Translation Studies

The verb /forgytan/ is used reflexively six times in the extant Old English corpus, and all six instances are found in King Alfred’s translation of Gregory the Great’s /Regula pastoralis/. As the translation adopts from its Latin source the concept of what I call ‘completely reflexive forgetting’ (the forgetting of one’s self), it adjusts the concept for an Anglo-Saxon audience by reimagining and reconfiguring the logistics of the mind and its mechanisms of perception. Completely reflexive forgetting is thus imagined as the process by which a ruler ceases to perceive himself from within (as God always does) and begins perceiving himself from without (from the perspective of his subjects), thereby slipping into a perpetually totalizing state of self-concealment.

Co-edited by Christopher Rundle and Pekka Kujamäki

Routledge Research on Translation and Interpreting History showcases cutting-edge research in English on the interdisciplinary dialogue between translation and interpreting studies and historical perspectives. Building off the emergence of translation and interpreting history as a subdiscipline of the field in its own right, the series features interdisciplinary work spanning a range of cultural and geographical contexts which engages in the treatment of translation and translation practice as social and historical events. Primary research in translation and interpreting history will be explored, as will critical reflections on theoretical and methodological developments and innovations in the field. The series brings together and pushes forward original research in translation and interpreting history, making the series of particular interest to graduate students, researchers, and scholars in translation and interpreting studies, as well as related fields including comparative literature, history, and cultural studies.

For more information about the series or to submit a proposal, please contact the editors at: [email protected].

RÉSUMÉ
Le présent article décrit une série de tentatives – toutes échouées – par la Société Radio-Canada (SRC) et la Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) de produire des émissions de nouvelles traduites. Sur un premier plan, il examine les raisons pour lesquelles la traduction journalistique paraît à des moments de crise comme un outil pour résoudre certaines questions identitaires au Canada, ainsi que les raisons pour lesquelles l’idée de produire des émissions de nouvelles traduites n’est pas réalisée. Sur un deuxième plan, il considère un dilemme méthodologique et épistémologique auquel les historiens doivent faire face : que faire quand les documents qu’ils cherchent ne sont pas conservés parce que les journalistes conçoivent la traduction d’une manière différente ? Cet article recommande que les historiens se tournent vers des « para-archives », ou des collections créées et conservées par des organismes non-journalistiques, qui contiennent des descriptions des documents qui n’existent plus. Ces para-archives peuvent fournir de quoi créer des récits plausibles au sujet des intérêts contradictoires qui militent contre la production d’émissions de nouvelles traduites. Elles peuvent aussi rendre plus claire la manière dont les historiens produisent les catégories qu’ils emploient pour définir leur objet d’étude.

ABSTRACT
This article describes a series of failed attempts by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Société Radio Canada to present translated news. On one level, it is concerned with the impulse that prompts people during moments of crisis to suggest translated news as a solution to a problems related to Canadian identity and the reasons their suggestions to translate news programs are not acted upon. On a deeper level, it is concerned with a methodological and epistemological problem facing translation historians: what happens when the relevant documents are not preserved because journalists’ notions of translation differ from those of historians? It recommends that historians turn to “para-archives,” or collections created and preserved by non-news organizations, that contain descriptions of the documents journalists have not kept. These para-archives can provide evidence for the creation of plausible narratives about the competing interests shaping decisions not to produce translated news. They can also reveal how historians actively produce the categories they use to define their object of study.

Book Description
Bringing together disciplines such as news translation, media studies, linguistics and financial discourse, this book addresses the issue of English-Greek idiom translation in the news press. It adopts a novel idiom-typology which draws its main concepts from psychology and gives a detailed description of the idiom-translation strategies employed in the Greek financial press. More specifically, this book explores the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic changes that idioms undergo when they are translated and proposes possible parameters that license a particular idiom-translation strategy to be used in preference to another. It is suggested that the four major tendencies dominant in idiom translation, namely idiom adherence, literalization, deletion and compensation, are determined by syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, cognitive and textual parameters. On these grounds, a new idiom-translation model is presented where it is assumed that idiom translation is genre-sensitive, thus pointing to the context-sensitive nature of idiom translation expected to influence the translation quality of genres.

A new understanding of science as a knowledge system is emerging. In place of universalizing theories, there is recognition of locatedness and situatednss as characteristics of scientific knowledge. This has a bearing on the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western biomedicine. Both are generated in located and situated clinical practices. Clinical space can thus be seen as a platform upon which TCM and Western biomedicine can engage in mutual translation.

