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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1779.v1

A Methodologic Approach to Study Large and Complex Landslides: An Application in Central Apennines

Massimo Mangifesta, Domenico Aringoli, Gilberto Pambianchi, Leonardo Maria Giannini, Gianni Scalella, Nicola Sciarra

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: landslide; geophysical investigations; 3D numerical modelling; 3D slope stability; 2D local seismic response

Online: 23 September 2024 (14:20:25 CEST)

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The evaluation of landslide hazard in seismic areas is based on a deterministic analysis to define the stability of the sites. However, deterministic analysis is not able to consider various uncertainties in the analysis process. This paper focuses on the results established by the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and extends the probabilistic landslide hazard analysis to consider the uncertainties of opposing ground deformations and strength. The work studies the areas between Nibbiano and Sant'Erasmo inhabited centres in the Camerino municipality located in central Italy. The current state of the areas shows dangerous conditions for the building structures. In fact, all constructions present evidence of damage caused by both the 2016 earthquake and slope instability. The studies, carried out through careful geological survey and detailed geophysical investigations, are performed to define the geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological characteristics of the areas and also to run a new analysis aimed to define the material stress-strain behavior. Both inhabited Centers are located on debris deposits with highly variable thicknesses. The key point regards the definition of the depth of unstable mass, its position and its extension. Therefore, this contribution aims to summarize the knowledge of the landslide phenomenon that affected the area, trying to interpret its evolution with new field investigations. Indeed, during the first step, related to the geological and geomorphological detailed surveys, a remarkable geological model was obtained to better interpret the slope dynamics in relation to the structures of this section of the ridge. This model was also confirmed by the geophysical investigations. The study involves a more detailed definition of the landslide perimeter. Indeed, to analyze the phenomenon, it was necessary to study both the local seismic amplification with finite element 2D simulations and the slope stability conditions with finite 3D difference simulation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1501.v1

Earthquake Risk Increasing Severity and Urgent Need for Disaster Management in Afghanistan

Noor Ahmad Akhundzadah

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Afghanistan; Seismic Regions; Trend in Earthquake; Vulnerability; Earthquake-DRR

Online: 20 September 2024 (10:55:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1545.v1

Comprehensive Geophysical Exploration Technology for Sedimentary Exhalative Deposits: An Example from the Huaniushan Lead-Zinc-Silver Polymetallic Deposit in Gansu, China

Shunji Wang, Guanwen GU, Ye Wu, Xingguo Niu, Lin Zhu, Zhihe Xu, Haoyuan He, Yingjie Wang, Xinglong Lin, Lai Cao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Sedimentary exhalative deposit; Huaniushan lead-zinc-silver polymetallic deposit; Gravity, magnetic and electric exploration; Three-dimensional inversion; Three-dimensional geological-geophysical model

Online: 19 September 2024 (14:53:35 CEST)

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The Huaniushan lead-zinc-silver deposit is a hydrothermal sedimentary exhalative deposit (SEDEX). The mining area has complex geological conditions. The main tectonic structure in the area is the Huaheitan-Shuangfengshan Fault (F3), which controls the distribution of strata and magmatic rocks. Since the discovery of the Huaniushan Lead-zinc-silver polymetallic deposit, there are diverse understandings of the deposit's genesis and mineralization law, making it challenging to meet the geological interpretation requirements of the Huaniushan Lead-zinc-silver polymetallic deposit. Moreover, a single geophysical exploration method utilizes limited rock physical parameters, making it difficult to effectively characterize underground structures. The integrated exploration of multiple geophysical methods can effectively integrate the geophysical characteristics of different rock physical parameters, reducing the multiplicity and uncertainty of geophysical data inverse interpretation. The comprehensive interpretation of three-dimensional inversion based on various geophysical data, the construction of geological-geophysical models based on geological grounds, the establishment of hidden ore exploration and positioning, and the rapid evaluation of geophysical technology systems are the current development trends in mineral exploration. In light of this, this paper conducts research on the three-dimensional inversion interpretation of the heavy magnetoelectric exploration data of the Huaniushan sedimentary exhalative deposit lead-zinc-silver polymetallic deposit in the mining area and constructs a three-dimensional geological-geophysical model of the study area based on the obtained three-dimensional physical structure of the underground three-dimensional density, magnetization intensity, resistivity, and polarizability structure of the study area, in combination with the information of related geology and drilling holes. It comprehensively interprets the favorable mineralization parts in the study area.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0399.v4

Shale Compaction Kinetics: Parameter Sensitivity to a Range of Assumed Deposition Rates

James Edward Smith, Edward Millard Smith-Rowland

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: depositional model; shale compaction; kinetics; activation energy; pore interfaces; grain interfaces; fractals; experiment suggestions; model suggestions

Online: 16 September 2024 (10:24:15 CEST)

