gradient behavior (“blow up” or “infinite stress” of the membrane) on the boundary and suggest further conjectures regarding the higher eigenfunctions. According to earlier work by the physicist Sapoval and his collaborators, this research may help better understand the formation and “stabilization” of fractal structures (e.g., coast...

NASA, VOYAGER-2 1986; Miranda;
On NASA's next mission to the outer planets of OCEANUS, it would be good to examine the chemical composition of fragment C as it looks a little harder than the surface of Miranda, and these bright areas are also some 'unclear' areas. I wonder where this specimen came from. If, on the other hand, the OCEANUS mission starts with the same level of (un)knowledge of our Solar System as the Voyager mission in 1977, the result will again be thousands of wonderful photographs of gas (ice) planets and our knowledge of the Solar System will remain at the level of unproven and untested hypotheses about collisions and convections. Collisions as a medicine for everything that is materially unclear in celestial bodies and orbit parameters, and convections into the interior and magnetic fields. And Uranus will continue to be painted as such a funny avocado next to the image of its magnetic field, which clearly shows that such a symmetrical avocado is nonsense.

Raise your hand if you want to fly in space! If so, you share a quest with millions of dreamers around the world who have patiently, and impatiently, anticipated Sunday afternoon drives down celestial freeways.

"See You in Orbit? Our Dream of Spaceflight" will guide you on historical, personal, irreverent, and often-humorous tour of the promises, expectations, principal personalities, and milestones regarding the goal individuals have to fly in space.

Available on Amazon.

NASA Technical Memorandum by Kestutis C. Civinskas + Gerald A. Kraft
1976, 59 pages
Lewis Research Center + U.S. Army Air Mobility R+D Laboratory, Cleveland
Sponsored by NASA (TM X-71906)

> Content ...
> Abstract  2
> Summary  3
> Introduction  4
> Symbols  6
> Analysis  9
  » Mission  9
  » Reference Turbofan  9
  » Compound Engine  9
  » Cycle Calculations  13
  » Engine Weight  18
> Results + Discussion  20
  » Compound Engine Configuration  20
  » Performance  22
  » Dimensions + Weight  24
  » Perturbations  26
  » Concluding Remarks  28
> References  29
> Tables, Figures, + Diagrams  30

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

CubeSats are miniature satellites that have been instrumental in low Earth orbit research for the past 15 years. But recently the tiny CubeSat has been called upon to go where no CubeSat has gone before – interplanetary space. Learn more in an Introduction to CubeSats course by Tonex.

This white paper examines the varied contexts of organizational cultures and how they can affect organizational behaviors in employees. With the understanding that an organizational culture is essentially that organization's "DNA", permeating everything about that organization, the paper then supposes a solution for leaders who wish to better understand or more closely refine their own cultures. To establish a new organizational culture or refine an already existing one, the five solutions are: establish myths and legends; create artifacts that everyone can hang onto as inspiration; found a creed that is easy to remember; lead by example, stressing balance in all things; adjust culture based on where it fits within Cameron and Quinn's four types of clan, adhocracy, market and hierarchy.

Mighty America, who brought a human to the Moon, has the right to be proud of his great son John F. Kennedy, who became for America what the god Apollo was for Hellas. The Heaven has sent us bright signs to prove this. // Могучая Америка, доставившая человека на Луну, вправе гордиться своим великим сыном Джоном Кеннеди, ставшим для Америки тем, чем был бог Аполлон для Эллады. Небо послало нам яркие знаки, подтверждающие это.

A belief exists in the United States about public support for NASA's human spaceflight activities. Many hold that NASA and the cause of the human exploration of space enjoyed outstanding public support and confidence in the 1960s during the era of Apollo and that public support waned in the post-Apollo era, only to sink to quite low depths in the decade of the 1990s. These beliefs are predicated on anecdotal evidence that should not be discounted, but empirical evidence gleaned from public opinion polling data suggests that some of these conceptions are totally incorrect and others are either incomplete or more nuanced than previously believed. This article explores the evolution of public support for space exploration since the 1960s. Using polling data from a variety of sources it presents trends over time and offers comments on the meaning of public perceptions for the evolution of space policy and the development of space exploration in the United States.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

"Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations;".-White House Space Policy Directive #1 Abstract The US administration has laid out, in the clearest terms yet in many years, what the nation expects NASA to do in the immediate term: Return people to the Moon asap(2020s timeframe) with the goal of building the technological and operational infrastructure to conduct a safe human Mars expedition within the next two decades(2030s). A fresh new space policy outlook drives an invigorated agency impetus to incorporate homegrown private space companies, that are chomping at the bit with creativity and new visions for utilizing human spaceflight for commerce and profit, and NASA is already showing signs of nurturing many more partners, both commercial and international entities into the core of this vital civilian endeavor, particularly in human space activity. How to jumpstart a self-sustainable cislunar economy that does not wither and fade with each administration cycle and be victim yet again to the on-again off-again visions for human space activity ? Robotic precursor missions to both Moon and Mars have been underway for some years now, with the aim of gauging in-situ resources for extended human activities, eventually leading to permanent settlements. Following the Apollo missions nearly half a century ago, several reports have presented the case that the Moon is the most proximal celestial body where much of the hard engineering data and experience needed for more ambitious missions may be tested, evolved and certified. Commerce is the lifeblood of modern civilization. Commerce is a pillar of national security. Open-ended government funded space exploration, by itself, is not sustainable for future long duration missions. Hence the role of commerce and international partners in human space activity. An effort to expand the International Space Station model to include more partners on a global scale is also proceeding in parallel. The goal to develop and field the next generation of human occupied space station, one that can safely keep her crew and reliably operate beyond the protective cocoon of the Earth's magnetic field is logically the next step along the critical path for evolving a Mars expedition vehicle, one that has to withstand the interplanetary environment, before crew can be delivered to the surface of Mars. While large, heavy lift launch vehicles and planetary landers are being developed, integrated and tested, are there ways to speed up human spaceflight activity ? What projects can we do with existing human spaceflight assets that are aligned with administration space policy directives ? The ADAM Project attempts to explore options available in the immediate term, to satisfy the national space policy goals set forth by the current administration, while encouraging new visions for human space activity, utilizing existing space technology to accelerate real space commerce for the immediate benefit of all society. The USC 2018 ADAM Project continues in a long line of past lunar projects that make the case for speedy lunar return. The ADAM project concepts and earlier works of the ASTE527 Studio may be accessed at : https://sites.google.com/a/usc.edu/aste527/home

The universe is 'first nature 1 '. A possible description of Outer space could be the boundless infinite space where all matter and energy coexist in space and time, beyond Earth's atmosphere and that of human comprehension 2. Seeing, as a sense of perception has its own limits, there are mysteries that are present but invisible to the naked eye. The observation of space from Earth has various limitations. During daytime we can only perceive a blue-sky background, the reason is, the atmosphere layers and Earth surface, together with the clouds reflect and absorb the electromagnetic radiation from The Sun. 3 At night or darkness, starry nights are by far one of the most striking formations of nature. We may wonder their existence, ours, why they come to exist, they are visually meaningful. For Lukacs, "Nature, bereft of its 'senseless' autonomous life as well of its meaningful symbolism, becomes a background, a piece of scenery an accompanying voice and is only a sensually perceptible projection of the essential of interiority. 4 " The assertion of humanity outside nature is a philosophical claim; humanity strives to explore the hidden truths of the universe. Those celestial bodies approach from so a far, they seem unreachable, it would appear as if we are alienated from them. "The specks are microscopic, yet if the whole room were to represent the size of the observable universe, each of these dusty motes would be the size of an entire galaxy of stars. 5 " The flickering dim dots across the night sky are in reality, some of our planets in our solar system: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Venus, Saturn 6 and galaxies millions of light years in astronomical distance. Scientific research and the latest technologies, enable the understanding of scales across the cosmos, from the microscopic to everything.

The rocker-bogie suspension system has robust capabilities to deal with uneven terrain because of it's distributing the payload over its six wheels uniformly. Most of the cover designs have been developed for Mars and Moon surface in order to understand the geological history of the soil and rocks. Exploration operations need high speed and long distance traversal in a short mission period due to environmental effects, climate and communication restrictions In this research, a new suspension mechanism has been designed and its kinematic analysis results were discussed. One of the major shortcomings of current Rocker-Bogie rovers is that they are slow. In our project, we have focused on six-wheeled rocker bogie suspension system design which has advantage of linear bogie motion in protecting the whole system from getting rollovers during high-speed operations. This has greatly increased the reliability of structure on rough terrains and also enables its higher speed exploration with same obstacle height capacity as twice the diameter of wheel. The project aims to improve some basic working so that it can perform in a better way.

John Berger’s warnings around the gaze in Ways of Seeing and the discourses surrounding NASA’s Blue Marble, the 1972 image of the whole Earth from space, propose a visual practice based on vision as inculcating an alienating objectivity. I return to these foundational texts from 1972 in order to produce symptomatic readings that suggest a background for certain attitudes around digital images. Introducing Donna Haraway’s notion of diffraction multiplies the interpretive identities of such texts and pushes against over identifications that limit a text’s contemporary resonance, as I explain through my discussion of Ways of Seeing and then model through various approaches to Blue Marble. My analysis identifies how attributes of each object contribute to the disappearance of the image as something one looks at, but by reclaiming vision, a new kind of critical visuality becomes available, particularly as it applies to digital culture, as I address in my conclusion.