Bruno Latour refers to ‘translation’ as ‘the interpretation given by fact-builders of their interests and those of the people they enrol.’ This offers the possibility of a local and situated interpretation of other knowledge systems including TCM. Using this methodology, I translate into terms of wenbing influenza the viral epidemics of Western biomedicine.

Chinese writing occupies a privileged position in current academic discussions of world literature. While China as defined within world literature serves as a test-case for questions of nativist and universalist values, in the process it finds itself defined as a nation par excellence. Arguing that such definition constitutes a kind of twenty-first century
chinoiserie, I proceed to question the place of China in the literary theories that inform the discussions of world literature, pinpointing part of this chinoiserie on confusion about the role and performance of translation. I then offer a tactical approach to how China and Chinese literature can be re-translated and re-theorized, pointing a way forward from its current confinement within the chinoiserie described.

This essay focuses on the salient place given to staging both the modern regime of translation and the institution of literature alongside a dramatization of anthropological difference in Liu Cixin's acclaimed science fiction trilogy, Remembrance of Earth's Past (also known as The Three Body Problem). These are concerns that are, I would argue, not only historically central to twentieth-century Chinese literature, but also place twentieth-century Chinese literature squarely at the crux of some of the most fundamental questions about aesthetic modernity. These questions revolve around the way in which the type or the figure plays a crucial role in the construction of the nation-state. As quintessentially modern social institutions, both the regime of translation and the institution of literature converge around aesthetic ideology, in which the figure and the type play a paramount role. This is not just any figure, but rather the figure of the human, configured through the logical economy of genus, species, and individual. As a kind of abstraction that is intimately woven into the fabric of everyday life (or what Marx calls a "real abstraction"), this "logical economy" is most evident in that experience of identity peculiar to modernity: being an individual who belongs to a national community within that community's membership in a larger, single species among other species. Together, these two institutions form an inherently comparative biopolitical infrastructure that I call the apparatus of area and anthropological difference.

Die Übersetzungshermeneutik hat sich in den letzten Jahren weltweit zu einer äußerst dynamischen Forschungsrichtung entwickelt. Übersetzungstheoretische Publikationen mit her-meneutischem Schwerpunkt sind nicht nur zahlenmäßig angestiegen, sondern haben auch ihre traditionelle Eingrenzung auf das literarische Übersetzen aufgesprengt. Die Fachübersetzung, die audiovisuelle Übersetzung und der Dolmetschvorgang sind ebenfalls Gegenstand hermeneutischer Untersuchungen geworden. Auch stehen sie im Zeichen einer ausgesprochen interdisziplinären Offenheit und beziehen Erkenntnisse aus der Linguistik, der Philosophie, der Kommunikationswissenschaft, der Rhetorik, der Theologie und neuerdings auch den Kognitionswissenschaften in den hermeneutischen Diskurs mit ein.
Die vorliegende Arbeit erkundet die Grundlagen der sich im Umbruch befindenden Übersetzungshermeneutik. Sie legt in einem ersten Vorstoß zu einer zugleich entwicklungsgeschichtlichen wie auch systematischen Bestimmung eine Rekonstruktion dieser Forschungsrichtung anhand repräsentativer Beiträge vor. Die detaillierte Analyse dieser Hauptdimensionen fördert den klassischen Kern der Übersetzungshermeneutik zutage und weist zugleich indikativ auf ihre neueren Entwicklungen hin.

The presented paper argues the importance of proper names in fantasy and science fiction in general, but focuses primarily on the highly successful Star Wars franchise. Worldwide popularity of George Lucas' creation resulted in the need for translation of Star Wars materials to other languages. Translators were given a task, among others, of creating a glossary of proper names essential to the overall story, such as Jedi and Sith. This paper is an analysis of translation of these proper names in Star Wars novels released before the year 2000 in German (61), Polish (41) and Russian (19). It presents all variants proposed by the translators before the final one was canonized and comments on their choices and strategies used. The analysis shows that while German and Polish translators usually retained use of previously established versions, Russian translators proved to be less consistent in this matter.

