Regional Geography

Over the past two decades capitalism and globalization have gradually changed skin. Both have undergone an acceleration that has radically changed their nature and their rules, resulting in a new scenario of the economic geography at the global and the local scale. The crisis started in 2007, first financial and then economic, has inserted in the context of these changes, even producing the emergence of new actors on the international scene and the relative decline of the traditional areas of development. This scenario is the product of a complex web of ideas, actors, networks, technologies and agreements that the volume attempts to analyze in the most significant components.

Synekdemos, a geographical text of Hierokles presents the administrative structure of the Eastern Roman Empire in the early 6th century AD. Six dioeceses (large administrative units), 64 eparchiai (provinces) and 920 poleis (cities) are registered in catalogues, in such a way that the political geography of the period becomes apparent. The critical edition by Honigmann (1939) displays maps without a geophysical background. This fact makes the study of the historical settlements network more difficult. In order to facilitate this study, maps of the 64 provinces have been created to describe and offer a clear overall view of the regional context. These maps follow historical topography as this appeared in Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (2000). In addition, they support a database which classifies the settlements according to historical and geographical criteria. The first set of criteria is related to parameters and variables, such as the date of foundation, constant presence in five historical periods, ancient and modern toponyms. The second set is related to the location of the settlements, and uses parameters and variables, such as geomorphology, water elements, communication networks and presence of a nodal point or port. The province of Palaia Epeiros has been chosen as an example of the advantages that such a database has to offer. The combination of maps with a database improves the historical-geographical study of the settlements network, and accentuates the importance of Synecdemos as a basic geographical text of the period, α quality that has escaped the attention of the “official” History of Cartography (1987).""

This paper aims to capture the importance of demographic dimension in thesustainable development process of the rural space. From a series ofstatistics data we realized an analysis of demographic indicators, which ithelped us to trace the development trends characteristic for our area ofstudy. To understand the evolution in time and the implications of humanresource in the process of development it was necessary referencing themwith national or local historical events. Demographic dimension analysishighlights the development stage of rural space and help the formulation ofthe future local policies that regard the sustainable development.

Rekreativne aktivnosti i kretanja u većini regiona karakteriše izrazita sezonalnost, odnosno koncentriranost na ljetnu i zimsku sezonu. Ovo se prvenstveno odnosi na izrazito planinske i primorske regije koji su prepoznatljivi uglavnom po ski turizmu ili kupališnom turizmu. Međutim regije bez prepoznatljivog ''turističkog identiteta'' a sa atraktivnom prirodnom osnovom i mnoštvom potencijala, posebno klimatskih, kao što je Sjeveroistočna Bosna imaju mogućnost da razviju različite oblike rekreativnog turizma (sportsko-rekreativni, izletničko-rekreativni, zdravstveno-rekreativni) u pojedinim dijelovima tokom cijele godine. Povoljnost klimatskih predispozicija Sjeveroistočne Bosne istaknuta je rezultatima analiza koji pokazuju da se tokom godine na ovom području ne javljaju niti nepovoljni niti nemogući klimatski uslovi za razvoj različitih oblika rekretivnog turizma. Kvalitetan aktivni odmor na otvorenom u proljetnim i jesenskim mjesecima najčešće se provodi kroz pješačenje, trčanje, planinarenje, biciklizam, izlete i slično, u ljetnim, pored navedenih, moguće je i kampovanje, plivanje, kupanje, splavarenje, jedrenje i sl., a u zimskim i rekreacija na snijegu (hodanje po snijegu, sankanje, skijanje, vožnja motornim sankama i sl.).

