Philology

P. R. Sarkar described Ráŕh, an ancient land in eastern India, as the “Cradle of Civilization”. He claimed that it is one of the areas where human beings first appeared on Earth. Bengali, or Báḿlá, which has come from the Púrvii Ardha-Mágadhii language, is the language of Ráŕh today. Within Bengali there are twelve main dialects, which are listed in the article.  Ráŕh’s dialects include Mid-Ráŕhii Báḿlá, Kolkata Báḿlá and several other dialects or sub-dialects. Because of the high percentage (92%) of Sanskrit-related words in the “colloquial language of the remote outpost of Ráŕh”, P. R. Sarkar suggests that Sanskrit had almost no relation with the influx of the Aryans into India, nor is Sanskrit of foreign origin. This article contains Chapters 19-28 of his book Ráŕh—The Cradle of Civilization plus a short article on the history and dialect of Ráŕh.  P. R. Sarkar (also known as Shrii Shrii Anandamurti) (1922-1990), was the spiritual guru of Ananda Marga and a self-described master of all languages – Richard Gauthier, Santa Rosa, California, October 26, 2020.

The article deals with the study of political theme in the novel 'Andrew's brain' by E. L. Doctorow as the fiction of postmordernism. Such principles of its poetics as postmodern irony, anachrony, fragmentation and mosaic structure were revealed. The author attempts to determine the main characteristics of the writer's style as representation of postmodernism. The novel includes well-known politicos in cameo roles. Andrew's story is pretty close to a monologue, really investigates big concept — political evil — and spreads it across a background noise composed of cognitive science and 9/11. The excesses of the George W. Bush administration are meant to echo, in some sense, Andrew's own indifference and bad luck.

The character of the scholarly patronage community of Jixia in the Warring States (480–221 b.c.e.) polity of Qi has been hotly debated. Was it indeed an “academy,” as it has been retrospectively dubbed? What kind of activities did resident
scholars engage in? What teachings did they propound, what writings did they compose? Following the lead of research by Nathan Sivin and Andrew S. Meyer, the present article does not treat Jixia as an academy proper, but assumes that it was a patronage community sponsored by the Tian/Chen clan. Rather than indulge in more speculations about institutional arrangements and the activities of specific scholars, however, it is argued that intertextual relationships are more likely to shed light on the intellectual concerns of scholars at Jixia. To demonstrate the viability of such an approach, this article analyzes dialogues between King Xuan of Qi (319–301 b.c.e.) and Master Meng in the book Mengzi, demonstrating
that they can be divided into hostile and supportive ones, the latter propounding the principle of “sharing pleasures.” Dialogues included in other compilations that advocate the same principle are then shown to be almost invariably
associated with Jixia scholars. The notion of sharing pleasures, it is finally argued, was part of a wider political debate on princely wastefulness that was characteristic of Qi and is likewise reflected in such compilations as Guanzi,
Yanzi chunqiu, and Liu tao.

В русском сегменте Интернета появился новый историко-филологический ресурс – Индекс «Художественная литература». Он объединил упоминания художественных
текстов в «Хронике текущих событий», известном самиздатском бюллетене московских интеллигентов (1968-1983). Индекс возник в результате научного партнерства
«Мемориала» и Оксфордского университета.

El artículo pone de manifiesto las diferencias entre un aparato crítico en una edición neolachmanniana y un aparato de variantes para la llamada “Filología de autor”. Luego ofrece ejemplos de edición filológica tanto para el relato La venda como para el drama homónimo. Y finalmente examina el autógrafo acéfalo de Del sentimiento trágico de la vida, explicando cómo este manuscrito puede utilizarse para corregir los errores que deturpan la tradición impresa de dicha obra.

In work are stated actual problems of the system of the formation, as well as are considered main particularities of the use innovation technologies in scholastic process. This article presents using innovation technologies is the best form of organization. The aim- to make better qualities of education. Using of innovation technologies: learning, mastering, using. Innovation technologies make deeper knowledge, help pupil to study better and wake his interesting to knowledge. The work shows the methods of innovation technologies for developing habits of thinking.
This article deals with the various forms of lessons through the using in the educational process of innovative technologies. Questions of the importance of pedagogical skills of teachers in improving the quality of education and educational aspects of innovative teaching. Presented the discussion of the impact of innovative methods for the formation and development of creative thinking of students, their research skills, resourcefulness, ingenuity. The various types of work carried out by means of media education. Widely analyzed methods to improve knowledge on the application in the educational process of computer technology. The main problems of the development of intellectual and cognitive abilities of students which are trained.