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Weathering and erosion transport minerals and organics toward the sea or lake bottoms over geologic time. The finest solids are deposited in lower, less turbulent areas, such as lake bottoms and continental shelves. They sometimes stack up to thicknesses of kilometers, and begin compacting. These sediment sections are called shales, and as initially deposited in water, shales can have porosities up to 50-80{\%} water, As they are buried, many alteration products from oil to slate are produced due to overburden and temperature increasess, making them important to study. A preceeding paper \cite{1} showed that pressure solution is the primary mechanism for porosity reduction, with possible mechanical compaction at shallow depths. Without naming the mineral(s) involved, it postulated that the greater the product of the water and pore interfaces, the faster the reaction would proceed. This term is $ \varphi^{4m/3}(1-\varphi)^{4n/3}$ , where $\varphi$ is porosity and m and n are numbers close to unity. The large exponents, {\em 4/3}, recognize that the reaction occurs at the molecular scale at which the surfaces are rough. A second term, $\exp^{(-E/RT)}$ , indicates that the reaction is impeded by a quantum energy barrier, E, with diminished impeding power as increased available thermal energy, represented by the absolute temperature, T, becomes available at greater depths in the Earth. These two factors combine to allow porosity $\varphi$ to reduce with time, or equivalently for the fraction of solids, $(1-\varphi)$, to increase with time,$\left. \frac{\partial(ln(1-\varphi) ) }{\partial t } \right |_{\sigma} = (\varphi )^{4m/3}( 1-\varphi )^{4n/3}Ae^{-E/(RT)}$. { \em Here it is shown that this equation can cover quantitatively any actual deposition rates which may have been experienced by the six sections studied, the actual deposition rates being unknown for these cases. Hence a time-depth depositional history for any new shale section, known in detail, would allow determination of the parameters m, n, E and a lumped proportionality constant A. This was accomplished by showing that, for a wide range of depositional rates, r, the range of E for any of the studied sections is small compared to laboratory measurements of quartz solution\cite{2}, 24+-15kJ/mol. Results were obtained over this range of r's using the previously determined m and n, and porosity and temperature profiles. The presently existing porosity profiles necessarily incorporate any overpressure or underpressure conditions that may have existed in the past or currently, as the net difference between overburden and pore pressure is a primary driving force for pressure solution. $SiO_2$ usually comprises 20-50{\%} of shales. In conclusion, pressure solution of quartz can account for vertical compaction of shales quantitatively in the studied examples. Separately, a quasi-eqivalent method for discussing reduced porosities in Macron 2 versus Macron 1 as increased vertical stress, rather than additional horizontal stress, is illustrated. Experiments are suggested to clarify the pressure solution mechanism. The role of horizontal forces is discussed. From a global point of view, shale compaction by pressure solution is a quantified step in the cycling of continental rocks, beginning with rifting.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.1015.v1

Inertinite Reflectance in Relation to Combustion Temperature

Di Gao, Di Chen, Chi Cui, XueBo Fu, JunJiao Yang, Shilong Zhao, ZhenZhi Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: inertinite; paleo-wildfire; reflectance; combustion equation; correlation

Online: 12 September 2024 (15:40:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0653.v1

On Confined-Track Samples for Constraining Thermal Histories

Raymond Charles Jonckheere, Carolin Aslanian, Hongyang Fu, Florian Trilsch

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: apatite; fission-track; confined tracks; etching protocols; sampling biases; geothermal histories

Online: 9 September 2024 (11:36:44 CEST)

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Fission-track modelling rests on etching, counting and measuring the lattice damage trails from uranium fission. The tools for interpreting fission-track data are advanced but the results are never better than the data. Confined-track samples must be an adequate size for statistical analysis, representative of the track population, consistent with the model assumptions and with the calibration data. Geometrical and measurement biases are understood and can be dealt with up to a point. The interrelated issues of etching protocol and track selection are however more difficult to untangle. Our investigation favours a two-step protocol. The duration of the first step is inversely proportional to the apatite etch rate, so that different apatites etch to the same Dpar. A long immersion reveals many more confined tracks, terminated by basal and prism faces. This allows consistent length measurements and permits to orient each track relative to the c-axis. Long immersion times combined with deep ion irradiation reveal confined tracks deep inside the grains. Provided it is long enough, the precise immersion time is not important if the effective etch times of the selected tracks are calculated from their measured widths. Then, whether the sample is mono- or multi-compositional, we can, post hoc, select tracks with the desired properties. The second part of the protocol has to do with the fact that fossil tracks in geological samples appear to be under-etched compared to induced tracks etched under the same conditions. This should be assumed if the semi-axes (l_C, l_A) of a fitted ellipse plot above the induced-track line. In that case an additional etch can increase the track lengths to a point where they are consistent with the model based on lab-annealing of induced tracks, a condition for valid thermal histories. Here too, it is possible to select a subset with effective etch times consistent with the model if the widths of confined tracks are measured along with their lengths and orientations.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0104.v1

Assessing the Impact of Geospatial Susceptibility on the Rural Agricultural Landscapes of Village Settlements in Southwestern Nigeria

John Adekunle Adesina, Xiaolan Tang, Yujie Ren, Winchester Ndum Fuh

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: agricultural landscapes; agricultural growth plans; biodiversity niches; resilient communities; rural neighborhoods

Online: 2 September 2024 (17:02:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0030.v1

