UDP

The demand for internet applications has increased rapidly. Providing quality of service (QoS) requirements for varied internet application is a challenging task. One important factor that is significantly affected on the QoS service is the transport layer. The transport layer provides end-to-end data transmission across a network. Currently, the most common transport protocols used by internet application are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Also, there are recent transport protocols such as DCCP (data congestion control protocol), SCTP (stream congestion transmission protocol), and TFRC (TCP-friendly rate control), which are in the standardization process of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In this paper, we evaluate the performance of UDP, DCCP, SCTP and TFRC protocols for different traffic flows: data transmission, video traffic, and VOIP in wired networks. The performance criteria used for this evaluation include throughput, end to end delay, and packet loss rate. Well-known network simulator NS-2 used to implement the UDP, DCCP, SCTP, and TFRC protocols performance comparison. Based on the simulation results, the performance throughput of SCTP and TFRC is better than UDP. Moreover, DCCP performance is superior SCTP and TFRC in term of end-to-end delay.

LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks have been introduced in 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) release 8 specifications, with an objective of high-data-rate, low latency
and packet-optimized radio access technology. This paper analyses the possibilities, capabilities and features of EstiNet Network Simulator and Emulator that can be used for modelling and analysing the behaviour of LTE networks. It also illustrates a simple scenario where one or several LTE User Equipment (UEs) are connected to Internet, and evaluates the throughput performance for TCP and UDP traffic in downlink direction. Some important LTE network parameters are also specified for this performance evaluation. Finally it will be concluded that EstiNet is a suitable simulation and emulation tool for modelling and analysing the behaviour of LTE networks.

Sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi internet, Wireless Sensor Network terintegrasi dalam konsep Internet of Things (IoT) atau disebut dengan istilah IP-based Wireless Sensor Network. Untuk sensor node yang mengirimkan data secara realtime, maka dibutuhkan protokol yang ringan dengan konsumsi daya yang rendah. Dalam hal ini, penulis memilih XMPP berbasis UDP sebagai protokol yang bisa digunakan komunikasi end-to-end dalam jaringan internet dengan daya minimal. Kesimpulan dari tulisan ini yaitu: secara konsep XMPP berbasis UDP dapat digunakan untuk mengirimkan data realtime dari sensor network dengan konsumsi daya minimal karena XMPP memiliki format yang sederhana dan metode kompresi XML pada XMPP menjadikan data yang dikirim kecil. Sedangkan pengiriman dengan UDP memungkinkan data dikirim lebih cepat karena tanpa mekanisme handshaking sehingga konsumsi daya juga bisa dikurangi.

— In this paper, we present a developed NS-3 based emulation platform for evaluating and optimizing the performance of the LTE networks. The developed emulation platform is designed to provide real-time measurements. Thus it eliminates the need for the high cost spent on real equipment. The developed platform consists of three main parts, which are video server, video client(s), and NS-3 based simulation environment for LTE network. Using the developed platform, the server streams video clips to the existing clients going through the LTE simulated network. We utilize this setup to evaluate multiple cases such as mobility and handover. Moreover, we use it for evaluating multiple streaming protocols such as UDP, RTP, and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH).

Recent advancements in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) have turned this area in one of the most promising research topics to bring innovative and useful technologies in the future. Solutions for a low-cost and efficient Home Automation model have always been a widely addressed problem; This study focuses on the architecture and design of wireless, flexible and inexpensive smart home system. Using Mega 2560 Arduino Board Platform, we develop an intelligent system able to send real-time video and GSM-based information of a break-in, fire and motion detection, along with an advanced temperature and humidity monitoring system. A prototype is designed, and tested on China Mobile Network, in 20 samples the prototype shows a 9.4s average time of response.

