Bosnia and Herzegovina
A robust education policy framework is essential for developing human capital and meeting the labour market’s need for a skilled and productive labour force. This chapter, composed of four sub-dimensions, assesses the presence and efficacy of education strategies, legislation, programmes and institutions. The first sub-dimension, equitable education for an inclusive society, examines system governance and the quality of pre-university education starting from preschool. The second sub-dimension, teachers, looks at the selection, initial training and ongoing professional development and management of the teaching workforce. The third sub-dimension, school-to-work transition, focuses on VET governance and the relevance of the labour market to the outcomes of higher education. The fourth sub-dimension, skills for green-digital transition, explores the frameworks and initiatives for fostering green and digital skills in education curricula.
State-owned enterprises are important economic actors and can enhance economic activity and competitiveness if a level playing field with private companies is ensured. This chapter, along with three sub-dimensions, explores the importance of implementing policy, institutional and legal frameworks that contribute to competitive neutrality between private firms and state-owned enterprises. The first sub-dimension, efficiency and performance through improved governance, assesses clarity of the ownership policy and the board nomination framework, including independent and professional boards and privatisation practices. The second sub-dimension, transparency and accountability, focuses on the financial and non-financial reporting and audit practices, including anti‑corruption integrity measures and protection of minority shareholders. The third sub-dimension, ensuring a level playing field, explores the discrepancies in the legal and regulatory treatment of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) compared to private businesses and the financing conditions of SOEs.
Through the development of a modern, sustainable, efficient, interoperable and integrated transport network, a sound transport policy can promote closer co-operation with neighbouring economies and be a key driver of competitiveness for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region. The first sub-dimension, planning and management, measures the extent to which an orderly, coherent, consistent and transparent process is in place for developing transport policy and implementing infrastructure projects. The second sub-dimension, regulation and connectivity, determines how well transport modes and networks are regulated and operated and how they are leveraged to promote regional connectivity. The third sub‑dimension, sustainability, measures progress towards resource efficiency, environmental protection, reducing health impacts and increasing safety and social inclusion.
Access to finance is crucial for developing the private sector in all economies. This chapter, along with three sub-dimensions, explores the necessity for businesses to be able to access financing sources to start up, grow, diversify and ultimately contribute to overall competitiveness. The first sub-dimension, bank financing framework, assesses the regulatory framework of bank financing, including the quality of banking industry legal framework, registration and information systems and the policies making bank finance inclusive. The second sub-dimension, access to alternative financing sources, focuses on the various means that businesses can get financing, encompassing access to capital markets, private equity as well as factoring and leasing. The third sub-dimension, digital finance, delves into the effects of digital solutions on payment services and the emergence of new avenues for business finance.
An effective institutional and policy context for science, technology and innovation (STI) is essential to boost the knowledge economy. This chapter, along with three sub-dimensions, analyses the overall STI trends and performance in the region and the development of sustainable and impactful STI policies and processes. The first sub-dimension, the STI system, assesses the STI regulatory framework and strategies, including smart specialisation strategies and the institutional framework for STI policy. The second sub‑dimension, public research systems, analyses the governance of the public scientific research sector, funding approaches and human resource capacity to foster academic research excellence. The third sub-dimension, knowledge exchange and co-creation, assesses policies that support integration between scientific research and the private sector, which is critical for technology transfer, as well as policies and initiatives to promote European and regional collaboration in STI.
This chapter offers an overview of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s economic developments since the Competitiveness Outlook 2021, focusing on the economic impact of recent external shocks and economic convergence. The chapter also examines the progress made and challenges encountered in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It also recaps the progress made towards EU accession, including the financial and development support provided by the EU for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s accession efforts. Altogether, this sets the stage for an in-depth examination across 15 policy dimensions in the subsequent chapters, all necessary for sustaining economic competitiveness.
Sound and robust frameworks are essential for the tourism sector to drive positive economic development, enhance competitiveness, and strengthen resilience within economies, particularly those heavily reliant on tourism. This chapter assesses the comprehensiveness of the legislative structure and practices governing tourism across three sub-dimensions. The first sub-dimension, governance and enabling conditions, assesses the effectiveness of efforts aimed at strengthening strategic co-ordination and co-operation in tourism across governance, vertical co-operation, public-private dialogue, and data collection. The second sub-dimension centred on accessibility, tourism offer and human resources, examines progress and challenges in addressing the sector’s connectivity framework and infrastructure, accommodation capacity and quality, and availability of qualified workforce. The third sub-dimension, sustainable and competitive tourism, explores the impact of tourism branding and marketing strategies, natural and cultural heritage valorisation frameworks, and operations promoting sustainable development.