Si en su obra titulada "De la Tierra a la Luna", Julio Verne ya nos había hecho viajar y sobrepasar las fronteras de nuestro planeta incidiendo sobre la especialidad de llegar a alcanzar la superficie lunar y la complejidad de tal hazaña con su frase "y llegó el día clave, el primero de diciembre, porque si el lanzamiento del proyectil no se efectuaba aquella misma noche, a las diez y cuarenta y seis minutos y cuarenta segundos, más de dieciocho años tendrían que transcurrir antes de que la Luna se volviese a presentar en las mismas condiciones simultáneas de cenit y perigeo", la llegada real al satélite y el primer paseo del hombre por su tierra en julio de 1969, no fueron sino la conversión de un sueño, hecho realidad.

The concept of a space elevator dates back to Tsilokovsky, but they are not commonly considered in near-term plans for space exploration, perhaps because a terrestrial elevator would not be possible without considerable improvements in tether material. A Lunar Space Elevator (LSE), however, can be built with current technology using commercially available tether polymers. This paper considers missions leading to infrastructure capable of shortening the time, lowering the cost and enhancing the capabilities of robotic and human explorers. These missions use planetary scale tethers, strings many thousands of kilometers long stabilized either by rotation or by gravitational gradients. These systems promise major reduction in transport costs versus chemical rockets, in a rapid timeframe, for a modest investment. Science will thus benefit as well as commercial activities.

This paper is an introduction to gravitational and space life sciences and a summary of key achievements in the field. Current global research is focused on understanding the effects of gravity/microgravity on microbes, cells, plants, animals and humans. It is now established that many plants and animals can progress through several generations in microgravity. Astrobiology is emerging as an exciting field promoting research in biospherics and fabrication of controlled
environmental life support systems. India is one of the 14-nation International Space Exploration Coordination Group (2007) that hopes that someday humans may live and work on other planets within the Solar System. The vision statement of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) includes planetary exploration and human spaceflight. While a leader in several fields of space science, India is yet to initiate serious research in gravitational and life sciences. Suggestions are made here for establishing a full-fledged Indian space life sciences programme.

The objective of this paper is to model and simulate a wing powered with a distributed propulsion system at both take-off and cruise conditions. The thesis demonstrates the advantages of Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) by studying the flow around a wing. MATLAB was used to generate the wing external dimensions using the wing design parameters (aspect ratio, taper ratio, twist angle). The modelling of the wing was performed using ANSYS Workbench and the one of the high-lift propellers (HPs) and Tip Propeller (TP) in SolidWorks before importing the propellers from SolidWorks to ANSYS and attaching them at the front of the leading edge of the wing at equal distances. The propellers in this thesis are designed using the blade radius with constant twist angle from root to tip using the information collected through a literature review, as the optimization of the propellers alone is not the main focus of this project. The project scope is only limited to the way through which they are utilized in a configuration that improves the wing aerodynamic performance. After creating the meshes and applying the required setups, four simulations where conducted in this project through a step by step analysis that first started with a simulation of the wing alone. After adding the propellers, the wing with all HPs and TP was simulated in deployed stationary configuration at take-off conditions. The lift value increased and the drag decreased as a result of this improvement. Once more, the wing with the same configuration was simulated by assigning rotational velocities to the propellers. The results showed a great improvement in the lift and drag values. A last simulation was performed at cruise conditions where all the HPs were folded in the nacelles and the wing was simulated with the TP being in stationary configuration. Additional simulations were later performed to improve the reliability from the results obtained after each of the simulations. Moreover, the plots of the pressure, velocity and streamlines provided relevant information about the aerodynamic interference between the wing and the propellers. The slipstreams created by the propellers and their effects on the wing were also discussed. The results concluded that significant aerodynamic improvements can be achieved in DEP Technology by installing a propeller at the wingtip and HPs at the leading edge of the wing at appropriate locations.

NASA has recently made significant investments in the emerging private space industry, dubbed NewSpace. The public may see a successful NewSpace as a replacement for NASA because of their similar objectives. How has the recent success of private space companies affected the public's support for NASA funding? I conduct a randomized online survey experiment of the public to determine the media effect of NewSpace successes on the public's desire to fund NASA. I find that the public's preference toward NASA's budget remains relatively unchanged by NewSpace media. However, treated individuals, even those who are NASA supporters, want more of NASA's budget devoted to investment in NewSpace. The survey finds that, regardless of treatment, the public on average wants to increase NASA's annual budget by 5% next year, and gender and stance on economic policy are significant determinants of budget preference. Overall, the results support a positive public perception of NASA and a mutually beneficial relationship between NASA and the new private space sector.

