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Volume 14
Issue 10
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Agriculture, Volume 14, Issue 10 (October 2024) – 27 articles

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22 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
Impact of Rural E-Commerce on Farmers’ Income and Income Gap
by Xin Guan, Lei He and Zhiquan Hu
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101689 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
Rural e-commerce, as a new form of digital economy, is of great significance in promoting the income of rural households and realizing common prosperity. Based on the 2021 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS), the impact of rural e-commerce on farmers’ income and the [...] Read more.
Rural e-commerce, as a new form of digital economy, is of great significance in promoting the income of rural households and realizing common prosperity. Based on the 2021 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS), the impact of rural e-commerce on farmers’ income and the intra-rural income gap is explored using quantile regression. The results found that (1) rural e-commerce can effectively promote the level of farm household income and alleviate the intra-rural income disparity, with this finding still holding after addressing the potential endogeneity problem and conducting robust-type tests. (2) Rural e-commerce has the most pronounced income-generating effect on low-income households in the southern region; participation in rural e-commerce has a more “center-expanding” effect on households in the secondary education and high material capital groups. (3) Saving production and operation costs, shortening the product circulation chain, and improving access to information are channels through which rural e-commerce affects households’ income. It is recommended to actively promote the deep integration and development of rural e-commerce in rural areas, establish a sound mechanism for bridging the “digital divide”, encourage e-commerce “leaders” to build a perfect industrial chain, and guide smallholders to integrate into the rural e-commerce industrial chain to enjoy the digital dividend. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
15 pages, 7837 KiB  
Article
Design and Testing of a Closed Multi-Channel Air-Blowing Seedling Pick-Up Device for an Automatic Vegetable Transplanter
by Bingchao Zhang, Xiangyu Wen, Yongshuang Wen, Xinglong Wang, Haoqi Zhu, Zexin Pan and Zhenyu Yang
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101688 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
In this study, a closed multi-channel air-blowing plug seedling pick-up device and a combined plug tray were designed to address the issues of complex structure, high seedling damage rates and low pick-up efficiency in fully automated vegetable transplanter systems. The device operates by [...] Read more.
In this study, a closed multi-channel air-blowing plug seedling pick-up device and a combined plug tray were designed to address the issues of complex structure, high seedling damage rates and low pick-up efficiency in fully automated vegetable transplanter systems. The device operates by sealing the plug seedlings in a seedling cup, where compressed air is channeled into the sealed cavity through multiple passages during the seedling pick-up process. The upper surface of the seedling plug is subjected to uniform force, overcoming the friction and adhesion between the plug seedlings and the tray. This process presses the seedlings into the guide tube, completing the pick-up operation. A mechanical model for the plug seedlings was developed, and the kinetics of the pick-up process were analyzed. The multi-channel high-pressure airflow was simulated and evaluated, identifying three key parameters affecting seedling pick-up performance: water content of the seedling plug, air pressure during pick-up, and air-blowing duration. Using these factors as variables, and with seedling pick-up rate and substrate loss rate as evaluation indicators, single-factor experiments and a three-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment were conducted. The experiments’ results showed that the best seedling pick-up performance was achieved when the water content of the plug was 20%, the air pressure was 0.3 MPa, and the air-blowing time was 30 ms. Under these conditions, the seedling pick-up success rate was 97.22%, and the substrate loss rate was 10.46%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
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15 pages, 1265 KiB  
Article
Correlation between Kinetics of Pectin Degradation and Texture Loss of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Puree during Thermal Treatments
by Milena Petrovic Markovic, Adrien Servent, Timoty Savoure, Antoine Collignan, Manuel Dornier and Nawel Achir
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1687; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101687 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
Okra is a common vegetable in the African cuisine, known for its distinctive slimy texture. Plant cell walls include hydrocolloids, especially pectin, which contribute to their sliminess. This textural property is known to become lost during thermal treatment. In this research, okra hydrocolloid [...] Read more.
Okra is a common vegetable in the African cuisine, known for its distinctive slimy texture. Plant cell walls include hydrocolloids, especially pectin, which contribute to their sliminess. This textural property is known to become lost during thermal treatment. In this research, okra hydrocolloid is extracted and used to produce a model medium at a pH of 6.0, representing okra’s natural state. This medium is subjected to various controlled thermal treatments (70–130 °C) to evaluate their impact on pectin degradation. At the same time, the texture of okra puree is also assessed using an instrumental method under the same conditions. The two main products of pectin degradation—reducing end sugars from depolymerization and methanol from a demethylation—are measured and found to show an increase as a function of time and temperature. Kinetic modeling indicates that a first-order reaction fits well with the experimental concentrations of both products. The rate constants, as a function of temperature, aligns with the Arrhenius model, confirming the chemical basis of the degradation. Instrumental results correlate well with the production of methanol and reducing end sugars, indicating that pectin degradation is the primary cause of texture changes during the thermal treatment of okra and that this change can be controlled by adjusting the temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Product Quality and Safety)
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24 pages, 3675 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes and Pathways Associated with Cadmium Stress Tolerance in Solanum aculeatissimum C. B. Clarke
by Suying Wu, Zhenghai Sun and Liping Li
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1686; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101686 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
As a great economic Solanum with ornamental value and good adaptability, Solanum aculeatissimum is considered an excellent candidate for the phytoremediation of Cadmium-contaminated soils. However, there are no studies on the involvement of S. aculeatissimum in the response and tolerance mechanisms of cadmium [...] Read more.
