World Wide Web

Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, edited by Moore
and Tambini, is an attempt to decipher these tech giants’ digital effects on society, the
economy and politics, as well as to explore if and how these dominant players influence
these arenas. In addition to exploring if and how digital technologies have come to serve
and/or dominate human lives, the book also explains the Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple
and Microsoft (GAFA-M) factor in this struggle. The GAFA-M as the five largest digital
companies, are here to stay and will continue to impact humanity and the lives of individuals.
The authors in this edited collection attempt to answer the prime question posed in the
book, “Will the market end the tech giants’ digital dominance?”

With the emergence of the World Wide Web, analyzing and improving Web communication has become essential to adapt the Web content to the visitors’ expectations. Web communication analysis is traditionally performed by Web analytics software, which produce long lists of page-based audience metrics. These results suffer from page synonymy, page polysemy, page temporality, and page volatility. In addition, the metrics contain little semantics and are too detailed to be exploited by organization managers and chief editors, who need summarized and conceptual information to take high-level decisions. To obtain such metrics, we propose to classify the Web site pages into categories representing the Web site topics and to aggregate the page hits accordingly. In this paper, we show how to compute and visualize these metrics using OLAP tools. To solve the page-temporality issue, we propose to classify the versions of the pages using automatic classifiers.

We investigate the issues involved in developing a scalable World Wide Web (WWW) server on a cluster of workstations and parallel machines. The objective is to strengthen the processing capabilities of such a server by utilizing the power of multicomputers to match huge demands in simultaneous access requests from the Internet. We have implemented a system called SWEB on a distributed memory machine, the Meiko CS-2, and networked workstations. The scheduling component of the system actively monitors the usages of CPU, I/O channels and the interconnection network to effectively distribute HTTP requests across processing units to exploit task and I/O parallelism. We present the experimental results on the performance of this system

This paper attempts to review the development of the Web until 1999, the date when it is published the standard HTML 4.0. In this paper it is also explained the development of HTML standard, which is currently the primary infrastructure where the World Wide Web is built. During this time we focus on some of the most noteworthy events of this period, we collect the set of institutions that today lead the Web and we outline some of the most significant innovations and the first conflicts of interest that rise up in the paradigm of public and private players and different organizations. Finally, as an appendix we deal with technologies and associations that deserve a separate section of this retrospective and the famous «browser wars» that have had a major impact on the way that today´s companies, standards and business models are commanded.

The XML-based specification for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), sponsored by the World Wide Web consortium, allows for compact and descriptive vector graphics for the Web. This paper describes a set of three tools for creating SVG, either from first principles ...

Web server performance has steadily improved since the inception of the World Wide Web. We observe performance gains of two orders of magnitude between the original process-based Web servers and today’s threaded Web servers. Commercial and academic Web servers achieved much of these gains using new or improved event-notification mechanisms and techniques to eliminate reading and copying data, both of which required new operating system primitives. More recently, experimental and production Web servers began integrating HTTP processing in the TCP/IP stack and providing zero copy access to a kernel-managed cache. These kernelmode Web servers improved upon newer user-mode Web servers by a factor of two to six. This paper analyzes the significant performance gap between the newer user-mode and kernel-mode Web servers on Linux and Windows 2000. Several user-mode and kernel-mode Web servers are compared in three areas: data movement, event notification, and communication code path. To est...

Efficient processing of top- k queries is a crucial requirement in many interactive environments that involve massive amounts of data. In particular, efficient top- k processing in domains such as the Web, multimedia search, and distributed systems has shown a great impact on performance. In this survey, we describe and classify top- k processing techniques in relational databases. We discuss different design dimensions in the current techniques including query models, data access methods, implementation levels, data and query certainty, and supported scoring functions. We show the implications of each dimension on the design of the underlying techniques. We also discuss top- k queries in XML domain, and show their connections to relational approaches.

