Norm

Purpose: The quality and condition of the human body are of particular importance. This is because the positive and negative changes resulting from this matter could affect other conditions. The skeletal condition of the spine is an essential part of a person's physical condition. Recognizing correct positions has always attracted the attention of sports scientists. The present study reviewed the normative data of the thoracic and lumbar curvature. Methods: We investigated the studies conducted from 1980-2016. We studied and used related articles that measured spinal curvatures and investigated invasive and non-invasive methods. The authors reported previous studies without any bias. Results: The obtained results indicated that spine norms are different in research reports. Thus, further investigating this subject is required for recognizing, categorizing, screening, and decreasing the prevalence of spinal deformities. Conclusion: We reviewed the studies on the prevalence of spinal abnormalities and the provision of natural alignment and the extent of injury to the area in athletes. The relevant data suggested a great variation in applying measurement methods, as well as the homogeneity between the studied communities. Therefore, comparing the present results and categorizing studies should be performed with great caution. Highlights • The prevalence of spinal biomechanical changes in different research reports. Plain Language Summary To identify, classify, screen, and ultimately reduce the prevalence of spinal biomechanical changes, it is necessary to conduct and expand such studies.

Die empirische, auf qualitative oder quantitative Korpusanalyse gestützte Beschreibung von geschriebener und gesprochener Sprache hat sich in der Sprachwissenschaft als zentrales Paradigma etabliert. Die Reihe bietet eine Plattform für synchron-linguistische Ansätze und interdisziplinäre Arbeiten mit linguistischem Schwerpunkt, die innovative Wege empirischen Arbeitens aufzeigen und neue Methoden und Modelle anhand von Datenmaterial entwickeln. Die Studie arbeitet den musterhaften Sprachgebrauch in wissenschaftlichen Texten heraus und beschreibt auf der Basis einer datengeleiteten Korpus-analyse den Wissenschaftsstil auf formaler und pragmatischer Ebene. Mit der theoretischen Einbettung in mehrere linguistische Teildisziplinen leistet das Buch einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Textsortenforschung, zur Normen-diskussion und zur Schreibforschung. 10 www.degruyter.com

The paper discusses various techniques of discovering and describing lexical ambiguity. This is one of the top issues in computational linguistics. A variety of techniques are used for word sense disambiguation, but all of them are based on context. Yet, studying how word senses work without context and what patterns of polysemous words could be found in speakers’ minds also seems an interesting and important issue. The main approaches to WSD with or without context (in narrow and broad sense, including the situational context) are evaluated. The importance of corpora in discovering word senses is substantiated. New experimental data are presented, which allow defining subsets of senses for polysemous words for different speakers and rating the senses in the dictionary. Finally, the paper proposes to distinguish between absolute and relative polysemy and to search for ways of their adequate lexicographic description.

This book explores the role of the principle of effectiveness (the “Principle”) in the interpretation and application of the ECHR. Part I undertakes an analytical examination of the Principle’s conceptual framework: raison d’être, capacities, formulations, and its historical and case-law development. It is proposed that the Principle’s raison d’être – to render the Convention effective – is accomplished through the Principle’s two capacities, as a method of interpretation and as a norm of international law, as well as through its two sub-capacities, the doctrine of positive obligations and the living instrument doctrine, all of which the book examines in depth. Part II delves into the Principle’s operational framework by demonstrating its polyvalent nature and action from two perspectives, having regard to its dual nature (harmonising and defensive) and its action at all stages of the procedure including the implementation of the Court’s judgments. In an original manner, the book seeks to prove its central proposition that the Principe has an overarching role and deserves to be characterized as “the norm of all norms and the method of all methods”.

Cannabis, standards, legitimities
and management of prohibitions in the Rif (Morocco)

Among the populations of rifain massif, a conflict between the actors of the local economy – based largely on the exploitation of the kîf – and the administrative and religious authorities has been going, on for a little over half a century, as to whether or not this cannabic activity is compatible with the commandments of religion, modern law, morality and public health.
On the ideological level, this conflict situation can be understood as the result of the clash of two opposing legitimities, one claiming the obligation to observe the institutional prohibitions to which no one within the community can escape, the other of a specific situation and historical right which, de facto, grant a legal franchise.
Crossing several spheres, including the economic, the sacred and the political, what can be observed in this case is a radical opposition between traditional and normative legitimities. What is transgression for the legalists will not really be one in the eyes of the dissident subgroup which will consider that it has just used its right, under an historical practice which confers legitimacy at least equal to that which is reproached to it for flouting.