As a great economic Solanum with ornamental value and good adaptability, Solanum aculeatissimum is considered an excellent candidate for the phytoremediation of Cadmium-contaminated soils. However, there are no studies on the involvement of S. aculeatissimum in the response and tolerance mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) stress. In the present study, S. aculeatissimum was used for the first time for physiological and transcriptomic systematic analysis under different concentrations of Cd stress. The results showed that S. aculeatissimum was indeed well tolerant to Cd and showed Cd enrichment capabilities. Under the Cd stress treatment of 50 mg/kg (Cd6), S. aculeatissimum could still grow normally. At the 90th day of Cd stress, the amount of Cd content in different parts of the plant at the same concentration was in the order of root > stem > leaf. With the extension of the stress time up to 163 d, the trend of Cd content in each part was not consistent, and the results in the root (77.74 mg/kg), stem (30.01 mg/kg), leaf (29.44 mg/kg), immature fruit (18.36 mg/kg), and mature fruit (21.13 mg/kg) of Cd peaked at Cd4, Cd5, Cd1, Cd4, and Cd4, respectively. The enrichment and transport coefficients of all treatments were greater than 1. The treatment groups with the largest and smallest enrichment coefficients were Cd4 and CK, respectively. The treatment groups with the largest and smallest transport coefficients were CK and Cd4, respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in the antioxidant system after Cd stress treatment were significantly increased compared to the untreated group. Under cadmium stress, by using real-time quantitative PCR, four genes (SaHMA20, SaL-AO, SaPrxs4, and SaPCs) were screened for possible correlations to Cd tolerance and absorption enrichment in S. aculeatissimum. The key DEGs are mainly responsible for the metabolic pathways of heavy metal ATPases, plastocyanin protein phytocyanins (PCs), peroxidases (Prxs), and ascorbate oxidase (AAO); these differential genes are believed to play an important role in Cd tolerance and absorption enrichment in S. aculeatissimum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)
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25 pages, 6312 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Analysis of Vertical and Temporal Variations in the Chlorophyll Content of Winter Wheat Leaves via Proximal Multispectral Remote Sensing and Deep Transfer Learning
by Changsai Zhang, Yuan Yi, Shuxia Zhang and Pei Li
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1685; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101685 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
Quantifying the vertical distribution of leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is integral for a comprehensive understanding of the physiological status and function of winter wheat crops, having significant implications for crop management and yield optimization. In this study, we investigated the vertical LCC trait [...] Read more.
Quantifying the vertical distribution of leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is integral for a comprehensive understanding of the physiological status and function of winter wheat crops, having significant implications for crop management and yield optimization. In this study, we investigated the vertical LCC trait of winter wheat during two consecutive field growth seasons using proximal multispectral imaging measurements to evaluate vertical variations of LCC within winter wheat canopies. The results revealed the non-uniform vertical LCC distribution varied across the entire growth season. The effects of nitrogen fertilization rate on LCC among vertical layers increased gradually from upper to lower layers of canopy. To enhance LCC prediction accuracy, this study proposes a deep transfer learning network model for leaf trait estimation (LeafTNet). It integrates the advantages of physical radiative transfer simulations with deep neural network through transfer learning. The results demonstrate that the LeafTNet achieved remarkable predictive performance and strong robustness. Furthermore, the proposed method exhibits superior estimation accuracy compared to empirical statistical method and traditional machine learning method. This study highlights the performance of LeafTNet in accurately and efficiently quantifying LCC from proximal multispectral data, which provide technical support for the estimation of the vertical distribution of leaf traits and improve crop management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
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16 pages, 298 KiB  
Article
Supplemental Xylooligosaccharide Attenuates Growth Retardation and Intestinal Damage in Broiler Chickens Challenged by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli
by Lulu Ren, Qingyun Cao, Hui Ye, Zemin Dong, Changming Zhang, Dingyuan Feng, Jianjun Zuo and Weiwei Wang
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101684 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers challenged by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). A total of 144 newly hatched male Lingnan yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into three [...] Read more.
This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers challenged by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). A total of 144 newly hatched male Lingnan yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into three groups (six replicates/group): a control (CON) group, an APEC group and an XOS group (APEC-challenged broilers supplemented with 1600 mg/kg XOS). Birds in the APEC and XOS groups were orally challenged with APEC from 7 to 12 d of age. Growth performance and intestinal health-related parameters were determined on d 13 and 17. The reductions (p < 0.05) in final body weight, average daily gain and elevation (p < 0.05) in intestinal APEC colonization in challenged broilers were counteracted by the XOS addition, which also alleviated the APEC-induced reductions (p < 0.05) in jejunal goblet cell count and density in broilers on d 17. Supplementing with XOS increased (p < 0.05) jejunal villus height and crypt depth, coupled with occludin and zonula occluden-1 expression, on d 17, and diminished the change (p < 0.05) in the jejunal inflammatory cytokine expression profile in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, cecal counts of total bacteria and Lactobacillus in challenged broilers were augmented (p < 0.05) by the XOS addition, which also mitigated APEC-induced reductions (p < 0.05) in cecal acetate, butyrate and valerate concentrations in broilers on d 13 or 17. Supplementing with XOS blocked the increases (p < 0.05) in the expression of cecal E. coli virulence genes relA and ompR on d 13 along with the expression of fimH and csgA on d 17. XOS alleviated APEC-induced growth retardation and intestinal disruption in broilers partially by restraining the intestinal colonization of APEC. Furthermore, the improvements in cecal microbiota and fermentation pattern, along with attenuation of cecal E. coli virulence resulting from XOS supplementation, could also support the maintenance of intestinal health in APEC-challenged broilers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rational Use of Feed to Promote Animal Healthy Feeding)
18 pages, 3437 KiB  
Article
Management Strategies for Ulex europaeus L. Control in a Native Plant Community in Tenerife, Canary Islands: Impact of Eradication in a Native Plant Community (Tenerife, Canary Islands)
by Cristina González-Montelongo, Miguel A. Padrón-Mederos, Zaira Negrín-Pérez, Maya González and José Ramón Arévalo
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101683 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
Invasive plant species have been recognized as adversely affecting native ecosystems. Some of these plant species become problematic in disturbed environments such as urbanized, agricultural, and abandoned developed or farmed land. In some cases, they can dominate the invaded ground, preventing a transition [...] Read more.
