Rural Planning and Development

This paper explores arts festivals in terms of their relationship to local economic development within the rural island region of Orkney in Scotland. Fourteen qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with arts festival organisers, tourism representatives and local volunteers during the summer festival season. The findings offer new insights into the factors affecting how arts festivals impact the local economy; the areas of the local economy that are affected by arts festivals; and the implications of funding from awarding bodies on the endogenous development of arts festivals. For instance, it is concluded that supporting the cultural values of locals is vital to the economic success of rural arts festivals through a strategic design in the combined integration of minimised paid staff and maximised volunteers. Furthermore, it is revealed how in certain cases the initial retention of funding may benefit start-up arts festivals in terms of strategic development of their...

Introduction
If “culture is more and more the business of cities” (Zukin 1995, 2), to what extent do cultural activities become mechanisms for rural economic, social, and educational development? New thinking about the cultural economy (Storper and Scott 2009) suggests that the alchemy of a lively cultural “buzz” to place making and economic growth (Florida 2002) is not restricted to the postindustrial urban scenes of the big city (Davoudi 2003; Denis-Jacob 2011; Donald 2008), although scholarly attention to the intersection of culture and economic regeneration in rural, remote areas and small cities has languished in global cultural circuits. Overlooked in the staples period by typical instrumental approaches to regional economic development, cultural economies might allow small cities and communities of varying scales and degrees of embeddedness in regional economies and nearby rural regions to benefit from “thinking big” about what is achievable despite apparent limitations in scale (Bell and Jayne 2009). However, this requires that current modes of strategic policy and planning change. Although there is growing consensus that amenity and lifestyle factors – including the presence of a senior population with disposable income (Denis-Jacob 2011) – play important roles in population growth in small cities reasonably close to larger ones, and new empirical evidence of the movement of certain classes of artists–creators, our attention here is on the understudied policy ensembles available to small cities and towns in seeding a creative economy and competing for the “creative class,” albeit in different forms and different degrees than metropolitan centres (Lewis and Donald 2010; Petrov 2007).
Based on current theory and planning practice that recognize cross-pollination among cultural, creative, and experiential activities (Boggs 2009), this chapter argues that the traditional policy and planning polarization, in which economic and regional development strategies prioritize staples-based resource industries while cultural policies generally stress the social aspects of community development, can no longer continue. Economic, social, and cultural policy agendas must become better coordinated to direct more attention to the significance of cultural industries and to embrace regional cooperative cultural development approaches embedded within the transformations of non-metropolitan communities. Although we concede the intrinsic, aesthetic, historical, and representative value of culture, our focus here is specifically on how culture can contribute to the broader development goals of small communities. We consider effective social transformation to imply balanced, sustainable, and endogenous cultural–economic development.
We examine four general approaches or pathways to this end, providing examples to illustrate how they have been adopted in various small cities, which we believe are useful exemplars for other rural communities. Although all approaches have shown success in various communities, we argue that an ecological approach can bring about economic, social, and cultural transformation most effectively in smaller communities. Theoretically indebted to emerging theories on the social economy, an ecological approach is grounded in cultural-led economic regeneration that fosters spatial and sectoral clusters, networks together both for-profit and non-profit actors, and reinstates new bases for regional cultural cooperation and competition. We focus on small cities and communities in British Columbia that show strong rates of transformation, with references to Canadian and international developments where appropriate.

This paper aims to capture the importance of demographic dimension in thesustainable development process of the rural space. From a series ofstatistics data we realized an analysis of demographic indicators, which ithelped us to trace the development trends characteristic for our area ofstudy. To understand the evolution in time and the implications of humanresource in the process of development it was necessary referencing themwith national or local historical events. Demographic dimension analysishighlights the development stage of rural space and help the formulation ofthe future local policies that regard the sustainable development.

Objectives: To create awareness of cashless payment and give training for villagers. To implement cashless transaction at all shops of Palshet and Velneshwar village. Methods/Statistical analysis: The study is conducted in two villages of Ratnagiri district namely Velneshwar & Palshet. A sample size of 1100 residents was selected for the purpose of analysis. The sample includes both literate and illiterate population (population over age 12 is considered) since they are the ones who gives their views on cashless activity and use of digital payment methods. Survey method is used for data collection with the help of questionnaire. The responses from respondents were collected and analyzed using the simple percentage method. Findings: From our field survey and door to door interaction we came to know that villagers are ready to learn and implement but shopkeepers and some vendors are fears for getting income tax slab. A lot of efforts to be taken to literate villagers in E-commerce. From survey we got the basic data about there (villagers) qualification, number of bank account holder, number of smart phone users, availability of PAN card, availability of Aadhar card, Infrastructure facility such as internet connectivity, point of sale machine etc. Internet connectivity in ruler Konkan region is very weak hence it is very difficult to transact digitally. The shopkeepers and vendors are hesitate to use point of sale (POS) machine because of transaction charges on POS machine are not affordable. Very less number of populations is having knowledge about internet and mobile banking. Application/Improvements: By implementing this project we have created awareness and importance of cashless transaction amongst villagers. Small movement of digital transaction has been started in the form of paying Electricity bills, mobile recharge through BHIM app.

Visā Eiropā novērojamas urbanizācijas tendences un demogrāfiskie procesi, kuru rezultātā lauku teritorijas iztukšojas, noveco un, likumsakarīgi – tajās ir arvien grūtāk ne tikai atjaunot, uzlabot un nodrošināt nepieciešamo infrastruktūru un pakalpojumus, bet arī uzturēt tos pašreizējā līmenī. Lai minētos izaicinājumus risinātu, aktualizējas dažādas plānošanas pieejas, kas izvirza priekšplānā spēcīgu un ieinteresētu kopienu un citus, tieši vietējā teritorijā pastāvošus resursus, kas izmantojami attīstības veicināšanā.

Rokasgrāmatas mērķis ir padarīt teritoriju attīstības procesus izprotamus un realizējamus ikvienam, kas vēlas tajos piedalīties, lai sekmētu spēcīgu kopienu attīstību un plaukstošu ciemu izaugsmi.