Space provides indeed resources whose existence transforms the subgroup exploiting them into a cartel of interests, leading to the production of specific standards and values, not always well accepted by the large group even if the latter does not call into question the community consensus. Because a singular economic area, which has become a unifying factor of a subgroup, can very quickly evolve into a space of protest breaking with the old community solidarities and be transformed into a cause of dislocation of the larger units. For its part, ignored in its demand to benefit from a easing of the community rule, this space can revive ethnic or regional particularities previously to the dormant state and stir up old grievances.
We do not pass judgment on the validity or invalidity of the points of view expressed by one or the other because our aim is not to speak in the heart of this debate, which is very complex and very evolutionary. The object we have given ourselves is simply to try to specify, on the basis of our ethnographic observations, the different points of view and to formalize them in order to make them accessible to sociological analysis.

Résumé

Chez les populations du massif rifain – une société dans laquelle religion et cannabis occupent tous deux une grande place –  un conflit oppose depuis un peu plus d’un demi-siècle les acteurs de l’économie locale aux autorités administratives et religieuses sur la question de savoir si l’activité canna-bique  est conciliable ou pas avec les commandements de la religion, le droit moderne, la morale et la santé publique.
Sur le plan idéologique, cette situation conflictuelle peut être appréhendée comme résultant du choc de deux légitimités opposées, l’une se réclamant de l’obligation d’observance des interdits institutionnels auxquels personne au sein d’une communauté ne peut échapper, l’autre d’une situation spécifique et d’un droit historique qui octroient de facto une franchise légale.
Traversant plusieurs sphères, notamment l’économique, le sacré et le poli-tique, ce que l’on peut observer dans ce cas de figure, c’est une opposition radicale entre les légitimités traditionnelles et les légitimités normatives d’État. Ce qui est transgression pour les légalistes n’en est pas vraiment une aux yeux du sous-groupe dissident qui estimera qu’il a juste usé de son bon droit, en vertu d’une pratique historique conférant une légitimité au moins égale à celle qu’on lui reproche de bafouer.
L’espace est en effet pourvoyeur de ressources dont l’existence transforme en cartel d’intérêts le sous-groupe qui les exploite, conduisant à la production de normes et de valeurs spécifiques, pas toujours bien acceptées par le grand groupe même si le consensus communautaire n’est pas remis en cause dans son intégralité. Car un espace économique singulier, devenu facteur fédérateur d’un sous-groupe, peut très vite évoluer en espace contesta-taire rompant avec les anciennes solidarités communautaires et se transformer en cause de dislocation des ensembles plus grands, un risque que ces derniers se refusent généralement à courir. De son côté, ignoré dans sa revendication à bénéficier d’un assouplissement de la règle communautaire, cet espace peut rapidement faire renaître des particularismes ethniques ou régionaux jusque-là dormants et attiser d’anciens griefs.
Nous ne portons pas de jugement sur la validité ou la non validité des points de vue exprimés par les uns ou par les autres car notre but ici n’est pas d’intervenir dans le cœur de ce débat, L’objet que nous nous sommes donné est simplement de tenter de spécifier, à partir de nos observations ethnographiques et de nos déductions, les différents points de vue en lice et de les formaliser pour les rendre accessibles à l’analyse sociologique.

Eectiv e norms, emerging from sustained individual inter- actions over time, can complement societal rules and signif- icantly enhance performance of individual agents and agent societies. Researchers have used a model that supports the emergence of social norms via learning from interaction ex- periences where each interaction is viewed as a stage game. In this social learning model, which is distinct from an agent learning from repeated interactions against the same player, an agent learns a policy to play the game from repeated in- teractions with multiple learning agents. The key research question is to characterize when and how the entire popula- tion of homogeneous learners converge to a consistent norm when multiple action combinations yield the same optimal payo. In this paper we study two extensions to the so- cial learning model that signican tly enhances its applica- bility. We rst explore the eects of heterogeneous popula- tions where dieren t agents may be using dieren ...