Invasive plant species have been recognized as adversely affecting native ecosystems. Some of these plant species become problematic in disturbed environments such as urbanized, agricultural, and abandoned developed or farmed land. In some cases, they can dominate the invaded ground, preventing a transition back to the native plant community. In Tenerife (Canary Islands), the invasive plant species Ulex europaeus L. has established dense infestations in abandoned agricultural lands. Removing such invasive species in Tenerife through ecological restoration is crucial for restoring ecosystem functionality and promoting biodiversity. This study evaluates various management methods for U. europaeus in abandoned fields, assessing their impact on species richness, diversity, composition, and regeneration. The findings can inform management strategies to combat this invasive species, contributing to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem resilience. The study was conducted in two highly invaded areas, evaluating chemical (C), mechanical (M), mechanical and chemical (MC), and mechanical, chemical, and plantation treatments (MCP), along with a control, to analyze changes in species richness, diversity, and plant community. Results indicate that U. europaeus remains capable of reoccupying treated areas. The different treatments led to differences in species richness and composition. The MCP treatment yielded the best results if the planted native species grew faster than Ulex europaeus, preventing its establishment due to its shade-intolerant nature. However, continual control is required to eliminate U. europaeus regeneration from seeds that can persist for at least 30 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)
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15 pages, 2419 KiB  
Article
Hybrid-AI and Model Ensembling to Exploit UAV-Based RGB Imagery: An Evaluation of Sorghum Crop’s Nitrogen Content
by Hajar Hammouch, Suchitra Patil, Sunita Choudhary, Mounim A. El-Yacoubi, Jan Masner, Jana Kholová, Krithika Anbazhagan, Jiří Vaněk, Huafeng Qin, Michal Stočes, Hassan Berbia, Adinarayana Jagarlapudi, Magesh Chandramouli, Srinivas Mamidi, KVSV Prasad and Rekha Baddam
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101682 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
Non-invasive crop analysis through image-based methods holds great promise for applications in plant research, yet accurate and robust trait inference from images remains a critical challenge. Our study investigates the potential of AI model ensembling and hybridization approaches to infer sorghum crop traits [...] Read more.
Non-invasive crop analysis through image-based methods holds great promise for applications in plant research, yet accurate and robust trait inference from images remains a critical challenge. Our study investigates the potential of AI model ensembling and hybridization approaches to infer sorghum crop traits from RGB images generated via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In our study, we cultivated 21 sorghum cultivars in two independent seasons (2021 and 2022) with a gradient of fertilizer and water inputs. We collected 470 ground-truth N measurements and captured corresponding RGB images with a drone-mounted camera. We computed five RGB vegetation indices, employed several ML models such as MLR, MLP, and various CNN architectures (season 2021), and compared their prediction accuracy for N-inference on the independent test set (season 2022). We assessed strategies that leveraged both deep and handcrafted features, namely hybridized and ensembled AI architectures. Our approach considered two different datasets collected during the two seasons (2021 and 2022), with the training set from the first season only. This allowed for testing of the models’ robustness, particularly their sensitivity to concept drifts, in the independent season (2022), which is fundamental for practical agriculture applications. Our findings underscore the superiority of hybrid and ensembled AI algorithms in these experiments. The MLP + CNN-VGG16 combination achieved the best accuracy (R2 = 0.733, MAE = 0.264 N% on an independent dataset). This study emphasized that carefully crafted AI-based models applied to RGB images can achieve robust trait prediction with accuracies comparable to the similar phenotyping tasks using more complex (multi- and hyper-spectral) sensors presented in the current literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
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16 pages, 35639 KiB  
Article
A Risk Assessment Method for Phosphorus Loss in Intensive Agricultural Areas—A Case Study in Henan Province, China
by Linlin Gao, Yong Wu, Ling Li, Chi Sun, Donghao Li and Xueke Liu
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101681 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
Agricultural phosphorus (P) loss constitutes a significant factor in agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP). Due to the widespread occurrence and complexity of ANSP, emphasis on risk prevention and control is preferable to retroactive treatment, to reduce costs. Effective risk identification is an issue [...] Read more.
Agricultural phosphorus (P) loss constitutes a significant factor in agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP). Due to the widespread occurrence and complexity of ANSP, emphasis on risk prevention and control is preferable to retroactive treatment, to reduce costs. Effective risk identification is an issue that needs to be addressed urgently. Henan Province, a typical intensive agricultural region in China, was used as a case study to develop a straightforward and precise model for assessing the risk of P loss. Total phosphorus (TP) emission intensity at the county level in Henan Province was estimated based on planting, livestock and poultry breeding, and rural domestic activities. Subsequently, influential factors were selected to determine the extent of P loss in rivers. Finally, the model was validated using water quality data. The results indicate that (1) TP emission and rainfall are the primary contributors to the risk of P loss, whereas vegetation coverage has negligible effects. (2) The primary sources of TP emission, in descending order of magnitude, are livestock and poultry breeding, rural domestic activities, and planting. Livestock and poultry breeding represents the largest proportion at approximately 50%. (3) High-risk areas for P loss are concentrated in the plains of the central, eastern, and northern Henan Province, while low-risk areas are mainly located in the western mountainous and hilly regions. (4) The model exhibits high accuracy with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.81 when compared to surface water quality monitoring data. This study provides a new framework for assessing the risk of P loss in intensive agricultural settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Pollution in Modern Agriculture: Causes, Effect, and Control)
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10 pages, 440 KiB  
Article
Does Rural Labor Transfer Contribute to the Reduction in Chemical Fertilizer Use? Evidence from China’s Household Finance Survey Data in China
by Xianhong Qin and Yongjin Guan
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101680 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
In recent years, the Chinese government has been continuously promoting reduced use of chemical fertilizers and enhancing the sustainable development capacity of agriculture. This study uses China’s Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data to explore the impact of rural labor transfer on the intensity [...] Read more.
