Oral History and Memory

張一夫先生，本名張更照，山西省東南晉城縣人氏，出生於1930年陰曆6 月9 日。1943 年他逃離家鄉，遠赴晉西南加入國軍，參與抗日與剿共戰鬥。抗戰勝利未幾，國共內戰硝煙又起。1945 年10 月張一夫在上黨戰役中被俘，被編入中共太岳軍區汾東支隊，該部隊即「臨汾旅」的前身。作為司藥員，張一夫隨軍征戰晉南各地，參與了運城、臨汾、晉中和太原等重大戰役。1949 年夏季，他所在的解放軍六十軍一七九師南下西進，攻克西安、扶眉、咸陽、寶雞、秦嶺、廣元各地，最終於1949 年12 月底佔領成都。在隨後的剿匪戰鬥中，張一夫遠至四川西部的懋功。韓戰中他是「中國人民志願軍」的醫官，1951 年5 月戰役失利，被聯合國軍俘虜。1952 年4 月聯合國軍戰俘管理當局執行甄別以確定戰俘是否願意返回大陸，張一夫拒絕遣返，並終於1954 年1月與一萬四千多名「反共義士」來到臺灣。他先後在反共義士戰鬥團和特種作戰總隊服務，也曾被秘密派遣出征滇緬邊區。1974 年以中校軍銜退役，通過退役軍醫執業考試，行醫至2013 年5 月。

Przysługujący widmom wywrotowy, niemalże rewolucyjny potencjał został odsunięty oraz zagubiony poprzez pozbycie się tej kontrowersyjnej kategorii z terytorium metafizyki i zbyt pośpieszne odesłanie jej do przestrzeni badań nad literaturą, sprowadzając ją jedynie do roli użytecznego, bezpiecznego narzędzia interpretacji.

Książka Andrzeja Marca odzyskuje niepokojący charakter widmontologii i ponownie wprowadza widma do myśli metafizycznej. Czym nawiedzona i przeniknięta jest tradycyjna metafizyka, co właściwie ją dręczy, nie daje spokoju oraz nieustannie podmywa jej stabilność?

Kategoria widma Derridy posłużyła Marcowi przede wszystkim do rozważań nad charakterem współczesności i przeobrażeń, jakie dokonały się w obrębie myśli ponowoczesnej. Współczesna kultura, zdaniem Marca, stała się miejscem powstawania widm, nieustannie powracających z przeszłości. Uznając, że nie jesteśmy już w stanie tworzyć utopijnych wizji przyszłości, autor stara się zdać sprawę z widmowego charakteru współczesnej kultury, analizując m. in. strategie vintage, retro, nurt no future w kulturze lat 70. czy nurt fantastyki naukowej w literaturze.

Transitional justice is a major concept in promoting peace and reconciliation between conflicting parties. It is usually associated with formal judicial processes such as criminal justice, rule-of law reform and paying reparations. This chapter focuses on another transitional justice method, a more informal one: memory work. There is a growing realization of the major impact on the way in which the history of a conflict is viewed by the members of parties involved on their psychological and behavioral reactions. Addressing that history properly can promote their well being, conflict resolution and reconciliation between the parties. There are many ways of addressing the relevant history, for example, through truth and reconciliation committees, the rewriting of history textbooks, and commemoration projects. This chapter focuses on another way: the role of the autobiographical memory, that of the people who experienced the conflict directly, as it is manifested in their memoirs, newspaper articles and interviews with scholars. To this end the chapter uses a case study approach, regarding the causes for the main historical event of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the 1948 Palestinian exodus. It explores for the first time the way in which Israeli-Jewish 1948 war veterans presented these causes between 1949 and 2004. The question posed was: did their autobiographical memory present a Zionist narrative (willing flight of the Palestinians) or a critical/post-Zionist narrative (willing flight combined with expulsion)? This exploration is based on an analysis of all published war veterans' memoirs and newspaper articles, as well as interviews with scholars, in the 56 year research period. During this study, interviews were also conducted with 1948 war veterans. Following the description of the empirical findings regarding the Israeli-Jewish autobiographical memory of the exodus, these findings are used to theoretically conceptualize various phenomena. For example, what determines the way in which direct-experience people describe their experiences during a conflict, how these people influence directly and indirectly the collective memory of their society of a given conflict, and the way in which they influence the dynamics of