ABSTRACT The World Wide Web is currently considered as the most appropriate software platform for the deployment of applications in wide area networks (telematics) as well as corporate intranets. Such applications are, in the majority of cases, tightly coupled with legacy databases hosted by relational management systems. However, the nature of the database enabled WWW systems is quite different from that of classical database applications developed with tools like 4GLs, Forms, Menus, etc. The basic difference lies in the stateless character of the WWW. The `user session' concept, encountered in conventional database applications, does not apply in the WWW environment. Instead, interaction with the information server is accomplished through a series of hits (request–response interactions) which are treated independently. This paper presents an architecture for the deployment of stateful database gateways for WWW servers. Although the server still treats each individual hit independently, state information maintained in the WWW browser as well as in specialized agents that operate behind the WWW server renders the WWW appropriate for a `session-aware' database application. The effort required to port an existing `session-aware' database application to the WWW environment is minimal.

Local assortativity has been recently proposed as a measure to analyse complex networks. It has been noted that the Internet Autonomous System level networks show a markedly different local assortativity profile to most biological and social networks. In this paper we show that, even though several Internet growth models exist, none of them produce the local assortativity profile that can be observed in the real AS networks. We introduce a new generic growth model which can produce a linear local assortativity profile similar to that of the Internet. We verify that this model accurately depicts the local assortativity profile criteria of Internet, while also satisfactorily modelling other attributes of AS networks already explained by existing models.

We describe Syskill & Webert, a software agent that learnsto rate pages on the World Wide Web (WWW), decidingwhat pages might interest a user. The user rates exploredpages on a three point scale, and Syskill & Webert learnsa user profile by analyzing the information on each page.The user profile can be used in two ways. First, it can beused to

PHP is one of the most commonly used languages to develop web sites because of its simplicity, easy to learn and it can be easily embedded with any of the databases. A web developer with his basic knowledge developing an application without practising secure guidelines, improper validation of user inputs leads to various source code vulnerabilities. Logical flaws while designing, implementing and hosting the web application causes work flow deviation attacks. In this paper, we are analyzing the complete behaviour of a web application through static and dynamic analysis methodologies.

Abstract: Education can benefit from the use of technology in the teaching process. This has been done in the past using various technologies. In recent years, computers, information systems, multimedia and hypertext systems have been used to develop self-learning ...

The Internet of Things (IoT), in general, is a compelling paradigm that aims to connect everyday objects to the Internet. Nowadays, IoT is considered as one of the main technologies which contribute towards reshaping our daily lives in the next decade. IoT unlocks many exciting new opportunities in a variety of applications in research and industry domains. However, many have complained about the absence of the real-world IoT data. Unsurprisingly, a common question that arises regularly nowadays is "Does the IoT already exist?". So far, little has been known about the real-world situation on IoT, its attributes, the presentation of data and user interests. To answer this question, in this work, we conduct an in-depth analytical investigation on real IoT data. More specifically, we identify IoT data sources over the Web and develop a crawler engine to collect large-scale real-world IoT data for the first time. We make the results of our work available to the public in order...

The World Wide Web has become one of our more important information sources, and commercial search engines are the major tools for locating information; however, it is not enough for a Web page to be indexed by the search engines - it also must rank high on relevant queries. ...

The expanding role of the Web as a content and applications deployment platform and the appearance of new computing paradigms, such as thin-client computing, require now more than ever the introduction of concrete development frameworks. Although new approaches, technologies, tools, commercial applications appear daily, limited guidelines or frameworks exist that can assist Web developers in selecting the proper methodology and tools for the design, implementation and maintenance of flexible Web content and applications. Our work, triggered from our experience in implementing the Web presence of several large Greek Governmental organisations, attempts to address the major current and forthcoming problems that Web developers face. We propose a framework (RDF/XML based) that will act as a malleable development support environment, incorporating specific guidelines, which Web developers should always consider. The primary goals are achieving scalability (modular, component-based architecture), re-usability and technology independency in Web development. We focus on hypermedia content and applications.