Galvenā rokasgrāmatas mērķauditorija ir lauku ciemu iedzīvotāji, nevalstiskās organizācijas, vietējās rīcības grupas, pašvaldības un citas to attīstībā ieinteresētās puses, taču process ir piemērojams arī piepilsētas ciemu un pilsētu apkaimju izaugsmes veicināšanai,
kamēr vien to mērogs ļauj veiksmīgi pielietot turpmāk raksturotās ciemu plānošanā izmantojamās metodes.

Atbilstoši šai rokasgrāmatai organizētas ciemu attīstības viedums slēpjas sabiedrības, kas ir ciema vislabākais pārzinātājs un galvenais lietotājs, vadībā pār attīstības procesu. Rezultātā risinājumi izaugsmes
nodrošināšanai ir vispiemērotākie konkrētās teritorijas un tās iedzīvotāju realitātei.

Bu kitapta; Dünyada ve Türkiye'de kırsal kalkınma yaklaşımları incelenmiş, kırsalda ulaşım, enerji, iletişim, eğitim ve sağlık sorunlarının çözülmesi, yaşam alanlarının (evlerin) iyileştirmesi, istihdamın çeşitlendirilmesi, turizmin geliştirilmesi, doğal çevrenin korunması, ormancılığın geliştirilmesi, sulamanın tamamlanması, tarım havzalarında sulama yatırımlarının tamamlanması, basınçlı sulama sistemlerinin yaygınlaştırılması, rekabetçi tarımsal işletmelerin kurulması, parçalı tarımsal parsellerin toplulaştırılması, organize tarım bölgelerinin kurulması ve tarımda pazarlama sorununun çözülmesi konuları işlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda mevcut durum değerlendirilmiş ve politika yapıcılara ve karar vericilere öneriler sunulmuştur.

The Bundelkhand region in India has been dealing with a severe water crisis for the last two decades. This water crisis has received a significant amount of attention from the central government, media and academics. However, although multiple policies and acts have been passed, and extensive resources distributed, there has not been much improvement on the ground. This thesis analyzes the reasons behind ineffective water governance and implementation at all levels of government, and concludes that over-centralization of planning, crisis-response rather than long-term planning, and a lack of pragmatic planning are key to understanding the current situation. More generally, the disjointed nature of water governance in India has made it difficult for the public sector to carry out cohesive planning approaches. We suggest reforms that can be adopted, and consider the possible consequences to water management and planning if Bundelkhand were to become a separate state.

This article will analyse which areas rural and urban Local Action Groups (LAGs) in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship function in. The thesis of this research is: LAGs are a bottom-up tool for local management. The first part presents the main assumptions of public management approaches and shows the LEADER approach and Community-Led Local Development as a form of bottom up approach in the process of public management on the local level. Th en comparison analysis between rural and urban LAGs will take places. Similarities and differences were identified in the legal framework of their existence, the actors who create them, the possibility of receiving EU financial support and within the e fields of their activities. These were all analysed, along with financial activities implemented in the rural and urban LAGs in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship through 2014-2020.

as zonas rurales costarricenses y, en general, las latinoamericanas presentan grandes desafíos ligados a la supervivencia de las actividades productivas tradicionales y a la cultura de las mismas. Entre los principales retos que se pueden citar, se tiene la escasez de empleo y de oportunidades para iniciar emprendimientos, desigualdad de oportunidades laborales para las mujeres y jóvenes, migraciones, inapropiado manejo ambiental de los desechos, retrasos en la protección de fuentes de agua y, en mu
chos casos, ausencia o falta de voluntad política para la aplicación de medidas de ordenamiento territorial. Las soluciones que se plantean frecuentemente se centran en la generación de empleos en zonas rurales, dando énfasis a la inclusión de políticas de género, creación de microempresas, los encadenamientos productivos entre sectores económicos, la repartición equitativa de las ganancias y el incentivo del comercio local. En el presente documento, aunque breve, se pretende mostrar, mediante un análisis de caso, los beneficios que se pueden generar al aplicar técnicas de innovación y encadenamientos productivos intersectoriales en las microempresas rurales.

El texto muestra una serie de reflexiones en torno a las categorías de estudio de lo urbano y lo rural, la ciudad y el campo, que se vinculan con los diferentes nodos de discusión del desarrollo sustentable y su conceptualización. Lo que permite finalmente expresar una serie de ideas respecto de los espacios urbanos como palancas o frenos para alcanzar el desarrollo sustentable, principal reto del ecourbanismo.

This paper looks at the changes that occurred in the rural area of the Sai Kung Peninsula in Hong Kong’s New Territories from the 16th century, and uses it as a case-study to show the complex range of forces that can act on a locale. Throughout its history, land use and economic activities on the Sai Kung Peninsula have been driven to a great extent by non-local factors, including distant warfare leading to mass immigration and political decisions leading to mass emigration. However, once Hong Kong became an important outpost of Britain’s colonial empire it became integrated into a global trade network and thus became sensitive to economic and technological changes taking place thousands of miles away. In the 20th century, the Sai Kung Peninsula developed in response to Hong Kong’s growth as an international trade hub, finding its agricultural output overwhelmed by cheap foreign products, and its industry challenged by foreign technological advances.

The Paper initiates and supports the argument which suggests that
digital technologies can help directly and indirectly for the development and growth of
the rural economy in multiple directions. To initiate and support the above said
argument few areas are taken for intensive field-based observations and bring
understanding. The areas include agriculture, banking, and financing. This paper
essentially offers a fresh look at various Digital interventions in rural areas Both
government and private agencies have come up with various Digital interventions in
rural areas with an aim to connect rural with urban by doing so achieving the
ultimate national goal of making the nation a Digital nation. The government of India
has named the mega project as Digital India: New India initiative. As a part of it
first, it came up with an initiative called good governance. Good governance is
nothing but adopting good and best practices in everyday administrative activities
in order to keep the administration easily and accessible and user friendly to users
and especially for citizens. The efforts of the government to make governance good
governance can be achieved through making use of digital technologies
KEYWORDS: Digital India, Rural India, Empowerment, and Governance.