This dissertation explores a process of cross-cultural communication that spans centuries of time between two different cultures, that of the Hebrew speaking Israelites of the seventh-century a.C. and the Susu people of Guinea West Africa today. The question is how, given that the two groups operate with completely different worldviews and historical backgrounds, might one translate a Hebrew religious hortatory discourse into Susu in such a way that it would be understood and appreciated as a relevant message to their culture.
The author attempts to do this beginning with an analysis of the Hebrew discourse, first from a rhetorical perspective (Chapter 2), and then from a textual perspective (Chapter 3). The presentation of the message employs a rhetoric dependant upon an understanding of the historical background of the audience. The author crafts the message not only with rhetorical nuances, but also with a textual artistry designed to enhance the overall impact of the presentation.
The author then procedes to use the same process on an analogous discourse from the Susu target culture. Since the Hebrew book of Zephaniah consists of religious hortatory, the same genre was utilized from the Susu culture, a Muslim Xutuba (Friday sermon). Again, the analysis covers the rhetorical component of the communication (Chapter 4) and then the textual structure component (Chapter 5). Having completed an analysis of the rhetoric and the textual discourse structure of a discourse both in the source language and in the target language, the author delves into two possible approaches to the translation of the Hebrew discourse.
The first, “a documentary translation,” focuses on the forms used in Hebrew to express the message in such a way to have a rhetorical and structural communicative impact (Chapter 6). The second, “an instrumental translation,” shifts the focus to forms used in the target language, with the express purpose of communicating the same message with rhetorical and structural devices that would have a communicative impact on the Susu people.
Ultimately, the preferred translation approach depends upon the scopos of the translator. If the objective is to present an ancient document to highlight the “foreign” forms used in the original communication, the documentary approach works well. However, if the objective is to present the message of said document in such a way as to transfer the relevancy of the message to the target culture, an instrumental approach is advantageous.

The Sri GurKatha is a heroic poem and a religious epic – a work of immense literary value and skill. Written in Sadh Bhasha it is embedded in the Sant poetic tradition of the Gurbani and influenced by the martial ballads of the Dhadhis – minstrels of folk Punjab – it lays down the precepts of Nirguna Sikh bhakti and tells in the words of an eye witness, the tale of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s beheading; followed in its aftermath by the young Gobind Rai’s response and handling – the forming of the Khalsa Panth which happened (contrary to popular belief) in two stages, before and after the battle of Bhangani. The Sri GurKatha has more, much more to offer by way of scholarship and it should be of interest to Sikh historians, theologians, scholars of literature and dalit studies.

Niniejsza publikacja zawiera:

tłumaczenia 170 dokumentów polskich i niemieckich, w tym reprezentatywnych dokumentów metrykalnych, szkolnych, notarialnych, policyjnych, sądowych, pracowniczych, handlowych, księgowo-podatkowych i medycznych,

tłumaczenia dokumentów nie tylko z Niemiec, ale także z Austrii i Szwajcarii,

komentarze w 460 przypisach dotyczące alternatywnych rozwiązań translacyjnych,

przekład skrótów najczęściej występujących w tekstach specjalistycznych,

formalne i lingwistyczne zasady sporządzania tłumaczeń poświadczonych,

metodologię wykonywania tłumaczeń poświadczonych,

wykaz literatury przedmiotu niezbędnej w pracy każdego tłumacza specjalistycznego.

Publikacja adresowana jest do szerokiego grona osób zainteresowanych przekładem tekstów specjalistycznych, a więc uczestników seminariów translacyjnych, kandydatów zgłaszających się do egzaminu na tłumacza przysięgłego oraz czynnych tłumaczy, którzy chcieliby skonfrontować swoje tłumaczenia z propozycjami przekładów zamieszczonymi w książce.

Quran translation into Western cultures is a high volatility intercultural act. In it many of the translator’s choices are not purely dictated by linguistic necessity alone, but, rather, are due to the Text’s shifting dynamic of reception, they are contextually overdetermined. Here the dialectic of the translator’s invisibility vs agency comes into sharp relief, as the translator’s discursive presence is overtly superimposed. The global context and extra-textual contradictions and fissures between the source and the receptive milieus necessitate that the translator come out of the shadows and heavily intervene, taking on a peacemaker role. Otherwise, his/her translation endeavour is superfluous at best, or aggravating to an already intense cross-cultural engagement at worst. Given the hard facts of today’s world, Quran translations have, out of necessity, become more exegetical in nature. Within this context, translation is literally about creating a new way for putative readership to access a Text that is central to the believer’s identity as well as the outsider’s understanding of a central religious tradition. This chapter sets out to examine English Quran translations that were published in the aftermath of 9/11 and the tension between worldviews that sprang to a global scale thereafter. In particular, it zooms in on recent renditions of the key term Islam and passages of the Original having a bearing on issues that could prove to be contentious and challenging. Against this global backdrop, all recent English Quran translations simply could not run the risk of going about it without intervening to accommodate for the contextual alongside the textual.

