Scarcity

There is much discussion about how in-game economies emerge and evolve—particularly how they deal
with money and inflation. But games incorporate economics at even more basic levels. Indeed, many gamers are already using the
economic way of thinking without even knowing it. The
key point is that games are all about basic economic
concepts: scarcity, choice, tradeoffs, opportunity cost,
trade, and entrepreneurship.

... to Jamey Hecht 113 Page 12. Clarke to forestall the threat of being silenced as Cortez is silenced. This silencing occurs in the last line of the poem, making it real, or inclusive of the poem itself. The moment of production of the sonnet is charged with this threat (the poet is at bay), ...

This article investigates the approaches of the various discourses operating in the water sector and how they address the issues of scarcity and equitable access under projected climate change impacts. Little synergy exists between the different approaches dealing with these issues. Whilst being a sustainable development and water resources management issue, a holistic view of access, scarcity and the projected impacts of climate change is not prevalent in these discourses. The climate change discourse too does not adequately bridge the gap between these issues. The projected impacts of climate change are likely to exacerbate the problems of scarcity and equitable access unless appropriate adaptation strategies are adopted and resilience is built. The successful delivery of accessible water services under projected climate change impacts therefore lies with an extension of the adaptive water management approach to include equitable access as a key driver.

I review the literature on natural resource scarcity indicators further developing my previous work on this issue (Cleveland and Stern, 1993). Scarcity indicators can be classified by what is being measured eg. in situ value, commodity value etc. and by the mode of valuation considered: exchange value and use value. Prices and rents are common measures of exchange value or indicators of "exchange scarcity" and unit costs can be seen as use value indicators or indicators of "use scarcity". "Use scarcity" supersedes the term "productive scarcity" used in our previous paper. One of the major aims of this paper is to demonstrate the links between productivity indicators like unit costs and the classical concept of use value. The two classes of indicator relate to the Hotelling or Ricardian scarcity models, Commons' discussions of scarcity and efficiency, and a non-marginal vs. a marginal approach to value and scarcity. Inverse MFP is a general...

ABSTRACT
Taking into account the attention that has been traditionally paid to the analysis of the concept “scarcity” throughout the history of Economics, this study evaluates the thoughts and preoccupations present in the works from the classical economists on the management of certain natural resources. The study suggests the possibility of considering these thoughts as precursors of the current environmental postulates found in the contemporary economic science. Under this premise, the opinions exposed by these economists would constitute a fundamental basis to understand how the environmental economy and the sustainable development paradigm influence the management of the environment and the natural resources.
RESUMEN
Partiendo del interés que siempre ha disfrutado el análisis del concepto de la escasez a lo largo de la historia de la ciencia económica, este artículo lleva a cabo un estudio sobre la posibilidad de que el pensamiento y las preocupaciones presentes en la obra de muchos de los economistas clásicos sobre la gestión de determinados recursos naturales pudieran ser considerados como precursores de los actuales postulados de corte ambiental de la ciencia económica contemporánea. Bajo el cumplimiento de esta premisa, el pensamiento de estos economistas sería una de las bases fundamentales del modo de entender la gestión del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales bajo la influencia de la economía ambiental y el paradigma del desarrollo sostenible.

The current project seeks to explore the relationship between self-control ability and the tunnel vision effect evoked by scarcity. The tunnel vision effect is derived from the scarcity theory proposed by Mullainathan and Shafir (2013). The scarcity theory proposes that scarcity of any resource will cause people to tunnel on the scarce resource, thus rendering people blind to everything outside the tunnel. The theory further suggests that the effect occurs because scarcity reduces people’s cognitive capacity and executive control. Given that self-control draws from similar resources and thus further reduces cognitive capacity, it is hypothesized that when an individual possesses more self-control, the tunnel effect on the individual will be stronger (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007; Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010). The hypothesis will be tested using data from 18 adult participants recruited from a small liberal arts college. The result of the study furthers our understanding of the productivity, considering that self-control was found to correlate with success in daily life, particularly in productivity (Shoda, Mischel, Peake, 1990; Kelly & Conley, 1987).

Water scarcity is a widespread phenomenon that still affects many cities and settlements around the world. Situations of scarce water resources are not external to society, but are directly and indirectly caused by deliberate attitudes towards nature and society. Conditions of water scarcity go beyond the physical insufficiency of resources to vividly contain the long-term inadequacy of social institutions. In the case of Lima, the capital of Peru, the material and discursive elements of scarcity have been exacerbated by political and ideological affirmation of market-based institutions and private property relations. Rather than being an extreme hydrological event, water scarcity is part of the urbanisation and modernisation of Lima under the sphere of influence of neoliberal policies. Scarcity has been constantly recreated and, in the end, has served as a legitimating tool to maintain social and spatial inequalities. The evolution of water infrastructure and the formulation of pub...

Neste ensaio, pretende-se problematizar as formas pelas quais a chamada "carestia de vida" era analisada na sociologia e na estatística das décadas de 1950 e 1960, contrastando-as com as representações formuladas por Carolina Maria de Jesus no romance Pedaços da fome. Entendendo a obra a partir de seu contexto de produção, cremos ser possível analisá-la também a partir da elaboração de uma crítica a um pensamento social que apagava as discussões raciais sobre a pobreza. Assim, a protagonista do romance, Maria Clara, seria uma chave de leitura formulada pela própria autora para compreender a fome e a miséria na São Paulo da época.