This paper is an overview of the shifts in the internal migration patterns in Romania for the last six decades. In the first part a literature-based brief overview of the trends and patterns of internal migration during communism will be presented. In the second (more extensive) part, a statistical-data based analysis of the internal migration trends and patterns over the last 25 years will be provided. The breakdown of the Romanian communist regime (in December 1989) was the beginning for a major change in the general demographic and socioeconomic context of the internal migration and regime of the Romanian internal migration control. In terms of the demographic context, the period of the communist regime was characterised by relatively high (though territorially significantly differentiated) fertility rates and overall population increase. In socioeconomic terms, industrialisation and the subsequent urbanisation give rise to a significant and dynamic context of migratory opportunities and subsequent flows of internal mobility. Nevertheless the migratory processes emerged in this particular demographic and socioeconomic context were to large extent controlled by the state, and, since external migration was very limited, occurring within the national territory. The means of internal migration control during communism During the communist period, the state closely controlled the labour market, and via economic investment policies and by various administrative procedures, not just stimulated but to some extent pointed the tracks for the internal mobility paths. Especially in the initial phase of the communist industrialisation process, major industrial settings were established in regions with existing infrastructure. Since these customarily were not located in regions with high fertility rates, substantial migratory movement from less developed to more prosperous regions were induced (Turnock 1970).

The  challenges  that  official  migration  statistics face in the 21st century are manifold. In line with intensifying globalisation processes, and new patterns  and  types  of  migration,  new  routes  and new  migrant  identities  have  been  emerging. However,  the new trends also  offer  new, potentially usable data sources, tools, and methods for
the measurement of this changing phenomenon. Attempting to  provide  an  overview  of  the Hungarian migration statistical system, the aim of this paper  is  to  promote  interdisciplinary  scientific dialogue  on
migration  and share  some  of  the most  important  figures  and  trends  of  international  migration  in  Hungary,  highlighting  its  remarkable  geographical  aspects  in  the  European context,  and  the  peculiarities,  challenges,  and opportunities of its measurement.

Hunger and malnutrition are relevant in the context of Christian religion and missions, as they create a framework for finding solutions in the area of food security and availability in development regions in Honduras. Food availability represents one of the most important pillars of food security regardless of region. This study analyses the current situation in the area of food security in the development regions of Sangrelaya and Cocalito in Honduras and its impact on the diet and nutrition of local inhabitants, with special emphasis placed on biblical and mission aspects of the analysed issue. Furthermore, the study examines the relation between food availability and Catholic mission activities with regard to the food security of inhabitants of selected development regions. Based on our research of the food situation and an analysis of the diet, the study explains the functioning of the local food system. It also identifies the steps necessary for the elimination of food scarcity due to its limited availability and the impact of specific Catholic mission activities on improving food security in these development regions.

Abstrakt:  Hlad a podvýživa majú svoj kontext v kresťanskom náboženstve a misií, ktoré spoločne vytvárajú rámec v prístupe riešenia potravinovej bezpečnosti a dostupnosti potravín v rozvojových regiónoch v Hondurase. Dostupnosť potravín predstavuje jeden z najdôležitejších pilierov potravinovej bezpečnosti v akomkoľvek regióne. Predkladaná štúdia analyzuje aktuálnu situáciu potravinovej bezpečnosti v rozvojovom regióne Sangrelaya a Cocalito v Hondurase a jej vplyv na stravovanie a výživu obyvateľov, pričom kladie dôraz na biblický a z neho vyplývajúci misijný aspekt pre analyzovanú problematiku. Skúma vzťah dostup-nosti potravín a aktivít katolíckej misie vzhľadom na potravinovú bezpečnosť obyvateľov vybraného rozvojového regiónu. Na základe skúmania potravinovej situácie a analýzy stravovania objasňuje fungovanie lokálneho potravinového systému. Súčasne identifi kuje postupy potrebné na elimináciu nedostatku potravín z dôvodu ich obmedzenej dostupnosti a vplyv konkrétnych aktivít katolíckej misijnej činnosti na zlepšenie potravinovej bezpečnosti v tomto rozvojovom regióne. Kľúčové slová: Hlad. Podvýživa. Dostupnosť potravín. Rozvojové regióny. Misijná činnosť.

