Translation theory

This dissertation explores a process of cross-cultural communication that spans centuries of time between two different cultures, that of the Hebrew speaking Israelites of the seventh-century a.C. and the Susu people of Guinea West Africa today. The question is how, given that the two groups operate with completely different worldviews and historical backgrounds, might one translate a Hebrew religious hortatory discourse into Susu in such a way that it would be understood and appreciated as a relevant message to their culture.
The author attempts to do this beginning with an analysis of the Hebrew discourse, first from a rhetorical perspective (Chapter 2), and then from a textual perspective (Chapter 3). The presentation of the message employs a rhetoric dependant upon an understanding of the historical background of the audience. The author crafts the message not only with rhetorical nuances, but also with a textual artistry designed to enhance the overall impact of the presentation.
The author then procedes to use the same process on an analogous discourse from the Susu target culture. Since the Hebrew book of Zephaniah consists of religious hortatory, the same genre was utilized from the Susu culture, a Muslim Xutuba (Friday sermon). Again, the analysis covers the rhetorical component of the communication (Chapter 4) and then the textual structure component (Chapter 5). Having completed an analysis of the rhetoric and the textual discourse structure of a discourse both in the source language and in the target language, the author delves into two possible approaches to the translation of the Hebrew discourse.
The first, “a documentary translation,” focuses on the forms used in Hebrew to express the message in such a way to have a rhetorical and structural communicative impact (Chapter 6). The second, “an instrumental translation,” shifts the focus to forms used in the target language, with the express purpose of communicating the same message with rhetorical and structural devices that would have a communicative impact on the Susu people.
Ultimately, the preferred translation approach depends upon the scopos of the translator. If the objective is to present an ancient document to highlight the “foreign” forms used in the original communication, the documentary approach works well. However, if the objective is to present the message of said document in such a way as to transfer the relevancy of the message to the target culture, an instrumental approach is advantageous.

Quran translation into Western cultures is a high volatility intercultural act. In it many of the translator’s choices are not purely dictated by linguistic necessity alone, but, rather, are due to the Text’s shifting dynamic of reception, they are contextually overdetermined. Here the dialectic of the translator’s invisibility vs agency comes into sharp relief, as the translator’s discursive presence is overtly superimposed. The global context and extra-textual contradictions and fissures between the source and the receptive milieus necessitate that the translator come out of the shadows and heavily intervene, taking on a peacemaker role. Otherwise, his/her translation endeavour is superfluous at best, or aggravating to an already intense cross-cultural engagement at worst. Given the hard facts of today’s world, Quran translations have, out of necessity, become more exegetical in nature. Within this context, translation is literally about creating a new way for putative readership to access a Text that is central to the believer’s identity as well as the outsider’s understanding of a central religious tradition. This chapter sets out to examine English Quran translations that were published in the aftermath of 9/11 and the tension between worldviews that sprang to a global scale thereafter. In particular, it zooms in on recent renditions of the key term Islam and passages of the Original having a bearing on issues that could prove to be contentious and challenging. Against this global backdrop, all recent English Quran translations simply could not run the risk of going about it without intervening to accommodate for the contextual alongside the textual.

The object of this paper is to clarify what " intercultural competence " actually entails for those learning to translate at university level, and will refer to a number of classroom activities that can successfully support the trainees during the learning. Competencies have been studied with regard to learning, and have recently been amplified through the 'Dublin Descriptors' as a result of university reform. Also, intercultural competencies have been studied widely in the world of work. Yet, though the same competencies are now deemed essential for translators there is little information on the sub-competencies involved. Here, it is suggested that in the university first cycle, the cognitive learning competencies could include first an understanding of self and other (cultural locatedness), then translation of culture-bound terms with a clear denotative reference, followed by connotative terms (linguaculture). At this level, students would also learn how to apply relatively fixed communication patterns, having learned about preferred cultural writing styles and orientations. It is argued that it is only at the second level that students are more ready for " self reflexive " thinking. At this level they can more easily understand that text meaning (and style) is negotiable according to context. Here, students also become more competent in the metacognitive learning styles, and are more able to mindshift, to change perceptual position and mediate. This will only be fully possible, however, when they are able to move away from the search for text-bound formal equivalence and learn to take risks (low uncertainty avoidance). It is asserted here that, to a large extent, this, and the other competencies discussed, can be taught as part of translator training.