In recent years, the Chinese government has been continuously promoting reduced use of chemical fertilizers and enhancing the sustainable development capacity of agriculture. This study uses China’s Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data to explore the impact of rural labor transfer on the intensity of fertilizer use and examines the mediating role of agricultural machinery services. The results show that: (1) rural labor transfer is helpful for reducing chemical fertilizer use, and it has a negative impact on the intensity of chemical fertilizer use; (2) rural labor transfer will enhance the socialization of agricultural machinery services by promoting the adoption of mechanized fertilization and expanding the scale of agricultural land management to promote the reduction of chemical fertilizers use; (3) different topographic conditions have different regulatory effects on the use of socialized agricultural machinery services, and for mountainous areas with poor topographic conditions, socialized agricultural machinery services may be difficult to implement, resulting in poor effects of chemical fertilizer use reduction. These findings provide important evidence for sustainable agriculture development and have significant theoretical and policy implications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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15 pages, 4142 KiB  
Article
Non-Destructive Seed Viability Assessment via Multispectral Imaging and Stacking Ensemble Learning
by Ye Rin Chu, Min Su Jo, Ga Eun Kim, Cho Hee Park, Dong Jun Lee, Sang Hoon Che and Chae Sun Na
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101679 - 26 Sep 2024
Abstract
The tetrazolium (TZ) test is a reliable but destructive method for identifying viable seeds. In this study, a non-destructive seed viability analysis method for Allium ulleungense was developed using multispectral imaging and stacking ensemble learning. Using the Videometerlab 4, multispectral imaging data were [...] Read more.
The tetrazolium (TZ) test is a reliable but destructive method for identifying viable seeds. In this study, a non-destructive seed viability analysis method for Allium ulleungense was developed using multispectral imaging and stacking ensemble learning. Using the Videometerlab 4, multispectral imaging data were collected from 390 A. ulleungense seeds subjected to NaCl-accelerated aging treatments with three repetitions per treatment. Spectral values were obtained at 19 wavelengths (365–970 nm), and seed viability was determined using the TZ test. Next, 80% of spectral values were used to train Decision Tree, Random Forest, LightGBM, and XGBoost machine learning models, and 20% were used for testing. The models classified viable and non-viable seeds with an accuracy of 95–91% on the K-Fold value (n = 5) and 85–81% on the test data. A stacking ensemble model was developed using a Decision Tree as the meta-model, achieving an AUC of 0.93 and a test accuracy of 90%. Feature importance and SHAP value assessments identified 570, 645, and 940 nm wavelengths as critical for seed viability classification. These results demonstrate that machine learning-based spectral data analysis can be effectively used for seed viability assessment, potentially replacing the TZ test with a non-destructive method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products by Nondestructive Technologies)
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16 pages, 1031 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Study on the Potential of Domesticated Clones of Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.): Implications for Large-Scale Production and Waste Recovery in the Development of Plant-Based Agrochemicals
by Gonzalo Ortiz de Elguea-Culebras, Enrique Melero-Bravo, Tamara Ferrando-Beneyto, María José Jordán, Gustavo Cáceres-Cevallos and Raúl Sánchez-Vioque
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101678 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 406
Abstract
Rosemary is a versatile Mediterranean shrub valued for its culinary and medicinal uses, also finding applications as a food additive (E-392). This study explores the potential of rosemary for large-scale cultivation as well as the valorization of its distillation residue, which constitutes more [...] Read more.
Rosemary is a versatile Mediterranean shrub valued for its culinary and medicinal uses, also finding applications as a food additive (E-392). This study explores the potential of rosemary for large-scale cultivation as well as the valorization of its distillation residue, which constitutes more than 95% of the total biomass. Rich in bioactive compounds, this solid waste represents a valuable opportunity to develop renewable plant-based products. This study monitored the agronomic adaptations of cultivated clones of rosemary and evaluated the essential oil and phenolic content. This study also evaluated the biological potential of the ethanolic extracts from the distilled residue as an antifungal, antioxidant, chelator, and biostimulant in model tests. Interestingly, the extracts showed substantial phenolic content, exhibiting strong antifungal activity, antioxidant capacity, and efficient metal chelation. Furthermore, all extracts also demonstrated promising biostimulant effects on rooting. Among the clones evaluated, Pina de Ebro stood out especially for its balanced adaptability, high essential oil yield, and outstanding phenolic content, along with uniform biological capacities among individual plants and plots. Therefore, this study highlights the potential of utilizing the entire rosemary plant, enhancing the overall profitability of the crop and meeting the growing demand for eco-friendly and renewable resources in the market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)
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23 pages, 636 KiB  
Article
Impact of Farmers’ Participation in the Transformation of the Farmland Transfer Market on the Adoption of Agricultural Green Production Technologies
by Tianshu Quan, Weiguo Jia, Tianli Quan and Yuyun Xu
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1677; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101677 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 215
Abstract
Exploring the adoption of green production technologies by farmers (GTA) is of great significance, given the context of global climate change and sustainable agricultural development. This article starts from the perspective of the transformation of the farmland transfer market, based on research data [...] Read more.
Exploring the adoption of green production technologies by farmers (GTA) is of great significance, given the context of global climate change and sustainable agricultural development. This article starts from the perspective of the transformation of the farmland transfer market, based on research data from 2076 farmers, and uses the endogenous disposal effect model to examine its impact on GTA. The results indicate that the transformation of China’s farmland transfer market has a significant “greening” effect on agriculture. Specifically, the paid transfer of farmland, written leases, and clear lease forms promote GTA, while acquaintance transactions are not conducive to it. Participation in the farmland transfer market has increased the likelihood of GTA by 18.7% and is statistically significant at the 1% level. However, the adoption level of green production technology by ordinary farmers remains low, and achieving green development in agriculture is a long and arduous task. Mechanism analysis shows that the transformation of the farmland transfer market can effectively enhance GTA by increasing the scale of operations, farmers’ income, and mechanization levels. When the transfer targets new business entities, such as family farms, professional cooperatives, and enterprises, it significantly promotes GTA. The findings suggest that deepening the reform of the farmland transfer market, promoting large-scale agricultural operations, strengthening the application of green production technologies, improving the level of agricultural mechanization, and accelerating the process of sustainable agricultural development are all essential steps toward enhancing GTA and, ultimately, achieving sustainable agricultural development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Pollution in Modern Agriculture: Causes, Effect, and Control)
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15 pages, 2874 KiB  
Article
The Dynamics of Soil Macropores and Hydraulic Conductivity as Influenced by the Fibrous and Tap Root Systems
by Yixuan Tang, Heping Pan, Ting Zhang, Longxi Cao and Yi Wang
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101676 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 186
Abstract
Herbaceous plants influence soil hydraulic conductivity by changing soil macropore structure through their root systems, but the effects of different root types on macropore structure have yet to be clarified. In this study, soil column experiments were conducted to investigate temporal variations in [...] Read more.
