Smart Grid

The electricity situation in Nigeria can be described as epileptic with no sign in view of improvement.
This epileptic power situation affects the manufacturing, service and residential sectors of
the economy which in turn affects the country’s economic growth. Even with the recent reforms in
the power sector, more than half of the country’s population still lack access to electricity. The epileptic
condition of the power sector can be attributed to the inadequate and inefficient power
plants, poor transmission and distribution facilities, and outdated metering system used by electricity
consumers. This paper attempts to present the way forward for the Nigerian poor electricity
situation by reviewing the power sector as a whole and the renewable energy potentials. We
identified the problems in the national grid and then proposed a smart grid model for the Nigerian
power sector which will include renewable energy source. We believe that the content of this review
paper will solve the poor epileptic condition of the power sector in Nigeria and also enable
the proper nitration of smart grid technology into the national grid.

The augmentation in electricity demand, power system privatization as well as efficacy of renewable resources has paved the way for power system companies and researchers to exploit the field of grid connected distributed generation (DG) and its issues, islanding being a dominant one. Several research works have been conducted to mitigate the issues of islanding detection (ID). In context of this, the paper gives a comprehensive review of islanding issues, standard test systems, criteria and shifting of research trends in islanding detection methods (IDMs). The significant contributions pertain to categorization of IDMs, evaluation of non-detection zone (NDZ) for each test system, disquisition on evolution and advancement of IDMs and its comparisons based on criteria such as NDZ, run on time, nuisance tripping percentage, applicability in multi DG system and implementation cost to draw out the strength and shortcomings of individual methods that will come to aid to the companies or researchers for establishing the applicability and appropriateness of such method for their concerned domain.

PLN main objectives: 1) Decrease Cost Production 2) Increase Electrification. PLN Smart Grid objectives: 1) Energy Efficiency Solution, 2) Service Reliability Solution, 3) Productivity Solution. PLN has a Smart Grid Road Map (2016 – 2021) within 20 objectives prioritized and 38 processes  Analyzed.

Consumer electricity needs to be produced because it is not an energy freely present in nature. So production happens in power plants most often generated by electromagnetic generators primarily driven by heat engines fueled by combustion or nuclear fission. Kinetic energy produced by flowing water or wind also drive generators. Tonex offers Power Grid Operation Training courses.

In this paper, investigated advantages of Electric Spring with Back to Back converter in an Hybrid system having solar and wind as energy sources and battery as storage device. PMSG is used for conversion in wind generating system. The characteristic of the electric spring in providing fast reactive power compensation and voltage and frequency stability is found to be highly useful in recovering PMSGs when un stabilized event due to weather conditions occurs. An effective control scheme is developed for Back to Back to converter to achieve stability even during severe weather conditions. Proposed converter in hybrid system is verified by simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results show that Electric Spring Back to Back converter is efficiently stabilizing the voltage and frequency and compensating the reactive power

The present work deals with a renewable energy based microgrid (MG) with ANFIS controller for standalone operation. The places where renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro etc. are in abundance, use them to generate electricity by developing wind-hydro based MG. The main control unit of MG is VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) in which an indirect current control is applied. This VSI is used for power quality improvements through harmonics suppression of nonlinear loads; voltage regulation during contingencies such as load unbalance; reactive power compensation at PCC (Point of Common Coupling) according to the system requirement. It is capable of providing power balance under various changes among the generation, storage and demand units. For appropriate functioning of VSI, a reweighted zero attractor least mean square (RZALMS) control algorithm is applied to generate PWM switching pulses for VSI. A model of MG with ANFIS controller is developed in MATLAB/ Simulink environment to simulate its performance in normal and dynamic conditions at linear and nonlinear loads. A renewable wind-hydro based microgrid has been developed. The performance of MG has been demonstrated using RZALMS control approach to provide power quality solutions i.e. harmonics suppression, reactive power compensation, load balancing and voltage control. It has also managed the power balance in the microgrid during various states such as high wind power generation, load unbalancing and peak load demand. Such MG provides energy independence in rural areas and contributes in reducing the fossil consumption and its bad impact on the environment. A single voltage source inverter has performed power quality improvement and power balancing. The PMBLDCG does not require speed sensor, position sensor and wind speed sensor for MPPT control. Individual inverters and converters are not being used on various units viz. wind, hydro, battery bank etc. Therefore, the overall system cost and maintenance is reduced. The performance of the proposed controller with ANFIS and PI controller results were evaluated by using Matlab/Simulink software.