The article deals with the functional peculiarities of indirect speech acts in Patrick White’s discourse. Indirect utterances are defined as effective means of verbal cooperation in characters’ speech. The speaker realizes indirect speech effect on the recipient by means of indirect utterances in Patrick White’s discourse. Indirect speech effect is verbal or non-verbal reaction of a character on the indirect speech act in communicative situation. The analysis of characters’ speech in Patrick White novels shows that indirect utterances make positive and negative emotional speech effect on the recipient. In addition to this, the evaluative issue of indirect speech acts accounts for its effective functionality in Patrick White’s novels. The speakers use indirect utterances to evaluate the recipient’s actions, feelings, behavior, character, skills and things in general.

Full book available at https://brill.com/view/title/32241. In this book, the author offers a complete reconstruction of the Chinese-Mongol vocabulary of the 17th century comprehensive Chinese military work called Lulongsai lüe (盧龍塞略, LLSL), a document of key importance containing one of the last Sino-Mongol glossaries without proper critical reconstruction until now. The work has resulted in a clarification of the earlier sources the compilers of LLSL used in the bilingual part. Apatóczky argues that contrary to what scholars have thought of it until now, the linguistic corpus of the glossary is not homogeneous and does not represent a single linguistic status; it does, however, shed some light on chronological and philological questions concerning the earlier works incorporated in it.

The article presents the results of the lingual-cognitive study of the
mechanism of the comparative constructions functioning in German. The research aims at the analysis of the frame structure of the comparison and frame modeling. The cognitive bases of the comparisonanalysisprove that comparativebasedstatements
include structural elementsnecessary to complete the frame
slots of thecomparison: the subject of comparison (“the subject of
comparison” and “the addresser”), the referent, the correlate and the module (object-centeredfactors). Object-centered factors relevant for comparison are schemes which variability depends on the feature categories: the quantitative scheme “SOMETHING” stands for “SO (AS) MANY AS”, the qualitative scheme “SOMETHING” stands for “SAMEAS”, the mode-being scheme “SOMETHING exists / performs (does)AS”.
The research shows that the comparative / associative framebased on the identification frameis represented by comparative schemes of identity, resemblance and similarity.

Рецензируемая работа профессора Джона Найлза является не первым, но, как представляется, до сих пор наиболее последовательным концептуальным историографическим обобщением исследований в области англо-саксонистики до начала XX в. Выводя ее начала еще от средневековых хронистов, автор на протяжении почти 350 страниц знакомит читателя с ее основными вехами и доводит свое изложение до 1901 г. Написанная легким, доступным языком книга следует хронологическому принципу подачи материала, в связи с чем его объем возрастает к конечным главам. Отдельным достоинством монографии, несомненно, являются экскурсы в отдельные частные сюжеты и коллизии из истории дисциплины, скрашивающие общее повествование. Несмотря на его некоторую монотонность, однако, его нельзя охарактеризовать как простое сухое энциклопедическое перечисление имен авторов и названий их работ; напротив, Дж. Найлз выделяет общие темы и проблематизирует изучаемый им материал, отчего книга приобретает некоторые жанровые признаки нарратива, впрочем, без излишнего уклона в телеологию. Из менее сильных сторон труда Найлза рецензент отмечает имплицитную приверженность автора к распространенному в зарубежном академическом сообществе пониманию англо-саксонистики как в первую очередь отрасли филологии, вследствие чего в монографии несколько затушевана историческая составляющая данной дисциплины. Несмотря на данную критику, исследование Дж. Найлза, несомненно, является важным вкладом в историографию раннесредневековой Англии, особенно в свете в целом недоразработанности данной проблематики.
John Niles’ monograph under review is not the first but, as it stands, by far the most coherent historiographical overview of the Anglo-Saxon studies up until the beginning of the 20th century. Starting off from the medieval chroniclers’ narratives, over the next 350 pages the author introduces his readers to the major stages in the development of the said studies and concludes in the year 1901. Easily read and well-written, the book follows the chronological principle, hence the scope of the surveys naturally broadens by the final chapters. A major achievement of Niles’ work are the colourful vignettes at the end of each chapter that highlight individual matters and curiosities in the history of the discipline. Despite a certain monotony of the main text, the latter does not read as a lifeless encyclopaedic enumeration of the authors’ names and works. On the contrary, professor Niles singles out general topics and problematises his material, which lends the book some narrative features, though not strictly teleological. A less strong side of his research, we believe, is Niles’ implicit adherence to the common among the English-speaking academics treatment of the Anglo-Saxon studies as primarily a branch of philology, and for this reason the text to a certain extent downplays the historical component in its exposition. In spite of this criticism, John Niles’ book is undoubtedly a profound contribution to the historiography of early medieval England, especially in light of the generally timid interest for this subject