English language teaching (ELT) at rural schools may pose challenges like insufficient resources and a lack of students' interest. Integrating real-life-based and learner-centred methods like project-based learning (PBL) into rural English classes may help improve the quality of ELT in such contexts, yet the issue still remains underexplored. This case study aims to devise a PBL model for the English classes at a rural school and investigate the effects of PBL on the development of linguistic and non-linguistic competencies as well as the benefits and challenges of the process along with suggested solutions. The data were collected through closed-and open-ended questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and students' productions. According to the results, PBL was seen to affect students' progress in multidimensional ways. The data suggest that thanks to PBL, the students' interest and confidence in using English increased, and their English language proficiency improved. Besides, the students were found to have developed their real-life related skills like time management, creativity, autonomous decision-making, oral presentation, and computer use. However, PBL was also defined to be a challenging process requiring full devotion and a heavy workload. This study indicates PBL can be an effective means to improve the quality of ELT in rural education.

Sustainability promotes the perpetuation of environmental quality for present generations, future generations, and other species. Regions are privileged bounded spaces and a focus for sustainability concerns. This paper explores the notion of sustainable regions by employing a case study of the Upper Hunter, Australia, a region that is a node in material and discursive networks for coal mining, wine making, and thoroughbred breeding. It defines sustainability as environmental sustainability, which is a basis for
socio-economic development. While planning for sustainability at a regional scale is vital, it is also necessary to understand material and discursive networks that connect regions with other spaces

Turkey has very important potential for rural tourism according to agricultural and geographical regions. Rural tourism also covers human and environmental resources, and therefore focuses on people and the environment and community development. Rural extension is aimed to raise the living standard of the rural families in all rural areas and there is close relation between rural tourism and rural extension. Rural tourism presents very important opportunities as an alternative income source for the rural family and rural community development. Tourism is recognized as travel that people do out of their regular environment for periods of time less than 12 months, for pleasure, business or other aims. In the paper, it is discussed impacts and roles of rural extension on the development of rural tourism in rural areas, and relations among extension, agriculture, nature, tourism and rural economy and people etc. Especially there is big potential for domestic tourists in the middle period and also for international tourists in the long period. Generally roles and impacts of the extension for rural tourism development in Turkey were investigated.

By the 1930s, the city of Matera in southern Italy and particularly its most ancient districts, the Sassi, were widely depicted as a ‘national shame’ because of the poor living conditions of their inhabitants. After the Second World War, the joint interventions of the Italian-American organisation UNRRA-Casas and the regional Land Reform Authority elaborated a project for partial evacuation of the Sassi and resettlement of the population in a newly-built rural village named La Martella. This article focusses on the relationships between the surge of anthropological and sociological interest in southern Italian society’s exoticism and the La Martella design process, as well as on how the political aims of the project’s promoters affected the choices made by the team of designers. The peculiar reinterpretation that La Martella designers offered of the neighbourhood unit principle—seen as a means to give substantial continuity to traditional forms of communitarian life while also fostering social, economic and physical modernisation—is interpreted as symbolic of the Italian post-war ideal of rural modernity.

ABSTRACT
Promote inclusive development the government has to facilitate economic growth with and through structural transformation, increasing productive employment, providing social protection for all, providing basic services, promoting territorial development and spatial equality, and improving the quality of governance. Some of the underlying causes of living at the margins of basic needs are household specific, while others are external. Household specific problems include the lack of, or inadequacy of physical inputs (capital, labor, land,), human capital (skills, innovation, and the ability to cope), and health. Economic marginalization also poses a major constraint for the rural communities in Africa. The objective of this review mainly focuses in assess factors affecting marginalized rural farmer’s in inclusive development from all aspects of development issue and what is the opportunities in order to include them in to development issues in Ethiopia.




Keyword:  Ethiopia, Inclusive development, Marginalized

Rural development aims at the quality of life that is the key factor of sustainable growth in the effectiveness of the agricultural production. To achieve enhanced production and productivity in the rural areas there must be a spatial balance in the social and economic development. So the main target of the sustainable rural development is to bring about improvement in the ecological environment so that it may lead to growth and happiness and to encourage the community participation in the process of development. It can be easily concluded, that for the development of an economy in both rural and urban areas need to be focused upon. Rural areas need drastic changes in areas like infrastructure, credit availability, literacy, poverty eradication, etc. The schemes that are already in place with the aim of rural development need a new outlook and proper updating. Accordingly, the government needs to act for the upliftment of rural India.

Bangladesh is the country where most of the people lived in rural areas. Bangladesh is an agriculture based country. But unfortunately the rural condition is very much undeveloped. It hampers our rural economy as well as the whole economy of our country. Lack of proper planning and plan implementation is one of the most causes for such kind of hazardous condition. So the development of infrastructure development for rural areas is must be needed. So undoubtedly, it can be said that the whole economy of the country is dependent on the rural development.
The Bangladesh Government is so much concerned and got emphasised on that rural development process. From many sources a number of development works has been done in union development. Among these one of the mentionable development works is physical infrastructure development. Build road/ culvert, small scaled flood control, canal digging and build embankment for drawing out and bailing out water, build sluice gate regulator, develop hat-bazar, repair flood/ cyclone centre, godown, school building etc. are some functions of physical infrastructure. These functions assist the rural people to uplift the overall condition of their life.
Without planning these functions cannot be fulfilled. So there is must be needed union plan book. A union plan book is a mechanism for rural development. It contains guidelines related to physical infrastructure. UPB gives detail instructions about how the plan book and the maps of various components are to be approved by the concerned agencies. It has provided phase by phase detail outlines for the growth and physical development of a union. This plan book is provided for Mulghar union under Fakirhat Upzila, Bagerhat for 2014 to 2018. This plan book is prepared on its main four components: Road Development Plan, Drainage and Embankment Plan, Irrigation Plan and Land-Use Development Plan.