Using Grid Storage, users can remotely store their data and enjoy the on-demand high quality applications and services from a shared networks of configurable computing resources, without the burden of local data storage and maintenance. In this project based on the dynamic secrets proposed design an encryption scheme for SG wireless communication, named as dynamic secret-based encryption (DSE). Dynamic encryption key (DEK) is updated by XOR the previous DEK with current DS. In this project based on the dynamic secrets proposed design an encryption scheme for SG wireless communication, named as dynamic secret-based encryption (DSE). The basic idea of dynamic secrets is to generate a series of secrets from unavoidable transmission errors and other random factors in wireless communications In DSE, the previous packets are coded as binary values 0 and 1 according to whether they are retransmitted due to channel error. This 0/1 sequence is called as retransmission sequence (RS) which is applied to generate dynamic secret (DS). Dynamic encryption key (DEK) is updated by XOR the previous DEK with current DS.

Pojazdy elektryczne są elementem składającym się na inteligentną sieć elektroenergetyczną (Smart Grid), bowiem poza funkcją transportową mogą dostarczać usług energetycznych w zakresie bilansowania mocy. W tym celu można odpowiednio wykorzystywać sterowalne układy ładowania takich pojazdów. Oczywistym wydają się zastosowania w bilansowaniu energii elektrycznej o charakterze czynnym. Tymczasem, w światowej literaturze pojawiły się pierwsze opracowania, pokazujące możliwości wykorzystywania pojazdów elektrycznych do dostarczania mocy biernej, zgodnie z potrzebami systemu dystrybucyjnego. Artykuł przybliża tą problematykę, przedstawiając przegląd stanu wiedzy technicznej oraz zagranicznej literatury związanej z tą nowatorską problematyką.

Smart grid implementations rely on the real-time monitoring and controlling of the electric power grid. To achieve real time there is need for a messaging system with minimum delays. After mentioning latest implementations and their delays we analyze the role of the different communication protocols needed within smart grids and we describe key factors to a message's delay. Taking into consideration a packet's speed constraints we then calculate a radius, within which, the ETSI communication requirements for smart grids are satisfied.

A common European electricity market requires both market integration and transmission grid expansion, including cross-border interconnectors. Although the benefits of increased interconnectivity are widely acknowledged, expansion of interconnectors is often very slow. What are the reasons behind this “grid-lock”? To date, the issue remains discussed largely from the perspective of practitioners. Academic research on interconnectors comes mostly from the discipline of energy economics, offering models that do not necessarily help us explain the dynamic situation in the EU. This paper sketches the problem and its scale, reviews existing approaches and proposes a framework for analysis of interconnector projects, including a set of hypotheses that could account for the stall in interconnector development. The hypotheses relate to inadequate financing, diverging interests, governance and administration problems, as well as political discourses and perceptions. As empirical illustration we use the case of the German–Polish border. Drawing on document analysis and stakeholder interviews, we evaluate the hypotheses. Evidence suggests that at this stage, political and governance-related issues rather than economics and finances might explain the “grid-lock” we are facing. The concluding section sums up the findings, highlights methodological difficulties and gaps, and proposes directions for further social scientific research in this issue area.

Energy theft constitutes an issue of great importance for electricity operators. The attempt to detect and reduce non-technical losses is a challenging task due to insufficient inspection methods. With the evolution of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in smart grids, a more complicated status quo in energy theft has emerged and many new technologies are being adopted to solve the problem. In order to identify illegal residential consumers, a computational method of analyzing and identifying electricity consumption patterns of consumers based on data mining techniques has been presented. Combining principal component analysis (PCA) with mean shift algorithm for different power theft scenarios, we can now cope with the power theft detection problem sufficiently. The overall research has shown encouraging results in residential consumers power theft detection that will help utilities to improve the reliability, security and operation of power network.