A partir de un ejercicio de lectura comparada entre Aquí América Latina de Josefina Ludmer y una selección de cuatro poemas de Plan de operaciones de Vicente Luy, el presente trabajo busca reflexionar en torno a la insistencia del término " imagen " por parte de Ludmer y Daniel Link (Suturas) como un índice de las novedades metodológicas dadas en la crítica literaria argentina a partir de su relación con un conjunto de afirmaciones tomadas de la biopolítica y las nuevas concepciones del fenómeno literario supuestas por estos modos de leer, como la noción de " posautonomía ".

This article describes my Ph.D. project. In particular, it is aimed at giving an overview of the phenomenon under discussion, namely the coexistence and competition between loanwords and endogenous words in Old Icelandic. Examples are given from three different textual typologies, as they are taken from a religious text (The Icelandic Homily Book), a law-book (The Grágás), and one of the Icelandic family sagas (Egils saga). The article is in Icelandic. However, the main content of this article is also available in English in two of my conference papers (see  "Talks" here on Academia).

This article aims to reassess the figure of Garcia da Orta and his work, Colóquios dos simples e drogas da Índia (Goa, 1563), a dialogue between Oriental and Western knowledge, by addressing aspects of the author’s origins and education in the Iberian Peninsula. As a member of the Jewish community and the son of refugees, Garcia da Orta was accustomed to frontiers. He was a traveling convert particularly well-prepared for cultural interchange and mediation. As a physician trained in the Humanist universities of Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares he was familiar with philological projects based on translation and transculturalism. We thus present the Colóquios as a polyglot materia medica (by analogy with the Polyglot Bible), and his motto painting naked truth as the vindication of an experience which can only be gained away from the center on the periphery.

This article deals with the history and word formation of the Icelandic word for ‘police’, i.e. lögregla. The word constitutes an interesting case of word formation in that said lexeme is a dvandva compound whose creation is related to the expression að halda uppi lögum og reglu ‘to maintain law and order’. Moreover, it is argued that the word has arisen in the wake of the Icelandic purist movement in the first half of the 19th century, and that its creator is Konráð Gíslason, who was at the time a
member of the Icelandic Literary Society (Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag) and editor of the journal Fjölnir. According to the sources, the word, lögregla, cannot have been formed as an independent lexical item. In fact, the word appears first in a compound with maður ‘man’, meaning ‘policeman’ or, more precisely, ‘a man who is in charge of maintaining
law and order’. It is argued that lögregla has in fact been created in order to gradually substitute the Danish loanword pólití, first in compounds such as pólitímaður and pólitíþjónn ‘policeman’, and then as a single lexeme. The Danish loanword pólití had a twofold meaning: ‘policeman’ and ‘police’. Moreover, it is argued that lögregla, as an unbound lexeme, was initially a shortened form for lögreglumaður, and later assumed
the general meaning ‘police force’ by means of synecdoche (pars pro toto).