Jürgen Habermas und Talal Asad zählen zu den bedeutendsten Protagonisten des Diskurses um die postsäkulare Gesellschaft. In der vorliegenden Arbeit unternehme ich eine vergleichende Lektüre zentraler Schriften beider Autoren. Dabei versuche ich, möglichst präzise zu beschreiben, wie Habermas und Asad einen neuen Blickwinkel auf die Verhältnisbestimmung von Religion und Gesellschaft in der Gegenwart freigeben und plausibilisieren.
Einen zentralen Stellenwert schreibe ich der Tatsache zu, dass hierfür von beiden der Begriff der ‚Übersetzung‘ herangezogen wird. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es folglich, erste systematisierende Vorstöße bezüglich des Begriffspaars ‚Religion übersetzen‘ zu leisten. Dabei gilt es ein Bündel an Forschungsfragen zu beantworten: Wie wird der Begriff der Übersetzung verstanden? In welcher Art und Weise kommt Religion im Werk der Autoren zur Sprache? Auf welche Aspekte der Religion soll sich die Übersetzungsleistung beziehen? Wer sind die Subjekte dieser Übersetzung? Und schließlich, welche Chancen und Probleme bringen die beiden Ansätze für eine politiktheoretische Perspektive auf religiös-gesellschaftliche Fragestellungen mit sich?

Un'antologia di autori esclusaivamente italiani - filosofi, critici, filologi, scrittori, linguisti, storici della letteratura, traduttori che, prima della nascita dei Translation Studies, hanno dato un contributo fondamentale alla traduttologia, spesso e colpevolemente trascurato nella storia degli studi sul tradurre.

OS SONETOS COMPLETOS DE ANTERO DE QUENTAL
PREFÁCIO: J. P. Oliveira Martins
NOTA PRÉVIA , TRANSCRIÇÕES E POSFÁCIO: Patricio Ferrari
CAPA: João Botelho
REVISÃO: Susana Tavares Pedro
Impresso na Guide para a Guimarães em Novembro de 2010
Lisboa: Guimarães [Babel], 2010. ISBN: 978-972-665-651-7

This is a short poem by Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Ṣabbān (d. 1206/1791) translated from the original Arabic into English verse. The poem is a concise, technical list of the ten essentials aspects of any science. It is intended to help students memorize the outline of the topic, while a teacher's additional commentary would be needed to really understand the content and meaning of the ten essentials.

This volume aims above all to problematize the concept and practice of translation in an interconnected world in which English, despite its hegemonic status, can no longer be considered a coherent unified entity but rather a mobile negotiated resource (Blommaert 2010) subject to various kinds of hybridization. Drawing upon recent work in the domains of translation studies (e.g. Klinger 2015, Meylaerts 2006, Batchelor 2009), literary studies (Apter 2006, 2013), and (socio-)linguistics (Canagarajah 2013, Pennycook 2007, Blommaert 2010), it explores the centrality of translation as both a trope for the analysis of contemporary transcultural dynamics and as a concrete communication practice in the globalized world. 
The first section looks at the role played by translation in the construction of contemporary identities, both horizontally (through translingual processes) and vertically (through temporal transposition). In a world characterised by physical migrations and instantaneous data transmission, identity is increasingly hybrid and translingual, forged at the interface of cultures through an effort of will and memory. Whether English is experienced as an oppressive or liberating force, as a mediator between localized realities, or as a rich resource to be drawn upon at will, the variety used is likely to be tinged with the sounds and forms of other linguistic realities and punctuated with nodes of untranslatability. Indeed, exploring just what may or may not be rendered in English in this process of self-translation constitutes one of the central aims of this section.
Hybrid identities continue to play an important role in the second section, but now the attention shifts to translation in the classic sense, namely, the difficulties faced by translators in their attempts to render the miscegenated discourse of translinguals in a third language. The issue is discussed both in broad terms, with reference to the ongoing debate about world literature and (un-)translatability, and also more specifically, in relation to concrete problems arising in particular texts. One innovative feature is the attention given to the role of the multilingual reader, whose communicative needs may differ considerably from those of the usual target reader of translations as conventionally conceived.
The final section draws together these different understandings of ‘translation’ to explore the implications of it for language change in different cultural settings. The evidence suggests that the process is by no means unidirectional: for although English, as the prestige vehicle of global communication, undoubtedly leaves its mark upon all the languages with which it comes into contact, it is also being influenced by them too. The extent to which this may ultimately result in the breakdown of English into mutually unintelligible varieties, and the implications of such a development for the translation economy, particularly in the light of the new nationalisms of the Brexit/Trump era, form the subject of the book’s conclusion.

Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E is a double-blind refereed journal that explores a variety of issues related to translation teaching and learning. We seek qualitative and quantitative research articles that are relevant to this subject. The publications will be available free online via our website. The length of papers should be around 2500 to 6000 words. http://www.cttl.org/

By Eugene Nida and Charles Taber (1969/1982) -- This volume on The Theory and Practice of Translation is the logical outgrowth of the previous book Toward a Science of Translating (1964), which explored some of the basic factors constituting a scientific approach to translation. This second volume presents certain of these same theories in a pedagogically oriented order, designed to assist the translator to master the theoretical elements as well as to gain certain practical skills in learning how to carry out the procedures. Though this present book treats the problems of translating primarily in terms of a scientific orientation to linguistic structures, semantic analysis, and [nformation theory, it does not lose sight of the fact that translating is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and in the ultimate analysis fully satisfactory translation is alwavs an art. (This text was made available at the following website: https://www.pdfdrive.com/the-theory-and-practice-of-translation-with-special-reference-to-bible-translating-helps-for-translators-8-d165240678.html)

Teaching of translation and writing in the university classroom tends to focus on task knowledge by practicing text production and analyzing and discussing the quality of products. In this article, we will argue that the outcome of teaching may be increased if students are taught to see themselves not only as learners, but also as thinkers and problem solvers. This can be achieved by systematically applying knowledge from process research as this can give insight into mental and physical processes of text production. This article provides an overview of methods commonly used in process research and discusses the pros and cons of their application in teaching of translation and writing at university levels.

Семиотика в Азербайджане: этапы развития или семиотика с  маршрутизатицей в ориентилистику
Semiotics in Azerbaijan: milestones or some itinerary to semiotics with orientalism

Rahilya Geybullayeva
Abstract
Данное исследование посвящено  оценке изучения семиотики в Азербайджане в различные периоды с акцентом на современном-постсоветском периоде. Оно обнаруживает три этапа развития в Азербайджане, а  точкой отчета  можно назвать  1970-е годы – советский период, когда семиотика как наука в Азербайджане формируется в рамках теории  литературы, фольклористики и отчасти лингвистики. Следущим этапом является постсоветский период и начало совместных проектов с Международной ассоциацией семиотики. Важную особенность специфики азербайджанской семиотики определяет предистория - исламский (став частью мусульманского мира в средневековый периода) и доисламский (этнические) элементы культуры. Еще одним этапом – происторическим- можно назвать региональные ососбенности значения-семиотики слов азербайджанского языка.
        В качестве метода дешифровки слов  из азербайджанского языка– на примере религиозных терминов, символов из классической исламской поэзии и некоторых слов каждодневного потребления- мы  используем аджат алфавит и слог, как минимальные единицы носителей семантики.

As the European colonisers pressed westward  during the nineteenth century, they needed interpreters in order to communicate with the peoples they encountered in their many languages. Most of the interpreters were recruited  from the native peoples. This paper emphasises that many of the interpreters were women.

Abstract: Translating legal texts attracts more and more attention in the field of translation, whether in the practice of the profession or at the theoretical level. This growing interest arises from the importance of the text being a document containing articles of law to govern the relationships between parties –individuals, companies or states, by conferring rights and imposing obligations. Due to the importance of these articles, together with the legal concepts they convey, they need to be stated in the texts with the maximum degree of clarity, avoiding any ambiguity that may lead to miscomprehension or give rise to different interpretations. For this reason, the legal texts are usually drafted in a specific manner by law professionals, who use fixed formulaic expressions which have been tried and tested over the years by their predecessors, and found suitable for directly conveying the desired technical concepts. These forms and expressions, almost only known to the professionals who receive them as part of their training, or copy them from law books, have developed into a highly technical language, characterized by its rigidly fixed formulae, or pre-fabricated routines, whose form has become part and parcel of their technical content. The legal text has thus acquired unique features which, in turn, bear heavily on its translation, defining the methods and techniques to be employed, and adding to the types of knowledge and skills required for the two steps of the process: comprehension of the source text and drafting of the target text. The first step requires deeper and more specific knowledge of the source language and its formal written varieties, to which adds the skill of properly analyzing the text to uncover its meaning from within a highly complicated structure, with lengthy sentences and rare forms which stand as remote as possible from ordinary parlance. For the second step, full command of the target language and its formal style is required and supposed to be complemented by the ability to meticulously search in parallel texts for the appropriate target language prefabricated routines, normally used by experts in each type of legal texts.

