Pandemic

In the Western Balkans, as elsewhere around the world, governments took extraordinary measures to effectively contain the spread of COVID-19, measures that entailed serious restrictions to individual freedoms. They also introduced extra powers that upset the ordinary division and balance of governmental power. In this context, several analysts have expressed concern that the authoritarian trend observed in the region during the last decade will become further entrenched. The worst fear, that some of the Western Balkan leaderships may retain extraordinary powers indefinitely, has not been confirmed. However, constitutionally prescribed procedures were disregarded and the operation of formal and informal mechanisms of checks and balances ignored. The article argues that the ease with which the Western Balkan leaders removed any checks and controls over their rule raises the valid question of how they may deal with future circumstances which may endanger their power.

The vital purpose of this study is to identify whether learning flexibility and environment will influence undergraduate students’ online learning during COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. It is important to point out the determinants that will influence online learning that needs to be faced despite experiencing this world health crisis. The high level of online learning among students will also improve the performance of educational institutions which need to be competitive with other competitors in the sector. In addition, this study also aims to measure whether gender has significant difference on undergraduates’ online learning. Thus, survey questions from previous studies were adopted and customised to collect data. A sample of 129 undergraduate students from one UiTM branch campus who have experienced online learning in the previous semester in the year 2021. The results of this study indicate that there are significant relationships between learning flexibility, environment and ...

Background During the current ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, psychological problems like anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings, inattention and sleep disturbance are fairly common among quarantined children in several studies. A systematic review of these publications to provide an accurate burden of these psychiatric/behavioral problems is needed for planning mitigating measures by the health authorities. Methods Different electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, medRxiv and bioRxiv) were searched for articles describing psychological/behavioral complications in children/adolescents with/without pre-existing behavioral abnormalities and their caregivers related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Only original articles with/without comparator arms and a minimum sample size of 50 were included in the analysis. The pooled estimate of various psychological/behavioral problems was calculated using a random-effect meta-analysis. Results Fifteen studies describing 22 99...

The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has significantly affected the dental care sector. Dental professionals are at high risk of being infected, and therefore transmitting SARS-CoV-2, due to the nature of their profession, with close proximity to the patient’s oropharyngeal and nasal regions and the use of aerosol-generating procedures. The aim of this article is to provide an update on different issues regarding SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 that may be relevant for dentists. Members of the French National College of Oral Biology Lecturers (“Collège National des EnseignantS en Biologie Orale”; CNESBO-COVID19 Task Force) answered seventy-two questions related to various topics, including epidemiology, virology, immunology, diagnosis and testing, SARS-CoV-2 transmission and oral cavity, COVID-19 clinical presentation, current treatment options, vaccine strategies, as well as infection prevention and con...

COVID-19 is still a major public health problem globally; currently, over 6million deaths have been reported worldwide. The pandemic affected approximately 1.6 billion learners in more than 200 countries. Since Covid 19 pandemic hit higher learning education systems globally, most countries have switched from face to face to online teaching. Subsequently, learning institutions have adapted online teaching/learning methods to mitigate against disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The current study aimed at establishing the status of online teaching and learning during covid-19 in Kenyan public and private universities among teaching and technical staff. The study adopted a descriptive survey design that incorporated both questionnaires and interview methods of data collection. Data were analyzed descriptively and thematically. The study was conducted in two (2) public and two (2) private universities in Kenya, which were purposively selected and constituted a sample of 64 lectu...

This paper aims at presenting online class and its psychological impact relating to satisfaction on University students in Bangladesh during COVID-19 pandemic. A non-experimental survey was conducted using 5-point Likert Scale. Questionnaire was given to the students via internet and 382 students participated the survey. Linear regression analysis and one sample statistics analysis were performed to estimate the students' satisfaction towards online class and its psychological impact on university students in Bangladesh via SPSS version 25. This study revealed some challenges of the students in their online classes due to COVID-19. Results found that that 59.68 percent students are dissatisfied with online classes because of poor internet connection and load-shading. The level of satisfaction from online classes among the students is low and the students do not think that they are getting proper education. Most of the students are suffering from stress, depression, and anxiety a...