RESUMO O projeto de pesquisa Portugues Historico do Rio Grande do Sul (PHRS) tem como objetivos: implantar um banco de dados de registros escritos representativos do portugues do Rio Grande do Sul, fornecer corpora para estudos nas mais variadas areas da linguistica (semântica, lexico, fonologia, morfologia, sintaxe, etc.) que se preocupem, sobretudo, com a descricao do portugues antigo e com a mudanca linguistica, e promover o resgate da historia e memoria cultural do estado do Rio Grande do Sul por meio da preservacao de textos antigos. Para tanto, foram coletados, inicialmente, manuscritos nao-literarios de diversas tipologias em diferentes acervos na regiao central do Estado, os quais foram editados de forma diplomatica, de acordo com as normas de Cambraia (2005). Conforme essas normas, a transcricao dos documentos deve ser feita de modo fidedigno a fim de oferecer subsidios confiaveis para o analista (TELLES, 2005). Nos documentos aqui apresentados foi possivel identificar dive...

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the fact that, very frequently, the so-called grolesque ("comic") tales of Edgar A. Poe have been neglected, even forgotten and only the arabesque ("serious") have been raised to the category of "works of art". It is our aim to point out the outstanding place that the former have within the total short stories of the author, leading to a much more complete understanding of the meaning of his narrative in the North American Literature of the first half of the Nineteenth Century

GÜNEŞ DİL KİTABI / BOOK OF THE SUN LANGUAGE

Sözlük Açıklamalarını, Yasal Bilgilendirme © ve Uyarıyı okumanız, İNTİHAL videosunu izlemeniz önemle tavsiye olunur. / It is highly recommended to read the Glossary Definitions, Legal Information © and Warning, and to watch the plagiarism video.

İNTİHAL DAVASI / PLAGIARISM CASE

Fikir hırsızlığı en aşağılık bir suçtur! Ayrıntılar için tıklayınız. / Plagiarism is the most despicable crime! Click for details.

https://www.gunes-dil-akademisi.com/glossary/
https://www.gunes-dil-akademisi.com/forum/

Edizioni critiche, traduzioni e note di commento di Antonella Degl’Innocenti, Paolo Gatti e Christian Giacomozzi.
Il volume completa la pubblicazione delle agiografie relative ai santi trentini, proponendo l’edizione e lo studio dei testi sui santi della Val di Non: Sisinnio, Martirio, Alessandro, martiri nel 397, e l’eremita Romedio, vissuto in epoca assai più tarda. Queste figure si affiancano a quelle di Vigilio e di Massenzia di Trento (vol. I), mostrando la vitalità delle tradizioni agiografico-culturali trentine durante tutto il Medioevo.

Pada Desember 1810, Thomas Stamford Raffles beroleh tugas mahaberat dari Lord Minto, gubernur jenderal India di Benggala. Pria yang kala itu baru berumur 29 tahun tersebut diminta mempersiapkan rencana untuk menaklukkan Pulau Jawa, menyingkirkan pengaruh Perancis dari nusantara.
Langkah pertama yang ia tempuh adalah berkorespondensi dengan para penguasa lokal di tanah Melayu (Malaysia-Indonesia). Melalui surat itu, ia "merayu" agar beroleh dukungan, baik moril maupun material.

El origen del nombre TORO es un extracto del libro HIJOS DE TITANES • EL SECRETO ÍBERO, en el cual Enrique Cabrejas nos relata de modo llano su experiencia personal con un descubrimiento extraordinario. El 21 de Abril de 2012 consiguió lo que parecía imposible: descifrar la escritura ibérica. Un hito sin precedentes en la historia de la escritura, solo al alcance de los grandes y comparable a los realizados por Champollion al descodificar la escritura jeroglífica egipcia o Michael Ventris con la escritura de Creta. Desde este instante la obra de Enrique Cabrejas lo convierte en un referente destacado a nivel mundial en historia y lingüística. Las innumerables pruebas y significados que nos reporta, antes desconocidos, son una referencia obligada para todos aquellos que quieran comprender la historia, la lengua antigua e, incluso, también la moderna de nuestro país, o para quienes en el futuro deseen estudiarla e investigarla en profundidad, más si cabe desde el mundo académico. Hasta la fecha, el significado de esas enigmáticas escrituras no se conocía, aunque desde la comunidad científica se le dio validez a un origen indiscutible celta. Estas páginas nos revelan qué hay de cierto en todo ello. La transcripción, resuelta de numerosos textos íberos y celtíberos nos sorprende con un desenlace tan inesperado como fascinante que va más allá del descifrado de una lengua antigua. Capaz de responder a las preguntas que se han formulado los historiadores, lingüistas, investigadores y expertos durante décadas y nunca supieron ni acertaron responder: ¿Quiénes fueron los íberos y los celtíberos? ¿Cómo se llamaban? ¿De dónde vinieron? ¿Cómo llegaron? ¿Cuáles fueron sus costumbres? ¿Qué escritura es la ibérica? ¿Cuál es la ancestral y extraordinaria cultura que nos legaron?
HIJOS DE TITANES • EL SECRETO ÍBERO  nos ilumina y nos abre los ojos, no solo para saber quiénes fuimos sino para conocer quiénes somos. Todo está implícito en su escritura y por primera vez ve la luz a través de esta imprescindible publicación.
Cabrejas Iñesta, Enrique (Marzo 2015) HIJOS DE TITANES - EL SECRETO ÍBERO - ISBN: 978-84-9095-585-7. Colección: Investigación. Editorial Círculo Rojo. Almería. DEPÓSITO LEGAL: AL 199-2015.