The Smart Grid is an evolution of the existing electricity grid. It comprises of a two-way communication where electricity and information is exchanged by the consumer and utility to maximize efficiency. Home automation is an important milestone in achieving smart grid and is ever exciting field that has exploded over the past few years. Advancement in technologies have made homes more convenient, efficient and even more secure. Introducing the Raspberry Pi to the world of home automation provides numerous customizations to turn a regular home into a smart home. Raspberry Pi provides a low cost platform for interconnecting electrical/electronic devices and various sensors in a home via the internet network. The main objective of present work is to design a smart home using various sensors which can be controlled and monitored by the Raspberry Pi via the Internet of Things (IoT). This will help the home owners to provide a simple, fast and reliable way to automate their environment. ...

The smart meter offered exceptional chances to well comprehend energy consumption manners in which quantity of data being generated. One request was the separation of energy load-profiles into clusters of related conduct. The Research measured the resemblance between groups them together and load-profiles into clusters by k-means clustering algorithm. The cluster met, also called “Gender (Male/Female), House (Rented/Owned) and customers status (Satisfied/Unsatisfied)” display methods of consuming energy. It provided value information aimed at utilities to generate specific electricity charges and healthier aim energy efficiency programs. The results show that 43% extremely dissatisfied of energy customer is achieved by using energy consumption.

Three algorithms for the forecasting of energy consumption at individual EV charging outlets have been applied to real world data from the UCLA campus. Out of these three algorithms, namely k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), ARIMA, and Pattern Sequence Forecasting (PSF), kNN with k=1, was the best and PSF was the worst performing algorithm with respect to the SMAPE measure. The advantage of PSF is its increased robustness to noise by substituting the real valued time series with an integer valued one, and the advantage of NN is having the least SMAPE for our data. We propose a Modified PSF algorithm (MPSF) which is a combination of PSF and NN; it could be interpreted as NN on integer valued data or as PSF with considering only the most recent neighbor to produce the output. Some other shortcomings of PSF are also addressed in the MPSF. Results show that MPSF has improved the forecast performance.

The alarming rate of fossil fuel deficit, increasing oil prices, global warming, harm to ecosystem and environment, the encouraging incentives to develop alternative energy resources with high efficiency and low emission are important Suitable power source at the remote area where conventional power is not obtained Setting of the module on the rooftop or in the solar tree such that the max energy capture by the panel & max hours solar energy obtained Calculation of the wind load on the panel & development of structure which gives the sufficient strength against wind load Study and analysis of the off-grid & on-grid hybrid inverter. The aim of these models is to minimize the cost of energy delivered to the resident if real-time the primary in place. In this optimization seeks to determine how many solar collector and batteries are needed to provide the lowest-cost energy to the customer. I. INTRODUCTION Solar energy is the energy obtained by capturing heat and light from the Sun. Energy from the Sun is referred to as solar energy. Strength of various forms is of great importance in world civilization from the start of it to the modern era. It will play a deterministic role in shaping future human culture. There are different types of energy sources available, and the efficient conversion of different kinds of energy resources to electrical energy is an essential aspect of research work to be carried out extensively. Electrical power is the most crucial form amongst various types of energy, and the use of electrical energy is noticed in everywhere, such as home, industry, and agriculture, transported. The alarming rate of fossil fuel deficit, increasing oil prices, global warming, harm to ecosystem and environment, the encouraging incentives to develop alternative energy resources with high efficiency and low emission are imperative [4]. Insufficient of fossil fuel like coal, and gas has further highlighted the importance of power from these sources [2]. These sources provide an attractive solution for meeting requirement of power at remote locations, in case of which is not feasible to extend the grid. The P-V and V-I curves have been obtained at changing solar irradiation levels and temperatures [7]. These solar energy sources are generally renewable and non-polluting in nature. Performance optimization, operative efficiency, and system dependable for a smart grid system are a crucial criterion. Here we consider the incremental conductance method for tracking Maximum Power in PV module. This method is proposed because it is precise, vigorous and simple to model the PV array. The Boost DC is used into AC by utilizing three-phase Inverter, and then the AC power is transmitted to the Smart Grid. The MPPT Controller is appropriate for studying Power and voltage as well the current and voltage curve for PV system [1]. The proposed method is designed on MATLAB software. The below-described model, as well as its control strategy, gives us a perfect tool for performance optimization of smart grid [8]. Technology has provided several ways to utilize this abundant resource [9]. It is considered a green technology because it does not emit greenhouse gases. Solar energy is abundantly available and has been utilized since long both as electricity and as a source of heat [5]. A computer program has been developed to size systems components to match the load of the site in the most cost-effective way. In this purpose, the study was executed using a GUI (Graphical User Interferences) programmed in MATLAB. The methodology which we have proposed in this project is a heuristic perspective which uses a stochastic gradient search for global optimization. Here the objective function (the function that it is desired to maximize or minimize) is the minimization of the hybrid system total cost. In India, solar power is a rapidly progressing industry [3]. The solar installed capacity of the country has reached 30.071 Giga Watt on 31 July 2019. India also has the lowest capital cost per Mega Watt worldwide to install solar power plants.