Over the past 5 years, archaeologists from the University of Massachusetts Amherst have made several short-term trips to South Eleuthera to research the history of this portion of the island. Our main interests have been in understanding how the landscape has changed over the past 150 years, and especially in the past few decades as tourism has fallen off in the south. Through a combination of ethnographic research and pedestrian survey of the South Eleuthera landscape, we have gained a clearer understanding of the history of this region, and of contemporary life today. This report offers a summary of findings in response to our research questions on memory, history, and landscape in South Eleuthera, as well as some suggested next steps in studying the cultural resources of the region.

Though Odysseus’ tales to Eumaios and Aninoos in Odyssey 14.199–359 and 17.417–44, respectively, are presented as fictional tales within Homer’s larger myth, some elements have striking analogs in Late Bronze–Early Iron Age reality.

This article examines these portions of the hero’s false ainoi within their fictive context for the purpose of identifying and evaluating those elements. Particular focus is given to Odysseus’ declaration that he led nine successful maritime raids prior to the Trojan War; to his twice–described ill–fated assault on Egypt; and to his claim not only to have been spared in the wake of that Egyptian raid, but to have spent a subsequent seven years in the land of the pharaohs, during which he gathered great wealth.

Through a comparative examination of literary and archaeological evidence from the Late Bronze–Early Iron transition in the Eastern Mediterranean, it is shown that these aspects of Odysseus’ stories are not only reflective of the historical reality surrounding the time in which the epic is set, but that Odysseus’ fictive experience is remarkably similar to that of one specific member of the ‘Sea Peoples’ groups best known from 19th and 20th dynasty Egyptian records: the ‘Sherden of the Sea.’

Este artículo explora de manera pormenorizada de cómo ha sido la incorporación de la dictadura cívico-militar en el espacio público. Detalla la lenta evolución, precisando coyunturas y acontecimientos, de la ubicación en la memoria pública de los distintos segmentos de la sociedad victimizada. Hacer de sus circunstancias una memoria compartida no ha sido sencillo, y menos aún en lo que corresponde al exilio político. Se estudia entonces el relativo olvido del exilio en el espacio público, así como los lugares de memoria que le han sido dedicados.

My scholarly interests place oral histories exploring the performance aspect of intellectual and educational identities within broader historical contexts to explore ways in which institutions and cultures impose identities. It does so with a particular eye to the role of standardized testing. Exploring these relationships is important because, motivated by a faith in their use as an accurate measure of educational quality, the number of K-12 students taking standardized tests in U.S. public schools is at an all-time high, as is enthusiasm for using standardized testing to assess educational quality, despite evidence that it narrows the definition of education to one that devalues critical thinking and knowledge creation in favor of more easily tested abilities related to skill-based job training. The results of such research are of interest to me as a writing teacher since testing and the preparation for it have a direct effect on how students define what qualifies as " good writing " and, by extension, the writing selves they bring to the classroom.

Political revolutions are, by their very nature, contested events, and liable to remain the subject of conflicting interpretations long after they have turned the existing order upside down and spun it around. This is especially so when they have been violent in their making and then evolved through further cycles of violence and repression, leaving large numbers of people dead and even more traumatised and intimidated into silence. The Zanzibar Revolution is a case in point, and this edited volume, published in association with the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA), grapples with collective and individual memories of the events of 12 January 1964 and their aftermath, and the continuing reverberations of these in the everyday life of Zanzibaris both home and abroad.

Social Memory, Silenced Voices, and Political Struggle begins and ends with reflections on the official commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the revolution in 2014, firstly in the editors’ thought-provoking introduction (‘Memory, media, and Mapinduzi: alternative voices of revolution, fifty years later’), latterly in a series of 15 black-and-white photographs by Ania Gruca (‘Capturing the commemoration: a documentary photo essay on the 50th anniversary of the revolution’). Anniversaries provide the islands’ government with a regular opportunity to reproduce its founding narrative, just in case its name (Serikali ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar) and longstanding slogan (Mapinduzi Daima!, Revolution Forever!) weren’t reminder enough.