Uncertain times require prompt reflexes to survive and this study is a collaborative reflex to better understand uncertainty and navigate through it. The Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic hit hard and interrupted many dimensions of our lives, particularly education. As a response to interruption of education due to the Covid-19 pandemic, this study is a collaborative reaction that narrates the overall view, reflections from the K12 and higher educational landscape, lessons learned and suggestions from a total of 31 countries across the world with a representation of 62.7% of the whole world population. In addition to the value of each case by country, the synthesis of this research suggests that the current practices can be defined as emergency remote education and this practice is different from planned practices such as distance education, online learning or other derivations. Above all, this study points out how social injustice, inequity and the digital divide have been exacerbate...

Dental fear and anxiety is a significant issue that affects pediatric patients and creates challenges in oral health management. Considering that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, along with its associated sanitary regime, social distancing measures and nationwide quarantines, could itself induce public fears, including in children, it is of great interest to explore whether this situation and the necessity of reorganizing dental care could potentially affect the emotional state of pediatric patients facing a need for urgent dental intervention. The present study assessed the emotional state of children ≤ seven years old (n = 25) requiring dental healthcare during a nationwide quarantine in Poland, as well as the anxiety levels of their caregivers. The Faces Anxiety Scale was adopted, and the evaluation was independently performed by the dentist, caregivers and children themselves. The level of anxiety in caregivers was also measured. As demonstrated, children requir...

In March 2019, before the first confirmed cases in Turkey, a scientific advisory board was created to develop guidelines for disease control and preventive health care. Public health interventions and treatment protocols were implemented by the health authority and scientific advisory board with daily analyses obtained from the databases. Soon after, the pandemic management process intensified with the closure of schools and partial curfews. Despite the decline in the number of cases and deaths, the number of cases plateaued and did not decrease further with the effect of the normalization period. With the end of the summer, the increase in spending time indoors, and the gradual start of face-to-face education in schools, the number of new cases has significantly increased. Therefore, the strict implementation of public health interventions has been established. In this period, the health literacy level of the population and the perception of risk also affected their compliance with health protocols. Moreover, vaccine studies and the application of practices for COVID-19 were deemed essential to effectively contain the virus. In the coming months, it is necessary to implement vaccination programs along with good planning and communication strategy. It is important to have a multi-sectoral approach, considering the possible security, health, economic, social, psychological, political, and social effects of this epidemic and other future outbreaks. Furthermore, it is necessary to comply with individual measures and restrictions for the benefit of society.

This article aims to present reflections on cooking skills in times of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The current period of uncertainty and isolation heightens food insecurity issues, influencing food choice, purchase, and preparation. Social media and networks are sources of entertainment and learning, with vast resources for cooking skills, which can stimulate home cooking and strengthen family ties. Research has evidenced the positive relationship between cooking and diet quality, an important factor for groups at increased risk of severe illness from Covid-19. For some individuals, cooking may be a strategy to reduce anxiety and stress associated with the pandemic. However, the Brazilian reality is marked by inequalities in income and access to food. Thus, more vulnerable populations may not have the same relationship with cooking. Public policies should focus on food and nutrition programs and actions for the development of cooking skills as a means to promote healthy e...

In light of the crises, there is a great need to find innovative solutions and cheap local alternatives to provide products that help in responding to these crises, particularly during crises of spread of infection and epidemics, where industrial institutions tend to provide quick solutions to combat infection. Society only has to adopt these solutions immediately and adopt them without ascertaining their quality. Covid-19 pandemic to which the world has been exposed has demonstrated that innovation is the world's hope to address any challenges, as this crisis affected the whole world, which was described as a crisis that stopped the world, where transportation, import, stopped all sectors and people committed In their homes for fear of infection and feeling anxious about everything, which posed a great challenge for designers to innovate and create to provide quick implementation solutions in light of sudden crises.  Indeed, all society members dealt with each other to overcome...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 disease (COVID)-19 is having profound effects on the global economy and food trade. Limited data are available on how this pandemic is affecting our dietary and lifestyle-related behaviors at the global level. Google Trends was used to obtain worldwide relative search volumes (RSVs) covering a timeframe from before the COVID-19 pandemic 1 June 2019 to 27 April 2020. Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficients were used to measure relationships between daily confirmed cases and aforementioned RSVs between 31 December 2019 and 15 April 2020. RSV curves showed increased interest in multiple keywords related to dietary and lifestyle behaviors during the COVID-19 lockdown period in March and April 2020. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that the strongest variables in each keyword category were (1) food security (food shortage: r = 0.749, food bank: r = 0.660, and free food: r = 0.555; all p < 0.001), (2) dietary b...