Pour que la participation contribue à une dynamique de développement, plusieurs règles doivent être respectées. Parmi ces règles nous pouvons noter la nécessité d’établir un climat de confiance, de communiquer en tenant compte de la population cible.
La mise en œuvre d’une démarche participative doit répondre à des motivations déterminées (pourquoi une approche participative ?), à une population concernée (à qui fera-t-on appel dans une telle procédure ?), à un calendrier (à quel moment la population sera-t-elle sollicitée ?) et à une échelle (au niveau local ou global ?). Quatre niveaux de participation peuvent être distingués, chacun conférant à la population un pouvoir plus ou moins étendu.
L’approche participative est une démarche qui peut être appliquée à tout programme de développement rural. Elle conduit à une gestion concertée des décisions à prendre. Si la sensibilisation porte sur cette thématique, elle vise alors à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des populations tout en assurant le développement des ressources naturelles, leur exploitation et leur gestion sur une base durable à leur profit.
La mise en œuvre de l’approche participative selon le genre dans les différentes phases  de  préparation  des Plans de développement local nécessite l’utilisation  d’un certain nombre d’outils adéquats  qui ont été développés dans différents contextes dont chacun d’eux est appliqué pour une étape déterminée de l’élaboration des PDK. Ils permettront de faciliter la communication, la récolte de l’information et la participation des différents groupes sociaux à l’identification de leurs besoins, leurs problèmes et la recherche de solutions adaptées.
Le choix des outils à utiliser doit être à chaque fois raisonné en fonction de chaque situation, notamment, en raison des contraintes de temps et de disponibilité à la fois des populations et des animateurs. Pour voir la totalité de l'article cf. www.bajeddi.com

RESUMO. Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a relevância do livro didático do campo no cotidiano da Escola Municipal Santa Luzia. Foram propostos dois objetivos específicos: a) caracterizar o movimento de educação do campo; b) caracterizar e analisar a política pública do livro didático do campo, que foram contemplados pela análise bibliográfica e pelo Estudo de Caso. Buscou-se, nesse sentido, contextualizar a educação do campo, a partir das lutas dos movimentos sociais do campo em favor de uma escola que favoreça a identidade e conquista de direitos do homem do campo; buscou-se, também, contextualizar o Programa Nacional do Livro Didático do Campo (PNLD Campo) de modo a entender à realidade do campo brasileiro. Por fim, o levantamento de dados sobre as experiências de alunos e professores, comparando-os com as considerações formuladas a partir de algumas referências teóricas. Esse trabalho permitiu perceber que apesar do PNLD Campo ter como objetivo distribuir obras que atendam a especificidade do campo, a partir do contexto pesquisado, algumas obras não consideram a organização multisseriada, nem se relacionam de forma pertinente ao contexto camponês nas suas lutas, formas de reprodução da existência, identidade e cultura.

ABSTRACT. This article aims at understanding the relevance of the rural course book in the daily life of Santa Luzia Municipal School. Two specific purposes were settled: a) to characterize the dynamics of rural education; b) to characterize and analyze the public policy for course books in the countryside, which profited from bibliographical analysis and case study. It was intended, therefore, to contextualize rural education in social movements’ fights for a school that contributes to the countrymen’s identity and rights’ conquest; this article was also intended to contextualize the Countryside National Course Book Program (PNLD Rural, in Portuguese) in order to better understand the reality of the Brazilian countryside; lastly, there was a data survey about students’ and teachers’ experiences, comparing them to the reflexions on some theoretic references. This research showed that, despite the fact that PNLD Rural aims at handing out books that suit the countryside’s specificity, some works do not take into account the multigrade organization in place or do not relate, in a relevant way, to the countrymen in their struggles with perpetuation of identity and culture.

Desde mediados del siglo XX, paulatinamente, se han ido introduciendo novedades en el proceso de valoración, reconocimiento y ampliación del concepto de patrimonio cultural. En este proceso han intervenido decisivamente las disposiciones jurídico-administrativas y las políticas culturales, la incorporación de nuevas disciplinas y profesionales, y la sensibilización y demandas sociales en la protección y gestión del patrimonio cultural.

En este contexto, la aprobación de la Convención de la UNESCO para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial (2003) ha impulsado las iniciativas estatales encaminadas a reconocer conocimientos, técnicas, representaciones, ritos festivos y expresiones culturales. Y ha logrado impulsar desde los colectivos sociales una autoestima y un deseo por mostrar las peculiaridades de sus prácticas culturales. Además, este marco normativo-jurídico y sociocultural favorece la realización de inventarios, estudios, programas y proyectos de promoción, que están favoreciendo una visión más real de la pluralidad y la diversidad cultural.

En el caso del presente trabajo, su autor, por propia iniciativa, ha emprendido acciones de documentación y estudio del patrimonio cultural inmaterial local, como primera medida para, a partir de su conocimiento, poder establecer otras intervenciones que favorezcan el reconocimiento interno y externo, y posibiliten su transmisión y continuidad, de acuerdo con los intereses de los colectivos sociales que lo detentan.

Ahora bien, si a este tipo de inestimables manifestaciones socioculturales / socioambientales / ecosociales / ecoculturales no se le facilitan las vías para su salvaguarda y para su respeto, desaparecerán en breve, ya que muchas de las prácticas sociales como los conocimientos y vivencias son más vulnerables, al no cumplir ya las funciones tradicionales que justificaban su perpetuación.

Así, esta investigación ha constatado que en el caso del valioso patrimonio etnológico que constituyen los Ramos Cantados, en los pequeños pueblos de la Tierra de Valdebecedas, en la comarca abulense de El Barco (Castilla y León, España), se encuentra actualmente en trance de extinción ante la virulencia del proceso de despoblación rural, el cual ha dejado a este envejecido territorio rural y montañoso castellano y leonés al borde del despoblamiento y el agotamiento demográfico definitivo.