As one of the transit countries in Europe, Hungary plays a significant role both in the eastwest and north-south passenger traffic of the continent. Approximately one-third of foreigners (14 million) arriving yearly in Hungary travel through the country. A turnover like this can generate changes at the micro level in the everyday life of affected settlements and have social, economic, and physical impacts. In order to examine this, it is important to identify settlements involved in transit. The study introduces methodological approaches that can be applied to outline the crystallising points of transit tourism in Hungary. With the help of GISbased delineation and the logit model the settlements involved in transit have been identified. The study concluded that settlements involved in transit traffic (1) are located at the intersections of roads enabling the shortest travel time between different border sections, (2) possess a motorway junction, and (3) are situated at the intersect...

The current paper analyses regional disparities in North Macedonia at NUTS 3 level. This paper aims to determine whether there is a trend of decreasing or increasing the socioeconomic disparities between the regions in the period after 2014. The analysis uses different socioeconomic indicators such as the unemployment rate, gross domestic product per capita, gross fixed capital formation, and the number of active business entities. The main methods used in the research are analysis, comparison, and synthesis. The findings show that there are no significant reductions in regional disparities between regions. The Skopje Region remains the most developed region. Additionally, the findings reveal that if the Skopje Region is excluded from the analysis, interregional inequalities in the other seven regions are not very pronounced. Inequalities in regional development necessitate the implementation of the regional policy and development measures that will be discussed in the concluding remarks.

Until 1993 there were conducted first excavations in what promised to be the site of one of the most important buildings of Petra, the stunning capital of the Nabataean kingdom. Its construction, whose initiation century BC, several changes, reconstructions and landslides along its more than five hundred years of operation. But despite this still unknown for certain functions for which it was designed and that, regardless of the construction elements, materials have been located just still less inscriptions that shed some light on a mystery that will try here exhibit various theories that enable closer to resolution.

Regional identity has become an important category in the ‘Europe of regions’, and one that is often taken as self-evident in the relations between a group of people and a bounded region. The movement of people, capital and information across spatial boundaries that takes place in the contemporary world challenges the supposed harmonious link between regions and people on all spatial scales. This paper analyses the meanings of region and identity, and the links between them. Regions are understood as historically contingent structures whose institutionalisation is based on their territorial, symbolic and institutional shaping. Regional identity is understood as an abstraction that can be used to analyse the links between social actors and the institutionalisation process. This paper suggests that an analytical distinction between the identity of a region and the regional identity of its inhabitants, i.e. regional consciousness, is useful for problematising these links. The conceptual arguments will be illustrated with analyses of identity discourses related to Finnish regions and of the mobility of the Finns between regions.

Abstract: Development of entrepreneurial attitudes in the society and entrepreneurship as an expression of activity of entrepreneurs and managers of companies is considered as a particularly important factor of the socio-economic development of regions, particularly in countries, which transform their economies. Entrepreneurship plays its role mostly in accelerating the economic growth, generating pulses to the structural transformation of regional economy and alleviating the consequences of structural unemployment through self-employment of the unemployed. In this context, it is important to ask about the place of entrepreneurship in regional development strategies. The subject of the article is to present the results of analysis of the Polish National Strategy of Regional Development 2010−2020: Regions, Cities, Rural Areas with respect of having provisions related to entrepreneurship as an important factor stimulating the regional development. Against the background of results of the analysis, the authors attempted to outline the concept of " entrepreneurial region ".

Streszczenie: Rozwój postaw przedsiębiorczych w społeczeństwie oraz przedsiębiorczości jako wyra-zu aktywności przedsiębiorców i menedżerów firm jest uważany za ważny czynnik rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego regionów, szczególnie w krajach transformujących swoje gospodarki. Przedsiębiorczość odgrywa rolę głównie w przyspieszeniu wzrostu gospodarczego, generowaniu impulsów do przemian strukturalnych gospodarki danego regionu oraz łagodzi skutki strukturalnego bezrobocia poprzez samozatrudnienie osób pozostających bez pracy. W tym kontekście ważne jest pytanie, jakie jest miejsce przedsiębiorczości w strategiach rozwoju regionalnego. Przedmiotem artykułu jest prezentacja wyników analizy polskiej Krajowej Strategii Rozwoju Regionalnego 2010−2020: Regiony, Miasta, Obszary wiejskie pod kątem obecności zapisów odnoszących się do przedsiębiorczości jako ważnego czynnika rozwoju regionalnego. Na tle wyników analiz podjęto próbę zarysowania koncepcji "przedsiębiorczego regionu".