This article contains opinions on how public health professionals and organizations managed their public health information from the Covid-19 pandemic. Given the current Covid-19 pandemic and the importance of the information obtained by public health organizations and profession- als, protecting the Information Technology (IT) systems and networks housing this important information is important. With public health orga- nizations and professionals revising past pandemics whereas IT was not highly involved, applying a chess-like thinking approach opposed to the current checkers-like strategic thinking and planning needs to be employed. During this research, an analysis of the IT systems and applications utilized throughout the Covid-19 pandemic is explored. Further, defining aspects of cybersecurity and strategic planning through managing public health IT systems and networks is identified and applied to the situation.

It was 2012 when the first case of corona virus noticed by the Saudi Authorities which spread through the Asian countries, also flown to European countries. In 1960 revealed the presence of the corona virus when it was declared as the reason of common cold in human beings. On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global health emergency. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. There are three brands of vaccines available that are Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen). A mild difference may present as post vaccination effects. The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is based as mRNA and marketed as Comirnaty. Pfizer reported a 91 percent efficacy rate after six months, while Moderna reported a 94 percent efficacy rate. Moderna, we are pioneering a class of medicines based on messenger RNA (mRNA). The Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine may not protect everyone. Mostly 2 doses of the vaccine are required to protect and these are intramuscular i...

Crowds are a feature of large cities, occurring not only at mass gatherings but also at routine events such as the journey to work, schools, churches, mosques, campaign events, carnivals and lots more. Bringing people together has many positive social and economic benefits. Some environments for mass gatherings are so crowded
that the risk of a disaster is ever present. The Olympic Games, the Hajj, the Christian pilgrimage and other major sporting, religious and cultural events are some example
of such a crowded environment. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Events involving large crowds have been cancelled
or postponed worldwide; access to public buildings has been restricted as different mitigation measures have been adopted around the world to decrease physical interactions among people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies for containing an emerging infectious disease outbreak must be non-pharmaceutical when drugs or
vaccines for the pathogen do not yet exist or are unavailable. The success of these non-pharmaceutical strategies will depend on not only the effectiveness of isolation measures but also the epidemiological characteristics of the infection. Infectious diseases are commonly controlled by minimizing contact between infectious and susceptible individuals. Personal measures to reduce potentially infectious contacts are sometimes referred to as ‘social distancing’. It has been suggested that policies encouraging social distancing may be effective against pandemic influenza (Bell et al.
2006; Glass et al. 2006). An examination of levels of social distancing actually achieved during previous epidemics can provide useful guidance as to the effectiveness of social distancing interventions during future influenza pandemics.

The effectiveness of Undiksha e-learning as one of the official learning media for the Undiksha Physical and Health Study Program has not been measured scientifically. This study aims to describe the effectiveness of online learning using Undiksha E-Learning in the Physical Education and Health Study program during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is descriptive quantitative research with a survey design. The sample of this study was all students of the Physical Education Study Program, amounting to 120 people. The data collection instrument uses a questionnaire packaged into google forms. Data analysis used descriptive statistics. The results showed that online learning using Undiksha's E-Learning during the covid-19 pandemic in the Physical Education and Health Study program was quite effective. This is revealed from online learning using Undiksha E-Learning, the concentration of students in paying attention to the explanations of the lecturers is 96%, the level of student...

Throughout history, the central role of women in society has ensured stability, progress, and long-term development. Women are the primary caretaker of children and elders in every society. In the contemporary world, women are no longer lag behind in terms of career. They are keeping themselves shoulder to shoulder with their opposite sex. In Bangladesh, a large portion of economic activities is carried out by women including household and care activities, agriculture, education, industries, banking, and service sectors. This study aims to identify the factors that affect maintaining the proper work-life balance of working women in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic. To pursue this objective, a hundred and five (105) women from different professions (Teaching, Banking, Healthcare, Ready Made Garments Industries, Public and Private Corporations, Government services, and entrepreneurs) have randomly selected from Dhaka and Chattagram division, Bangladesh. Collected data have test...

The Great Influenza Pandemic of the 20th century seems to have reemerged after 102 years through COVID-19. The deadliest plague of the last century has claimed approximately 50 million lives worldwide or one-third of the global population. Roughly 70,000 – 90,000 individuals have lost their lives in the Philippines which nearly put an end to the public health system of the nation. Its catastrophic second wave, which ran from October 1918 to the rest of the year, tormented the archipelago from Aparri to Sulu.