Palabras Clave: Salvaguardia del Patrimonio cultural inmaterial - Políticas culturales - Valdebecedas - Ramos Cantados - Despoblación rural.

The Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) has been designated for its special, nationally important qualities. Any development within the Area, including farm reservoirs, should respect its distinctive character, and ought to contribute towards maintaining or enhancing that character. This guide describes what can be done to conserve and enhance the AONB when planning farm reservoirs.

Resumen-El impulso al desarrollo de las energías renovables permitirá reducir la contaminación y mejorar la calidad del aire, además de mantener los recursos naturales no renovables del planeta. Los organismos vegetales emplean una parte de la materia orgánica producida a través de la fotosíntesis para su crecimiento, y excretan el resto por las raíces; en su interacción con los microorganismos del ambiente liberan electrones, que son captados y almacenados para su posterior uso. Se diseñaron celdas biofotovoltaicas (BPV) evaluando dos factores: plantas (musgo, cilantro y pasto) y dimensiones de macetas (pequeña, mediana y grande), los parámetros que se midieron fueron voltaje y corriente; el suelo se caracterizó según las variables de pH, CE y ST. El análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos indicó como mejor tratamiento, el musgo en tamaño grande, y sugiere que si hay mayor presencia de microorganismos disminuye la liberación de electrones captados por los electrodos. Palabras clave-celda biofotovoltaica, energía renovable, musgo, voltaje. Introducción Las limitadas reservas de combustibles fósiles y la creciente demanda de energía ha provocado que las investigaciones se enfoquen en el desarrollo de tecnologías de combustibles que se generan de recursos renovables para satisfacer las demandas de energía sin afectar negativamente la viabilidad a largo plazo de los biocombustibles (Bombelli et al.2012). En los últimos años se han introducido varias fuentes de energía renovable al mercado. Estas fuentes de energía renovables se pueden dividir aproximadamente en tecnologías de energía solar, de agua (energía hidroeléctrica y marina), eólica, geotérmica y de biomasa (UNDP, 2000). La celda biofotovoltaica (BPV) utiliza el proceso natural de la fotosíntesis por parte de las plantas superiores para recolectar energía solar y la actividad metabólica de los microorganismos heterotróficos en la rizosfera de la planta para generar energía eléctrica, el proceso se basa en la liberación de materia orgánica, de las plantas a través de sus raíces, la cual es oxidada por los microorganismos que habitan el suelo como las bacterias que viven en y alrededor de las raíces, liberando CO2, protones y electrones. Los electrones generados de la oxidación son captados por el ánodo (membrana de cobre) y se consumen en el cátodo (membrana de zinc) por la reducción del oxígeno a agua (strik et al. 2011). Este electrodo (ánodo) está acoplado a un segundo electrodo (cátodo) de forma externa a la celda por medio del circuito eléctrico. Las celdas BPV operan eficientemente a temperatura ambiente e incluso a bajas temperaturas; producen menor cantidad de CO2 por lo que no requieren de tratamiento adicional para reducir emisiones, su efectividad ha sido demostrada en diversas investigaciones (Du et al., 2007). Las características botánicas de las especies vegetales que se emplean en la conformación de la celda BPV influirán en el desempeño de la misma, debido a que las raíces de las plantas penetran en el ánodo produciendo rizodepósitos en forma de carbohidratos, y los microorganismos convierten estos rizodepósitos en energía eléctrica a través de la liberación de electrones, se recomienda que las plantas a utilizar tengan raíces abundantes con alta capacidad de retención de humedad, de crecimiento horizontal y longitud reducida. El cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) es una, planta anual de fácil y rápido crecimiento de clima frio, el sistema radicular del cilantro es fino y sencillo; su raíz principal, es axonomorfa, muy delgada y altamente ramificada, por estas características es muy difícil su trasplante, prefiere suelos de textura ligera, fértiles, ricos en materia orgánica y pH ligeramente ácido. El

Es ist an der Zeit, Wanderungsbewegungen sowie raumüberspannende Netzwerkbeziehungen als Normalität der Lebenswirklichkeit in afrikanischen Gesellschaften anzuerkennen. Malte Steinbrink und Hannah Niedenführ plädieren für eine translokale Betrachtungsweise von sozialem Wandel und zeigen: Die Translokalität der Existenzsicherung prägt nicht nur das Leben einer halben Milliarde Menschen auf dem Kontinent – sie wirkt sich auch immer deutlicher auf die jeweiligen Gegebenheiten vor Ort aus. Mithilfe eines handlungszentrierten Konzepts analysieren sie die Einflüsse translokaler Livelihoods auf zahlreiche Aspekte des ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Wandels in ländlichen Räumen. Die Studie leistet so einen innovativen Beiträgt nicht nur zur Forschung, sondern ebenso zur Politik und Praxis der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.

The handicraft sector is booming in India with a demand for it witnessed in the whole world. However, the artisans who engage in the profession fail to witness proper design education and market orientation that equips them to better respond to the sector. There are initiatives taken by the government and NGOs to uplift the lives of these artisans. The paper attempts to understand the impact of one such initiative taken by Kala Raksha Trust to preserve and promote the traditional arts and crafts of Kutch, Gujarat. Kala Raksha Vidhyalaya is an initiative of Kala Raksha that impart design education to the artisans of Kutch district of Gujarat. So far, 116 graduates have graduated from school and are working in the sector. The paper attempt to understand the impact KRV has created on the life of these artisans who graduated from the school. The paper concludes with a Swastika Model of Rural Design Schooling (SMRDS) which has been designed based on the observations made from KRV’s work in the arts and crafts domain.

La produzione della calce nel Golfo di Policastro è ancora testimonianza viva per la permanenza dei manufatti "le calcare" e la memoria della gente che ricorda la raccolta delle fascine, il lavoro di cottura e la convivialità intorno alla calcara. La ricerca e la sperimentazione di metodologie di recupero delle conoscenze e divulgazione delle stesse sono parte del lavoro che l'associazione AUSS da tempo porta avanti.

