Sapphire

A sapphire means blue in Greek. The blue goes from dark blue almost black to pale blue. The finest blue sapphires are a strong blue. The star sapphire is very valued. Sapphires of colors other than blue are always referred to with the color. There are pink sapphires, yellow sapphires, violet sapphires, green sapphires and clear sapphires. Today most sapphires are mined in Australia.
The sapphire was called the "Stone of Destiny". Sapphires contribute to mental clarity and perception. They can promote financial rewards.
The sapphire is the symbol of heaven and joyful devotion to God.
Sapphire is associated with Aquarius, Virgo, Libra and Capricorn. It is the birthstone of September and has been the birthstone of April. Sapphire is the symbol of Saturn (dark blue) and Venus (light blue).

The story behind this fascinating and exceptionally large 422.66 carat blue sapphire dubbed the Siren of Serendip and the description of the process of setting it into a beautiful white gold and diamond necklace by London-based German master jeweller Ingo Henn.

The doctoral thesis here presented aims to propose a profile, so far absent in the history of studies, of the role played by color in medieval culture, by means of the analysis of medieval aesthetic theories combined with two case-studies taken from the art-historical domain. This work focuses on the historical-chronological moment of the 12th and 13th centuries (ca. 1100-1250) for a twofold reason: the increase in theoretical production (especially in the 13th century, which sees the appearance of the first optical treatises) and the large-scale diffusion of a new artistic medium: the stained glass, which flourished in European Gothic cathedrals and abbeys starting from the twelfth century. As for the centuries before the 12th, however, stained glasses are almost only known in the form of archaeological findings, which can hardly be recomposed together. This work investigates the role played by color in the 12th and 13th century culture through the analysis of a large array of medieval written sources (theological writings, with particular reference to the corpus of work by pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite; technical treatises, with particular reference to the Schedula Diversarum Artium by Theophilus; lapidaries, encyclopaedic works, literary texts), through the discussion of some of the main themes and problems related to the subject “color” (the debate on its status of light or matter, the concept of varietas, the names of colors, the concepts of hue, luminosity and saturation, all discussed in chapter 1) and through the analysis of two case-studies: the stained glass windows of the abbey choir of St. Denis, near Paris, linked, as is well known, to the patronage of abbot Suger (discussed in chapter 2), and the stained glasses (lancets and rose windows) in the transept of the cathedral of Lincoln (East Midlands, UK), discussed in chapter 3. Lincoln cathedral was characterized by the presence, in the second quarter of the thirteenth century, of bishop Robert Grosseteste, theologian, philosopher and author of the De colore, the first medieval treatise on color, as well as other philosophical-scientific studies pertaining to several different domains (astronomy, geometry etc.) dedicated to phenomena such as light and rainbow. Grosseteste was also a scholar of the pseudo-Dionysian neoplatonic philosophy (which affected also abbot Suger’s writings), whose corpus he presented in a new Latin translation. Grossteste’s writings are here analyzed in order to establish a comparison between the stained glasses (especially those of the rose windows in the transept and the lancet with Moses scenes) and the bishop’s theoretical production around the topic “color”. Furthermore, within this research, a third case-study, is represented de facto by the investigation on the color “blue” (its names, its role, its function and symbolism) which spans through chapter 2 and 3 and has been applied to the study of St. Denis and Lincoln stained glasses. During the 12th and 13th centuries this color knew a different appreciation and ever-increasing diffusion. The technical analyses on the Saint-Denis stained glasses, placed in parallel with those of similar contemporary French windows, have highlighted, the possibility that the blue vitreous material, so characteristic of the sugerian choir windows, may have been affected by an unprecedented phenomenon of chromatic antiquarian reuse. Suger's “saphirorum materia” might well derive, at least in part, from the reuse of the glass of old late-antique, Byzantine or Carolingian mosaics (esp. the latter), as well as from the colouring agent called “saffre”, namely cobalt oxide from the Saxon ore. Finally, the analysis of the case-studies undertook the task of verifying which aspects of the medieval theoretical elaboration on colors and which technical achievements in the art of stained glasses can find a correspondence in the two work of arts investigated.