Surface Ages in the Vicinity of the Chang’e-6 Landing Site

Li Zhang, Jianzhong Liu, Gregory Michael, Ping Ge, Kaichang Di, Congzhe Wu, Kai Zhu, Xiaoxi Kang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Chang’ e-6; CSFD measurements; absolute model age; Apollo basin

Online: 2 September 2024 (08:54:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.2260.v1

Research on the Application of Tbm Advanced Geological Prediction Based on Ellipsoidal Positioning Velocity Analysis

Zhen Gao, Xin Rong, Wei Wang, Bin Huang, Junqiang Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Seismic exploration; Advanced geological forecasting; Velocity analysis; TBM construction tunnel

Online: 30 August 2024 (14:55:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.2236.v1

Development of a Three-Dimensional Inversion Program for Magnetotellurics Using Finite Volume and Adjoint State Method

Atsushi Suzuki

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Magnetotellurics; inversion; Finite volume method; Adjoint state method

Online: 30 August 2024 (13:02:12 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.2025.v1

Evolution of Auriferous Fluids in the Kraaipan-Amalia Greenstone Belts: Evidence from Mineralogical and Isotopic Constraints

Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Napoleon Quaye Hammond, Yuichi Morishita, Daizo Ishiyama

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Kraaipan; Amalia; greenstone belt; gold; oxide BIF; strontium isotopes; South Africa; Kaapvaal Craton

Online: 28 August 2024 (10:41:25 CEST)

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The Kraaipan and Amalia greenstone belts in South Africa occurs in the western part of the Kaapvaal Craton. The two belts stretch discontinuously in an approximately north-south orientation over a distance of about 250 km from southern Botswana in the north to the Vaal River near Christiana in the south and are separated by a distance of about 90 km. Gold mineralization is hosted in banded iron-formation at both the Kalahari Goldridge deposit (Kalgold) in the Kraaipan greenstone belt in the north, and the Amalia deposit in the Amalia greenstone belt in the south, with the mineralization associated with quartz-carbonate veins. The footwall of these deposits is generally composed of mafic volcanic schist and hanging wall consisting of graywackes, schist and shale units. The Kalgold and Amalia gold deposits show some variation in the redox condition of the mineralizing system, mineralization temperatures and fluid chemistry. The ore mineral assemblage is characterized by magnetite-pyrrhotite-pyrite at Kalgold, which is indicative of reducing conditions, and magnetite-hematite-pyrite assemblage at Amalia that suggest a relatively oxidizing environment. Average mineralizing temperatures determined from chlorite geothermometry were relatively higher at the Kalahari Goldridge deposit ranging from 350 to 400oC compared to 335 to 370oC (mean, 352± 18, n = 113) at Amalia. The composition of the fluids derived from fluid inclusions are indicative of low salinity H2O-CH4-CO2-rich fluids at Kalgold against relatively H2O-CO2-rich fluids at Amalia. Evidence from strontium-carbon-oxygen isotopic ratios from carbonates suggests differences in redox conditions in the deposits could be attributed to different flow pathways by the evolving fluid from a common source (with minimum 87Sr/86Sr=0.70354) to the sites of gold deposition; with significant ore fluid interaction with thick sequence of carbonaceous meta-pelitic rock units at the Kalahari Goldridge deposit, that is absent in the Amalia deposit.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1732.v1

Perched Hydrologic Systems of the Monahans and the Kermit Dune Fields, Northern Chihuahuan Desert West Texas, USA

Alix Fournier, Steven L. Forman, Connor Mayhack, Griffin Money

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: perched aquifer; West Texas; dune fields; Chihuahua Desert; radiocarbon; stable isotopes; Aeolian; hydrology

Online: 23 August 2024 (13:45:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0788.v1

Physical Vulnerability and Landslide Risk Assessment in Tegucigalpa City, Honduras

Ginés Suárez, María José Domínguez-Cuesta

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Numerical methods and its applications; reliability and risk analysis; landslide susceptibility modeling and mapping

Online: 12 August 2024 (12:30:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0524.v1

Chiral Minerals

David Avnir

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: chirality; enantiomorphs; minerals; space-groups; formation; properties

Online: 7 August 2024 (23:18:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0527.v1

Investigating Arctic Permafrost Dynamics Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Borehole measurement in Svalbard

Ding-Jiun Lin, Ping-Yu Chang, Ying-Lon Chen, Jordi Mahardika Puntu, Chuen-Fa Ni, Giletycz Jack Slawomir, Ireneusz Sobota, Kamil Czarnecki, Yu-Huan Chang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Electrical Resistivity Imaging; borehole temperature; permafrost; Svalbard

Online: 7 August 2024 (23:11:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0418.v1

Thermal Energy Storage and Recovery in Fractured Granite Reservoirs: Numerical Modeling and Efficiency Analysis

Théo Halter, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Alexis Shakas, Maren Brehme, Marian Hertrich, Domenico Giardini

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Thermal Energy Storage; Fractured Reservoir; Seasonal Heat Storage; Numerical Model

Online: 6 August 2024 (12:15:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0584.v4

Earthquake Footprints for Predicting Events

Kieran Greer

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: earthquake; footprint; predict events; cluster; frequency grid

Online: 5 August 2024 (14:07:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0077.v1