INDICE:

La Sapienza bizantina. Il contributo della Storia dell’arte (1896-1970) - Antonio Iacobini

Le missioni di studio in Oriente e il Centro di Documentazione di Storia dell’Arte Bizantina (1966-2006) - Andrea Paribeni

Il progetto di ricerca sui marmi della Santa Sofia, Alessandra Guiglia - Claudia Barsanti

Hagia Sophia: nuovi studi e ricerche per il restauro, Mario Docci - Storici dell’arte, esploratori, antropologi, archeologi: le missioni
lungo il limes orientale (1982-1992) - Enrico Zanini

Alcune considerazioni sull’architettura bizantina a Creta - Spiridione Alessandro Curuni

Il «Corpus della pittura monumentale bizantina in Italia»: il caso di Umbria, Marche e Abruzzo - Mauro della Valle

Il mosaico parietale aniconico da Tessalonica a Costantinopoli - Alessandro Taddei

Basilio ‘parakoimomenos’, l’aristocrazia e la passione per le arti sotto i Macedoni - Livia Bevilacqua

Il colore scolpito. Raffinatezze cromatiche nella scultura ad incrostazione del Medioevo mediterraneo - Silvia Pedone

Viaggio di un trittico eburneo da Costantinopoli a Roma. Note in margine al «Corpus degli oggetti bizantini in Italia» - Simona Moretti

L’insegnamento della Filologia e della Storia bizantina a Roma dalla
fondazione agli anni Settanta del ’900 - Augusta Acconcia Longo

La Filologia e la Storia bizantina alla Sapienza nell’ultimo trentennio del ’900 - Andrea Luzzi

La Paleografia greca e bizantina alla Sapienza, dagli anni Venti del
’900 a Enrica Follieri e alla sua scuola - Francesco D’Aiuto

Ricerche e iniziative promosse dalla Sapienza per lo studio delle scritture greche antiche e bizantine nell’ultimo trentennio - Guglielmo Cavallo

Immagini eloquenti. Nuove osservazioni sul codice Atheniensis gr. 211 con le Omelie di Giovanni Crisostomo - Giovanni Gasbarri

Edizione critica, traduzione e commento a cura di Giovanni Paolo Maggioni.
Nel contesto della turbolenta storia d’Irlanda dei primi decenni del XIV secolo, l’arcivescovo di Cork, il domenicano Philip de Slane, viene inviato ad Avignone come legato del re d’Inghilterra Edoardo II, per discutere con papa Giovanni XXII della complessa condizione dell’isola: in seguito al fallimento dello sbarco di Edward Bruce, fratello del re di Scozia, gli Anglonormanni continuavano a spadroneggi re e ad opprimere gli Irlandesi. Philip, membro di una famiglia anglonormanna, reca in dono al pontefice un libro, la «Piccola descrizione dell’Irlanda», una rilettura aggiornata della «Topographia Hibernica» di Giraldo Cambrense. Sorprendentemente, nel testo che ci è pervenuto, il diritto della corona inglese a dominare l’Irlanda viene fortemente messo in discussione: questo diritto spetta al papa e solo lui può concederlo ad altri, a certe condizioni. E queste condizioni sono state disattese dai re d’Inghilterra… Non sono esattamente le parole che ci si attenderebbe dal legato di Edoardo II. Un mistero letterario medievale, qui per la prima volta pubblicato in edizione critica.