Herbaceous plants influence soil hydraulic conductivity by changing soil macropore structure through their root systems, but the effects of different root types on macropore structure have yet to be clarified. In this study, soil column experiments were conducted to investigate temporal variations in soil macropores and saturated hydraulic conductivity, as influenced by herbaceous plants with fibrous roots (Cynodon dactylon) and taproots (Medicago sativa L.). Computed tomography (CT) scanning was used to quantify soil macropore indices, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) was measured from April to November after 3, 5, and 7 months of sowing. The results showed that both soil macropore indices and Ks increased with grass growth. The taproots had macroporosity (MP), macropore diameter (MD), and global connectivity (Γ) values that were 1.94, 2.76, and 2.45 times higher than fibrous roots, which are more efficient at increasing the number of soil macropores (PN). This resulted in higher Ks values for the fibrous roots during the experimental period than for the taproot herbs. For both plants, the top 5 cm of soil had a higher macropore index and Ks values than the bottom layer. The Ks for fibrous roots was most closely related to PN. On the other hand, Ks for the taproot soil column was most closely related to MP and MD. Based on a combination of soil macropore indices, functions were established to predict Ks values for fibrous root and taproot herbaceous plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
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23 pages, 16714 KiB  
Article
A Geographically Weighted Regression–Compute Unified Device Architecture Approach to Explore the Spatial Agglomeration and Heterogeneity in Arable Land Consumption in Southwest China
by Chang Liu, Tingting Xu, Letao Han, Sapu Du and Aohua Tian
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101675 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Arable land loss has become a critical issue in China because of rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, and unsustainable agricultural practices. While previous studies have explored the factors contributing to this loss, they often fall short in addressing the challenges of spatial heterogeneity and [...] Read more.
Arable land loss has become a critical issue in China because of rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, and unsustainable agricultural practices. While previous studies have explored the factors contributing to this loss, they often fall short in addressing the challenges of spatial heterogeneity and large-scale dataset analysis. This research introduces an innovative approach to geographically weighted regression (GWR) for assessing arable land loss in China, effectively addressing these challenges. Focusing on Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan Provinces over the past two decades, it examines spatial autocorrelation with R-squared values exceeding 0.6 and residuals. Eight factors, including environmental elements (rain, evaporation, slope, digital elevation model) and human activities (distance to city, distance to roads, population, GDP), were analyzed. By visualizing and analyzing R² spatial patterns, the results reveal a clear spatial agglomeration distribution, primarily in urban areas with industries, highly urbanized cities, and flat terrains near rivers, influenced by GDP, population, rain, and slope. The novelty of this study is that it significantly enhances GWR computational capabilities for handling extensive datasets by utilizing Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) on a high-performance GPU cloud server. Simultaneously, it conducts comprehensive analyses of the GWR model’s local results through visualization and spatial autocorrelation tools, enhancing the interpretability of the GWR model. Through spatial clustering analysis of local results, this study enables targeted exploration of factors influencing arable land changes in various temporal and spatial dimensions while also evaluating the reliability of the model results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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20 pages, 3883 KiB  
Review
Barley History and Breeding in Spain
by Fernando Martínez-Moreno, Ignacio Solís and Ernesto Igartua
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101674 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 190
Abstract
Barley has been and continues to be a crucial field crop in Spain, with approximately 2.4 million hectares planted annually and a production ranging 7–10 million tons. It is a crop well adapted to shallow soils and the harsh winters of the high [...] Read more.
Barley has been and continues to be a crucial field crop in Spain, with approximately 2.4 million hectares planted annually and a production ranging 7–10 million tons. It is a crop well adapted to shallow soils and the harsh winters of the high central plains of the country. Traditionally, animal feed has been the main use for this crop, while an important brewing industry developed throughout the 20th century. This article reviews the most important milestones of this crop in Spain, including its uses, historical yield, barley price, and barley–wheat price relationship. With respect to the collection of Spanish landraces currently preserved in the CRF (Plant Genetic Resources Center) seed bank, two main genetic groups distributed in northern and southern Spain were distinguished. The landraces of both groups are mostly six-row and winter types, but they differ in vernalization requirements, which are lower in southern landraces. The trends in barley production, the most planted cultivars in Spain over the last 70 years, and the past and present-day breeding programs in the country are also reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Mediterranean Biodiversity)
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24 pages, 16017 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design and Tests of a Pulsating Roll-Cleaning Device for Tiger Nuts
by Zhijun Lv, Wanzhang Wang, Dekun Yang, Xun He, Zhe Qu, Wenzhuo Jing, Yong Mei, Huinan Huang, Baohao Su and Yangfan Zhuang
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101673 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 168
Abstract
Aiming at the problems of low efficiency and poor cleaning quality in the cleaning process of harvested tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) with lots of soil and fibrous roots on the surface to meet the demand for mechanized harvesting of tiger nuts [...] Read more.