Para se falar das portas primeiro tem que se falar da camada de transporte porque a função da camada de transporte é o de fornecer comunicação lógica entre processos de aplicação em diferentes hospedeiros. Os protocolos de transporte são executados nos sistemas finais Lado emissor: quebra as mensagens da aplicação em segmentos e envia para a camada de rede. Lado receptor: remonta os segmentos em mensagens e passa para a camada de aplicação. Porta é uma identificação lógica presente na camada de transporte, que irá identificar o processo que está efetuando a comunicação. Quase todos os programas se comunicam usando o modelo cliente-servidor, Os programas servidores sempre esperam pelas requisições dos clientes em portas amplamente conhecidas, chamadas de
Portas Bem-Conhecidas (Well-Known Ports). Cada número de porta é um número de 16 bits que podem variar de 0 a 65535 (pois 216 = 65536). Desta forma, o cliente geralmente sabe o número de porta na qual o servidor espera pela comunicação. O próprio cliente também escolhe um número de porta disponível para que ele possa receber a resposta
do servidor.

Current wireless sensor devices are facing a lot of issues to integrate with the global internet communication networks due to incompatible Application messaging protocols. Currently various heterogeneous application messaging protocols are available like HTTP, MQTT, COAP, DDS, AMQP. Each of this application messaging protocols are designed and implemented as per different application requirements considering the computational resources and available communication bandwidth. These protocols are not suitable for constrained sensor devices due to limitation of computational power and bandwidth. MQTT protocol is designed and implemented for Machine to Machine communication, but still not suitable for low power sensor devices due to complex TCP transport protocol used. More Efficient MQTT-SN protocol is (Message Queue Telemetry Transport-Sensor Network) proposed for sensor devices considering the wireless sensor network characteristics, power constraint and bandwidth limitations. MQTT-SN messages are transported using less over head UDP Transport Protocol. In this paper we are provided the procedure how the MQTT-SN Gateway Integration with Industry standard AWS MQTT-Server and End to End Sensor Data Transmission from Sensor Device to the IOT Application through MQTT-SN Gateway and AWS(Amazon Web Services) MQTT Server.

Smart Home concept is to connect several devices to perform control and the device to be controlled to help any human needs. So it should have one device being Host and several devices being Client. The environment in this case is a home that there is too much technology that planted technologies that has much influence at human activities is called pervasive computing. The device communication should be has a protocol, at the research used UDP protocol because it doesn't need to negotiate before performing communication like a TCP. With UDP behavior did not use to validate at every send or deliver data because at Smart Home environment doesn't need a large or big data being processed. LabView used at this research based on previous research, but MyRIO has used this research to perform Client and Host performed by PC. So it can measure how usable the design that created.This research proves that LabView and MyRIO successfully implemented
with the design that created to perform Pervasive Computing for Smart
Home environment. Functional testing scenario conducted by every
condition that on system environment, based on design all testing scenario successfully and working as well as expected.

In this paper, we present a developed NS-3 based emulation platform for evaluating and optimizing the performance of the LTE networks. The developed emulation platform is designed to provide real-time measurements. Thus it eliminates the need for the high cost spent on real equipment. The developed platform consists of three main parts, which are video server, video client(s), and NS-3 based simulation environment for LTE network. Using the developed platform, the server streams video clips to the existing clients going through the LTE simulated network. We utilize this setup to evaluate multiple cases such as mobility and handover. Moreover, we use it for evaluating multiple streaming protocols such as UDP, RTP, and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). Keywords-DASH, Emulation, LTE, NS-3, Real-time, RTP, UDP.

Abstract: Audio/Video Streaming services enable us to watch videos or listen to music from anywhere and from any web enabled multimedia device like our personal computers or smart phones. All that the user requires other than a personal computer or a smart device are Internet connection and a user account on the service’s website. This will allow users to enjoy music anytime-while driving a car, taking an evening walk etc.. The need for Multimedia streaming arises from the following factors: First, storage capacities of our devices are limited .It is not possible to store all our favourite music/video files in them. Also new songs/videos are being added to the already existing list of millions of songs/videos on a weekly or monthly basis. Therefore, it is more convenient to stream from a service to our personal computers or smart devices connected to the Internet by logging into our account. Also, the need to frequently update the songs/videos on each device independently is eliminated. This saves time and money. Secondly, we are moving towards high quality audio/video. Streaming enables us to consume high quality audio/video without the need of high end hardware on the consumer side. Thus, it leads to reduced reduce hardware cost. We will discuss in this paper, how streaming works and the protocols and codecs associated with audio/video streaming. An improvement over the currently used model is suggested. Finally, we will discuss the challenges and legal issues related with multimedia streaming.
Keywords: Streaming, protocol, codec, cloud, service, copyright, TCP, UDP, RTSP, RTP, RTCP, P2P.
Title: Multimedia Streaming and Related Issues
Author: Sober Lourembam, Venkatata Rajesh M, Meina Singh
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research
ISSN 2348-120X (online), ISSN 2348-1196 (print)
Research Publish Journals