The availability of language services for patients with limited English proficiency has become a standard of care in the United States. Finding the resources to pay for language programs is challenging for providers, payers, and policymakers. There is no federal payment policy and states are developing policies using different methodologies for determining costs and reimbursement rates.  is paper establishes a conceptual framework that identifies program costs, can be used across health care entities, and can be understood by administrators, researchers, and policymakers to guide research and analysis and establish a common ground for informed strategic discussion of payment and reimbursement policy. Using case study methods, a framework was established to identify costs and included determining the perspective of the cost analysis as well as distinguishing between the financial accounting costs (direct, indirect, and overheard costs) and the economic opportunity and subsequent utilization costs.

“Anarda invocada” e “Persuade a Anarda que ame” são dois sonetos publicados em 1705 na coletânea de poemas Música do Parnasso. Tais textos abrem a seção intitulada “Primeiro coro de rimas portuguesas”. Serão apresentadas aqui as traduções dessas duas líricas para a língua italiana.

This article explores Brazilian poet Manoel de Barros’ collaboration with photographer Adriana Lafer in Arquitetura do silêncio (2015). The meta discourse on language that emerges in the book challenges meaning, reference, and translation as a means to transfigure the modes of seeing the Pantanal biome in Brazil, shifting our focus to the insignificant and abandoned things strewn across the ground. By reading Barros alongside Frege and Quine, this article argues in favour of the profound awareness of language in the Brazilian poet’s work, an awareness that culminates in the blurring of words and images in Arquitetura.

Herausgegeben von Franziska Heidrich und Klaus Schubert, University publishing house Hildesheim 2020 -- "Technical communication - controlled, regulated, optimized" Specialist communication - this is targeted, controlled communication that is carried out with optimized means. It is based on a methodologically conscious, criteria-based approach and is often regulated through steering intervention. This should facilitate and thus improve both the production and the reception of specialist communicative products. The interdisciplinary, multidimensional field of specialist communication science is constantly evolving. In addition to the classic research of vocabulary, the discourse is very broad today. This anthology also combines approaches to the entire breadth of modern specialist communication science.

Au seuil de la modérnité, la diversité des langues humaines pose aux philosophes non plus seulement des questions théoriques, mais encore des problèmes pratiques, liés au progressif abandon du latin comme langue institutionnelle de la philosophie. La réflexion philosophique sur le langage se double d'une exigence pratique qui mène les philosophes à réfléchir sur leur propre langue. L'oeuvre de Leibniz est, à ce propos, exemplaire: outre à étudier " en théoricien " les langues naturelles, en les envisageant sous de multiples points de vue , Leibniz a traité à plusieurs reprises la question de la langue philosophique optimale, et il a concrètement expérimenté les performances expressives d'idiomes différents, jusqu'à se poser le problème de leur traductibilité réciproque. C'est principalement cette approche " pragmatique " au problème du langage qui retiendra ici notre attention, bien que pour comprendre les solutions leibniziennes il faudra questionner encore leur arrière-plan théorique.

This is my own translation of Bataille's "epic poem," "L'Archangélique" (1942, republished in 1967). This version corrects the erroneous or awkward renderings in the published English translation by Mark Spitzer, which was consulted in the course of this translation.

Extended review and discussion of Emily Apter's "Against World Literature: On the Politics of Untranslatability" (New York: Verso, 2013). The book's most powerful argument, in my view, is that the "untranslatable" profitless excreta of the world's literatures are both the matter with which to rethink comparison and the limits of the inflationary World Literature industry.

Jerónimo Pizarro & Paulo de Medeiros (2020) Introduction: Fernando Pessoa and translation,
The Translator, 26:4, 317-323,
DOI: 10.1080/13556509.2021.1882087
https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2021.1882087
Introduction to an special issue | Published online: 13 Jul 2021

This special issue of The Translator focuses on Fernando Pessoa, one of the greatest Modernist writers. Initially celebrated as a poet, the posthumous publication of his prose masterpiece, Livro do Desassossego [The Book of Disquiet], has greatly contributed to his name being safely inscribed in the canon of world literature. Pessoa wrote in many genres in English and French, besides Portuguese. And he was also deeply engaged with questions of translation. This is an area that calls for much critical reflection and this issue aims at presenting a more systematic approach to Pessoa and questions of translation. In doing so, it also offers a significant example of the multiple ways in which the study of translation and translational approaches can be applied to and illuminate the work of an author whose profile and reception are at once part of a national canon and profoundly transnational. Just as studying Pessoa’s texts from the perspective of translation studies can yield significant new insights into is practice, so too, reflecting on Pessoa’s multiplicity can hopefully open up some avenues for further enriching the varied approaches to research on translation.