Aiming at the problems of low efficiency and poor cleaning quality in the cleaning process of harvested tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) with lots of soil and fibrous roots on the surface to meet the demand for mechanized harvesting of tiger nuts in the Yellow River, Huaihe River, and Haihe River regions in China, a pulsating roll-cleaning device was devised. The analytical software for meshing the transmission of pitch curves of elliptical gears with arbitrary orders was developed based on Visual Basic 6.0, thus obtaining a pair of elliptical gears that meet the steady transmission requirement. The meshing of this pair of elliptical gears enables pulsating variable-speed rotation of a brush roller, which reduces the breakage and accumulation of tiger nuts. Circular screen holes are distributed uniformly on the upper and lower cylindrical walls. Tiger nuts are cleaned under friction with the brush roller and the circular screen holes, while residues (including soil) fall in the settlement and accumulation tank through the screen holes, which realizes the rapid discharge and collection of residues, including soil, and reduction of dust. The separation process of soil from tiger nuts in the cleaning device was studied using RecurDyn 2023-EDEM 2022 simulation software. Taking the rate of rotation of the brush roller, order of elliptical gears, and eccentricity of the elliptical gears as the test factors while taking the cleaning efficiency, breakage rate, and impurity rate as the evaluation indices, a test bench for the cleaning performance of tiger nuts was established. Design-Expert V8.0.6 was applied to carry out a three-factor three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) using response surface methodology (RSM), thus ascertaining the optimal parameter combination of the cleaning device. When the rate of rotation of the brush roller, order of elliptical gears, and eccentricity of the elliptical gears are, separately, 280 rpm, 2, and 0.122, the cleaning efficiency, breakage rate, and impurity rate of tiger nuts are 1.83 t·h−1, 0.15%, and 0.16%, respectively. This satisfies the cleaning requirement of tiger nuts and provides a basis for the design of cleaning machines for tiger nuts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Agriculture Technology—Using Computer Simulation for Agricultural Machinery Design and Development)
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16 pages, 586 KiB  
Article
How Farm Machinery Rental Services and Off-Farm Work Affect Household Income in China
by Weiwei Wang, Zhihai Yang, Xiangqun Gu, Amin Mugera and Ning Yin
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101672 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 386
Abstract
(1) Background: Most nations struggle to close significant income gaps between high and low earners. While the adoption of farm machinery rental services and off-farm employment may be beneficial, it is unclear whether jointly applying both approaches can raise income levels in rural [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Most nations struggle to close significant income gaps between high and low earners. While the adoption of farm machinery rental services and off-farm employment may be beneficial, it is unclear whether jointly applying both approaches can raise income levels in rural households or help narrow the income gap within the farm sector. This study investigated scenarios involving both participation in farm machinery rental markets and in off-farm work, analyzing their varied impacts on household incomes based on survey data from 1027 rice producers in rural China. (2) Methods: We employed a two-stage econometric procedure encompassing a bivariate ordered probit model with an endogeneity-corrected unconditional quantile regression model. (3) Results: Rice farmers often simultaneously rent farm machinery services and engage in off-farm work. Both activities positively affect their household incomes; however, these effects vary across different income levels. Renting farm machinery provides greater marginal benefits for lower-income households, while off-farm employment has a stronger impact on higher-income households. Farm machinery rental services appear to benefit disadvantaged households more than off-farm employment opportunities do. (4) Suggestions: To enhance the welfare of lower-income households, policymakers should focus on expanding access to farm machinery rental services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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13 pages, 808 KiB  
Article
Tangible to Non-Tangible Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Life Satisfaction of Farmers in Kerala, India
by Saju Madavanakadu Devassy, Shilpa V. Yohannan, Lorane Scaria and Sunirose Ishnassery Pathrose
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101671 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 189
Abstract
While Kerala’s transition from an agrarian to a service-oriented economy is widely acknowledged, discussions are most often confined to material domains, overlooking overall life satisfaction, which is critical to pursue any profession. This state-wide community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to gather data from [...] Read more.
While Kerala’s transition from an agrarian to a service-oriented economy is widely acknowledged, discussions are most often confined to material domains, overlooking overall life satisfaction, which is critical to pursue any profession. This state-wide community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to gather data from farmers residing in three geographical zones of Kerala, India, North, South and Central, to understand their life satisfaction and how it correlates to their access to resources and social support. From each zone, we randomly chose two districts, and from each district, two panchayats. From each panchayat, we chose one ward to identify a total of 580 eligible farmers. Structured interviews were conducted using door-knock surveys to elicit information from the respondents using a set of standardized questionnaires. The results suggest that the respondents had a mean age of 54.5, with 19.8% being over 65, indicating demographic ageing in the farming sector. Only 46% chose farming as their full-time occupation. Farmers with higher levels of education who owned large plots of land experienced life satisfaction. Interpersonal relationships and social support were significant determinants of life satisfaction, as these factors were pivotal in their access to formal and informal services. With social support being pivotal in life satisfaction, it is imperative to change the social mindset towards farming. Additionally, the government should promote advanced technologies and high-yielding agricultural practises to transform the economic landscape of Kerala in favour of agriculture, which is imperative for the food security of the state. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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19 pages, 1221 KiB  
Article
Growth, Photosynthesis and Yield Responses of Common Wheat to Foliar Application of Methylobacterium symbioticum under Decreasing Chemical Nitrogen Fertilization
by Francesco Valente, Anna Panozzo, Francesco Bozzolin, Giuseppe Barion, Pranay Kumar Bolla, Vittorio Bertin, Silvia Potestio, Giovanna Visioli, Yu Wang and Teofilo Vamerali
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101670 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 443
Abstract
Current agriculture intensifies crop cultivation to meet food demand, leading to unsustainable use of chemical fertilizers. This study investigates a few physiological and agronomic responses of common wheat following the inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce nitrogen inputs. A field trial was [...] Read more.
Current agriculture intensifies crop cultivation to meet food demand, leading to unsustainable use of chemical fertilizers. This study investigates a few physiological and agronomic responses of common wheat following the inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce nitrogen inputs. A field trial was conducted in 2022–2023, in Legnago (Verona, Italy) on Triticum aestivum var. LG-Auriga comparing full (180 kg ha−1) and reduced (130 kg ha−1) N doses, both with and without foliar application at end tillering of the N-fixing bacterium Methylobacterium symbioticum. Biofertilization did not improve shoot growth, while it seldom increased the root length density in the arable layer. It delayed leaf senescence, prolonged photosynthetic activity, and amplified stomatal conductance and PSII efficiency under the reduced N dose. Appreciable ACC-deaminase activity of such bacterium disclosed augmented nitrogen retrieval and reduced ethylene production, explaining the ameliorated stay-green. Yield and test weight were unaffected by biofertilization, while both glutenin-to-gliadin and HMW-to-LMW ratios increased together with dough tenacity. It is concluded that Methylobacterium symbioticum can amplify nitrogen metabolism at a reduced nitrogen dose, offering a viable approach to reduce chemical fertilization under suboptimal growing conditions for achieving a more sustainable agriculture. Further research over multiple growing seasons and soil types is necessary to corroborate these preliminary observations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture: From Waste to Biostimulants, Biofertilisers and Bioenergy)
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18 pages, 998 KiB  
Systematic Review
Analysis of Health Effects Reported by Agricultural Workers and the Adverse Human Effects Indicated on Pesticide Labels: A Systematic Review
by Andreia Moreira and Manuela Vieira da Silva
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101669 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 353
Abstract
Human pesticide exposure remains a significant issue, impacting both the environment and human health. Occupational pesticide exposure is primarily linked to improper worker practices, often due to a lack of knowledge or difficulty interpreting label information and other technical aspects of pesticide application. [...] Read more.