The Preslav gold treasure (adornments from gold decorated with enamel, beads of gem minerals and pearls: diadem, bilateral necklace, medallions, several earrings and earcaps, rings, buttons, appliqués and other small finds) was found in 1978 near the town of Veliki Preslav – the second Bulgarian capital during the еnd of the First Bulgarian Kingdom. The treasure (X century) belonged to a female member of the royal family and is suggested to be of a Byzantine origin. A morphometric study and gem testing was made on all the gemmological materials – minerals and numerous pearls. Among the gem minerals are identified 40 emeralds, 12 violet sapphires, 10 reddish violet garnets, 5 rock crystals, 3 amethysts and 1 carnelian. Their inclusions and type of cut are listed. The average dimensions for the emerald polished and rounded on the edges prisms from two medallions are: length 0.48 cm and width 0.59 cm. The average dimensions for the mainly barrel shaped sea pearls from a gold medallion ...

Làm thể nào để xóa bỏ các vết xước trên bề mặt đồng hồ saphhire hiệu quả nhất hãy tham khảo bài viết để biết thêm chi tiết
CÔNG TY TNHH ĐẦU TƯ PHÁT TRIỂN CUỘC SỐNG
028 3977 8269 / 028 3601 6797
Email: [email protected],  : Lidinco
14 Thiên Phước, Phường 9, Quận Tân Bình, Tp.HCM, Việt Nam

A B S T R A C T The present work reports the effect of 200 keV carbon ion implantation on the c-axis sapphire with different fluences: 4 × 10 15 , 8 × 10 15 and 1.6 × 10 16 ions/cm 2. The electronic and nuclear energy losses and projected range were calculated using the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter software. The Raman studies of as-implanted and post-implantation annealed samples showed the signatures of graphitic and diamond-like carbon materials. The structural studies were carried out using X-ray diffraction which showed the presence of carbon in different phases. The optical properties of the samples were studied using the room temperature Photoluminescence which confirms the formation of F-type color centers due to microstructural changes. The morphological studies by Atomic Force Microscopy revealed the surface modification in the samples. The Hall measurements were carried out on carbon ion implanted sapphire substrate and analyzed. The Hall measurements confirmed that the insulating c-sapphire becomes conducting after carbon ion implantation and subsequent annealing.

I am not allowed to post this, but will happily send copies to individual colleagues. A sapphire intaglio in a London collection (L) with the same composition as the seal of Alaric II in Vienna (V) is probably authentic. Both L and V show surface damage consistent with the internal structure of their stones. The letter forms and figure styles of both are reasonable in fifth/sixth-century contexts. An illustration published in 1811 probably reflects L rather than V, as its figural proportions demonstrate. Early medieval multiples and copies provide ample precedent for two very similar seals naming the same person.

We describe, using first principles calculations, the way in which the inherent broken symmetry at the surface of (0001) sapphire leads to a surface dipole and, with applied strain, to a piezoelectric effect. While the bulk form of sapphire has inversion symmetry and thus no net electrical dipole or piezoelectricity, our ab initio calculations show that a large surface dipole emerges. Furthermore, the magnitude of this dipole responds to imposed strain, i.e., a surface piezoelectric effect in an otherwise centro-symmetric non-piezoelectric material. Numerically, the surface piezoelectric response is as strong as a single unit cell of a bulk piezoelectric with e31 = 0.31 C/m 2. Given the importance and widespread use of sapphire as a substrate, this dipole and its response can play an important role in surface chemistry as well as for the coupling of electronic devices fabricated on top of the sapphire surface. The mechanism presented here may be relevant in other materials with corundum structure.

Artigo publicado na revista L+arte, n.75, Setembro de 2010.
Neste artigo foi pela primeira vez levantada a possibilidade, hoje confirmada, das safiras do Tesouro Real Português (PNA, inv. 4782) terem pertencido à Infanta D. Maria Francisca Benedita (1746-1829) e não à sua irmã e sogra, a rainha D. Maria I (1734-1816), como até aí se acreditava.
A compra destas jóias pela sua sobrinha-neta, a Infanta D. Isabel Maria (1801-1876) em 1830, aqui explicada, acabou por se revelar fundamental para a subsequente investigação, uma vez que é aos herdeiros desta última infanta que, em 1879, o rei D. Luís I (1838-1889) adquire, para os Bens da Coroa, estas três peças.