Vor dem Hintergrund der unterschiedlichen sozialen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen des kindlichen Familienalltags wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob es zwischen ost- und westdeutschen Familien auch Unterschiede auf der familialen Beziehungs- bzw. Interaktionsebene gibt. Dazu beziehen sich die Autoren auf die Ergebnisse eines Kinder-Surveys, "der 1993 in Hessen und Sachsen-Anhalt ... durchgeführt wurde" und gehen auf folgende fünf Faktoren ein: 1. Elternzentriertheit des Familienalltags, 2. Elterliches Strafverhalten, 3. Elterliche Aufmerksamkeit für das kindliche Wohlverhalten, 4. Respektierung der kindlichen Interessenäußerungen, 5. Kindliche Durchsetzungsstrategien. (DIPF/Mass.)

This paper shows that grammatical differences between languages do not interfere in the making of a meta-text when translating. Similarities in the grammatical structure of two languages are, instead, responsible of a large number of problems ranging from certain types of imprecisions to serious mistakes that affect the resulting translation. The paper offers a typology of grammatical symmetries and asymmetries with the aim of pointing out which are the similarities which cause «grammatical fake friends».

Proverbs are considered as part of folklore or public literature and one of important cultural treasures. Hence, discussing and studying proverbs can make us familiar with cultural aspects, value and norms of the owners of those proverbs. In this study Kurdish and Farsi proverbs are investigated based on cultural components and its species are presented and classified based on the same components. The present study shows that Kurdish and Farsi proverbs have spoken of two categories of values and norms, and anti-values and abnormalities, first, positive values and norms such as encouraging to truthfulness, effort, patience and tolerance, pragmatic, wise, etc; and second, negative values and in other words anti-values and abnormal action that they have been blame such as lying, avarice, cruelty, etc; also based on Malinowski’s theory, the three individual, social and combined functions are conceivable   Keywords: Culture, Value, Norm, Anti-Value, Kurdish proverbs, Farsi proverbs, etc.

African American and Latino teenagers and communities are frequently assumed to have weaker norms against teenage pregnancy than whites. Despite their importance, adolescents’ norms about teenage pregnancy have not been measured or their correlates and consequences documented. This study examines individual-level and contextual variation in adolescents’ embarrassment at the prospect of a teenage pregnancy and its relationship with subsequent teenage pregnancy. Descriptive analyses find that norms vary by gender and individual- and neighborhood-level race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). In multivariate analyses, neighborhood-level racial/ethnic associations with embarrassment are explained by neighborhood-level SES. Embarrassment is associated with a lower likelihood of subsequent teenage pregnancy but does not mediate racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic influences, underscoring the importance of both norms and structural factors for understanding teenage fertility.

Kant believed that the moral law is a law that the rational will in some sense legislates. He regarded this thesis as an important philosophical discovery, and it first appears with the introduction of the Formula of Autonomy, whose central idea is that of "the will of every rational being as a will that legislates universal

L'A. analyse l'importance du compliment dans les dialogues litteraires de la Renaissance italienne. Le dialogue est avant tout un modele de pensee, visant a atteindre un equilibre interactionnel, ou peuvent etre representees en meme temps une theorie et une pratique de la politesse. Il part d'un decalage considerable entre l'autorite du locuteur principal et la position basse des allocutaires, et reequilibre ce decalage en usant largement du compliment et des expressions de modestie

In many articles we can read that containers weren't in Europe before 1966, when ship SS Fariland came with
35 feet containers invented by Keith Tantlinger for Sea Land Company owned by Malcom McLean. The focus of this
study is on the problem with development norms for European containers. Thus, the main definitions and briefly
literature overview in the analysed research area are given. Later, the information about these constructions are
developed. Article presents Czechoslovak activity to preparation of three European norms for containers, which were described before Second World War.

How does shame differ from guilt? Empirical psychology has recently offered distinct and seemingly incompatible answers to this question. This article brings together four prominent answers into a cohesive whole. These are that (a) shame differs from guilt in being a social emotion; (b) shame, in contrast to guilt, affects the whole self; (c) shame is linked with ideals, whereas guilt concerns prohibitions and (d) shame is oriented towards the self, guilt towards others. After presenting the relevant empirical evidence, we defend specific interpretations of each of these answers and argue that they are related to four different dimensions of the emotions. This not only allows us to overcome the conclusion that the above criteria are either unrelated or conflicting with one another, it also allows us to tell apart what is constitutive from what is typical of them.