Efficient Forward Modeling of Gravitational Fields in Spherical Harmonic Domain with Application to Lunar Topography

Guangdong Zhao, Shengxian Liang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Gravity forward modeling; spherical harmonic domain; tesseroid; spherical shell; 3D-GLQ; lunar topography

Online: 1 August 2024 (15:30:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.2295.v1

Application of Experimental Configurations of Seismic and Electric Tomographic Techniques to the Investigation of Complex Geological Structures

Vasileios Gkosios, John D. Alexopoulos, Konstantinos Soukis, Ioannis-Konstantinos Giannopoulos, Spyridon Dilalos, Dimitrios Michelioudakis, Nicholas Voulgaris, Thomas Sphicopoulos

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ERT; SRT; seismic sources comparison; spectral analysis; forward modelling; GPR; magmatic intrusion

Online: 29 July 2024 (11:01:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1867.v1

Application of Hydrogeophysical Techniques in Delineating Aquifers for Estimating Groundwater Recharge Potential to Enhance Water Allocation in Groundwater-Dependent Systems, Northern Cape, South Africa

Lucky Baloyi, Thokozani Kanyerere, Innocent Muchingami, Harrison Pienaar

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Apparent Resistivity; Electric Potential Difference; Magneto-telluric; Unconfined; Confined

Online: 24 July 2024 (07:21:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1814.v1

First U-pb (CA-ID-TIMS) Radioisotopic Dating of the Uppermost Permian Coal Interval in the Minusinsk Coal Basin (Siberia, Russia)

Vladimir V. Silantiev, Sergey I. Arbuzov, Marion Tichomirowa, Alexandra Käßner, Alsu Kh. Izmailova, Sergey S. Ilenok, Bulat R. Soktoev, Nouria G. Nurgalieva, Yaroslav M. Gutak, Anastasia S. Felker, Lyubov G. Porokhovnichenko, Nikolai A. Eliseev, Veronika V. Zharinova, Evgenia M. Nurieva, Milyausha N. Urazaeva

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Siberia, Minusinsk Basin; Permian; tonstein; ash falls, U-PB dating; CA-ID-TIMS, geochronology; biostratigraphy; Angaraland

Online: 23 July 2024 (17:56:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1831.v1

Mineralogical and Textural Analysis of Natural Hercynite-Spinel Compounds

Andrés I. González-Jacquez, Jose G. Murillo-Ramírez, Cesar Modesto-Acosta, Guillermo Herrera-Perez, Karla Campos-Venegas, César Leyva-Porras

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Hercynite; Natural spinel; FeAl2O4; Neumann bands; Widmanstätten pattern

Online: 23 July 2024 (16:01:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1654.v1

Evaluation of Medium-Deep Geothermal Resources Based on Seismic Imaging Technology: A Case Study of the Midu Basin in Yunnan Province

Jie Li, Xuebin Zhang, Chao Xu, Chuan Li, Hui Tan, Ziye Yu, Yunpeng Zhang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: geothermal resources; seismic tomography imaging; velocity ratio; Midu basin; genesis mechanism

Online: 22 July 2024 (09:11:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1103.v1

Pre-Earthquake Anomaly Analysis of Geoelectric Field Stations Surrounding the M6.2 Jishishan Earthquake

Weiming Wang, Xiaofeng Liao, Zhiwei Zhang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: anomalies of geoelectric field; non-uniform variations; tectonic activities; dominant azimuth angle; three elements of earthquake prediction; Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake

Online: 16 July 2024 (04:46:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.0658.v1

Comparative Study of Rapid Assessment Methods of Earthquake-Triggered Landslides Based on Newmark Model - A Case Study of The 2022 Luding Ms6.8 Earthquake

Huan-yu Li, Dong-ping Li, Jing-fei Yin, Hai-qing Sun, Min Li, Chen-bing Dai

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: earthquake-triggered landslides; rapid assessment; Luding Ms6.8 earthquake; Newmark method; the difference method; the cumulative displacement method

Online: 9 July 2024 (13:02:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.0412.v1

Critical Surface Heat Flows and the Future Evolution of Volcanism and Geothermal Power Resources on the Earth

Varnana M.Kumar, Girish T.E, Thara N.Sathyan, Eapen P.E, Biju Longhinos, Binoy J.

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Geothermal power; critical heat flows; volcanism; Earth; Venus; plate tectonics

Online: 4 July 2024 (08:29:46 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1939.v1

Electromagnetic and Radon Earthquake Precursors

Dimitrios Nikolopoulos, Demetrios Cantzos, Aftab Alam, Stavros Dimopoulos, Ermioni Petraki

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: electromagnetic radiation; radon gas; earthquakes; satellites; remote sensing; models; anomalies

Online: 27 June 2024 (11:38:57 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1849.v1

An Initial Approach of Multiple Linear Regression in CO₂-water Relative Permeability Prediction for Carbon Storage Projects

Ying Yu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: CCUS; Relative permeability; Supervised learning

Online: 26 June 2024 (11:35:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1484.v1

The Small and Moderate Earthquake Parameters Training Catalog on the Main Faults in Sichuan, China