Представени са отделни примери, които са показателни за прилагания двоен стандарт в изградения модел на сексуално поведение в циганската/ ромската общност – от една страна е толерантността към извън семейните сексуални връзки на мъжа, а от друга - ограничаване тези на жената в рамките на семейството и строгото й наказание при нарушаването им.

This article aims at investigating some educational practices used in the classroom by former teachers through the oral statements of both teachers and students. The research carried out has centered on those who attended primary school in the Italian region of Le Marche from the 1930s to the early 1960s. The main topic of this research refers to corporal punishment, which was inflicted in Italy until the 1960s,
as described in this study. Taking into account the legislation at that time, it will be demonstrated that slapping, hitting with a stick and kneeling on chickpeas or corn were daily practices which did not provoke any reaction from the families. After explaining the methodology, with the compilation of oral statements –which make us encounter other serious problems– in the first part of the paper some excerpts of the
interviews with former students who attended school during the fascist period will be provided and the teachers’ educational practices will be analyzed on the basis of their memories. In the second part, the testimonies of former teachers will be presented and through the description of anecdotes and daily routines their point of view on
punishments will become quite clear.

From the Cradle to the Grave: Sister Lindsey and the Blind Babies’ Nursery is about an oral history project to document a part of the history of the Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind (now Vision Australia) not previously recorded.  The project documented the stories of several of the people who, as children, spent the earliest years of their lives in the Blind Babies' Nursery, under the care of Sister Elizabeth Lindsey, the first Matron. The first child admitted to the Nursery was two years old, and others arrived as babies.  Under the loving care of Sister Lindsey and her Nurses, the children were given opportunities to learn and grow together, and to take their first steps towards realising their potential as independent adults.  Several of the children from this group went on to achieve remarkable success in their chosen fields, and the members of this cohort have remained close friends throughout their lives – truly a ‘community of memory’.

Keynote delivered for "Holocaust Remembrance and Representation," a conference to aid planning for the first Holocaust museum in Sweden.  This is a concise and, I think, quite accessible summary of a way of engaging Holocaust survivors and their accounts that differs from the conventional "testimony" model.  Based on nearly fifty years of work with survivors, the approach described here is grounded in multiple interviews (sometimes over years), deepening conversation, sustained exploration rather than simply declaration ("this I witnessed"), and collaborative intepretation and reflection.  Real relationships matter in what, how, and whether survivors retell ("learning together" as one survivor put it).  That approach also impacts whether survivors and their recounting live on in _other_ conversations which, the talk argues, is the only earthly way any of us live on.

The paper offers an overview of the history of the anarchist movement in Ukraine during the revolution 1917-1921. The article focuses on the anarchists' role in the unfolding the revolutionary crisis in Ukraine, explores the influence of the revolution on the ideology of the Ukrainian anarchist movent, sheds more light on its organizational structure.

Este artigo procura realizar uma reflexão preliminar sobre os caminhos da memória diante da catástrofe ambiental ocorrida nos distritos de Bento Rodrigues, Paracatu de Baixo e Paracatu de Cima, localizados no municí­pio de Mariana, Minas Gerais, em novembro de 2015. A partir da experiência do trauma do desastre, da destruição dos vilarejos, cobertos de lama tóxica, como se dá a construção social do espaço e do tempo pela população? A forma de luta principal dos moradores das cidades atingidas são ações de memória como chamam: textos, ví­deos, jornal, perfis e sites na internet como forma de fala - expressão, comunicação - aos que não sofreram o trauma e como forma de habilitar uma esfera pública onde podem incorporar suas narrativas silenciadas pela ação da empresa responsável que não reconhece a maioria deles como "atingidos" pelo desastre.