The object of this paper is to clarify what " intercultural competence " actually entails for those learning to translate at university level, and will refer to a number of classroom activities that can successfully support the trainees during the learning. Competencies have been studied with regard to learning, and have recently been amplified through the 'Dublin Descriptors' as a result of university reform. Also, intercultural competencies have been studied widely in the world of work. Yet, though the same competencies are now deemed essential for translators there is little information on the sub-competencies involved. Here, it is suggested that in the university first cycle, the cognitive learning competencies could include first an understanding of self and other (cultural locatedness), then translation of culture-bound terms with a clear denotative reference, followed by connotative terms (linguaculture). At this level, students would also learn how to apply relatively fixed communication patterns, having learned about preferred cultural writing styles and orientations. It is argued that it is only at the second level that students are more ready for " self reflexive " thinking. At this level they can more easily understand that text meaning (and style) is negotiable according to context. Here, students also become more competent in the metacognitive learning styles, and are more able to mindshift, to change perceptual position and mediate. This will only be fully possible, however, when they are able to move away from the search for text-bound formal equivalence and learn to take risks (low uncertainty avoidance). It is asserted here that, to a large extent, this, and the other competencies discussed, can be taught as part of translator training.

"The Unknown Painter" is an antislavery short story that first appeared in the mid-1830s.  Its author, original place of publication, and date remain undetermined.  It concerns the Spanish artist Bartoleme Esteban Murillo and his black slave, the painter Sebastian Gomez.  This paper analyzes the nineteenth-century publication history of the story, its translation, and the ideologies of its revisions and republications.  The analysis pays particular attention to racial content, its revision in Frederick Douglass' Paper, the zombie sub-theme, and translations.

Dans la présente étude, nous nous inspirerons de l’héritage de Charles Bally mais surtout de celui, toujours en construction, de Jean-René Ladmiral, auquel elle est dédiée. Nous souhaitons aller au-delà de la seule relation Jean-René Ladmiral-traductologie, et établir des connexions inter-théoriques , indissociables desconnexions diachroniques et synchroniques, entre la théorie traductologique ladmiralienne et d’autres approches interdisciplinaires. Précisément parce que « rien n’existe sans théorie » , nous effleurons la théorie ladmiralienne de la traduction qui semble être la moins « contaminée par les effets de mode » , une théorie foncièrement moderne, au sens où elle décrit moins des produits traductionnels que les opérations et les stratégies qui y conduisent, et également une théorie résolument interdisciplinaire .

The Second World War gave a strong impulse to the development of translation and interpreting services in the Soviet Union. Military translators/interpreters were expected to engage in frontline propaganda, ad hoc language teaching and reconnaissance, without special preparation. Under constant ideological pressure, they had to come up with creative solutions for concrete problems. On the base of the prosopographic research and semi-structured interviews with three prominent representatives of the aforementioned school, this book describes different biographical and professional trajectories of military translators/interpreters during and after the Second World War. Their backgrounds are as diverse as they are distinct: German and German-Jewish migrants, romantic philological students and poets from the legendary Institute of Literature Studies in Moscow (IFLI), bilingual descendants of diplomatic families and outstanding students and teachers from university departments of German Studies. The translational competences and methodological insights acquired during the war contributed to the establishment of a Soviet school of translation/interpreting and German Studies.
Key-words: Circulation of knowledge, military translation and interpreting services, Second World War, prosopography