En franchissant la porte de l'univers de Paul Zahra, impossible de résister … On se laisse envahir par les chuchotements, les ombres et les parfums d'un autre siècle. Paul nous prend par la main et nous sert de guide dans son monde : une époque de bouleversements technologiques, de découvertes scientifiques et culturelles sans précédent et d'écrivains exceptionnels qui ont immortalisé le tout-bref, le monde du 19 e siècle. Ancien professeur de littérature française devenu traducteur dans le département maltais depuis 2004, Paul a su faire vivre en lui à la fois les acronymes tels que LTC/ IATE/CATE et la traduction des romans des grands noms de la littérature française. « J'ai toujours été épris de littérature française » nous confie-t-il. « Mon mémoire de maîtrise étant centré sur les personnages de prêtres dans la littérature française du 19 e , notamment chez Stendhal, Balzac, Flaubert, Hugo et Zola. J'ai fait beaucoup de recherches qui m'aident dans ma démarche de traduction de leurs oeuvres. » Traduction littéraire versus traduction à la DGT Quand on parle de traduction littéraire par rapport à une traduction de la DGT, Paul commence par dire: « Par comparaison avec la traduction littéraire, la traduction des textes de la Commission est un peu mécanique et ne pose pas de gros problèmes de grammaire ni de syntaxe. Les verbes sont à l'indicatif et la structure de la phrase n'est pas très alambiquée. Seul le lexique est compliqué, parce qu'il est technique et spécialisé. » Quand on évoque les outils, cependant, Paul estime qu'il serait impossible de faire une traduction littéraire avec Studio, parce que l'affichage de très longues phrases sur l'écran ne permet pas d'avoir une vue d'ensemble sur le texte. D'ailleurs, dans les textes littéraires, il n'y a guère de répétitions internes.

In this study we seek to provide the theoretical background for corpus-based translation study and the pedagogic value of using corpus tools in teaching translation. We begin by discussing the effi-ciency of using corpora in translation from the perspective of various linguistic scholars. A view on the ways for enhancing the student-translator’s competence by teaching corpora strategies in the transla-tion classroom will be presented and subjected to critical analysis through a practical task-based expe-riment run in collaboration with the University of Bath, UK. Finally, the proposed findings will be fur-ther elaborated by means of a self-assessment survey to give a clearer assumption of the concept’s fea-sibility. As a result of the experiment, the hypothesis about the efficiency of using language corpora sys-tems in the classroom was proved when facing translation problems and looking for strategic solutions. Thus, we suggest corpus-based methodological approach be crucial to further research in corpus-based translation studies.

In den nunmehr sechzig Jahren ihres Bestehens war die neue Wissenschaft vom Übersetzen immer wieder bemüht, ihr Verhältnis zur Linguistik zu definieren – sei es durch die Übernahme theoretischer Ansätze aus verschiedenen sprachwis-senschaftlichen Schulen oder aber durch die Abgrenzung von linguistischen Fragestellungen. So hat die Übersetzungswissenschaft jahrzehntelang die innere Entwicklung der Sprachwissenschaft von der sprachkontrastiven Forschung bis hin zur Computerlinguistik mimetisch mitverfolgt, um dann später im Zuge ihrer Emanzipation von der Matrix-Disziplin Linguistik auch eine Reihe anders orientierter "Wenden" (Snell-Hornby 2006) zu erleben. Dabei waren es insbesondere die Kultur- und Kognitionswissenschaften, die den Horizont der übersetzungswissenschaftlichen Reflexionen entscheidend erweiterten. Allerdings ist die Linguistik weiterhin ein Referenzpunkt. Davon zeugen neue Publikationen (z. B. Kvam 2009, Milliaressi 2011), die linguistische Fragestellungen in systematischer sowie praktischer Hinsicht als aktuell für die Frage der Translation erachten. Jörn Albrecht (2001) kündigt sogar einen linguistic return der neueren Übersetzungsforschung an.