Although Franklin Roosevelt is described as a great presidential communicator, the precise details of his rhetoric – his use of multiple media outlets, his revision of speechwriters' material to match his own voice, his ability to espouse detailed and literate comments on the spot – usually escape close analysis. Historians cite his great speeches, but rarely consider why the speeches are great, or what effects they had on Roosevelt's audience. This paper takes a critical look at Roosevelt's rhetoric, as represented by five key speeches. Special attention is paid to literary devices and rhetorical effects, developing a portrait of Roosevelt as a talented political actor. Interviews with Americans who actually lived through the Roosevelt era supplement the main argument, grounding the literary analysis in the context of oral history. Brief biographical incidents are also touched upon, particularly FDR's habit from childhood onward of hiding his true feelings and maintaining an eternally positive façade. Indeed, this constant, enigmatic performance defined Roosevelt's political career, as he presented himself as an active yet approachable president, willing to lead and keep the people informed of his actions (the anti-Herbert Hoover). Through constant cultivation and revision of his rhetoric, Roosevelt developed a winning political formula – an aura of positive determination without any hints of condescension. By looking at Roosevelt the communicator and the effects his words had upon ordinary Americans, it becomes clear that the right " few words " can greatly inspire a suffering populace.

À partir d’entretiens avec les artistes contemporaines Esther
Ferrer et Nil Yalter, l’auteure interroge les vertus de l’entretien
pour l’histoire de l’art et en particulier pour l’histoire des
oeuvres performatives. Elle aborde les enjeux de l’oralité
comme source et comme matière, et tente d’ouvrir des pistes
de recherche historiographiques autour des affects et des
incertitudes.

Ao analisar as relações da história e da memória na sociedade contemporânea, esta obra discute sobre como esses termos se aproximam e se distanciam. Com base nisso, observa as relações entre a história e o mito, o oral e o escrito, a memória e a identidade, o  debate sobre os usos políticos e sociais da memória, avaliando também o papel da história oral e o uso da memória em aulas de História na educação básica. Site para adquirir o livro:
https://www.livrariaintersaberes.com.br/produtos/historia-e-memoria-dialogos-e-tensoes#

Marching Through Suffering is a deeply personal portrait of the ravages of famine and totalitarian politics in modern North Korea since the 1990s. Featuring interviews with more than thirty North Koreans who defected to Seoul and Tokyo, the book explores the subjective experience of the nation's famine and its citizens' social and psychological strategies for coping with the regime. These oral testimonies show how ordinary North Koreans, from farmers and soldiers to students and diplomats, framed the mounting struggles and deaths surrounding them as the famine progressed. Following the development of the disaster, North Koreans deployed complex discursive strategies to rationalize the horror and hardship in their lives, practices that maintained citizens' loyalty to the regime during the famine and continue to sustain its rule today. Casting North Koreans as a diverse people with a vast capacity for adaptation rather than as a monolithic entity passively enduring oppression, Marching Through Suffering positions personal history as key to the interpretation of political violence.

Based on the analysis of files from the Department of Defence, and drawing on interviews with veterans and on their associations' press, the article focuses on the Algerian War National Memorial in Paris, its long gestation and particularly its double, paradoxical status: that it is at the same time new and old, post-ideological and hyper-ideological. Thanks to its palimpsest configuration, this 'third millennium memorial' — as it was described by its creator (the artist Gérard Collin-Thiébaut) — has demonstrated itself to be perfectly tuned to that peculiar mode of relationship to the past that we can define as 'postmodern', a mode that is characteristic of what historian François Hartog called the presentist 'regime of historicity'.

Amir Haddad é mineiro de Guaxupé e mora em Santa Teresa, no Rio de Janeiro. Quando Amir nasceu, Guaxupé tinha uma pequena comunidade árabe de religião Ortodoxa. Ele se mudou com a família e os irmãos para Rancharia, no Oeste paulista, até ir para a capital, onde estudou Direito no largo de São Francisco. Deixou a faculdade no último ano para se dedicar ao teatro. Esteve em Belém, no Pará, onde fundou uma escola de teatro. De volta, desta vez radicado no Rio de Janeiro, encontrou definitivamente seu universo na linguagem teatral. Hoje Amir Haddad, além de diretor teatral é professor e consultor de diversos institutos e escolas, no Brasil e no exterior. Ele é uma referência nas artes cênicas e dedica seu trabalho ao estudo das mais autênticas expressões da cultura popular brasileira. Fundou, em 1980, os grupos "A Comunidade" (vencedor do Prêmio Molière pelo espetáculo A Construção) e o "Tá na Rua" atuante até os dias atuais.