However, the history of the country during the 1918 pandemic is still being sorely researched to this day. According to the demographic and social historian Francis A. Gealogo in 2009, there is “a dearth of serious in-depth study” of the 1918 Influenza impact in the Philippines. As COVID-19 continuously strain the nation in 2020, the research heavily focused on the alarming similarities of the 1918 Influenza pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of the initial responses of the authorities, ineffective quarantines, and the treatments on the welfare of the health workers.

The study has used the comparative methodology to assess the two pandemics which relatively display the importance and relevance of understanding the history of the 1918 Influenza pandemic as a negative example in handling the COVID-19 public health crisis.

The continuous supply of foods to the people across various localities is always a challenging task in normal conditions, whereas in case of pandemic situations like Covid 19 it becomes most difficult due to various factors impacting upon operational efficiency of the supply chain. In case of crisis situations the response of the system particularly food supply chain to serve the needs of the society was evaluated in this paper. The resiliency of supply chain in food sector was studied and accordingly related literature reviewed. Indian supply chain challenges are unique in nature due to its biodiversity and geographic location. The methodology adopted to study this resiliency of Indian food supply chain was through available literature review, and study of data related to food supply chain. The resiliency of food supply chain was identified based on the results of price stabilization over period of time and availability of supplies during succeeding stages of Covid 19 pandemic. The synchronization of activities involved in SCM to create value for the customers through options like information reliability, Quality standard checkpoints, transportation flexibility, adoption of technology etc. were proposed.

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis is having a massive impact globally with a rapid spread across the globe. Which made the World Health Organization declare it a pandemic. COVID-19 has prompted countries to adopt new behaviors such as social distancing, remote work and the closure of some important businesses and sectors. At the same time, the White Berets are doing their best to absorb the epidemic. However, while white hats protect people, black hats are taking advantage of the situation, leading to the spread of a cybersecurity pandemic.
Organizations have had to adapt to the demand for remote work quickly and at scale. Many have been forced to renovate their physical offices and policies set up in a panic to enable employees to work from home without the necessary training or well-made arrangements. Most of these companies and organizations have no plans on the ground to facilitate this radical and sudden change within a short period.
In fact, only 38% of companies have a cybersecurity policy. By moving to an online environment, organizations and companies around the world have implemented a "work from home" (WFH) business model that increases attack vectors and risks to internal data.
It is noteworthy that WFH has become the new normal for people all over the world. In most scenarios, this refers to requiring employees to use their personal devices and home networks, which are often inherently insecure and lack the required security standards. [1]
The pandemic has created a formidable challenge for companies around the world. The IT they have long relied on—data centers, clouds, departmental servers, and the digital devices their remote employees use to stay connected to each other and to company data—is becoming more important. Overnight, the demands placed on digital infrastructure skyrocketed. [3]
The paper presents cybersecurity attacks during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, and a lot of information has been collected from the World Health Organization (WHO), trusted organizations, news sources, official government reports and available research articles. The paper then categorizes cybersecurity attacks and threats in the COVID-19 period and provides recommendations and countermeasures for each type. This paper discusses cybersecurity attacks and their countermeasures and reports on ongoing cybersecurity attacks and threats in this time period. Moreover, it is also a step towards analyzing the efficiency of the state's infrastructure as well as the social behavior of hackers and criminals at the time of the pandemic. [2]

The ongoing ‘refugee crisis’ of the past years has led to the migration of refugee researchers (RRs) to European countries. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, RRs often had to work from home and/or to continue their social, cultural and economic integration process under new conditions. An online survey carried out to explore the impact of the pandemic on the refugee researchers showed that RRs found it difficult to adapt their everyday working life to the ‘home’ setting. The majority have had neither a suitable work environment at home nor the appropriate technology. Although they stated that they are rather pleased with the measures taken by the public authorities, they expressed concern about their vulnerability due to their precarious contracts and the bureaucratic asylum procedures, as the pandemic has had a negative impact on these major issues. The majority of RRs working in academia seem not to have been affected at all as far as their income is concerned, while the majority of t...