In 2011, an extraordinary piece of gold jewelry set with precious stones was found in a woman's tomb discovered not far from Rome and dating from the third century AD. Our examination and archaeometric analyses enabled us to identify the technique used to make the jewel and to characterize the nature and provenance of the gemstones. The analyses showed that all the stones were natural sapphires. Their inclusions and gemmological features indicate that they came from southern and southeastern Asia, thus gaining insights about trade routes and the luxury-goods market during the Roman imperial period.

We describe a model for the thermal stresses calculation in sapphire-glass dielectric structure for pressure sensor using the finite element method (FEM) based on the Coventor Ware Turbo 2012 package. We use an inorganic glass dielectric of the PbO-B 2 O 3-ZnO system (5 μm thick) and a sapphire substrate (0.5 mm thick) obtained by the horizontal directed crystallization (HDC) method as components of the sapphire-glass dielectric structure. The model of the thermal stresses calculation in sapphire-glass dielectric structure for the pressure sensor allows defining the thermal stress values in the glass dielectric film as well as making suggestions to the developers of pressure sensors that incorporate glass dielectric as the connecting element for construction improvement. We determine the dependence of the residual thermal stresses of the glass inorganic dielectric on the sapphire substrate surface on the thickness of the dielectric film for the pressure sensor. The results of numerical simulation of thermal stresses in sapphire-glass dielectric in Coventor Ware Turbo 2012 have shown that the thermal stresses in the glass inorganic dielectric film of PbO-B 2 O 3-ZnO system on a sapphire substrate obtained by HDC method for a pressure sensor were in the range of 26-41 kg/cm 2 , which corresponds to theoretical calculations. The calculation results of thermal stress model for sapphire-glass dielectric structure contribute to improving the performance characteristics of the pressure sensor.

(Conférence à deux voix avec Hervé Legal, ancien directeur de la société RSA le Rubis à Jarrie)

Dans le cadre de l’exposition « Le cristal, un bijou pour la chimie », émerveillez-vous
en voyageant au cœur de la structure des rubis et saphirs et découvrez comment il est aujourd’hui possible d’optimiser la croissance des cristaux de synthèse pour
des applications à la pointe de l’innovation !

In this research, I will explain and analyze the interaction of 16year-old Claireece Precious Jones with her parents in the book Push written by Sapphire and published in 1996, and how this interaction pushes her to be a mother to her children and provides the self-confidence to make choices in her life.

To realize laser-driven high-luminance white light sources, many reflective configurations have been studied, often resulting in a challenging optical design. In this paper it is demonstrated that the efficacy of a transmissive configuration can be significantly enhanced by using a sapphire half-ball lens as out-coupling optic. This lens not only improves efficiency, but also drastically increases the potential light output due to improved heat dissipation from the single-crystal phosphor converter. Both claims are substantiated with detailed experimental results and realistic opto-thermal simulations, showing a light output of 6550 lm and over 20000 lm, respectively and corresponding luminance of 67 MCd/m2 and 209 MCd/m2.

Abstract A new model has been developed to describe the mechanism which determines the preserving or reversing of the phase transformation for diamond and hard BN (boron nitride) during a shock wave experiment. The model considers the principal distribution of ...

ABSTRACT We fabricated sub-50-nm-gate i-AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on sapphire and measured their DC and RF characteristics at room temperature. The fabricated HEMTs exhibited true device operation and good pinch-off characteristics down to a gate length Lg of 25 nm. For the HEMTs with a source–drain spacing Lsd of 2 μm, we obtained the Lg dependence of the cutoff frequency fT under a drain–source voltage Vds of 3 V. The peak fT was measured to be 102 GHz at Lg = 35 nm. At Lg = 25 nm, fT started to decrease due to the short-channel effect. The highest fT of 110 GHz was obtained by reducing Lsd from 2 to 1.5 μm and by increasing Vds from 3 to 4 V. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

"his thesis aims to measure the mechanical properties of ceramics on the microscale using microcantilever beams. Focussed Ion Beam milled triangular cross-sectional beams (approximately 3 x 5 x 20µm) were fractured using a nanoindenter to measure the Young’s modulus, fracture strength, and fracture toughness. By developing the technique with a sapphire bicrystal, it was found that the mechanical properties could be successfully ascertained if correction factors were used. Experiments and theoretical work showed that sapphire and polycrystalline alumina beams undergo moisture assisted sub-critical crack growth when tested in air. Whilst corrections for the Young’s modulus have been previously reported, this is the first reported attempt to correct for the notch tip residual stress and the first to consider sub-critical crack growth.