This paper examines the conflicting rhetoric leading up to and following the Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975 and the concurrent attempts to increase the percentage of minority and female employees within NASA's ranks. In both cases, the international prestige of the US was at stake. Dissent in both international and domestic forms, however, fought against a political détente while internal dissent hindered interracial détente within NASA. The agency's administration, while employing the positive rhetoric of international cooperation and a diversified workplace, struggled in its attempts to create either.
Published in Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly, 22:1 (2015): 4-15.

Imagining Outer Space makes a captivating advance into the cultural history of outer space and extraterrestrial life in the European imagination. How was outer space conceived and communicated? What promises of interplanetary expansion and cosmic colonization propelled the project of human spaceflight to the forefront of twentieth-century modernity? In what way has West-European astroculture been affected by the continuous exploration of outer space? Tracing the current thriving interest in spatiality to early attempts at exploring imaginary worlds beyond our own, the book analyzes contact points between science and fiction from a transdisciplinary perspective and examines sites and situations where utopian images and futuristic technologies contributed to the omnipresence of fantasmatic thought. Bringing together state-of-the-art work in this emerging field of historical research, Imagining Outer Space breaks new ground in the historicization of the Space Age.

The York College-hosted NASA MAA (MUREP AEROSPACE ACADEMY) has always played a pivotal role in minimizing the learning loss during the summer months, which was heightened during the pandemic. Support from AT&T, Con Edison and NASA enabled the MAA program at York College to offer a virtual STEM education with basic science and python-based concentration to 1000 plus underserved K1-12 students from the community last summer, including 160 high school students.

El siguiente trabajo es un análisis de un caso real. Un hecho ocurrido durante el primer lanzamiento de un astronauta norteamericano a la órbita terrestre realizado por la Administración Nacional de la Aeronáutica y del Espacio de Estados Unidos (NASA, por sus siglas en inglés). Durante el viaje de regreso del cohete, y unos minutos antes de entrar a la atmósfera, en las computadoras del Centro Espacial sonó la alarma. Una falla en el escudo térmico. Los stakeholders del proyecto, la dirección de la NASA y el Director del lanzamiento, debían decidir qué hacer. Liderazgo y organización, trabajo en equipo y toma de decisiones son los temas a tratar en el análisis del caso. Dentro del trabajo en grupo se hablará de los interesados, o stakeholders, sus papeles en el desarrollo del hecho. Niveles en la Gerencia y toma de decisiones en momentos cruciales. Responsabilidades con el grupo de trabajo y su relación con el ciclo de vida del mismo, así como de las influencias en el grupo.

Un libro en el que el humor y la ciencia se unen para dar explicación a todo tipo de preguntas curiosas.¡Ey! Gracias por fijarte en mi libro. Si estás pensando en comprarlo hay dos cosas que no tendrías por qué saber pero que quiero contarte por si finalmente no te gusta y decides darle otro uso: Los humanos no podemos digerir el papel de celulosa, pero en caso de que pudiéramos, si decidieras comerte este libro engordarías 2.300 calorías ? incluida la cubierta, claro. Si tienes un buen brazo, podrías lanzar este libro a más de 13 metros. Con práctica es posible llegar a lanzar un libro cada 800 milisegundos, lo que significa que si un agresor te estuviera persiguiendo, podrías tener tres o cuatro oportunidades de golpearlo antes de que te alcanzara. Si en cambio el ataque fuera por parte de un coyote que corre a la máxima velocidad que puede, solo tendrías una oportunidad. ¡Apunta bien! ¿Qué pasaría si...? es un libro de divulgación científica en el que se recopilan algunos de los mejores posts así como otros nuevos elaborados a partir de las preguntas del blog de Randall Munroe, en el que responde a los lectores haciendo uso de sus conocimientos científicos y matemáticos. Munroe fue físico en la NASA antes de crear la web http://www.xkcd.com, que ha recibido más de un millón de visitas. www.lectulandia.com-Página 2

This paper was constructed to provide an analysis of wingtip devices and geometric wing modifications and how they change the lift profile of an airfoil.  Both wing modifications have one thing in common: increase performance.  Nonetheless, each modification increases performance for a different regime of flight.  For example, a vortex generator delays boundary layer separation at high angles of attack whereas a winglet weakens wingtip vortices through vertical diffusion.  Both actions and many others increase performance in their own unique way and they will be examined throughout the body of this research paper.