Weiwei Wu, Jun Li, Tian Li, Hong Zuo, Feng Long, Mingjian Liang, Xuefen Chen, Ningbo Jiang, Xianliang Yao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: source parameters training catalog; self-similar earthquake scaling; stress drop; spatio-temporal evolution

Online: 21 June 2024 (10:07:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1432.v1

Compressive Sensing-Based Spectral Inversion Algorithm and Its Application in Detailed Fault Characterization

Guoxu Shu, Xiaohong Meng, Lin Liao, Mengcheng Shu, Shengqiang Mu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: compressive sensing; fault characterization; spectral inversion; coal seismic exploration technology

Online: 21 June 2024 (05:35:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0399.v3

Shale Compaction Kinetics: Parameter Sensitivity to a Range of Assumed Deposition Rates

James Edward Smith, Edward Millard Smith-Rowland

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: depositional model; ; shale compaction; kinetics; activation energy; pore interfaces; grain interfaces; fractals; experiment suggestions, model suggestions

Online: 11 June 2024 (08:38:16 CEST)

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Weathering and erosion transport minerals and organics toward the sea or lake bottoms over geologic time. The finest solids are deposited in lower, less turbulent areas, such as lake bottoms and continental shelves. They sometimes stack up to thicknesses of kilometers, and begin compacting. These sediment sections are called shales, and as initially deposited in water, shales can have porosities up to 50-80{\%} water, As they are buried, many alteration products from oil to slate are produced due to overburden and temperature increasess, making them important to study. A preceeding paper \cite{1} showed that pressure solution is the primary mechanism for porosity reduction, with possible mechanical compaction at shallow depths. Without naming the mineral(s) involved, it postulated that the greater the product of the water and pore interfaces, the faster the reaction would proceed. This term is $ \varphi^{4m/3}(1-\varphi)^{4n/3}$ , where $\varphi$ is porosity and m and n are numbers close to unity. The large exponents, {\em 4/3}, recognize that the reaction occurs at the molecular scale at which the surfaces are rough. A second term, $\exp^{(-E/RT)}$ , indicates that the reaction is impeded by a quantum energy barrier, E, with diminished impeding power as increased available thermal energy, represented by the absolute temperature, T, becomes available at greater depths in the Earth. These two factors combine to allow porosity $\varphi$ to reduce with time, or equivalently for the fraction of solids, $(1-\varphi)$, to increase with time,$\left. \frac{\partial(ln(1-\varphi) ) }{\partial t } \right |_{\sigma} = (\varphi )^{4m/3}( 1-\varphi )^{4n/3}Ae^{-E/(RT)}$. { \em Here it is shown that this equation can cover quantitatively any actual deposition rates which may have been experienced by the six sections studied, the actual deposition rates being unknown for these cases. Hence a time-depth depositional history for any new shale section, known in detail, would allow determination of the parameters m, n, E and a lumped proportionality constant A. This was accomplished by showing that, for a wide range of depositional rates, r, the range of E for any of the studied sections is small compared to laboratory measurements of quartz solution\cite{2}, 24+-15kJ/mol. Results were obtained over this range of r's using the previously determined m and n, and porosity and temperature profiles. The presently existing porosity profiles necessarily incorporate any overpressure or underpressure conditions that may have existed in the past or currently, as the net difference between overburden and pore pressure is a primary driving force for pressure solution. $SiO_2$ usually comprises 20-50{\%} of shales. In conclusion, pressure solution of quartz can account for vertical compaction of shales quantitatively in the studied examples. Separately, a quasi-eqivalent method for discussing reduced porosities in Macron 2 versus Macron 1 as increased vertical stress, rather than additional horizontal stress, is illustrated. Experiments are suggested to clarify the pressure solution mechanism. The role of horizontal forces is discussed. From a global point of view, shale compaction by pressure solution is a quantified step in the cycling of continental rocks, beginning with rifting.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0143.v1

Spread Spectrum Induced Polarization Survey for Qiushuwan Copper-Molybdenum Deposits in South of Henan Province, China.

Jawad Ahmad, Rujun Chen, Ijaz Ahmed, Muhammad Yaseen, Shah Fahad, Osama Abdul Rahim, Farid Ullah, Shahid Ali Shah, Li Rui

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: copper-molybdenum deposits; spread spectrum induced polarization; mineral resources; Qiushuwan deposits, geophysical method.

Online: 4 June 2024 (12:45:36 CEST)