— Computer information has taken over many aspects of everyday life. One of those aspects has been smart grids which have evolved into a more complex system. However, with the advantages that smart grids come with, disadvantages concerning the security of those smart grids. Concerns regarding the compromise of the system have been issues of debate in the recent years. With that said, there are several encryption algorithms that are commonly used to secure and cipher the sensitive data from being stolen or altered. This work presents a survey and a comparison between the most well-known algorithms to help ensure security for those systems. The algorithms that were selected for this work are AES, DES, TDES, E-DES, RSA and BLOWFISH. The comparison is set between to find the effectiveness, key size, complexity and time required between those algorithms. The performance evaluation of these algorithms is evaluated using MATLAB.

The Internet of Things (IoT), as expected infrastructure for envisioned concept of Smart City, brings new possibilities for the city management. IoT vision introduces promising and economical solutions for massive data collection and its analysis which can be applied in many domains and so make them operating more efficiently. In this paper, we are discussing one of the most challenging issues - municipal waste-collection within the Smart City. To optimize the logistic procedure of waste collection, we use own genetic algorithm implementation. The presented solution provides calculation of more efficient garbage-truck routes. As an output, we provide a set of simulations focused on
mentioned area. All our algorithms are implemented within the integrated simulation framework which is developed as an open source solution with respect to future modifications.

The introduction of advanced meters has simplified the overall payment system over the industrial use of power performed using electronic meters. Opposed to smart meters, traditional power meters have enormous drawbacks. There is a massive increase in load supply. The issue is that these needs are not fully achieved. Although the requirements were to be met, various problems emerge concerning the loss of energy, which then, in turn, has a negative impact on the country's economy. Offenses like misuse of electricity are on the rise every day. Not only has this, but the new post-payment system situation still seemed to be collapsing. The Smart Meter, therefore, solves such issues. In addition to monitoring electricity, Smart Meter will also share information on energy usage between utilities and customers. The smart meter is quite an essential component of the smart grid and is intended to provide numerous investors with budget-effective, ecological and social benefits. Smart metering utilizing Smart Grid provides tracking, security and regulation of the large area. The paper gives a comprehensive overview of the role of Smart Meters in Smart Grid, its Architecture, Advantages, and Disadvantages and so on.

MVDC is starting to be considered as an option for enhancing transfer capacity and providing increased power quality at distribution networks. There is a term starting to be used of “soft open-point” which can provide controlled power transfer between two 11kV or 33kV distribution groups, without affecting short-circuit levels, voltage differences, loop flows or limitations due to phase-angle differences. The 4-quadrant converters can provide reactive power support and voltage control at each end of the link and multi-terminal is also feasible. There are future technology opportunities including enhancement of existing corridors through the conversion of existing AC lines to DC.
This paper provides a technology overview as well as information on recently deployed projects ranging from linking of oil and gas platforms, through to an urban infeed. It will summarise the benefits of MVDC and the applications where it may provide a competitive or preferential alternative solution to conventional technology.