RESUMO. Em Moçambique, o debate das questões agrária e agrícola é pouco massificado, como ainda, nos 41 anos de independência ainda não se conseguiu passar-se do discurso à prática sobre a importância que se evoca em relação à agricultura. A negligência das questões agrária e agrícola é paradoxal, tendo em conta muitos fatores, dentre eles, o número de pessoas que a sua sobrevivência está intimamente ligada a agricultura, o contributo da agricultura no produto interno bruto nacional, etc. Realmente, dados mais recentes estimam em cerca de 3.826.913 indivíduos que têm como sua ocupação principal a produção agrícola de pequena escala. A falta de inclusão no debate dessas questões coloca o governo a definir planos que não respondem a demanda interna, sobretudo, no que diz respeito a satisfação das necessidades alimentares, disponibilização de matéria-prima, redução da dependência externa para oferta de trabalho assalariado. Os moçambicanos continuam à margem da sua agenda de desenvolvimento, ancorada nos investimentos estrangeiros de mineração, turismo e agronegócios. O governo promove a entrada de capital internacional que necessita de extensas áreas de terra para albergar seus interesses.

ABSTRACT. In Mozambique, the debate on land and agriculture issues is little massiveness, as yet, in the 41 years of independence is still unable to pass from words to practice on the importance that evokes for agriculture. The neglect of land and agricultural issues is paradoxical, taking into account many factors, including the number of people that their survival is closely linked to agriculture and the contribution of agriculture in gross domestic product. Indeed, more recent data estimate that about 3.826.913 individuals who have as their main occupation agricultural production of small scale. The lack of inclusion in the debate on these issues puts the government to set plans that do not meet domestic demand, especially in regard to meeting the food needs, availability of raw materials, and reduction of external dependence on wage labor supply. Mozambicans are still on the margins of its development agenda, anchored on foreign investment in mining, tourism and agribusiness. The government promotes international capital inflows that need extensive areas of land to accommodate their interests.

This book was initiated to examine the proposition that weak affordable housing provision in the English countryside resulted from local leader opposition to working-class homes. On investigation, the vested interests of landowner-employers and the in-migrant service-classes were found to be insufficient to account for working-class rural housing deficiencies. Looking ‘behind the scenes’ at policy processes over 1900-1974 highlighted the primacy of national agents in producing a countryside devoid of sufficient quality homes for the working-classes; leading to a rural environment ripe for exploitation by urban incomers. They found a ready stock of poor-quality abodes they had the resources to restore, alongside a limited existing supply of low-income dwellings, which combined to enhance the scope of developers and individual householders to transform the countryside into a middle-class playground. Throughout the Twentieth-Century, pathways to housing improvement for the low-paid largely depended on public policy interventions. But key concepts in evaluating housing distress were contested, assessments of deficits were permeated by assessments of local capacities to act and national policy decisions continued to be made against a backcloth of serious information deficiencies. Rural councils generally had limper responses to housing shortfalls than larger urban centres, even though rural leaders were well aware of accommodation local woes. Yet there was diversity in rural council responses, with some performing as strongly as cities, although actions more generally demonstrated the detrimental rural effects of an unreliable construction industry, inflated costs, poor basic infrastructure and national restraints on the scope for positive action. The solution to these handicaps was in national hands, but ideological and electoral considerations favoured adherence to the convenient but flawed assumption that rural areas were in decline, and ignored the debilitating effects of a government-induced low-wage rural economy. Piling pressure on adverse rural provision, dogma and failed national economic policies led to state policies limiting potentials for rural improvement. Rural councils responded through flexible policy retorts that squeezed gains from national straightjackets. There was unevenness in local vision and in institutional commitments to achieving better outcomes but the overriding constraints were embedded in national government policies. None of this was inevitable, but dominant tendencies within powerful national interests favoured amateurism, muddling through rather than visionary policy, status-infused top-down hierarchies, poor productivity and actions aimed at power retention rather than targeting improved living conditions, all of which made rural outcomes difficult to avoid.

Tracing the associations between artists, planners and engineers with and within the materials of our environment, this book introduces the relational theory of ‘art worlding’ as a way of coming to know our organic continuity.

Through a series of ‘sculptural’ ethnographies of the making and doing of
art in urban and rural contexts, the author re-orientates the art-planning relationship in recognition of art practice as a mode if inquiry and way of knowing.

Methodologically innovative, the book traces public art as practice and integrates
artistic practice within planning research. Inspired by the classical pragmatism of John Dewey the fieldwork illuminates the opportunity afforded by the art planning relationship in understanding relational continuity at differing scales. It introduces a new paradigm for the field of public art and for art and planning practice more broadly. Art Worlding: Planning Relations will appeal to sociologists and social anthropologists with interests in art, as well as artists and art scholars, and those working in the fields of urban and rural planning, urban regeneration, art and ecology, curating, public art, and cultural management.