Mivel a lektorálás a szakmai gyakorlatban egyre inkább a minőség biztosításának nélkülözhetetlen eszközévé válik, immáron szükséges a szakemberek képzése is, akik kellő hozzáértéssel és tudatossággal végzik a munkát, nem csupán ösztöneikre, egyéni nyelvhasználatukra és személyes tapasztalataikra, hanem jól megalapozott ismeretekre építve dolgoznak. Lektorálásra nem feltétlenül születik az ember, és bár a szakmai tapasztalatok sokat segítenek, a lektori kompetencia valójában képzés útján, kidolgozott tanterv alapján is elsajátítható, így érdemes beépíteni a szakfordító hallgatók képzésébe. A jelen tanulmányban ezt a kijelentést kívánom alátámasztani a ELTE Fordító-és Tolmácsképző Tanszékén folyó lektorálási gyakorlatok tapasztalatai alapján. Elsősorban ismertetem a lektori kompetencia fejlesztésének létjogosultságát a fordítóképzésben, majd felvázolom azokat a módszertani ismereteket, amelyek a sikeres lektorképzés alapját képezhetik, beleértve a lektorálás értékelésének kérdéseit is. Bevezetés A fordítási szakmában a lektorálás ma már a minőség biztosításának egyre inkább elismert eszköze, szükségességét számos tapasztalat és szakirodalmi esettanulmány bizonyítja (például Eszenyi, 2017). Az EN 15038 fordítási szolgáltatásokról és követelményekről szóló európai szabvány, illetve az

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we study for the first time the unpublished multilingual poetry written by Sanandrean linguist Oakley Forbes. We also explore his role in
the translation of Juan Ramírez Dawkins’ poems. In these two unknown aspects of Forbes’ life, we trace the relationship between writing and translation
in his double role as translator and self-translator. This study shows that writing and translating are two spheres present both in his role as a translator
of Ramírez Dawkins’ works and as a translator of his own works. When he collaborated with Ramírez Dawkins in the translation of the latter’s works,
he had the freedom to rewrite and to adapt the text in order to re-spatialize it to the writer’s other audience. The same happened with the translation of
his own poetic work, which, being written in several languages, reflects the richness and paradoxes of the encounters of diverse cultures.
Keywords: Oakley Forbes. Collaborative Translation. Self-translation. Caribbean Poetry. Literary multilingualism.

In the last decade or so, Cognitive Poetics has received increasing scholarly interest as a self-standing subfield in cognitive scientific research (Brone 2009; Gavins and Steen 2003; Semino and Culpeper 2002; Stockwell 2002; Tsur 2008). In this field, research along the cross-linguistic dimension has started to gather momentum, but so far limited attention has been given to constructional approaches (e.g. Boas ed. 2010). In view of the existing gap, we propose to examine the form-meaning pairings in a poetic text and its translations. The poem we choose is Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll, its Ukrainian translations by M. Lukash and V. Korniyenko and by V. Narizhna and its Czech translations by J. Cisař and A. and H. Skoumals, and we focus on only the first stanza. In the current paper, we in particular look at compounding and lexical blending (Kemmer 2003; Renner et.al ed. 2012 and the references therein), a morphological strategy of abridging and combining various lexical roots to fo...

The rendering of English to BSL within television settings provides us an opportunity to identify ways in which written languages are translated into oral languages (Ong 1982, Furniss 2004), using Kade’s definition (cited in Pöchhacker, 2004) as a starting point. The distribution of blinks is compared in Deaf and hearing Translator/Interpreters to illuminate the role of preparation and rehearsal. Think-aloud-protocols are used to explore whether differences between the two groups point to a contrast between translation and interpretation processes.

This paper argues for a critical approach towards the glorification of 'mothertongue' evident in matrubhasha sentiments in India. Not all mothertongues come with sentimentalism associated with them, especially by those who belong to upper-castes. Languages come with memories of caste. To that extent, Dalits (not all) may see English as a more liberal and liberating language than their own mothertongues. Language in this paper is not merely linguistic, but a refashioning of self -- translation is one of the text, and the world.

Jürgen Habermas und Talal Asad zählen zu den bedeutendsten Protagonisten des Diskurses um die postsäkulare Gesellschaft. In der vorliegenden Arbeit unternehme ich eine vergleichende Lektüre zentraler Schriften beider Autoren. Dabei versuche ich, möglichst präzise zu beschreiben, wie Habermas und Asad einen neuen Blickwinkel auf die Verhältnisbestimmung von Religion und Gesellschaft in der Gegenwart freigeben und plausibilisieren.
Einen zentralen Stellenwert schreibe ich der Tatsache zu, dass hierfür von beiden der Begriff der ‚Übersetzung‘ herangezogen wird. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es folglich, erste systematisierende Vorstöße bezüglich des Begriffspaars ‚Religion übersetzen‘ zu leisten. Dabei gilt es ein Bündel an Forschungsfragen zu beantworten: Wie wird der Begriff der Übersetzung verstanden? In welcher Art und Weise kommt Religion im Werk der Autoren zur Sprache? Auf welche Aspekte der Religion soll sich die Übersetzungsleistung beziehen? Wer sind die Subjekte dieser Übersetzung? Und schließlich, welche Chancen und Probleme bringen die beiden Ansätze für eine politiktheoretische Perspektive auf religiös-gesellschaftliche Fragestellungen mit sich?