Zadar i širi ličko-sjevernodalmatinski prostor koji mu gravitira imali su izuzetno važnu ulogu i značenje u obrani Republike Hrvatske od agresije srpskih snaga i JNA u razdoblju 1991.-1995. Izazvan agresivnim vojnim zahvatima pobunjenih pripadnika srpske manjine, različitih srpskih paravojnih jedinica i JNA, što je uzrokovalo strahovite ljudske žrtve, razaranja i progone, obrambeni Domovinski rat u zaobalju Zadra rezultirao je oslobađanjem zaposjednutih krajeva i njihovim povratkom u ustavno-pravni poredak Republike Hrvatske. Geostrateški, ovaj središnji prostor Jadranske Hrvatske tisućljetna je spona Kontinentalne Hrvatske i sjevernog hrvatskog Jadrana s južnije položenim srednjodalmatinskim i južnodalmatinskim prostorom te je ostvarenje prijetnje njegova osvajanja i otkidanja moglo biti karika presijecanja hrvatskog nacionalnog bića i teritorija s poraznim posljedicama za opstanak hrvatske države i naroda. U radu se raspravlja o geostrateškim interesima koji su se prelamali ili se prelamaju u ovoj regiji, napose o dvama koji se posebno ističu: kohezijski, tj. nacionalni, unutar RH, domoljubni ili patriotski i tzv. "regionalni", tj. jugoslavenski/velikosrpski. Primarnom geostrateškom cilju (veliko) srpske agresije u ovoj regiji suprotstavljen je geostrateški cilj obrane Hrvatske u ovom prostoru, a obrađeni su i geostrateški aspekti protunapada i poslijeratne obnove u kojoj Zadar, kao vodeće središte, u mreži središnjih naselja Ličko-senjske, Šibenske (kasnije Šibensko-kninske) i Zadarsko-kninske (kasnije Zadarske) županije ima izuzetnu ulogu.

Страноведение в современном понимании — это географическая дисциплина, занимающаяся комплексным изучением отдельных стран и регионов мира. В основе большинства страноведческих исследований лежит систематизация и обобщение раз-нообразных данных о природных условиях и природных ресурсах страны, о расовом, национальном и численном составе ее населения, об особенностях экономики, куль-туры природопользования и рекреации в стране в целом и в ее отдельных регионах. обобщение страноведческих публикаций и оценка современных параметров природной среды, систематизация статистических сведений о населении и хозяйстве определен-ной территории — государства или региона мира — суть комплексного страноведе-ния. комплексность, системный подход и приоритеты экологизации и гуманизации получаемой информации — необходимые составные части методологии современного страноведения [1–4]. идеи комплексного страноведения были заложены в начале XX в. известными географами-страноведами — Л. С. Бергом, н. н. Баранским, В. М. Гохманом и я. Г. Маш-бицем [5–7], которые отмечали, что комплексное страноведческое изучение россии и ее регионов, а также зарубежных стран и регионов мира — важная составляющая часть междисциплинарного исследования мирового развития и глобальных проблем человече-ства. В то же время, по мнению этих авторов, большинство существующих страноведче-ских исследований отличаются преимущественно социально-экономическим уклоном, что обедняет разрабатываемые комплексные характеристики стран. именно в этой связи главную задачу комплексного страноведения они видели в создании целостных и по воз-можности более широких по своему содержанию обобщенных характеристик, объеди-няющих природные, социальные и экономические показатели различных территорий, стран и регионов. роль природной составляющей в наше время остается не менее значимой, чем антропогенной, но можно уверенно утверждать, что все типы природных ландшафтов Земли в той или иной степени трансформированы в результате хозяйственной деятель-ности человека. Следовательно, в страноведческой характеристике требуется обеспечивать оперативное отображение современных трансформаций окружающей среды, динамики геосистем, что возможно на основе междисциплинарного подхода. В системе положений комплексного страноведения естественно и непротиворечиво реализуется концепция синтеза и осуществляются необходимое объединение географии со смежными науками: геологией, биологией, агрономией, экологией, этнографией, куль-турологией, экономикой, политологией. именно в рамках современного комплексного * Статья подготовлена при поддержке рФФи, грант 07–05–00162.