The essence of global trends in shaping the world education and related activities has not been clear-cut before the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Disruptions in learning at tertiary institutions, failure of students to afford the online system of learning, lack of technological skills, disturbances in conducting internal assessments, fieldwork supervision and mentorship as well as lack of resources, to keep in pace with global developments, characterised the day in such developing countries as Zimbabwe. Social work education, research, fieldwork and practice was modified through the adoption of virtual platforms for learning, provision of counselling sessions, follow-ups and linkages. For continuity in the face of COVID-19, tertiary institutions are now using virtual platforms that include Zoom, Microsoft teams, Twitter, Facebook, Office 365, Skype for business, WhatsApp calls and group chats for educational purposes. Increased use of virtual platforms i...

Unprecedented social disorder created by COVID-19 has caused great concern to Indian households of different income segments in terms of income losses, in terms of prioritizing procurement of various products and in terms of managing the consumption. This may be reflected in the resulting consumer perception about the importance of various product categories, their assessment of consumption and the amount of thinking they might have put into various product categories. This study tries to assess the relative importance a general consumer assigns to various categories of products related to his daily uses in the Lockdown phase and tries to estimate the level of consumption and amount of thinking during the three phases of Lockdown, Unlock and Festive Future. The study may indicate the coping mechanism of the general consumer.

The global pandemic produced by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and which then spread rapidly, made it difficult to find or develop effective medications for its prevention and treatment. Therefore, the first stage is necessitating the use of a precise and quick diagnostic method to detect SARS-CoV-2 infected patient followed by effective patient isolation and the commencement of early treatment, which can range from supportive therapy to specialised medications such corticosteroids, antiviral medications, antibiotics, and the recently introduced convalescent plasma. Despite the extraordinary developments in advanced medicinal system, no confirmed viable medicines exist at this time. Rapid research on SARS CoV-2 epidemiology has led to the discovery of certain new targets for prospective therapeutic treatments. Many therapeutic options have been evaluated, and clinical studies are proc...

Background: Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress have been reported among the general population during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the adjustment after the emergency phase remains under-investigated. This study aims to understand the adjustment processes of the population after the emergency phase of the pandemic. Methods: We conducted a grounded theory based on the experience of 24 clinical psychologists who provided extensive support to the population during the pandemic in different Italian regions. Three online focus groups were conducted. The transcripts of the focus groups were analyzed through a process of open, axial, and selective coding. Data collection terminated once thematic saturation was reached. Results: Repositioning emerged as the evolutionary task people were confronted with in the face of a New Reality. Repositioning meant dealing with and integrating unpleasant Emotional Experiences deriving from the lockdown and reopening (i.e., unsafety, emotional exhaustion, loneliness, uncertainty, loss, and disconnection) through different Coping Strategies. Repositioning was facilitated or hindered by contextual and individual Intervening Conditions and led to two Adjustment Outcomes: growth or block. Conclusion: Results suggest that repositioning was the core task people had to face after the emergency phase of COVID-19. Proactive psychological interventions may support the population in repositioning in order to prevent maladjustment and encourage post-traumatic growth.

Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health crisis that has impacted daily life due to the policies created to contain the outbreak. Recent studies showed that medical students, a high-stress population, experienced deteriorated mental well-being during the pandemic. The aim of the present study was to assess stress and the need for support among Thai medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic, as a multicenter study.Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study which collected data from second through sixth year medical students. Data was collected during the pandemic from multiple medical schools spanning all six regions of Thailand. Questionnaires included: demographic data; the Thai version of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (T-PSS-10) assessing stress level and the sources of stress; and the received supports from medical schools, the satisfaction with the supports, and the further necessary needs.Results: There wer...

This research is the second part of a more comprehensive study. The purpose of this part of the study is to examines the relationship between the level of moral distress, work motivation, and job satisfaction of medical-surgical nurses in Hail Saudi Arabia. This study used a descriptive-correlation research design using the combination of three questionnaires (Moral Distress Questionnaire, Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale, and Nurses Job Satisfaction Questionnaire) through an online survey. There are 274 respondents in this study. The statistical tests used are mean, standard deviation, and Pearson-r. Results include about the relationship between moral distress and work motivation Pearson-r scored r=0.07; p=0.27; regarding the relationship between moral distress and job satisfaction Pearson-r scored r=-0.35; p=<0.001; concerning the relationship between work motivation and job satisfaction, Pearson-r scored r=0.05; p=0.42. The researchers conclude that moral distress is mi...