Research on the intimate relationships of drug-involved women has characterized these women either as passive victims of male violence and exploitation or as instrumental actors who maintain intimate relationships merely for the financial benefits they provide. This ...

This article focuses on the somewhat ambiguous concept of scarce water, or, more accurately stated, on the rather more ambiguous concept of scarcity. Still today, water scarcity in a region is defined largely in physical terms, typically gallons or cubic metres per capita if a stock ...

In this editorial, we reflect on the benefits and legacy of the water crisis in Brazil between 2013 and 2014, which affected the water supply in many regions and especially in the southeast region, with emphasis on the conflict between the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro over the right to use the water of the Paraíba do Sul River Basin. We analyze the current state of water resource management, the integrated use of water and energy and possible solutions to expand the availability of fresh water.

By using the data from a primary survey of 1100 farm households from Indian Punjab, the present study examined the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-induced disruptions on food security and farm incomes. The paddy-wheat-based production system showed resilience to the challenges of the COVID-19 situation. Farmers adapted effectively to the changed equilibrium and there was no decline in food production, land lease activity or cropping patterns. The disruptions in agricultural machinery services and input supplies led to a rise in the rent of machinery and input prices. Agricultural wages also jumped due to scarcity of agricultural labour. The study highlights no imminent threat to food supplies from Punjab and hence to national food security. It showed that farmers may need some financial support to counter the effect of rising costs of farming. There is a need to enhance the resilience of various input and output markets in agriculture in the future.

The objective is to provide an interpretive reading of the literature in resource scarcity and sustainability theory from the nineteenth century to the present time, focusing on shifts that have occurred in problem definition, conceptual framing, research tools applied, findings, and their implications. My reading shows, as one would expect, that the discourse has become more technical and the analysis more sophisticated; special cases have been incorporated into the mainstream of theory; and, where relevant, dynamic formulations have largely supplanted static analysis. However, that is barely scratching the surface. Here, I focus on more fundamental shifts. Exhaustible and renewable resource analyses were incorporated into the mainstream theory of financial and capital markets. Parallels between the resources and environmental spheres were discovered: market failure concepts, fundamental to environmental policy, found applications in the resources sector (e.g., fisheries), and rene...

Environmentalists are often upset at the effect of discounting costs of future environmental damage, e.g. due to climate change. An often overlooked message is that we should discount costs but also take into account the increase in the relative price of the ecosystem service endangered. The effect of discounting would thus be counteracted, and if the rate of price rise of the item was fast enough it might even be reversed. The scarcity that leads to rising relative prices for the environmental good will also have direct effects on the discount rate itself. The magnitude of these effects depends on properties of the economy’s technology and on social preferences. We develop a simple model of the economy that illustrates how changes in crucial technology and preference parameters may affect both the discount rate and the rate of change of values of environmental goods. The combined effect of discounting and the change of values of environmental goods is more likely to be low, or even...

Water is one of the most precious and valuable resources in the world generally and in Saudi Arabia specially. Situated in the tropical and sub-tropical desert region with arid climate, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is exposed to dry winds and limited water resources .Therefore, the scarcity of fresh water resources poses a major challenge and affects the Saudi development plans since they realized that their supply of freshwater cannot be taken for granted. Moreover, the demand for fresh water is increasing because of population growth and household consumption pattern. This paper indicates that the Water crisis in Saudi Arabia should be a top priority for the government, since it will affect the country on all levels. It also stresses the importance of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as the solution to this crisis, using long term water demand model to show the benefits of regulating the water demand for the agricultural sector since it constitutes more than 80% o...

Desde la perspectiva del presente trabajo, el observable central para aprehender los procesos de construcción territorial y de escasez de agua es un tipo específico de relaciones sociales, las de confrontación. De acuerdo con Max Weber, cuando las acciones de un sujeto o un grupo se orientan por el propósito de imponer su voluntad contra la resistencia de otro u otros, se habla de relaciones de confrontación. Aquí, el eje de la noción de relación social es la confrontación, y desde esta propuesta teórico-metodológica es el observable fundamental en la comprensión del proceso de construcción social de un territorio y de la escasez de agua. Los ejes analíticos son: la relación entre construcción territorial y confrontación y entre confrontación y escasez.

Focusing on Leonardo Padura Fuentes's hard-boiled fiction, this essay traces the origin and evolution of the genre in Cuba. Padura Fuentes has challenged the officially sanctioned socialist literatura policial that became popular in the 1970s and 1980s. creating a new model of criticism that is not afraid to confront the island's socio-economic problems. This article analyzes how in this novelist's tetralogy, the dominating rhetoric is one of scarcity, and how this constant state of lacking builds on the formulaic elements of the detective genre to reveal a social reality where crime (and its resolution) do not always have to do with the discovery of a dead body.

Federated Leaning is an emerging approach to manage cooperation between a group of agents for the solution of Machine Learning tasks, with the goal of improving each agent’s performance without disclosing any data. In this paper we present a novel algorithmic architecture that tackle this problem in the particular case of Anomaly Detection (or classification or rare events), a setting where typical applications often comprise data with sensible information, but where the scarcity of anomalous examples encourages collaboration. We show how Random Forests can be used as a tool for the development of accurate classifiers with an effective insight-sharing mechanism that does not break the data integrity. Moreover, we explain how the new architecture can be readily integrated in a blockchain infrastructure to ensure the verifiable and auditable execution of the algorithm. Furthermore, we discuss how this work may set the basis for a more general approach for the design of federated ensem...