Elevated FAI Index of Pericoronary Inflammation on Coronary CT Identifies Increased Risk of Coronary Plaque Vulnerability after COVID-19 Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Impact of Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerosis
1.2. COVID-19 Inflammatory Response: Pathophysiology
1.3. PVAT-FAI Mapping for Inflammation Detection
2. Results
2.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
2.2. PVAT-FAI Values and Scores
2.3. PVAT-FAI Score Centile of Coronary Inflammation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Population
4.2. CCTA Acquisition Procedure and Image Post-Processing
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Study Limitations and Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Whole Study Sample (n = 158) | Group 1 (COVID-19) (n = 75) | Group 2 (non COVID-19) (n = 83) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male gender, n (%) | 106 (67.08%) | 46 (61.33%) | 60 (72.29%) | NS |
Age at time of scan, mean ± SD | 61.63 ± 10.14 | 60.29 ± 10.30 | 62.84 ± 9.90 | NS |
Smoking, n (%) | 29 (18.35%) | 10 (13.33%) | 19 (22.89%) | NS |
Hypertension, n (%) | 135 (85.44%) | 61 (81.33%) | 74 (89.16%) | NS |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 79 (50.00%) | 30 (40.00%) | 49 (59.04%) | 0.02 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 44 (27.84%) | 18 (24.00%) | 26 (31.33%) | NS |
Obesity, n (%) | 41 (25.94%) | 25 (33.33%) | 16 (20.25%) | 0.07 |
BMI, mean ± SD | 27.57 ± 4.29 | 28.51 ± 4.21 | 26.93 ± 4.25 | 0.03 |
PCI after CCTA, n (%) | 69 (43.67%) | 27 (36.99%) | 42 (50.60%) | NS |
Multi-vessel PCI, n (%) | 23 (14.55%) | 7 (25.93%) | 16 (38.10%) | NS |
Heart failure, n (%) | 117 (74.05%) | 57 (76.00%) | 60 (75.95%) | NS |
LVEF (%), mean ± SD | 47.69 ± 5.07 | 48.34 ± 4.18 | 47.12 ± 5.71 | NS |
Creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 0.97 ± 0.26 | 0.93 ± 0.23 | 1.00 ± 0.27 | NS |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 167.3 ± 47.13 | 161.4 ± 43.55 | 171.0 ± 49.24 | 0.07 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 145.7 ± 69.49 | 134.1 ± 75.04 | 154.0 ± 64.58 | 0.03 |
COVID-19 vaccine, n (%) | 99 (62.65%) | 43 (57.33%) | 56 (60.22%) | NS |
Time from COVID-19 to CCTA (days), mean ± SD | 138.1 ± 103.2 |
Parameters | Whole Study Sample (n = 158) | Group 1 (COVID-19) (n = 75) | Group 2 (non COVID-19) (n = 83) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
FAI HU LAD, mean ± SD | −76.08 ± 7.66 | −75.07 ± 7.59 | −76.46 ± 7.74 | NS |
FAI HU LCX, mean ± SD | −71.32 ± 7.50 | −71.44 ± 7.88 | −71.21 ± 7.16 | NS |
FAI HU RCA, mean ± SD | −73.11 ± 8.94 | −72.97 ± 9.38 | −73.23 ± 9.61 | NS |
FAI-Score LAD, mean ± SD | 10.54 ± 6.97 | 9.32 ± 6.00 | 11.61 ± 7.60 | 0.05 |
FAI-Score LCX, mean ± SD | 11.48 ± 6.50 | 10.48 ± 6.24 | 12.43 ± 6.65 | 0.05 |
FAI-Score RCA, mean ± SD | 15.00 ± 11.71 | 14.54 ± 12.17 | 15.40 ± 11.36 | NS |
FAI-Score TOTAL, mean ± SD | 11.72 ± 7.87 | 10.47 ± 7.19 | 12.81 ± 8.28 | 0.001 |
FAI-Score Centile LAD, mean ± SD | 0.61 ± 0.28 | 0.66 ± 0.29 | 0.58 ± 0.28 | 0.05 |
FAI-Score Centile LCX, mean ± SD | 0.73 ± 0.22 | 0.79 ± 0.16 | 0.68 ± 0.26 | 0.03 |
FAI-Score Centile RCA, mean ± SD | 0.73 ± 0.26 | 0.83 ± 0.20 | 0.68 ± 0.29 | 0.05 |
Fat Attenuation Index (HU) | A non-adjusted, graphic illustration of the level of inflammation in the three primary epicardial coronary arteries. |
Fat Attenuation Index-Score | A personalized measurement of the quantification of coronary inflammation in the three primary epicardial coronary arteries, adjusted for age and gender, expressed as a relative risk. |
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Mátyás, B.B.; Benedek, I.; Blîndu, E.; Gerculy, R.; Roșca, A.; Rat, N.; Kovács, I.; Opincariu, D.; Parajkó, Z.; Szabó, E.; et al. Elevated FAI Index of Pericoronary Inflammation on Coronary CT Identifies Increased Risk of Coronary Plaque Vulnerability after COVID-19 Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 7398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087398
Mátyás BB, Benedek I, Blîndu E, Gerculy R, Roșca A, Rat N, Kovács I, Opincariu D, Parajkó Z, Szabó E, et al. Elevated FAI Index of Pericoronary Inflammation on Coronary CT Identifies Increased Risk of Coronary Plaque Vulnerability after COVID-19 Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(8):7398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087398
Chicago/Turabian StyleMátyás, Botond Barna, Imre Benedek, Emanuel Blîndu, Renáta Gerculy, Aurelian Roșca, Nóra Rat, István Kovács, Diana Opincariu, Zsolt Parajkó, Evelin Szabó, and et al. 2023. "Elevated FAI Index of Pericoronary Inflammation on Coronary CT Identifies Increased Risk of Coronary Plaque Vulnerability after COVID-19 Infection" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8: 7398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087398