Focusing exclusively on external forces risks producing an over-generalized account of a ubiquitous neoliberalism, which insufficiently accounts for the profusion of local variegations that currently comprise the neoliberal project as a series of articulations with existing political economic circumstances. Although neoliberal economics were initially promoted in the global south through the auspices of structural adjustment programs designed by the International Financial Institutions, powerful global south elites were only too happy to oblige. Neoliberalism frequently reveals opportunities for well-connected government officials to informally control market and material rewards, allowing them to easily line their own pockets. It is in this sense of the local appropriation of neoliberal ideas that scholars must go beyond conceiving of ‘neoliberalism-in-general’ as a singular and fully realized policy regime, ideological form, or regulatory framework, and work towards conceiving a plurality of ‘actually existing neoliberalisms’ with particular characteristics arising from mutable geohistorical outcomes that are embedded within national, regional, and local process of market-driven socio-spatial transformation. What constitutes ‘actually existing’ neoliberalism in Cambodia as distinctly Cambodian is the ways in which the patronage system has allowed local elites to co-opt, transform, and (re)articulate neoliberal reforms through a framework that ‘asset strips’ public resources, thereby increasing peoples’ exposure to corruption, coercion, and violence. It is to such an 'articulation agenda' that this article attends, as in seeking to provide a more nuanced reading to recent work on neoliberalism in Cambodia by outlining some of its salient characteristics, I reveal a more empirical basis to theorizations of ‘articulated neoliberalism’.

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.

El presente Altas de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago (RMS) es la quinta versión de un trabajo que ha venido realizando el Gobierno Regional Metropolitano de Santiago, en el marco del desarrollo de un Sistema de Información Territorial junto con el análisis espacial que cada una conlleva. Las tres primeras versiones fueron elaboradas en convenio con la Universidad de Chile, en el marco del Proyecto Bases para un Ordenamiento Territorial Ambientalmente Sustentable (OTAS), mientras que el cuarto se realizó en el marco del Programa Manejo de la Información Territorial (MIT). En esta versión se ha considerado incluir nuevos temas e indicadores, como también actualizar algunos datos relevantes para la RMS.

During the 20th century, profound socio-economic changes typified the metropolitan regions of the World. One
of the most outstanding alterations was the relative decentralisation of urban space, that’s visible sign is urban
sprawl. The following paper intends to introduce the most significant characteristics of this specific
phenomenon.
Current urban processes are presented throughout both Northern American and European metropolitan
regions, with special emphasis on the similarities and differences, by the help of adequate European examples
(Paris, Vienna, Copenhagen, Budapest).
The research is aiming to give multilateral information on suburbanisation and gentrification, moreover the
recentralisation or/and decentralisation of metropolitan areas.
A vaste introduction can be found in connection with the Hungarian urban planning system and procedures,
especially during the Socialist Era and the Post-Socialist Period. The results of a deep research on the suburbia,
suburban societies, the economic welfare of agglomeration settlements are presented concerning the Budapest
Metropolitan Region, furthermore the recent effects of the world financial crisis that substantially determined.

This article examines the rationales for language revitalization and their materialization on a local scale. The starting premise is that, due to specific social, cultural, as well as spatial circumstances, there exists a wide variety of rationalizations for why saving endangered languages is important. The complexity of the matter is discussed with regard to Meänkieli, a minority language spoken in northern Sweden, which has a long and unique history of marginalization. The article bases on group discussions conducted with Meänkieli speaking cultural activists in northern Sweden during the fall of 2015 and the spring of 2016. The present examination of the group discussions reveals how the rationales of saving the language are inherently interrelated with questions concerning identity formation, educational principles and the sovereignty of minority groups. The analysis also reveals how, due to the complex nature of local history, there is no consensus on whether the recent progress in language revitalization is unanimously a positive change or not.