Effective employment policies are crucial for forging a solid economy and fostering economic development and social inclusion. This chapter aims to assess the regulatory framework and policies governing employment and the institutional capacity for implementation. The first sub-dimension focuses on inclusive labour market governance, specifically looking at the employment regulatory and policy framework, labour inspectorates, social dialogue and inclusive employment policies. The second sub-dimension, social protection and activation policies, analyses public employment services, the framework of mutual obligations, and active labour market programmes. The third sub-dimension, skills for adaptable labour markets, assesses the skills mismatches in the labour market and initiatives for developing digital and green skills. The fourth sub-dimension, expanding the skills pool, focuses on attracting highly skilled migrants and diaspora.
A healthy and sustainable environment is crucial for economic competitiveness. It supports resource efficiency, enhances resilience to climate-related risks, fosters innovation, and attracts investments while mitigating environmental degradation and associated costs. The chapter analyses the robustness and comprehensiveness of environment policies across four sub-dimensions. The first sub-dimension, climate action, assesses strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The second sub-dimension, circular economy, focuses on policies promoting waste minimisation, resource efficiency, as well as sustainable production and consumption. The third sub-dimension, protection of ecosystems, explores challenges in managing freshwater, biodiversity and forestry, as well as land-use. The fourth sub-dimension, depollution, analyses policies related to air quality, water supply and sanitation, and industrial risk management, paramount for enhancing competitiveness while ensuring environmental sustainability.
Effective trade policy is vital for regional integration and alignment with the European Union. This chapter examines how the government authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina use trade policy to ease market access and harness digitalisation for enhanced trade facilitation. The first sub-dimension, trade policy framework, assesses the government’s ability to formulate, implement and evaluate trade policy, examining the institutional formulation and co-ordination of trade policy, public-private consultations and the network of free trade agreements. The second sub-dimension, digital trade, focuses on the legal framework for digital trade policy and digital trade facilitation and logistics. The third sub-dimension, export promotion, explores the effectiveness of export promotion agencies and programmes, especially in the context of deepening regional integration.
Creating an attractive environment for investors is essential to stimulate economic activity and foster sustainable economic growth. This chapter assesses the scope and effectiveness of existing policies and strategies that enhance investment volume and quality. The first sub-dimension, investment policy framework, assesses the robustness of the legal framework for investment, the efficiency of dispute settlement mechanisms, as well as intellectual property rights enforcement and awareness-raising capacity. The second sub-dimension, investment promotion and facilitation, focuses on investment promotion agency structures, investment promotion strategies and investor incentives, all geared towards attracting foreign direct investment. The third sub-dimension, mobilising sustainable investment, explores the strategic framework for sustainable investment governance while also reflecting on the scope of financial and technical support allocated to sustainable investment.
A well-planned tax policy provides the necessary incentives to promote economic growth. This chapter, along with two sub-dimensions, explores the effectiveness of tax policy and tax administration. The first sub‑dimension, tax policy framework, assesses the soundness and efficaciousness of the legal framework, the tax system, and the incentives for investment in promoting steady economic growth. The second sub‑dimension, tax administration, focuses on the efficiency and transparency of the tax administration organisation while also reflecting upon the tax filing and payment procedures and taxpayer services.
The competitiveness of any economy is heavily influenced by its energy policies. This chapter investigates the energy policies to ensure that energy markets are well-regulated, sustainable and competitive. The first sub-dimension, governance and regulation, focuses on how the energy markets are governed and whether policy is conducive to establishing efficient and competitive energy markets. The second, energy security, explores measures taken to make the energy sector more resilient, including diversification of energy supply. The third sub‑dimension, sustainability, focuses on the energy sector decarbonisation, including promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency policies. The fourth sub-dimension, energy markets, analyses how energy markets are operated, whether competition is used to facilitate efficient allocation of energy resources and the degree of regional integration.