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The Qiushuwan Cu-Mo deposit, located in the East Qinling molybdenum belt, which is a major mining site recognized for its enormous reserves of medium-sized molybdenum. In order to enhance our comprehension and ascertain supplementary mineral resources, it is critical to conduct an in-depth investigation of both the deep and peripheral regions. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the Qiushuwan Copper Molybdenum Mine, which is located in Zhenping County, Henan Province. The spread spectrum-induced polarization (SSIP) method is utilized as a means of conducting mining exploratory analysis. Significant findings have been obtained through the collection of SSIP data, geological analysis, and electrical parameter study of rock and ore samples along profile-80. By conducting a meticulous examination of the SSIP data at suitable frequencies, two prominent conductive ore bodies, specifically C2 and C4, have been successfully discovered. C2 exhibits a correlation with granite porphyry and molybdenum veins, while C4 is linked to a skarn deposit that contains a concentration of copper ore. The spatial differences in conductivity within the research area have been precisely characterized using resistivity models obtained from the SSIP data. The precision and dependability of our conclusions have been confirmed through the integration of borehole data and the matching of geological sections with inversion models. The recovered core samples show a diverse range of minerals, containing both valuable ores and minerals that have undergone alteration. Pyrite constantly appears with molybdenite in the majority of samples. The aforementioned results provide a strong foundation for future exploration initiatives and sustainable resource exploitation, enabling informed decision-making in the effective use and administration of natural resources. This study adds to the existing body of knowledge on the Qiushuwan Cu-Mo deposit and improves exploration methods in the region by utilizing the SSIP approach. The findings are a useful asset for geologists, mining experts, and stakeholders, offering essential knowledge for future exploration and sustainable utilization of resources.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0098.v1

Application of Audio-Magnetotelluric and Dual-Frequency Induced Polarization Joint Inversion in a Pb-Zn Deposit Exploration in Inner Mongolia, China

Shah Fahad, Chunming Liu, Rujun Chen, Hesham El Kaliouby, Jawad Ahmad, Farid Ullah, Ijaz Ahmed, Osama Ahmad, Osama Abdul Rahim, Shahid Ali Shah

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Dongjun; Lead-zinc deposit; Pb-Zn ore; Inner Mongolia; Joint inversion; Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT); Dual frequency Induced Polarization (DFIP)

Online: 3 June 2024 (13:54:03 CEST)

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Models of subsurface structures are important for successful deposit exploration but are challenged by the need to integrate data from different geophysical methods. In the present study, we evaluated a method of joint inversion in which audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) and dual frequency induced polarization (DFIP) data sets are inverted simultaneously to produce a consistent 2D resistivity model to show a clear image of subsurface structures. To achieve the objectives, we conducted AMT and DFIP surveys first on the same survey line within the Dongjun lead-zinc deposit in inner Mongolia by developing 31 AMT survey sites with an interstation separation of 40 m on a 1440 m survey track and operated in fifty-three frequencies in the range 1–10,400 Hz to record the resistivity distribution of subsurface to depths exceeding 800 m. The same survey setup up was applied to the DFIP method by utilizing the SQ-3C model with a pole-dipole array configuration and conducted measurements at frequencies of 4 Hz and 4/13 Hz. We first separately inverted AMT and DFIP measurements. The two-dimensional (2D) model obtained from AMT data revealed distinct low resistivity anomalies in the middle of the 2D inversion model. In contrast, the DFIP inversion model showed a high resistive body in the same region. In response to the discrepancies observed in the separate 2D inversion models, we implemented a joint inversion for both the AMT and DFIP datasets. The joint inversion resistivity model shows surficial conducting bodies and a high conductive body along the profile with relatively high Percent Frequency Effect (PEF) indicating high chargeability. The final joint inversion resistivity model clearly images the large silica alteration zone and the Pb-Zn mineralization. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a joint inversion methodology and highlights the value of integrating geophysical methods through joint inversion for enhanced characterization and exploration of lead-zinc ores.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1962.v1

The Tectonic Framework of Parecis Basin. Insights from a Multiphysics Interpretation Workflow

Elaine Loureiro, Paulo Menezes, Pedro Zalan, Monica Heilbron

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Parecis Basin; integrated interpretation; multiphysics acquisition ;

Online: 29 May 2024 (12:10:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1860.v1

Cu-Polymetallic Deposit Exploration under Thick Cover in Gucheng-Yaxi Area Using Audio Magnetotelluric and Spread Spectrum Induced Polarization

Farid Ullah, Xin Zhou, Rujun Chen, Lunkai Yang, Hongchun Yao, Hao Hu, Siwen Chen, Quangong Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Cu-polymetallic deposit; audio magnetotellurics; spread spectrum induced polarization; geophysical methods; mineral exploration

Online: 28 May 2024 (12:02:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1722.v1

Substantiation of the Monitoring Network of Talik Zones in Urbanized Permafrost Areas Based on GPR Profiling Data (Aanadyr, Chukotka)

Oleg D. Tregubov, Konstantin K. Uyagansky

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Arctic urbanization, adaptation to climate change, GPR, permafrost monitoring.

Online: 27 May 2024 (09:50:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1651.v1

Origins of Lunar Water Ice: Analyzing Isotope Signatures and Evidence from Satellite Observations

REDDY VARUN VUNNAM

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Lunar Polar Craters; Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO); D/H ratio; carbonaceous chondrite asteroids; Lunar Apatite

Online: 27 May 2024 (06:46:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1619.v1

Application of Aquifer Delineation and Hydrogeophysical Techniques in Estimating Groundwater Recharge to Enhance Water Allocation in Groundwater-Dependent Areas, Northern Cape, South Africa

Lucky Baloyi, Thokozani Kanyerere, Innocent Muchingami, Harrison Pienaar

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: apparent resistivity; electric potential difference; magneto-telluric; unconfined; confined

Online: 24 May 2024 (10:01:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1548.v1

Design, Development and Application of a Modular Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) Sensor for Near-Surface Geophysical Surveys

Luzian Wolf, Adrian Flores Orozco

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: electromagnetic induction; low induction number; EMI; terrain conductivity meter; geophysics; near-surface survey; agrogeophysics; hydrogeophysics; open hardware.