These voices of utopia, inseparable from the experience of dislocation, are a unique contribution to the literature of testimony. With her cycle Svetlana Alexievich has established herself as the first major postcolonial author of post-Communism: the daughter of a Ukrainian and Belarusian who uses the Russian language – the only language in which she is completely fluent – to collect and present, from her own subaltern perspective, subaltern accounts of the traumas inflicted by empire.

This article analyzes group interviews with three women from Valparaíso, Chile, who were imprisoned together under Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship (1973–1990). Sylvia, Alicia, and Oriana's oral histories reveal that they frequently spoke about their bodies to convey their experiences of state violence. Sylvia and Alicia constructed narratives of rebellion against the regime and challenged long-standing notions of men's domination over women's bodies. Oriana's account, however, uncovers the complexity of learning to live with the enduring effects of sexual torture, while at the same time defying conventional ideas about sex and motherhood. The article also emphasizes how these women spoke about structural and subtler forms of violence, including denying basic hygienic conditions, constraining freedom of movement, and restricting the right to control birth. It demonstrates how these oral histories were mediated by historical discourses of gender, maternity, sexuality, class, and race.

This is an oral history of a Chicana who migrated as a child to the state of Washington. Her lived experience provides insight to the Chicana experience in the Northwest. The oral interview is also analyzed to provide additional insight and awareness of the gendered experience.

The book titled: UNREMEMBERED... An oral history. Example narrations of Poles from Kazakhstan about the repressions over nationality and religion is an attempt to use the modern methodology of oral history in practice, until now marginalised by historiography. It attempts to abandon the trend of placing individuals in an impersonal group of “witnesses of history”, instead considering them as one of many sources of knowledge about the past.

In my considerations I put the narrators at the centre of attention and consider them the creators of autobiographical narrations. I am interested in the human being, who, through the narration, seeks the meaning of his or her own life, and discovers or sometimes indeed shapes his or her own identity. Thus I am interested both in the process of creating the narration and the contents and poetics of the narration. Another  aim of his book is to present the methodological considerations related with running oral history research in communities for which this experience is not new (i.e. the narrators would usually have already had several experiences of a similar character). I have decided to illustrate my theoretical reflections with examples of my own research, undertaken in a community of Kazakhstani Poles, exactly because of their wealth of experience in talking about their traumatic past and the numerous identity related dilemmas it has caused.
The above factors have allowed the book to take in some parts the stylistic form of a research diary, in which factual solutions are accompanied by a deep reflection over the methods which led to these results. On the one hand, I present in this manner the journey I have made as a researcher while working on this monograph. On the other, I often allow myself to add loose ad hoc remarks and comments which present the evolution of my research views; I also often reveal my own feelings regarding the stories I have heard.

Jennifer Goett's ethnography examines the race and gender politics of activism for autonomous rights in an Afrodescedant Creole community in Nicaragua. Weaving together fifteen years of research, Black Autonomy follows this community-based movement from its inception in the late 1990s to its realization as an autonomous territory in 2009 and beyond. Goett argues that despite significant gains in multicultural recognition, Afro-Nicaraguan Creoles continue to grapple with the day-to-day violence of capitalist intensification, racialized policing, and drug war militarization in their territories. Activists have responded by adopting a politics of autonomy based on race pride, territoriality, self-determination, and self-defense. Black Autonomy shows how this political radicalism is rooted in African diasporic identification and gendered cultural practices that women and men use to assert control over their bodies, labor, and spaces in an atmosphere of violence.