Human pesticide exposure remains a significant issue, impacting both the environment and human health. Occupational pesticide exposure is primarily linked to improper worker practices, often due to a lack of knowledge or difficulty interpreting label information and other technical aspects of pesticide application. This systematic review aims to identify the pesticides most used by agricultural workers, the symptoms they experience due to exposure, and the GHS hazard statements on these pesticide labels. Following the PRISMA guidelines, the search identified 16 articles addressing health effects associated with the most frequently used pesticides. These studies predominantly come from Asia (68.8%), Africa (25%), and America (6.2%), with most pesticides being outside the list approved by the EC. Related symptoms were reported in 80 to 100% of the studies that included these pesticides. An evident relationship has been identified between GHS hazard statements and associated symptoms for certain pesticides. Therefore, companies and public authorities must collaborate to improve workers’ training, particularly in reading and interpreting product labels. Additionally, they must thoroughly explain the risks associated with improper pesticide practices and application to safeguard workers’ health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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19 pages, 2125 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Ecological Structure of Agricultural Industry School Partnership Systems in the Gippsland Region, Australia
by Molly O’Dea, Amy Cosby, Jaime Manning, Nicole McDonald and Bobby Harreveld
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1668; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101668 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 319
Abstract
This paper aims to explore the structure of agricultural industry school partnerships (ISPs) by applying Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory to partnerships delivered in Gippsland, Australia. Agricultural ISPs are one potential setting for industry-relevant learning and career education to occur. This may assist in [...] Read more.
This paper aims to explore the structure of agricultural industry school partnerships (ISPs) by applying Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory to partnerships delivered in Gippsland, Australia. Agricultural ISPs are one potential setting for industry-relevant learning and career education to occur. This may assist in alleviating agricultural workforce shortages and addressing educational issues related to student career outcomes. A mixed methods case study methodology was employed, with data analyzed through frequency counts and Braun and Clarke’s method of thematic analysis. Surveys (n = 111) and semi-structured interviews (n = 57 pre-participation, n = 68 post-participation) were used with educators (n = 56) and industry participants (n = 62) from ISPs delivered through CQUniversity Australia’s Raising Aspirations in Careers and Education—Gippsland project from 2021–2023. This research finds that the agricultural ISPs studied function as interdependent ecological systems. The facilitator played a crucial role in delivering the ISPs, including connecting educators and industry partners. The study is limited by the number of agricultural ISPs explored and by only collecting data from two stakeholders within the system. However, these findings contribute to a greater understanding of the complex structure of agricultural ISPs, which can help those creating ISPs to consider and understand all stakeholders’ needs. Exploring ISPs as ecological systems also provides a lens to approach research improving similar educational practices. Further research could deepen our understanding of these systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
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19 pages, 1207 KiB  
Article
Blood Parameter Response in Growing Alpine Goat Kids Fed Diets Containing Extruded Flaxseed or Pumpkin Seed Cake
by Željka Klir Šalavardić, Josip Novoselec, Mislav Đidara and Zvonko Antunović
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101667 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 284
Abstract
Blood parameters can provide information on the nutritional status of goat kids, which is related to both health and performance. The present study aimed to research whether feeding extruded flaxseed (FS) and pumpkin seed cake (PC), as an alternative protein source in diets, [...] Read more.
Blood parameters can provide information on the nutritional status of goat kids, which is related to both health and performance. The present study aimed to research whether feeding extruded flaxseed (FS) and pumpkin seed cake (PC), as an alternative protein source in diets, has an effect on the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of goat kids during growth. In the small-scale goat farm, 31 French Alpine goat kids aged 32 days were used for the study. The goat kids were subjected to three different feeding treatments: a mixture containing soybean meal and extruded soybeans (CON), a mixture containing 16% PC (PC-16), and a mixture containing 9% FS (FS-9). They were monitored during the suckling, weaning, and post-weaning growth periods. PC-16 and FS-9 in goat kids’ diets did not result in any changes regarding average daily weight gain. The WBC count was higher in goat kids fed FS-9 and PC-16 compared to CON (9.84 and 9.54 vs. 6.61 × 109 L) diets during the weaning period. GGT activity was lowest in the serum of goat kids fed PC-16 compared to CON post-weaning (38.65 vs. 48.40 U/L). In addition, FS-19 increased GPx compared to kids fed PC-16 post-weaning (809.7 vs. 600.8 U/L). Regarding blood parameters, PC-16 and FS-9 can be used in goat kids’ nutrition as alternative sources of proteins on a small-scale goat farm without compromising goat kids’ growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rational Use of Feed to Promote Animal Healthy Feeding)
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18 pages, 5532 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Spatiotemporal Changes and Impact Factors of Trade-Off Intensity in Cultivated Land Multifunctionality in the Min River Basin
by Jingling Bao, Liyu Mao, Yufei Liu and Shuisheng Fan
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101666 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 433
Abstract
Exploring the interrelationships and influencing factors of the multifunctionality of cultivated land is crucial for achieving its multifunctional protection and sustainable use. In this paper, we take the Min River basin as a case study to construct a multifunctional evaluation system based on [...] Read more.