Bosnia and Herzegovina has positively, albeit slowly, advanced since the 2021 Competitiveness in South East Europe: A Policy Outlook (Competitiveness Outlook), progressing across 11 of the 15 policy dimensions, regressing in three and stagnating in one. Bosnia and Herzegovina showed the strongest score increases in the areas of trade and agriculture policies, with the remaining nine areas advancing marginally. However, Figure 1 illustrates that Bosnia and Herzegovina is performing below the average of the six Western Balkan (WB6) economies across all policy dimensions, with only state-owned enterprises (SOEs), tax, access to finance and trade policies nearing the average. Bosnia and Herzegovina is significantly lagging in the areas of digital society, agriculture, education and tourism policy, scoring below all of its Western Balkan neighbours, highlighting the areas requiring substantial improvement for achieving convergence with the European Union (EU). For additional insights into Bosnia and Herzegovina’s performance across various dimensions, trends over time or comparisons with other economies, please refer to the Western Balkans Competitiveness Data Hub at westernbalkans-competitiveness.oecd.org.
Agricultural development remains a priority for all economies, not only in response to the essential resource needs of a growing population but also due to its substantial contributions to total employment and GDP. The chapter analyses the performance and trends of agriculture policies across three sub-dimensions. The first sub-dimension, rural development and infrastructure, assesses strategies and programs related to rural infrastructure, livelihood support, and irrigation systems. The second sub‑dimension, agricultural support systems, covers the agricultural sector's policy, governance and instruments. The third sub-dimension, food safety and quality, focuses on the policy framework regulating food safety and the food quality legislation and agencies, which are key tools in an economy’s path towards productive and sustainable agriculture.
Digital transformation, driving efficiency and productivity through adopting digital technologies and data utilisation, holds promise for fostering economic activity and competitiveness. This chapter, across four sub-dimensions, assesses the scope and quality of the policy framework and strategies and the implementation and adoption by Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first sub-dimension, access, explores government policies and initiatives to enable network infrastructure investment and broadband services take-up and increase data accessibility. The second, use, delves into the government’s plan to implement programmes to develop a user-centric digital government and help businesses achieve a digital transformation. The third, society, assesses whether governments have planned and implemented programmes to reduce the digital divide and create an inclusive society through green digital technologies. The fourth, trust, examines the economies’ frameworks and how they are being implemented to protect data and privacy, build trust in e-commerce and ensure cybersecurity through effective digital risk management systems.
Following the first three Western Balkans Competitiveness Outlook assessments, published in 2016, 2018 and 2021,the fourth assessment cycle was launched on 27 April 2023. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations (State-level) held the main role of co‑ordinator for the assessment process, and was supported by the Office of the Prime Minister (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) with early inputs from the Ministry of European Integration and International Co-operation (Republika Srpska), ensuring co-ordination at the level of the respective entities. For each of the 15 thematic policy dimensions, a relevant line ministry was designated as policy dimension co-ordinator responsible for input collection, with this structure replicated for the state level and both entities. Once the assessment was launched, the OECD team introduced the new digitalised frameworks for assessing each of the 15 policy dimensions. Consisting of qualitative questionnaires and a statistical data sheet, these frameworks were presented and explained by the OECD, with particular attention paid to new questions and indicators.
An effective anti-corruption policy is essential for promoting fair competition. This chapter, along with four sub-dimensions, explores the effectiveness of the prevention, investigation and prosecution of corruption cases. The first sub-dimension, anti-corruption policy and risk management, assesses the planning, coordination and monitoring of anti-corruption policies, including corruption risk assessments and corruption proofing of legislation. The second sub-dimension, prevention of corruption, focuses on anti-corruption public-awareness and the effectiveness of the legal framework regarding corruption prevention bodies, conflicts of interest, and whistleblower protection. The third sub-dimension, business integrity and corporate liability explores the robustness of the framework for business integrity and regulatory mechanisms, as well as the liability of legal persons. The fourth sub-dimension, investigation and prosecution, assesses the capacities of specialised anti-corruption investigative and prosecutorial bodies in investigating and prosecuting high-level corruption cases.
The Western Balkans Competitiveness Outlook (CO) 2024 is the fourth edition of the OECD’s flagship publication that offers an in-depth assessment across 15 policy areas key to bolstering economic competitiveness in the Western Balkans. The CO provides comprehensive guidance to navigate economic reforms, enhance regional co-operation and help the region’s economies align their legal frameworks and policies with those of the OECD and EU. It also enables policy makers to track performance over time, by comparing outcomes against those reported in the previous editions since 2016.