Finlande
Études économiques consacrées périodiquement par l'OCDE à l’économie de la Finlande. Chaque étude analyse les grands enjeux auxquels le pays fait face. Elle examine les perspectives à court terme et présente des recommandations détaillées à l’intention des décideurs politiques. Des chapitres thématiques analysent des enjeux spécifiques. Les tableaux et graphiques contiennent un large éventail de données statistiques.
OECD’s periodic surveys of the Finnish economy. Each edition surveys the major challenges faced by the country, evaluates the short-term outlook, and makes specific policy recommendations. Special chapters take a more detailed look at specific challenges. Extensive statistical information is included in charts and graphs.
Finland’s National Public Procurement Strategy (2020) aims at strengthening the strategic use of public procurement to achieve wider societal goals, including environmental sustainability. The Strategy promotes ecological responsibility in public procurement operations and activities, at all levels of government, and it defines a set of indicators and an action plan with concrete measures.
While means-tested benefits such as minimum income benefits (MIB) and unemployment assistance (UA) are an essential safety net for low-income people and the unemployed, incomplete take-up is the rule rather than the exception. Building on desk research, open-ended surveys and semi-structured interviews, this paper investigates the opportunities and risks of using artificial intelligence (AI) for managing these means-tested benefits. This ranges from providing information to individuals, through determining eligibility based on pre-determined statutory criteria and identifying undue payments, to notifying individuals about their eligibility status. One of the key opportunities of using AI for these purposes is that this may improve the timeliness and take-up of MIB and UA. However, it may also lead to systematically biased eligibility assessments or increase inequalities, amongst others. Finally, the paper explores potential policy directions to help countries seize AI’s opportunities while addressing its risks, when using it for MIB or UA management.
Improving rural development, well-being and maximising the potential in rural areas requires greater horizontal and vertical co-ordination at the national, regional, and local level as well as the mainstreaming of rural issues across all policies. However, taking an integrated approach to rural development - where rural ministries and non-rural ministries coordinate in the development of polices and initiatives - is often very challenging. Rural proofing is a tool to help policy makers overcome this challenge and develop more nuanced rural-friendly policies. It involves making policy decisions based on evidence on rural dynamics available in a timely fashion to enable changes and adjustments. In practice, however, it is a mechanism that has proved complex to design, implement, and sustain. This article explores how more robust rural proofing models can be developed, with health as a focal point. Drawing on lessons from different OECD member countries, it develops a roadmap for more effective rural proofing mechanisms to help embed the practice in the policy space and culture of governments.
Finland’s development co-operation prioritises the rights and status of women and girls; sustainable economies and decent work; quality education; peace and democracy; and climate change and the sustainable use of natural resources. A growing share of Finland’s development co-operation programme focuses on private sector-driven instruments. Finland’s total official development assistance (ODA) decreased in 2023 (USD 1.6 billion, preliminary data), representing 0.52% of gross national income (GNI).
The Finnish economy contracted by 1% in 2023, with weakness carrying over into a further year‑average 0.4% decline in 2024. However, a slow recovery is under way, and growth is projected to reach 1.9% in 2025. Elevated interest rates will continue to weigh on private consumption and residential investment in the short term. Inflation is falling quickly, due to lower commodity prices and weak demand, and will drop further in 2024. This will support real income growth and private consumption. Exports are set to pick up gradually with a recovery in external demand. Unemployment will rise in 2024, reflecting weak labour demand, especially in construction, but edge down in 2025.
L’économie finlandaise s’est contractée de 1 % en 2023, son manque de dynamisme se prolongeant en 2024 et entraînant un nouveau repli de 0.4 % en moyenne annuelle. Une lente reprise est néanmoins en cours et la croissance devrait s’établir à 1.9 % en 2025. À court terme, le niveau élevé des taux d’intérêt continuera de peser sur la consommation privée et sur l’investissement résidentiel. L’inflation reflue rapidement, grâce au recul des prix des matières premières et à la faiblesse de la demande, et elle poursuivra ce repli en 2024, ce qui soutiendra la croissance des revenus réels et la consommation privée. Les exportations devraient se redresser progressivement à la faveur d’une reprise de la demande extérieure. Le chômage augmentera en 2024, en raison de l’atonie de la demande de main-d’œuvre, notamment dans le secteur de la construction, mais il diminuera légèrement en 2025.