Aydın Türk, Y., & Çifci, A. (2017). The Effects of Landscape Characters on Rural Settlement Patterns. In I. Koleva, Ü. Duman Yüksel, & L. Benaabidate (Eds.), Ecology, Planning and Design (pp.349-359). Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
The most important factor in the settlement patterns of villages are transportation. Except for one village, the “transportation factor” comes to the forefront in the land choice for buildings and in the formation of the settlement patterns in all villages. Within this context, it is an absolute necessity to take into consideration the fact that transportation is an important component in the planning works for the rural areas.The second most important factor in the settlement patterns of villages is ownership. In general, settlements patterns overlap with ownership patterns. Ownership in villages has a multipartite structure and the sizes of the lots are too small. The ownership pattern that was created by complex and small lots in different shapes resulted in the formation of mixed and scattered settlement patterns. The results of the analyses that were made according to the predetermined criteria of the study, it was found that the elevation factor, especially with the effects of location and agricultural production, has important eff ects on the rural settlement patterns. In villages where the main means of living are hazelnut and tea production, the settlements are usually below the maximum elevation at which these products can grow. Again, according to the findings regarding the dispersion of settlements in terms of elevation levels, it was found that 7 of the 10 village settlements (Aksu, Başar, Kestanelik, Karaağaçlı, Mataracı, Şahinkaya ve Yeşilköy) are concentrated on the mid or higher parts of the slopes.Because in the rural settlements in Trabzon, the buildings are ususally concentrated on the mid or higher parts of the slopes, which are the suitable locations in the moderate-humid climate zones. Based on the predetermined criteria of the study, it was found that the slope factor has a moderate eff ect on the settlements. Due to the topographic structure of the city, the average slope angle is high. Therefore, the eff ect of slope on rural settlement patterns is moderate or low. The reason why the eff ect level of the slope factor is not high may be that the  topography of the city is quite sloping. The study has found that the aspect factor has the least eff ect on village settlement patterns. The city has a mountainous structure starting from the coast extending to the inner parts through valleys in the east-west aspect. For this reason, the aspect factor mostly have a low eff ect on land choice and settlement pattern. Because the slopes of some villages generally face north or west, there is no chance of selecting a suitable aspect in these villages. In some villages, although there are areas that face south or east, the number of buildings in these areas is very few. Due to the view factor, the buildings in the villages in coastal areas face north and therefore the eff ect of aspect factor is low.According to the findings of the study in villages where tea and hazelnut productions are predominant, the settlement pattern is very scattered or scattered depending on the type of agricultural managements. On the other hand, in villages at high altitudes where there is no agricultural production but where stock farming is predominant, there are more compact settlement patterns. Depending on the eff ects of the aforementioned factors, it was found that the settlement patterns of the sample villages are mostly scattered or linear. Due to the highly sloping topography of the sample villages, the amount of lands that are suitable for settlement and agriculture is very limited. In this case, the landowners build their houses anywhere in their lands regardless of the land structure and ground quality. Due to the fact that each landowner built his own house in his own land and the ownership patterns stemming from inheritance created ownership patterns that are complex and that contain small parcels of land and this led to the creation of scattered settlement patterns. It is important fi rst and foremost to identify in the planning works for the rural settlements the factors that shape the rural settlements. Before any planning works regarding the rural areas, ownership patterns in the rural settlements must be reorganized and the land parcels in the villages must be redesigned according to the requirements of agricultural production. Within this context, creating a ‘land arrangement model’ for the rural settlements in Trabzon is of top priority for the reorganization of the ownership patterns. The findings of the study have shown that the elevation factor, especially with the effects of agricultural production, have important eff ects on the rural settlement patterns. Consequently, in the works of land arrangement and settlements planning for the rural settlements, the lands to be allotted to settlement and agriculture can be planned according to the elevations of lands depending on the growth conditions of such products as tea and hazelnut.In addition to all these, it is also important that in the planning works, thelandscape characters that aff ect the rural settlement patterns be evaluated for the protection of the original characteristics of the rural areas. The relationships between the landscape charactersand the way of living in the rural areas, architectural characteristics, rural landscape characteristics, use of suitable materials, and natural texture of the area are important. For physical characteristics, natural characteristics, and socio-cultural characteristics are the basic values that set the character of rural areas, and all these characteristics and relationships must be defined and handled as a whole in the planning and design works.

MGNREGA has become a powerful instrument for inclusive growth in rural India through its impact on social protection, livelihood security and democratic governance. The study examines the following facets relating to the implementation of the MGNREGA Scheme in Kerala:
1. To study the performance of workers under the scheme
2. To evaluate the employment status of rural people
3. To evaluate the impact of the scheme in rural development
4. To understand the women empowerment through MGNERGA

Mass urbanization is the present and the future of many developing
countries in the global south, and Bangladesh is not
an exception. Rapid urbanization has put significant strain on
cities and towns of Bangladesh. Housing is predominantly developed
by the private market in Bangladeshi cities and the
market is usually very much driven by profit. A large portion
of the population cannot avail even the worst quality housing
available in the market; that is when the illegal settlements or
slums come in the picture. There are around 50,000 illegal and
low income settlements in Bangladesh’s 29 largest municipalities.
Poor housing materials, limited access to public services,
densely crowded and unsanitary living conditions, lack of tenure
security etc. are some characteristic problems of these
settlements. The government has attempted several slum integration
projects since the past few years. Spatial professionals
are also trying to address this problem through communitydriven
housing and infrastructure development initiatives. The
research attempts to define how these development initiatives
are driven by a multitude of socio-relational dynamics and what
role are architects playing to shape these dynamics.

RESUMEN. La Revolución cubana ha logrado avances significativos en la educación por la acertada visión estatal, basada en la igualdad y justicia social. El artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar el sistema educativo cubano desde una perspectiva inclusiva, para ello se presenta en su estructura y organización como un sistema, en que todos sus niveles (primario, secundario y superior) están orgánicamente unificados e integrados. Son abordados con mayor profundidad los subsistemas de educación primaria y superior, para evidenciar cómo se expresa la inclusión desde la formación inicial hasta la universitaria, exponiéndose a su vez las particularidades del sector rural. Se aportan datos estadísticos de carácter general, a nivel de país y de la provincia Artemisa a modo de ejemplo, que evidencian que el sistema educativo cubano garantiza la igualdad de oportunidades para los estudiantes a la continuidad de estudios en los diferentes niveles, independientemente de los contextos urbano y rural en que se desarrolle su formación. 

ABSTRACT. The Cuban Revolution has made significant progresses in education by successful state vision based on equality and social justice. The article aims to characterize the Cuban educational system from an inclusive perspective, for it is presented in its structure and organization as a system in which all (primary, secondary and higher) levels are organically unified and integrated. They are addressed in greater depth subsystems primary and higher education, to demonstrate how inclusion is expressed from initial training to university, exposing themselves to turn the particularities of the rural sector. Statistical general data are provided, at the country level and province Artemisa by way of example, they show that the Cuban educational system guarantees equal opportunities for students to continue their studies at different levels, regardless of the urban and rural contexts in which training is developed.