Specialized Bilingual dictionaries play a tremendous role in providing translators with equivalents to concepts that represent an obstacle to the fulfilment of their work. These dictionaries are considered to be the first trustworthy reference for the majority of translators as they reflect the understanding and perceptions of the target language population, in addition to the fact that they save time and effort when dealing with different texts. Rendering culture-bound concepts, for one, is considered a major challenge for translators of legal texts because they reflect the uniqueness of a culture for which no identical referents or concepts really exist. Equivalents that are presented in bilingual dictionaries are, at best, approximations of what such culture-bound terms really mean. This paper aims to cast fresh light at some of these inadequacies inherited in translating some culture-bound concepts in legal texts. We recommend, in the light of the results of the present study, to reassess the specialised bilingual dictionaries from the perspective of the selection of English equivalents to Arabic culture-bound legal terms to enable translators to convey the message of such texts faithfully and objectively.

Food is more than just a means of nourishment; it reflects the way human beings are influenced by the geographical space they inhabit. Diasporas and more general movements of people across time and space have allowed for the encounter and exchange of different culinary traditions. This has happened orally at first, and subsequently in written form. However, it is the invention of television and the Internet that has taken the sharing of culinary experiences to an entirely new level. Countless TV programmes revolve around food preparation and recipes. Nonetheless, food is not only the main theme of factual entertainment shows, but can also become an essential part of TV dramas and movies due to its ability to convey meaning though its culture-specificity. An excellent example of this is the Italian TV series Inspector Montalbano, which has been adapted from Andrea Camilleri’s many short stories and novels. Since the subtitled versions of the series have been successfully marketed at the international level, it is interesting to investigate how food, one of its topoi, has been dealt with in both British English (TT1) and American English (TT2) subtitled versions. The comparative analysis of these three datasets shows that Montalbano’s (and other characters’) attitudes to food and Italian-Sicilian traditional cuisine are expressed differently in the British and American versions. While the former tends to be more source-oriented in its attempt to convey the peculiarities of Italian and Sicilian food, the latter appears generally more target-oriented. Most importantly, when the American version does retain the Italian and Sicilian culinary terms, they are not always transferred as accurately as could be hoped for. Possible reasons for this may be that it targets an audience that may be mostly made up of Italian-Americans and/or people with some working knowledge of Italian. This study confirms the need for extensive reception studies on audiovisual texts that use the same language but address different cultures.

This paper gives a brief overview of this new trend, based on the author’s twenty years of experience in this field in Russia and neighbouring countries, first as a Bible translator and editor with the Bible society, then as a translation consultant with the Institute for Bible Translation in Moscow, Russia. The area of Biblical studies used to be dominated by theology, but theology lost its central importance in the latter 20th century, replaced by linguistics, anthropology and other humanities disciplines. However, theology is slowly regaining its former importance under new circumstances and in a new way. This shift is primarily associated with the name of Eugene Nida and his colleagues who developed a profound theoretical foundation and a set of elaborate methodologies for Bible translators. Those changes eventually led to the appearance of some newer approaches, the two most prominent being relevance and functionalist theories. This tendency is yet more visible with the skopos or functionalist theory, initially proposed by K. Reis and H. Vermeer, later developed and made globally known by C. Nord. New approaches are appearing, some trying to domesticate the text as much as possible, others on the contrary, insisting on radical foreignisation of the Bible. The principle of iconicity that S. Crisp promotes can however give some room for translations different from the standard ‘meaning-based’ ones while avoiding the naivity of so-called essential literalness. Anthropology takes an important place in translational studies but theology mostly remains an uncharted area, so creating some sort of an ‘iconic theology’ of translation may help to correct this imbalance. The current problems of Bible translation have some clearly theological components so they should be studied, discussed and dealt with accordingly. To sum up, we are facing a situation which is fundamentally different from the one that was present in the “missionary era”, so theologians and anthropologists should become friends if they want to be successful as Bible translators.