The multidimensional approach of territorial development is applied in the research. A composite indicator created for the present situation and named ‘territorial development index’ was adapted to the Hungarian historical data from 1910 on the LAU 2 level. The effects of the Trianon borders were observed on the basis of the comparative analysis of the
historical and present development indices.The common methodological basis provided the opportunity to compare the outputs of the computations.
Some of the underdeveloped areas along the present state border of Hungary have existed even before the demarcation of the Trianon
borders (dominantly along the Eastern-Slovakian border, the Northern part of the Romanian border and along the Slovenian border). Large scale disparities existed at the beginning of the 20th century which decreased significantly by 2016. The general tendency of convergence influenced the border zones as well – both closing up to the Hungarian
average and within-region convergence could be measured. Contrary to this, the geographical concentration of the most underdeveloped
settlements (the lowest quantiles of the settlement ranking) became visible along the Eastern-Slovakian, the Ukrainian, the Romanian and the Croatian sections of the border zone. The former hinterlands of the
large towns along the Hungarian-Romanian border tended to face negative tendencies in their development paths. The settlements in
the border zone characteristically stepped forward along the Slovenian, Austrian and Western-Slovakian border sections. The results tended to draw the attention to the spatial polarization process because significant
parts of the underdeveloped territories located along the borders did not exist prior to 1920.
Furthermore, the increasing concentration of disadvantaged settlements in the border zone was not only the direct effect of the creation of
the new state boundary but the cumulative result of multiple disadvantageous ongoing social processes. However, the border
– undoubtedly – has had a significant role in the conservation and strengthening of the negative tendencies. At the same time,
developed zones – more or less independently of the new borders – became more developed by 2016 (especially along the Western and
North-western part of the state border).

This chapter introduces Boundary Line Type (BLT) mapping, a vector GIS based cross-culturally and diachronically comparative method, used for mapping the socio-spatial significance of urban built environments. This new research method is related to other methods currently used to study contemporary as well as historical urban built environments such as urban morphology, space syntax, and GIS based approaches. BLT mapping uses GIS technology in order to apply an ontology of formal boundary conceptualisations expressing the constitutive differences among the materially constructed subdivisions which shape built environments and are inhabited by urban society. This ontology resulted from a firm socio-spatial theoretical grounding (Vis in Sp Flows: Int J Urb ExtraUrb Stud 2(4): 15–29, 2013a; Vis 2013b; Vis in J Borderland Stud, forthcoming) and is here operationalised on the basis of contemporary, historical, historically reconstructed, and archaeological ground-level city plans of the historic city of Winchester (UK) and Chunchucmil (Classic Maya, Mexico). The research processes of data preparation and the analytical mapping of BLTs by identifying them in empirical data contexts are presented. This alerts the prospective user to the challenges and practical measures involved in using spatial datasets of different origin. The interpretive opportunities of the resultant formal redescription of the urban landscape and the potential of the BLT data structure for both advanced spatial analysis and visualisation is explained. Facilitating this interpretive and analytical mapping practice is expected to stimulate future research to systematically explore societyspace relations as manifest and developing in cities over time and in socioculturally contrasting urban traditions. Devising and conducting this methodology advances the qualitative GIS research agenda for the spatial humanities and social sciences by marrying theoretically informed ideational concepts to quantifiable empirical units of information.

Texte de cadrage au numéro spécial de la revue en ligne Géoconfluences "Le Japon : les fragilités d'une puissance". Pour une version propre AVEC les documents : http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/japon/cadrage-et-problematiques-generales

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

Phronetic organizational research is an approach to the study of management and organizations focusing on ethics and power. It is based on a contemporary interpretation of the Aristotelian concept phronesis, usually as ‘prudence’. Phronesis is the ability to think and act in relation to values, to deliberate about ‘things that are good or bad for humans’ in the words of Aristotle (1976:1140a24–b12). Phronetic organizational research effectively provides answers to the following four value-rational questions, for specific problematics in management and organization studies: 1. Where are we going with this specific management problematic? 2. Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? 3. Is this development desirable? 4. What, if anything, should we do about it?