Background: Blended learning has recently been introduced as an addition to the existing teaching programme of nursing students at X University. The aim of this study is to assess student satisfaction with this change.Methods: A 35 item questionnaire was circulated to all male and female nursing students in their 2nd, 3rd and 4th years of study. The questionnaire was subdivided into the five domains of Interaction, Instruction, Instructor, Course Management and Technology.Results: Mean satisfaction scores for male and female nursing undergraduates was significantly greater than 3 (neutral score) in all domains of enquiry indicating good satisfaction with blended learning (p<0.001). Domain scores were also significantly greater than those of a comparator study in four of the five domains (p<0.030) and similar in the domain of Technology (p=0.677). Male and female levels of satisfaction were similar in 80% of the survey questions, but female satisfaction was significantly lower ...

Episode no 1 of the Society for Sick Societies:

Society for Sick Societies is a diagnostic project. Built as a series of episodes, each one of its vignettes sets out to analyze an expressed symptom of a sick society–a practice, pattern, gesture, proverb, or technique that seems to encapsulate social malaise in pseudo or post-democratic societies. The triple S is critical theory’s first aid to a state of crisis, probing sickness as both real and symbolic, affecting the biological body, the social body, and the body politics. This series is edited by Laliv Melamed.

Besides its economic aspect, the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the world of diplomacy deserves academic interests. The existing studies have not so far sufficiently covered ongoing tendencies in diplomacy during the pandemic, specifically focusing on possible changes of the means and ways of its conduct. This empirical research considers six major trends in the diplomatic practice caused by the pandemic, namely: (1) acceleration of ICTs penetration; (2) reappraisal of information security; (3) ensuring the reliability of public diplomacy; (4) further diversification of responsible duties; (5) the growing role of psychology; and, (6) the emergence of the hybrid diplomatic etiquette and protocol. This paper will discuss those trends in which the first trend covers the tendencies of ICTs' increased penetration rate, which temporarily made them the leading communication tool. In turn, the second trend is considered in light of the first trend's triggered factor, which calls for a reevaluation of information security in the period of an increased digital set of activities. The third trend captures the need for proper work with information by making public diplomacy more reliable. The growing intensity of diplomatic work during the pandemic is embodied in the fourth trend, which is about increasing diplomats' responsibilities. The growing role of psychology, as the fifth trend, raises the problems of building a common area between negotiators and also its impact on tourism promotion efforts. In its turn, the sixth trend mentions the reevaluation of diplomatic etiquette and protocol for online and offline activities.

The 2020 pandemic caused by Sars-Cov-2 (hereinafter, the coronavirus pandemic), has triggered an array of legal responses across Council of Europe States. Many measures taken by states to slow the spread of the virus by ‘flattening the curve’ and enforce social distancing are similar across states. That stated, one key fault-line opening up is on the question of whether to derogate from the ECHR under Article 15.  The purpose of this  article is to demonstrate why Article 15 ECHR should be used to accommodate what has become known as ‘lockdown’ powers necessary to confront the coronavirus pandemic. This is the closest we shall get to an ‘ideal state of emergency’—the very situation it was designed for.  In contrast, far from protecting human rights, failure to use Article 15 ECHR risks normalising exceptional powers and permanently recalibrating human rights protections downwards.

Epidemiologen auf der ganzen Welt warnen: Die nächste Pandemie wird kommen. Handelt es sich um eine Krankheit mit mildem Krankheitsverlauf, wie die Schweinegrippe (A/H1N1), die sich 2009 weltweit ausbreitete, so sind die Folgen noch erträglich. Sollte aber etwa das Vogelgrippevirus (A/H5N1), das bisher 60 % aller inizierten Personen getötet hat, durch Mutationen die Fähigkeit entwickeln, sich schnell zu verbreiten, stünde die Welt vor einer
Katastrophe ungeahnten Ausmaßes. Um Pandemien ranken sich auf allen Regelungsebenen eine Vielzahl von Regelungen aus dem risikospeziischen Gesundheitsrecht wie auch aus dem allgemeinen Katastrophenschutzrecht. Um dieses Regelungsdickicht in ein kohärentes Normensystem zu überführen, gibt es de lege ferenda noch einigen Handlungsbedarf. Die Orientierung an der allgemeinen risikorechtlichen Dogmatik und die Bestimmung von
Bewertungsparametern, an denen das geltende Recht gemessen wird, erlauben dabei einen systematisierenden Zugriff.

Hinweis: Der Text beruft auf der Arbeit Klafki, Risiko und Recht, Mohr Siebeck 2017.