This article examines how Holocaust survivors interpret the meaning of specific "iconic," all-absorbing memories that seldom find their way into the survivors' public account of their Holocaust experience. Utilizing the idea of public and private space, and personal and corporate pain as heuristic tools, I examine how survivors organize experience. In the final section, I argue that survivors live with countervailing pressures: the struggle to forget and remain silent and the need to tell and to memorialize. Oral testimony's communal, didactic, and therapeutic nature make it a unique platform for these conflicting forces to work themselves out by transforming narratives of suffering into narratives of witnessing.

Este trabajo explora la construcción histórica de un conjunto de comunidades q’eqchi’ fuertemente interrelacionadas entre sí, que ha dado lugar a una comunidad unificada y que, a la vez, ha sido dejada de lado por los estudios regionales del Ixcán, en el departamento de Quiché.  A través del análisis de documentos históricos, entrevistas y trabajo de campo con representantes de las 32 comunidades que actualmente componen Los Copones, ha sido posible reconstruir la historia de la región desde el siglo XVIII hasta la actualidad, así como hacer visibles los diferentes momentos constitutivos de su historia como amaq’.    Dichos momentos han oscilado desde las primeras migraciones de los ch’ol-q’eqchi’ y q’eqchi’ en el siglo XVIII, las migraciones producto de la llegada del sistema finquero a Alta Verapaz y de las concesiones a los milicianos liberales a finales del XIX, hasta la llegada del ejército y la contrainsurgencia como ordenamiento territorial a finales del XX, y en el XXI los megaproyectos y el narcotráfico.  Todos estos momentos se han insertado en las propias dinámicas locales, y no han evitado la consolidación de una amplia organización comunitaria que busca el reconocimiento del territorio que han habitado desde antes de la constitución misma del Estado guatemalteco.

This article explores the enthusiastic reception by gay, lesbian, and mainstream audiences of a German Holocaust document, Erica Fischer’s Aimée & Jaguar: A Love Story, Berlin 1943 (1994), in the context of the emergence of increasingly global gay and lesbian movements in the 1990s. Aimée & Jaguar invited collective identification as victims by tapping into the contemporary gay/lesbian discourse that used the Holocaust as a metaphor for the plight of homosexuals, further resonating with a series of AIDS dramas from the era that did the same. The text’s reception and selective (dis)identification by Fischer and audiences alike raise questions about the ownership and appropriation of Holocaust memory as well as about the impact of globalizing social movements and mass media on post-Holocaust identity politics.

‘Normalization was anything but normal’. That is how oral historians Miroslav Vaněk and Pavel Mücke introduce the era between the Prague Spring in 1968 and the Velvet Revolution in 1989 in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Reflexively withstanding the temptations of the ‘grand narrative’, the authors provide a complex and highly contextual interpretation of everyday life activities, including work, education, family life, leisure time and consumption. In this scope, we can see how the apparently black-and-white dichotomy between communism and post-communism becomes grey-scaled, multi-faceted and in many details, even contradictory – because that is how people make sense of their daily lives, regardless of the regime.

The research project The Tunisian Revolution - The Student’s Perspective and Role in its Historical Context (original title: Tunesische Revolution - Perspektiven und Rolle tunesischer Studenten im historischen Kontext) aims to put a personal perspective on the complexity of ideas surrounding the Arab Revolution in Tunisia. The goal is to gain access to the subjective perception of a defined group of the Tunisian society and analyse the ideas they had in mind for the revolution, the mechanisms of the protest movements and the well disputed notion of an ‘Internet Revolution’.
The methodological approach is based on a number of interviews held with Tunisian students and the contextualisation of the information obtained within established historical narratives surrounding the revolution. This way, it is expected to gain access to the questions of a contemporary issue with the methods of the historical sciences. As the nature of this venture is based on dynamic discussions with Tunisian students, the outcome is highly dependent on the evaluation of the information obtained. The interviews, however, have been oriented on three lead questions that will serve as a structure for the analysis: The first is centred around the complexes of identity and ideology in order to situate the participants in the broader phenomenon; a second examines the interviewees’ personal participation in the events since December 2010; and a third approach is aimed to obtain information on networks and patterns of organisation during the protests special regard to the web based aspects of the revolution.