Online: 23 May 2024 (12:08:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1347.v1

Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Network Architectures for Electromagnetic Field Reconstruction Based on Underground Observations

Yixing Tian, Chengliang Xie, Yun Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ; underground laboratory; electromagnetic field; neural network; noise suppression; LSTM ;

Online: 21 May 2024 (05:30:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1148.v1

Method for Revealing the Violation of Synchronization in the Operation of Geomagnetic Observatories of Intermagnet Network

Ivan Veniaminovich Vassilyev, Zhassulan Korabayevich Mendakulov, Inna Nikolaevna Fedulina, Beibit Tenelovich Zhumabayev

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Intermagnet; SuperMAG; ecliptic coordinate system; magnetic storms; violation of synchronization in operation of magnetic observatories; correlation; signal-to-noise ratio; SSC – storm sudden commence

Online: 17 May 2024 (11:36:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0266.v2

Water-Filling Characteristics and Water Source of Weakly Rich Water and Weakly Conducting Water Aquifers in the Changxing Formation after Mining Damage

Xianzhi Shi, Guosheng XU, Shuyun ZHu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Changxing Formation limestone; mining-induced fractures; mine water-inrush source; atmospheric precipitation

Online: 13 May 2024 (04:30:16 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0312.v1

Mineral Identification based on Out-Of-Distribution Detection

Xiaohui Ji, Kaiwen Liang, Yang Yang, Mei Yang, Mingyue He, Zhaochong Zhang, Shan Zeng, Yuzhu Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: mineral identification; deep learning; out-of-distribution detection; one-class support vector machines (OCSVM); ResNet

Online: 7 May 2024 (02:24:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0287.v1

The Celestial Body Language Implied By The Ayers Rock, Tasmania And Main Island of Australia

Henghua Yan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: the Ayers Rock; Tasmania; comparative celestial &; human bodyology; Celestial Body Ring; Celestial Body Love; inner core (heart) of the planet Earth; main island of Australia; mantle magma whirlpools; celestial body language

Online: 6 May 2024 (10:17:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0268.v1

Genetic Mechanism of Geothermal Water in Huichang Fault Depression Basin, Southern Jiangxi Province, China: Based on Hydrochemical Characteristics

Jihong Han, Changsheng Huang, Lianyuan Chang, Pingping Hou, Yafeng Wang, Jin Zou, Chonghe Ren

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Huichang fault depression basin; geothermal fluids; hydrogeochemistry; genetic mechanism

Online: 6 May 2024 (10:14:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0120.v1

On the Impact of Geospace Weather on the Occurrence of M7.8 /M7.5 Earthquakes of 02.06.2023 (Turkey), Possibly Associated with the Geomagnetic Storm of 11.07.2022

Dimitar Ouzounov, Galina Khachikyan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: solar wind; geomagnetic storm onset; polar cusp; geospace weather; magnetic local time; earthquake

Online: 2 May 2024 (09:57:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0022.v1

Integrated Approach to Reservoir Simulations for Evaluating Pilot CO₂ Injection in a Depleted Naturally Fractured Oil Field On-Shore Europe

Milan Pagáč, Vladimír Opletal, Anton Shchipanov, Anders Nermoen, Roman Berenblyum, Ingebret Fjelde, Jiří Rez

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: carbon capture and storage (CCS); reservoir simulation; integrated approach; naturally fractured carbonate reservoir; stress-sensitive fracture properties; pressure transient analysis; safe injection envelope; salt precipitation; pilot CO2 injection

Online: 1 May 2024 (16:47:18 CEST)

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Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a necessary requirement for high-emitting CO2 industries to significantly reduce volumes of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere and mitigate the climate change. Geological CO2 storage into depleted oil and gas fields is the fastest and most accessible option for CCS deployment allowing for re-purposing of existing infrastructure and utilizing the significant knowledge about the subsurface acquired during the field production operations. Location of such depleted fields in neighbourhood of high-emitting CO2 industries is additional advantage available for matured on-shore Europe fields. Considering these advantages, the oil and gas operators are now evaluating different possibilities for CO2 sequestration projects for the fields approaching end of production. This article describes an integrated approach to reservoir simulations focused on evaluating CO2 injection pilot at one of such matured fields operated by MND and located in the Czech Republic. The potential CO2 injection site in focus is a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. This oil-bearing formation has a gas cap at the top and a limited aquifer at the bottom of the reservoir and was produced mainly by pressure depletion with quite limited pressure support from water injection. The article summarizes results of efforts taken by the multi-disciplinary team to develop and apply an integrated approach to reservoir simulation started from geological modelling of the naturally fractured reservoir and integrating results of laboratory studies and their interpretation (geomechanical and geochemistry laboratory experiments) and dynamic field data analysis (pressure transient analysis including time-lapse) into the history matching of the reservoir model and simulations of pilot CO2 injection. Attention is given to evaluating and modelling stress-sensitive fracture properties and safe injection envelope preventing induced fracturing as well as impact of potential salt precipitation in the near wellbore area. These effects are considered in the context of pilot CO2 injection and addressed in reservoir simulations of the injection scenarios. Single porosity and permeability reservoir simulations with dominating fracture flow and black-oil formulation with CO2 simulated as a solvent were used in this study and arguments for such choice of the simulation approach for the site in focus are shortly discussed. The reservoir simulations have indicated larger site injection capacity than required for the pilot injection and allowed to evaluate CO2 migration pathway within the reservoir. The application of the approach to the site in focus has also revealed large uncertainties, related to fracture description and geomechanical evaluations, resulted in an uncertain safe injection envelope. These uncertainties should be addressed in further studies in preparation to the pilot. The article concludes with an overview of the outcomes of the integrated approach and its application to the field in focus including discussion of issues and uncertainties revealed.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0076.v1