We are simply running out of fossil fuel. So in near or far future we must move to the use of renewable energy. Bangladesh is an agricultural country. A large amount of cattle dung, agricultural residue, poultry dropping, water hyacinth, rice husk etc. are available in Bangladesh which are used for power generation [1]. Biomass gasification, a new and promising technology of power generation in Bangladesh. Electricity generated from biomass gasification can be used for the purpose of rural electrification, one of the crying need of Bangladesh. Already some private organizations are producing power from the biomass. This paper includes availability, proper selection and quality of biomass throughout the country and utilization of by-product released by the plant. In this paper, a case study is incorporated on biomass gasification in Bangladesh to generate power from rice husk.

This paper describes a Smart Grid architecture implemented with the help of Web of Things. Web of Things comprise of a set of Web services provided on top of a number of Internet enabled Embedded devices. The Web browser on any computer can act as an interface to the services provided by these Web of Things. The Embedded devices are ARM Cortex M3 Processor based devices with Ethernet capabilities. CMSIS Real Time Operating System is used for process control on each of these embedded devices. LwIP Protocol Stack is implemented on top of each of these devices so that IP connectivity can be established. The Web interfaces provide us real time information on each of the energy meters that are installed on site and communicate to the Embedded Internet devices using MODBUS communication protocol. Real Time energy source scheduling, energy source selection, power connection and disconnection are some of the services that are provided to an on-line authenticated user. The Embedded Systems lab Infrastructure at the TIFAC CORE for 3G/4G Communication at National Institute of Science and Technology was used for the hardware testing of the embedded modules. We were greatly helped by the Software developers at NIST Technology Consultancy Services in designing the web applications and interfaces for our Web of Things architecture.

In recent years, the world has seen the emergence of a number of urban projects which, under the banner of experimentation, have promoted alternative models of city-making capable, in theory, of creating sustainable built environments. Among these supposedly experimental models, the smart city and the eco-city stand out in terms of geographical diffusion, and are hailed by their advocates as the mark of an innovative urbanism based on a scientific approach to urban development. Through the analysis of Hong Kong and Masdar City, examples of a smart-city agenda and an eco-city project respectively, this paper questions the sustainability of so-called smart cities and eco-cities, by investigating the extent to which they are developed in a controlled and systematic manner as their developers claim. More specifically, the paper counterclaims mainstream understandings of smart and ecological urbanism, arguing that what are promoted as cohesive settlements shaped by a homogeneous vision of the sustainable city, are actually fragmented cities made of disconnected and often incongruous pieces of urban fabric. Theoretically, these claims are discussed through the concept of Frankenstein urbanism which draws upon Mary Shelley's novel as a metaphor for unsuccessful experiments generated by the forced union of different, incompatible elements.

The smart grid idea was implemented as a new approach to the traditional power grid to find an optimal way to integrate renewable and sustainable energy innovations. In such a manner the web-connected advanced grid, often known as the power web, also appears as a unique approach at a certain time to make sure electricity from everywhere. Such innovations are primarily aimed at building a successful community. Smart Grids are an expanding technology that offers dramatic socioeconomic improvements. Data protection problems in power data usage and trading, nevertheless, pose significant obstacles in smart grid implementation. Blockchain technology has been tested for scope in the advanced grid to overcome such hurdles. Blockchain has some fantastic features that make it a successful smart grid model framework. This paper illustrates a detailed study of the smart grid implementation of Blockchain. The major security issues in smart grid environments that Blockchain can tackle is described.

A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) refers to the interconnection of control (actuation), computational nodes and sensors, in order to manage physical processes. In recent years, the CPS design methodology has been adopted in several large-scale infrastructures such as smart power grids. Given the application criticality, sustaining the security of these systems is of utmost importance. One of the major security goals is to protect CPS against impersonation, where an adversary intends to manipulate the system state by sending erroneous data that appears to be reported by one of the system nodes, e.g. PMUs of a power grid. This paper proposes a novel hardware-assisted authentication scheme to counter such a threat, by exploiting imperfections that occur in the manufacturing process of integrated circuits. In essence, the proposed scheme associates a fingerprint for each system node so that the authenticity of the data source could be verified. In addition, the paper tackles the threat of m...