La ricerca sulla complessa quanto importante questione dello spopolamento delle aree interne – giustificata sia dal carattere emergenziale del fenomeno, sia dalla necessità politico-sociale di intervento – fornisce un quadro conoscitivo di grande rilevanza. Si tratta di un contributo essenziale non solo per la ricchezza di processi coinvolti, ma anche per la necessità di produrre quelle risposte che i territori cosiddetti marginali e i propri attori locali richiedono da tempo. In base a tali considerazioni, Territori Spezzati, nasce con l’obiettivo di adempiere questo complesso ma fondamentale compito, ponendosi lo scopo di fornire un quadro descrittivo minuzioso del fenomeno. Il volume, frutto della collaborazione trasversale fra più discipline, vuole offrire una guida di sintesi per le politiche attuali e future di contrasto alla pressante marginalizzazione dei territori soggetti a spopolamento. Si è giunti, dunque, a un vero e proprio «documento condiviso»: una raccolta collettiva e multidisciplinare, che, partendo da esperienze e pratiche di studio differenti, ha saputo convergere su uno spazio comune di analisi delle grandi trasformazioni territoriali in corso.

Parte de la Guía de Ordenamiento Territorial en espacios rurales ISBN 978-9968-809-97-9 (24-27). ProDUS-DEMUCA. La zonificación rural en un Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial
(POT), es uno de los principales ejes de planificación del territorio,
su determinación se lleva a cabo a partir del diagnóstico
territorial ya descrito en el Capítulo III del presente manual.
Un aspecto muy importante a la hora de determinar una zonificación
del uso del suelo, es establecer con claridad los
diferentes alcances de este instrumento.

يتناول الكتاب عرضا تفصيليا لمفهوم ونشأة البحوث النوعية ودراسات الحالة. كما يتناول مقارنة بين البحوث النوعية والبحوث الكمية منتقلا إلى التكامل المهجي والاستخدام المختلط للبحوث الكمية والبحوث النوعية. كما يتناول نموذج البحث الاستبطاني واستخدامه في البحوث النوعية. ويتناول الكتاب توضيحا لمختلف تصاميم البحوث النوعية مع تناول قضية الصرامة والدقة في البحوث النوعية. ويتناول استراتيجيات البحوث النوعية ودراسة الحالة والمفاهيم الخاطئة نحوها، وأخيرا يتناول الكتاب التوجهات المختلفة لدعم البحوث النوعية.

This thesis focuses on the employment of digital tools for mapping aimed at the valorisation and promotion of landscape and territorial knowledge. After a theoretical overview that focuses on methods for the regeneration of territories and participatory approaches, the importance of cartography and state-of-the-art tools for digital mapping is investigated. Particularly, Gis software and apps are applied to the rural areas of Malta and the province of Brescia, both presenting some issues in terms of valorisation of resources and tourism.  ​

This Assignment has been prepared by the student of Delhi School of Social work (University of Delhi). The Aim of the Assigment and visit was to explore new intervention plans and to take a rural exposure in the trilokpura village in Chakshu Block Jaipur ,Rajasthan.

Beşerî faaliyetlerin en çarpıcı örnekleri olan yerleşmeler ve bunları oluştu-ran meskenler açısından Türkiye âdeta bir açık hava müzesi görünümündedir. Ülkemizin özel konumu, uzun tarihî geçmişi, çeşitli kavimlere ev sahipliği yap-masından kaynaklanan kültürel birikimi, sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri vb. beşerî faktörler yanında, yöreden yöreye değişen ve her yörenin kendine has belirgin özelliklerini yansıtan iklimi, yeryüzü şekilleri, jeolojik yapısı, bitki örtüsü vb. fizikî coğrafya faktörleri Türkiye'de görülen yerleşme ve mesken (konut) çeşitliliğinin nedenlerinden sadece bazılarıdır. 1 Bu muhteşem zenginliğe karşılık Türkiye'de kırsal yerleşmelerin ve bunları oluşturan meskenlerin ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel, tarihî ve coğrafî özelliklerinin tam olarak araştırıldığı ve bunların bütün yönleriyle ortaya konulduğunu söyle-mek güçtür. Diğer yandan ülkemizde yüksek öğretim kurumlarının ülke geneline yayılması ve sayı olarak artışına bağlı olarak 40'tan fazla üniversitede Coğrafya Bölümü bulunmakta, bunlara ek olarak yüze yakın Eğitim Fakültesinin Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi bölümlerinde de çok sayıda coğrafya bilim insanı görev yapmaktadır. Bazı imkansızlıklara rağmen araştırma ve yayın faaliyetleri bütün hızı ile devam etmekte, söz konusu eksiklikler giderilmeye çalışılmaktadır.

En Tunisie, les territoires de montagne n’ont été que peu concernés ces dernières décennies par les politiques de développement rural et agricole. En outre, ils n’ont été que partiellement abordés dans les productions scientifiques qui, souvent, n’ont proposé que des réflexions sur le pastoralisme ou la dégradation des ressources forestières. Alors que le déficit de connaissances à leur sujet constitue un facteur supplémentaire de leur marginalisation, cet article entend proposer un regard nouveau sur les territoires ruraux de montagne en Tunisie, dans un contexte postrévolution de 2011 qui invite à s’interroger sur le développement des régions intérieures. Pour cela, il s’appuie sur les résultats d’une série d’entretiens menés en 2020 auprès de chercheurs, de représentants des services agricoles et des agriculteurs du Jbel Bargou. En restituant et en confrontant leurs discours, ce texte fournit des éléments de réflexion sur les perspectives de transition des territoires ruraux de montagne en Tunisie. Il indique que le manque de "collectif" chez les agriculteurs constitue, pour le moment, un frein à la mise en place de pratiques agricoles innovantes, et précise que cette situation résulte principalement d’une action inadaptée, et en partie dépassée, des services agricoles.