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a wireless technology that plays an important role in several modern applications which include military, civil, health and real-time applications. Providing Quality of Service (QoS) for this application with network characterized by node mobility, infrastructure-less, limitation resource is a critical issue and takes greater attention. However, transport protocols effected influential on the performance of MANET application. This study provides an analysis and evaluation of the performance for TFRC, UDP and TCP transport protocols in MANET environment. In order to achieve high accuracy results, the three transport protocols are implemented and simulated with four different network topology which are 5, 10, 30 and 50 nodes, respectively using well known Network Simulator (NS-2.35). Moreover, Constant Bit Rate (CBR) considered as a traffic source and On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) as the routing protocol. For evaluation performance, QoS metrics such as end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, throughput and jitter are measured. The results show that delay and jitter of TFRC are slightly less than UDP and TCP whereas UDP has the significantly better performance wise throughput.

Transport layer is responsible for delivering data to the appropriate application process on the host computers. The two most popular transport layer protocols are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is considered one of the most important protocols in the Internet. UDP is a minimal message-oriented Transport Layer protocol. In this paper we have compared the performance of TCP and UDP on the wired network. Network Simulator (NS2) has been used for performance Comparison since it is preferred by the networking research community. Constant bit rate (CBR) traffic used for both TCP and UDP protocols.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) adalah protokol pada layer transport yang bersifat conectionless. Artinya UDP tidak mementingkangkan bagaimana keadaan koneksi, jadi jika terjadi pengiriman data maka tidak dijamin sampai tidaknya. Pada UDP juga tidak ada pemecahan data,  oleh karena itu tidak dapat dilakukan pengiriman data dengan ukuran yang besar.

The BitTorrent protocol should (in the long run) be overseen by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), in the capacity of providing "a framework for documenting the protocol state machines" (Client to Client, Client to Tracker & Torrent File Syntax).

The ITU should in no way interfere with the evolution of distributed file transfer protocols, but assist where possible to make these networks as compatible and interoperable with IP and Non-IP networks as possible.

Cuando se intenta configurar una red de área local inalámbrica (WLAN) de forma manual con los procedimientos tradicionales más difundidos, se obtiene un fallo crítico que arroja un mensaje «error for wireless request "set encode" (8b2a)» si el punto de acceso inalámbrico (WAP) protege la red con sistemas WPA o WPA2. Esto, se debe a que los procedimientos tradicionales basan su método de configuración en redes protegidas con el antiguo sistema de protección WEP declarado obsoleto hace más de una década, a raíz de sus conocidas debilidades criptográficas. Este estudio se concentró en entender el funcionamiento exacto de las redes inalámbricas, sus protocolos, sistemas de protección y mecanismos de transmisión de datos, para obtener así, el procedimiento más adecuado para lograr una configuración propicia cuando se prescinde por completo del entorno gráfico.