Exploring the interrelationships and influencing factors of the multifunctionality of cultivated land is crucial for achieving its multifunctional protection and sustainable use. In this paper, we take the Min River basin as a case study to construct a multifunctional evaluation system based on “agricultural production, social security, ecological service, and cultural landscape” using multi-source data. We analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the multifunctionality of cultivated land through kernel density estimation (KDE) and visual mapping. Subsequently, we assess the trade-off strength between the multifunctional aspects of cultivated land using the root mean square error (RMSD). Finally, we identify the drivers of the multifunctional trade-off intensity of cultivated land and analyze their influencing mechanisms using Geographic Detectors. The results show that (1) from 2010 to 2020, the multifunctional structure of cultivated land in the study area underwent significant changes: the levels of agricultural production, social security, and ecological service functions first increased and then decreased, while the levels of cultural landscape function and comprehensive function continued to increase. The spatial distribution is characterized, respectively, by “high in the east and low in the west”, “high in the west and low in the east”, “high in the north and low in the south”, “high in the whole and sporadically low in the northeast”, and “high in the middle and low in the surroundings”. (2) During the study period, the trade-off strengths related to social security functions increased, while the trade-off strengths of the remaining multifunctional pairs of cultivated land showed a weakening trend, with high values of trade-off strengths among functions particularly prominent in the Nanping Municipal District. (3) Both natural and human factors significantly affect the multifunctional trade-off strength of cultivated land. Among the specific factors, elevation, slope, average annual temperature, and per capita GDP are the key factors influencing the strength of the trade-offs between functions. The results of this study provide empirical support for enriching the understanding of the multifunctionality of cultivated land and offer a decision-making basis for promoting the differentiated management of cultivated land resources and the synergistic development of its multifunctionality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Novel Studies in Agricultural Economics and Sustainable Farm Management)
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16 pages, 2525 KiB  
Article
The Suitability of Algae Solution in Pea Microgreens Cultivation under Different Light Intensities
by Barbara Frąszczak, Monika Kula-Maximenko and Caihua Li
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101665 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 288
Abstract
Microgreens are young plants grown from vegetables, grain, or herb seeds in a controlled environment with artificial lighting. LED modules are the preferred option for indoor and vertical farming. Light intensity (LI) is crucial for plant growth and the synthesis of phytochemicals. The [...] Read more.
Microgreens are young plants grown from vegetables, grain, or herb seeds in a controlled environment with artificial lighting. LED modules are the preferred option for indoor and vertical farming. Light intensity (LI) is crucial for plant growth and the synthesis of phytochemicals. The study aimed to assess whether growing microgreens under low light intensity but with the addition of algae would produce plants with similar parameters (biometric, active compound content) to those grown under higher light intensity. The experiment evaluated LED white light at two intensity levels: 115 µmol m−2 s−1 (low light, LL) and 230 µmol m−2 s−1 (high light, HL). Pea seeds were soaked in a 10% solution of Chlorella vulgaris algae or water before sowing, and the plants were watered or sprayed during growth with the same solutions. The results showed no positive effect of algae on plant biometric traits. However, plants treated with algae had a significantly higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content index. Light significantly influenced pea growth, with plants grown under high light (HL) showing greater weight, height, and plant area. Additionally, changes in the photosynthetic apparatus and light stress were observed in microgreens watered with water (AW and WW) under high light during the vegetative phase. Raman spectra also indicated changes in the chemical composition of microgreens’ leaves based on light intensity and treatment. Microgreens treated with algae solution during seed soaking and water during the vegetative phase produced much more carotenoids compared to other variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)
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22 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
Can Agricultural Support and Protection Subsidy Policies Promote High-Quality Development of Grain Industry? A Case Study of China
by Meijun Zhu, Kengcheng Zheng, Baoliu Liu and Fang Jin
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101664 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 230
Abstract
The issue of grain quality has attracted increasing attention with the gradual growth and stabilization of grain output. We take the successive agricultural support and protection subsidy policies introduced in 2015 as a quasi-natural experiment and use a multi-period double-difference model to analyze [...] Read more.
The issue of grain quality has attracted increasing attention with the gradual growth and stabilization of grain output. We take the successive agricultural support and protection subsidy policies introduced in 2015 as a quasi-natural experiment and use a multi-period double-difference model to analyze a panel of data from 298 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2020. Our findings confirm that implementing agricultural support protection subsidy policies has had initial success regarding grain output growth and quality improvement at the point of contradiction. This success is also due to its scale and technology effects, which can ensure that grain output and quality have achieved growth. The level of agricultural machinery also plays a crucial positive role in the impact of the subsidy policy on food production and food security. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that the impacts of agricultural support and protection subsidy policies on food quality and yield security differ significantly across different geographic regions, food crop production, and pollutant type levels. Therefore, the positive impact of subsidy policies on the food industry should be better promoted to enhance the sustainability and competitiveness of agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
16 pages, 1612 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Humic Acid Supplementation on Selected Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Protozoal Generic Distribution in Cows
by Svetlana Malyugina and Pavel Horky
Agriculture 2024, 14(10), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101663 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 328
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of humic acid (HA) supplementation on the rumen fermentation and protozoal community in the rumen. For this purpose, four ruminally cannulated Simmental cows were randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of humic acid (HA) supplementation on the rumen fermentation and protozoal community in the rumen. For this purpose, four ruminally cannulated Simmental cows were randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to study the effect of HA dietary supplementation on feed utilization, rumen fermentation, and protozoal community for 84 days. The basal diet (BD) was composed of meadow hay (68.2% of dry matter [DM]), maize silage (17% of DM), and granulated feed mixture (14.9% of DM). There were four treatments, including the BD without additives (control diet, H0), the BD supplemented with 50 g HA/cow/day (H50 treatment), the BD supplemented with 100 g HA/cow/day (H100 treatment), and the BD supplemented with 200 g HA/cow/day (H200 treatment). HA supplementation did not affect the total or individual volatile fatty acid concentrations, the total protozoa, or the ruminal pH. However, HA at the dosage of 50 g/cow/day increased the NH3-N concentration and fecal nitrogen compared to the control (p < 0.001). HA supplementation also significantly impacted the abundance of individual protozoal genera in the rumen. The results of this study suggest that HA has potential in ruminants as a natural feed additive and may play a role in nitrogen metabolism and stabilizing the protozoal community without adverse effects on rumen fermentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)
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