Il Coniurationis commentarium, l’unica opera storica composta da Angelo Poliziano, è la prima e la più importante fonte sulla Congiura dei Pazzi, il sanguinoso colpo di stato perpetrato contro i Medici a Firenze il 26 aprile 1478, che causò la morte del giovane Giuliano e il ferimento di Lorenzo il Magnifico. Poliziano, già intellettuale di primo piano della Firenze medicea e presente al tragico attentato in Santa Maria del Fiore, compose il suo racconto nel burrascoso scenario politico scaturito dal fallimento della cospirazione: una testimonianza storica autoptica, concepita come rapida e necessaria risposta sull’onda del clamore suscitato dal crimine e realizzata con le armi della più raffinata cultura umanistica, un ritratto intenso e coinvolgente degli eventi, che si distingue per la brevitas sallustiana e per la limpida potenza delle sue immagini. Da subito fatta circolare grazie ai nuovissimi mezzi della stampa, l’opera divenne uno dei pilastri più robusti su cui si edificò l’articolata propaganda medicea all’indomani della congiura.
Questa nuova edizione del Coniurationis commentarium, dopo l’edizione critica pionieristica curata da Alessandro Perosa nel 1958, si propone di offrire uno strumento di lettura più completo e aggiornato dell’opera, grazie a nuove indagini condotte in ambito filologico, storico e critico. Nuove acquisizioni sul Commentarium presentate in questo volume riguardano inoltre i modelli classici ai quali Poliziano si ispirò e le implicazioni e le prospettive storico-politiche dell’opera nel contesto della congiura. Il testo latino dell’edizione Perosa, riproposto qui con alcuni emendamenti scaturiti da un vaglio più completo della tradizione, è corredato di una nuova traduzione italiana e di puntuali note di commento, aggiornato ai più recenti studi e finalizzato all’illustrazione di personaggi ed eventi storici menzionati e della fitta trama di fonti classiche che sottendono l’opera.

This article is about the essence and the task of literary country study as a component of national literary history. The problem is viewed through the prism of correlation of concepts «regional», «national» and «universal» in the poetic works of the little-known talented writers of the 60s Stepan Budnyi and Vasyl Yarmush whose life and literary activity are connected with Ternopil region. Poets' works with similar personal and literary part is analyzed in the aspect of source finding of artistic imagery, its historical and geographical conditionality, the character of searching their national identity and manifestation of civic position.

This new series provides a forum for exchange on a myriad of alternative histories of marginalized communities and individuals in the Near and Middle East and Mediterranean, and those of Middle Eastern or Mediterranean heritage. It will highlight thematic issues relating to various native peoples and their narratives and – with particular contemporary relevance – explore encounters with the notion of ‘other’ within various societies. Often moving beyond the conventional state-centred and dominant monolithic approach, or reinterpreting previously accepted stories, books in the series examine and explain themes from inter-communal relations, environment, health and society, and will explore ethnic, communal, racial, linguistic and religious developments that go beyond geopolitical compositions.

Building on the foundations of scholarship within an interdisciplinary framework, this series spans the continuum of Near Eastern and Mediterranean traditions extending from the fourth millennium B.C. to the present – bridging previous fields which originally had little connection with each other. The aim is to enhance perspectives by applying various methodological approaches to dilemmas that have in the past been treated as the exclusive concern of a single given discipline.

Key Features

Creates a forum for marginalized and/or indigenous communities to engage with the ‘accepted past and present’ and to challenge previously accepted truths
Opens a dialogue for alternative intellectual histories/narratives
The first series to focus on indigenous and minoritized related narratives from the understudied and often marginal perspective
Covers cultural, linguistic, ethnic, gendered, political, numerical and economic communities in the Near and Middle East, the Mediterranean and its extended environs
Engages with all periods of history from the ancient world to the present day, especially in terms of continuity of culture, cultural heritage and heritage preservation
Communities studied may include Alawites, Alevis, Armenians, Assyrians, Christians, Copts, Druze, Jews, Mandaens, Maronites, Palestinians, Pontian/ Anatolian Greeks, Samaritans, Shabbaks, Yezidis and Zoroastrians among others

Псковский областной словарь с историческими данными – словарь полного типа: в нем представлены все бытующие в крестьянской речи общерусские и диалектные слова. Это также первый исторический словарь народных говоров. В нем используются данные из средневековых памятников письменности и документов XIV–XVIII вв. Псковской земли.