Polish translation of the opening part of Book One of Goslicius' De optimo Senatore (1568).
In O senatorze doskonałym studia. Prace upamiętniające postać i twórczość Wawrzyńca Goślickiego pod redakcja Aleksandra Stępkowskiego (Warszawa: Kancelaria Senatu, 2007) p.216-226

This study attempted to investigate the similarities and differences regarding the conceptions of translation
eternality among a small group of Iranian people of different social positions and different ages. Sixty-two
participants were selected based on the maximum variation sampling. To gather data, semi-structured interview was
utilized. The participants were asked a list of 11 questions collected from the existing literature on the similar topics.
Then, the interviews were transcribed for analyzing the data. Besides, Erikson’s (1959) theory of development was
used to classify participants of different ages in four groups of teenager, young, middle age, and old. The high
frequency factors were found and analyzed with the use of Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) nested ecological model.
Moreover, the participants were classified in 11 groups based on their social positions and their conceptions were
analyzed with the same method. Broadly speaking, 17 central tendencies in the interviews were obtained: People
mainly focused on subjects of the books, translation fluency, author’s competence in writing, and translator’s
competence, translations which have common grounds with social events of Iran, advertisement, existence of movie
or cartoon adaptation of the book, translator’s awareness of the content of the book, existence of cultural
similarities between the source and target culture, popularity of the translator, author, and the original book,
conversational language in translation, translation fidelity, being both translator and author, and effect of censorship
on translation. Besides, old participants seemed to have more precise view on translation eternality and teenager’s
concerns were mostly about the appearance-related issues.

Under the banner of the international turn and De-Westernization, a lively discussion of fundamental questions has been taking place in recent years. The point of departure of this debate
is a concern that internal developments in the politics of language and translation have led to a
conceptual homogeneity within the specialist discourse of translation studies, with the effect
that internationality of the discipline is at stake. The particular provocation of this debate is
based primarily on the fact that, ironically, the very discipline known for its linguistic and cultural diversity finds itself being criticized for lacking sensitivity for cultural and linguistic difference
at the level of theory and concept-building. The present article discusses the wish to promote
disciplinary internationality in the constitution of objects and the formation of concepts, in order to also draw some conclusions about the internationalization of the research community.
The aim is to identify a few blind spots within the De-Westernizing debate that hinder the field
of translation studies in its fundamental pursuit of internationalizing the discipline.

This paper is interested in the idea of a felt proximity to deity in the Indian context as exemplified by a certain mobilization of Indian holy figures in visual culture, their inscription in the everyday. When the imminence of deities is experienced through visual media, deities and their depictions become so wrapped up in one another that the boundaries separating the two (boundaries of a material/non-material nature) could be said to dissolve. In this sense, when a great deal of India’s national identity (and national tensions) rely on a belonging to a particular religious group, there is a potential for threat in visual culture to that which would otherwise be above the worldly and safe from interrogation. In a thought process which sees the creation of visual culture as that which undermines transcendence, the art of M.F. Husain and the controversy that it has provoked (particularly as far as the Hindu right are concerned) cannot be ignored. The essay looks at the artist's 'Bharat Mata' and ask how it engages with a certain approach to Indian culture in a new way.

Seit ihrem Erscheinen 2010 ist Holger Sievers
Habilitationsschrift fester Bestandteil der deutschsprachigen
übersetzungswissenschaftlichen Diskussion. Man trifft sie oft zitiert
und in der Bibliographie neuerer Publikationen angeführt. Die
Quintessenz dieser Arbeit lässt sich auch anhand des Titels wie folgt
zusammenfassen: Sie bietet in einem ersten historiographischen Teil
einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Disziplin in einem Zeitraum
von 40 Jahren seit ihrer Entstehung bis zur Jahrtausendwende und
mündet im zweiten Teil in den Entwurf einer integrativen
Übersetzungstheorie auf der Grundlage der Semiotik und der
Interpretationsphilosophie.

The present study attempts to scrutinize the constituting single words or schemata comprising an English dentistry textbook and its Persian translation on the basis of microstructural approach to schema theory. To this end seventy pages constituting ten percent of both English and Persian texts were chosen randomly, parsed, codified and assigned to the three schema domains, i.e., semantic, syntactic and parasyntactic. The genera as well as species of the domains were also specified and codified. To limit the scope of the study, however, only the semantic domain schemata constituting the two texts were analyzed in terms of their types and tokens. It was hypothesized the Persian translation will be schema-based if the types and tokens of its semantic schema genera and species would not differ significantly from those of the English text. The results, however, showed that the two texts differed significantly from each other at the domain, genus and species level. The findings thus confirm schema theory as an objective criterion to evaluate the empirical validity of translated texts. The pedagogical implications of the findings within the fields of translation, foreign language teaching and testing are discussed.