Sockets are used nearly everywhere, but are one of the most severely misunderstood technologies around. This is a 10,000 foot overview of sockets. It’s not really a tutorial - you’ll still have work to do in getting things operational. It doesn’t cover the fine points (and there are a lot of them), but I hope it will give you enough background to begin using them decently.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a network temporarily without any support of central administration. Moreover, Every node in MANET moves arbitrarily making the multi-hop network topology to change randomly at unpredictable times. There are several familiar routing protocols like DSDV, AODV, DSR, etc… which have been proposed for providing communication among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents a performance comparison of proactive and reactive protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay by using the NS-2 simulator.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a client server protocol for transferring files between networked devices. A TFTP client can upload or download files to or from a remote server using the UDP transport protocol. Although it is simple to implement and is largely used in network booting, the TFTP provides no security features and it lacks most of the features of regular File Transfer Protocol (FTP). It does not support authentication or encryption process and allows public files to be accessible to all users on the network. In this work we propose to incorporate security into TFTP by the use of lightweight symmetric encryption for data encryption and asymmetric encryption for secret key exchange protocol that can be implemented in smart embedded devices.  The performance of the secure TFTP in transferring files was measured as the packet size of encrypted data was varied from 32 bytes to 4096 bytes. A modification of packet header in the TFTP packet was required in order to implement encryption algorithms such as El-Gamal encryption scheme. The outcome of our experiment in ARM Embedded RaspberryPi shows that by adding encryption scheme or attestation in the TFTP protocol, it will not render the TFTP performance due to having an implementation of security protocol.

There are genuine concerns for the right transport connection to be deployed on a particular routing protocol in order to have a reliable, fast and robust communication in spite of the size and the dynamics of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) topology. This paper comparatively studies the individual implementation of reactive and proactive protocols on both UDP and TCP transport connection using packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end to end delay and delay variation (jitter) as quality of service (QoS) metrics. We studied the combination of both the transport connection and routing protocol that will deliver the best QoS in simple and complex network scenarios with source and destination nodes fixed and the intermediate nodes randomly moving throughout the simulation time. More so, the intrinsic characteristics of the routing protocols regarding the QoS metrics and transport connection are studied. Forty simulations were run for simple and complex multi-hop network models and the results were analyzed and presented.

TCP/IP is a dynamic window based protocol that is used over the Internet. Its widely use is mainly based on its high dynamic nature of adaptability to any kind of network capacity. Since the development of TCP as an internet standard, special attention has ...

Pada OSI model terdapat 7 Layer. Setiap Layer bertanggung jawab secara khusus pada proses komunikasi data. Model Layer OSI dibagi dalam dua group yaitu Upper Layer dan Lower Layer. Upper Layer terdiri dari Application, Presentation dan Session. Sedangkan Lower Layer terdiri dari  Transport, Network, Data Link dan Physical.
UDP singkatan dari User Datagram Protocol, adalah salah satu protokol lapisan transpor TCP/IP yang mendukung komunikasi yang tidak andal (unreliable), tanpa koneksi (connectionless) antara host-host dalam jaringan yang menggunakan TCP/IP

Several types of IPv6 transition mechanisms have been developed to facilitate the migration of IPv4 to the new protocol, IPv6. Although all transition mechanisms have the same objective, the process necessitates compliance with their respective capabilities. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the transition mechanisms namely 6 to 4 tunneling in terms of data transmission. The assessment is based upon experimental work that is conducted on a controlled environment. User-to-user network performance software is ...

Active queue management disciplines such as RED and its extensions (CHOKe, FRED, BRED) have been widely studied as mechanisms for providing congestion avoidance, differentiated services and fairness between different traffic classes. With the emergence of new ...

Bricks have been used in the construction industry as a building medium for millennia. Distinct patterns of bricks depict the unique aesthetic intentions found in Roman, Gothic and Islamic architecture. In contemporary practice, the use of digital tools in design has enabled methodologies for creating new forms in architecture. CAD and BIM systems provide new opportunities for designers to create parametric objects for building form generation. In masonry design, there exists an inherent contradiction between traditional patterns in brick design, which are formal and prescribed, and the potential for new patterns generated using design scripting. In addition, current tools do not provide interactive techniques for the design of the brickwork patterns in a way that changes of the pattern can be managed parametrically while being mapped to the brick wall in real time. An interactive technique can help to inform and influence the design process, by providing constant feedback on the co...

News article category predictor focuses on designing and developing an application to predict the category of news article intended to upload in the newspaper. This paper presents the algorithm for classification of articles into different genres based on the information retrieval from the article. The algorithm proposed here helps to classify the topic and discover the new topic as they appear in the content or the report provided. The algorithm explained here basically uses keyword extraction algorithm that is applicable to any of the languages.