Словарь адресован лингвистам разных специальностей, историкам, этнографам, фольклористам, специалистам-филологам и всем, кто серьезно изучает русский язык.

Словарь псковских народных говоров составляется коллективом преподавателей, аспирантов, студентов филологического факультета Ленинградского/Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета на основе богатой картотеки (более 1 000 000 карточек). Эта ценнейшая картотека собрана на протяжении последних 40 лет во время ежегодных диалектологических экспедиций в Псковскую область. По объему "Псковский областной словарь с историческими данными" почти равен четырехтомному "Толковому словарю живого великорусского языка" В.И. Даля.

Народная речь Псковской области представляет большой интерес в международном плане, не говоря уже о ее исключительном значении для историков и диалектологов русского языка, так как она отражает тысячелетние связи и культурный обмен русского населения с тесно примыкающими народами прибалтийско-финской группы, с латышами и литовцами, а также и белорусами.

Большим преимуществом перед всеми имеющимися областными словарями русского языка (как и других славянских языков) будет наличие в  Словаре большого исторического материала. Кроме Новгорода, ни один край ("удел") феодальной эпохи не сохранил такого обилия торговой, юридической, политической документации, такой богатой местной литературы; достаточно напомнить о выдающихся своим местным колоритом Псковских летописях. Это дало нам возможность впервые в русской лексикографии поставить в непосредственную связь лексику современных псковских говоров с отражениями живой народной речи в документах и памятниках письменности феодальной эпохи. Региональный словарь на широком историческом фоне - принципиально новое дело в мировом языкознании.

Après avoir exposé sa théorie du désir mimétique dans Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque (1961), René Girard s'attaque aux fondements de l'ordre social au travers d'une fine analyse des rapports entre violence et sacré, mêlant avec habileté ethnologie, ontologie, psychologie et philologie entre autres. L'auteur traite avant tout la question du sacrifice, centrale car la violence sacrificielle constituerait la base du sacré qui lui-même permettrait l'existence de la société en régulant la violence humaine. Soumis à l'influence du désir mimétique, les individus qui convoitent un même objet sont enclins à développer mutuellement de l'animosité : le désir mimétique devient rivalité mimétique ; jalousie, haine et envie s'installent de façon insidieuse. Les conflits alors à même d'éclater entre membres d'une même tribu primitive ont un potentiel extrêmement destructeur car la mimesis est particulièrement présente quand il s'agit de violence ; un cycle interminable de vengeance peut s'enclencher.

Comment empêcher alors l'anéantissement total du groupe?

This article devoted to the analysis of the activity of the great Uzbek poet Alisher Navoi – the founder of Uzbek literary language. It considers writer’s works, his thoughts and philosophical views in his poems, particularly, in his famous work “Khamsa”.

Maya art is a rare combination of linear elegance and naturalism, blended with dazzling symbolic complexity.  Decorated objects, ranging from painted vases and carved jade and shell ornaments to towering stone monuments and building façades, bear the traces of a symbol system that, while fascinating, can make an understanding of these images elusive to the uninitiated.

Presented here for the first time is a compendium of one hundred Classic Mayan hieroglyphs that are also building blocks of much ancient Maya painting and sculpture. The symbols touch on many facets of the Maya world, from the natural environment—animals, plants, the heavens—to the mental landscape of gods, myths, and rituals.

Using hundreds of line drawings and photographs, the authors show how to identify these signs, understand their meaning, and appreciate the novel ways they appear in art. As well as providing a basic introduction, the authors offer many new and exciting interpretations.

Lavishly illustrated, and fully cross-referenced and indexed, this groundbreaking guide will prove an invaluable tool for those wishing to see Maya art, perhaps for the first time, through the eyes of ancient scribes and artists.