This chapter includes data on the income taxes paid by workers, their social security contributions, the family benefits they receive in the form of cash transfers as well as the social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by their employers. Results reported include the marginal and average tax burden for eight different family types.Methodological information is available for personal income tax systems, compulsory social security contributions to schemes operated within the government sector, universal cash transfers as well as recent changes in the tax/benefit system. The methodology also includes the parameter values and tax equations underlying the data.
La Finlande compte 74 conventions fiscales en vigueur, ainsi que l’indique sa réponse au questionnaire d’examen par les pairs, y compris la Convention nordique multilatérale conclue avec le Danemark, les Îles Féroé, l’Islande, la Norvège et la Suède (la Convention nordique) Voir la convention multilatérale conclue par le Danemark, la Finlande, les Îles Féroé, l’Islande, la Norvège et la Suède tendant à éviter la double imposition concernant les impôts sur le revenu et la fortune (1996, 1997, 2008 et 2018). . Quarante-huit de ces conventions, y compris la Convention nordique, sont conformes au standard minimum.
Finland has 74 tax agreements in force as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire, including the multilateral Nordic Convention concluded with Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway and Sweden (the Nordic Convention). See the Multilateral convention concluded by Denmark, Finland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Norway and Sweden: for the avoidance of double taxation with respect to taxes on income and on capital (1996, 1997, 2008 and 2018). Forty-eight of those agreements, including the Nordic Convention, comply with the minimum standard.
The Finnish economy had seen five years of continuous growth before the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainty in the global economy resulted in a recession in Finland as GDP declined 2.9% in 2020. The growth rate has gradually recovered since, being 3.0% in 2021 and 2.1% in 2022.
This report takes the reader into the lives of young people in Finland, Greece, Israel, the Netherlands and Portugal to explore the question: how do 15-year-olds learn English? Gone are the days when learners only encountered English for a couple of hours a week in a classroom. For today's teens, English is often the preferred language of communication in increasingly diverse online and offline communities. Yet relatively little is known internationally about how students learn English inside and outside school, and the resources available to help them. This report presents country findings from interviews with 15-year-olds, English-language teachers and school principals and wider background research, as well as a comparative chapter on key international insights. The report also explores how today’s digital technologies can support learners to develop foreign language proficiency. These findings support the forthcoming PISA 2025 Foreign Language Assessment through which the OECD will generate comparable data on students’ proficiency in English in different countries and on the factors related to it.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the standard measure of the value of final goods and services produced by a country during a period minus the value of imports. This subset of Aggregate National Accounts comprises comprehensive statistics on gross domestic product (GDP) by presenting the three different approaches of its measure of GDP: output based GDP, expenditure based GDP and income based GDP. These three different measures of gross domestic product (GDP) are further detailed by transactions whereby: the output approach includes gross value added at basic prices, taxes less subsidies, statistical discrepancy; the expenditure approach includes domestic demand, gross capital formation, external balance of goods and services; and the income approach includes variables such as compensation of employees, gross operating surplus, taxes and production and imports. Gross domestic product (GDP) data are measured in national currency and are available in current prices, constant prices and per capita starting from 1950 onwards.
The Pensions at a Glance database includes reliable and internationally comparable statistics on public and mandatory and voluntary pensions. It covers 34 OECD countries and aims to cover all G20 countries. Pensions at a Glance reviews and analyses the pension measures enacted or legislated in OECD countries. It provides an in-depth review of the first layer of protection of the elderly, first-tier pensions across countries and provideds a comprehensive selection of pension policy indicators for all OECD and G20 countries.