Once these factors were characterised using the sapphire bicrystal, the technique was applied to a range of different ceramics, such as polycrystalline α-alumina and silicon nitride. These are the first reported direct measurements the grain boundary toughness of these ceramics using microcantilever beams.

The grain boundary toughness was correlated with the macroscopic fracture properties and the characteristics of the ceramic (grain boundary composition, impurities, and fracture mode). Two grades of α-alumina were used and the macro- and micro-scale properties extensively compared. The damage evolution during uniaxial compression of alumina was investigated in depth, and compared to a previous reported microcrack evolution model using the measured grain boundary toughness. Investigation of whether deformation twins formed during loading was undertaken and the phenomenon was shown to not occur."

In this study, a Cu/Ni porous composite was introduced during the brazing of sapphire with Inconel 600 by using a special active filler metal of BAg-8 with 2%Ti. The aim of the research is to investigate the distribution of Ni and Ti in the Cu/Ni porous composite and brazed layer. The brazing was carried out at the brazing temperature of 865°C for 30 minutes in a vacuum environment (10 -4 Pa). The interface of sapphire/brazed layer and brazed layer/Inconel 600 were observed by an SEM analysis facilitated with EDX and elements mapping. The analysis showed the diffusion behavior of Ti and Ni elements. Ti tends to diffuse to the interface of sapphire and Inconel 600 in Cu area and Ni distribute evenly in the brazed layer either from porous composite or Inconel. The diffusion of Ti depends on its thermodynamic behavior. From the EDX and elemental mapping analysis, the Ni-Ti intermetallics compound was found at brazed layer. The Ni-Ti phase has a proven, resistance to corrosion.

https://asm.confex.com/asm/ibsc12/webprogram/Paper29706.html

Understanding the nature of solid-liquid interfaces is important for many processes of technological interest, such as solidification, liquid-phase epitaxial growth, wetting, liquid-phase joining, crystal growth, and lubrication. Recent studies have reported on indirect evidence of density fluctuations at solid-liquid interfaces on the basis of x-ray scattering methods that have been complemented by atomistic simulations. We provide evidence for ordering of liquid atoms adjacent to an interface with a crystal, based on real-time high-temperature observations of alumina-aluminum solid-liquid interfaces at the atomic-length scale. In addition, crystal growth of alumina into liquid aluminum, facilitated by interfacial transport of oxygen from the microscope column, was observed in situ with the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.

In the manufacture of optoelectronics devices, including solar cells, a very important parameter is the degree of chemical purity of the materials used during their fabrication process. There are two figures of merit that allow the comparison in quality of devices prepared by sputtering. The first figure of merit, the impurity concentration, directly depends on the sputtering pressure and the effective leak rate of impurities into the sputtering system. The second figure of merit, the fraction of an impurity monolayer that can be formed, depends on the time a clean surface is exposed to impurities in the growth chamber until the next layer is deposited. In this work, a study to correlate tIle sputtering pressure with the first figure of merit for Nb thin films grown on 90° oriented sapphire substrates is presented. These films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering, using a Nb disk as the target in a high vacuum system with a base pressure of 5×10-8 torr in Ar plasma. Niobium was...

In 2011, an extraordinary piece of gold jewelry set with precious stones was found in a woman's tomb discovered not far from Rome and dating from the third century AD. Our examination and archaeometric analyses enabled us to identify the technique used to make the jewel and to characterize the nature and provenance of the gemstones. The analyses showed that all the stones were natural sapphires. Their inclusions and gemmological features indicate that they came from southern and southeastern Asia, thus gaining insights about trade routes and the luxury-goods market during the Roman imperial period.

Abstract A new model has been developed to describe the mechanism which determines the preserving or reversing of the phase transformation for diamond and hard BN (boron nitride) during a shock wave experiment. The model considers the principal distribution of ...

Gemstones have been used throughout ancient history in various kinds of rituals and beliefs. From spiritual applications to therapeutic values, gemstones are still highly regarded in modern times. We hope that the following information compiled here will serve as a good reference for people looking for the meanings behind different gemstones and their associated properties.