Non-Extensive Statistical Analysis of Seismicity in the West Coastline of Mexico

Elsa Leticia Flores-Márquez ---X, Alejandro Ramírez-Rojas, Leonardo Di G. Sigalotti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: gutenberg-richter law; tsallis entropy; non-extensive statistics; earthquakes; mexican seismicity; plate tectonics

Online: 1 May 2024 (08:59:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0061.v1

Past and Future Impacts of the Relative Sea Level Rise on the Seafront of Ancient Delos (Cyclades, Greece) and Flooding Scenarios by 2150

Nikos Mourtzas, Eleni Kolaiti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ancient Delos; Cyclades; Aegean; Greece; past sea level changes; ancient sea defences; sea level projections; vertical land motion; flooding scenarios up to 2150; mitigation and adaptation measures

Online: 1 May 2024 (07:53:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1577.v1

Motion Simulation of Landslides Triggered by Earthquakes Using LS-RAPID Program

ZHOU RONG

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Earthquake-induced landslides; Rapid and long-runout; Flow-like; Computer simulation; Motion process.

Online: 24 April 2024 (05:22:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1489.v1

Analysis of the 2022 El Tejado Ravine Mudflow (Quito, Ecuador) from the Sedimentological and the Published Multimedia Documents Approach

Liliana Troncoso, Francisco Javier Torrijo Echarri, Elias Ibadango, Luis Pilatasig, Olegario Alonso-Pandavenes, Alex Mateus, Stalin Solano, Ruber Cañar, Nicolás Rondal, Francisco Viteri

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: mudflow; El Tejado ravine; sedimentology; La Gasca Street; Pichincha volcano; multimedia

Online: 23 April 2024 (11:58:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1250.v1

Xiaowei Liu, Carmen De Jong

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Low flow; Hydrological drought identification; Low mountain catchment

Online: 18 April 2024 (13:57:38 CEST)

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Climate change is increasing air temperatures and altering the precipitation and hydrological re-gime on a global scale. Challenges arise when assessing the impacts of climate change on the local scale for water resources management proposes, especially for low mountain headwater catch-ments that not only serve as important water towers for local communities, but also have distinct hydrological characteristics. Until now, no low flow or hydrological drought studies have been carried out on the Lauter River. This study is unique in that it compares the Lauter River, a transboundary Rhine tributary with a nearby station on the River Rhine just below its confluence at the French-German border. The Lauter catchment is a mostly natural, forested catchment, however, its water course has been influenced by past and present cultural activities. Climate change disturbances cascade through the hydrologic regime right down to the local scale. As we are expecting more low flow events, the decrease in water availability could cause conflicts be-tween different water user groups in the Lauter catchment. However, the choice of different methods for identifying low flow periods may cause confusion for local water resources manag-ers. Using flow rate time series of the Lauter River between 1956 and 2022 we compare for the first time three low flow identification methods: the variable threshold method (VT), the fixed threshold method (FT), and the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI). Similar analyses are applied and compared to the adjacent Maxau station on the Rhine River for the same time period. This study aims at 1) interpreting the differences amongst the various low flow identification methods and 2) revealing the differences in low flow characteristics of the Lauter catchment compared to the Rhine River. It appears that the FT reacts faster to direct climate or anthropogenic impacts whereas VT is more sensitive to indirect factors such as decreasing subsurface flow which is typical for small headwater catchments, such as the Lauter where flow dynamics react faster to flow disturbances. Abnormally low flow during the early Spring in tributaries such as the Lauter can help predict low flow conditions of the Rhine River during the following half year and espe-cially for the summer. The results could facilitate Early Warning of hydrological droughts and drought management for water users in the Lauter catchment and further downstream along some of the Rhine.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1189.v1

Research on The Heat Transfer Model of Double U-pipe Ground Heat Exchanger Based on In-Situ Testing

Ruifeng Wang, Mingchuan Shi, Jun Yu, Wei Ren, Guohong Yan, Ke Zhu, Zhiqiang Yin, Shujie Gao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: In-situ testing; Double U-pipe ground heat exchanger; Heat transfer model; Shallow geothermal energy

Online: 18 April 2024 (11:06:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1143.v1

3D Prospectivity Modeling of the Nibao Carlin-Type Gold Deposit, China: Insights into Mineralization Localization and Gold Exploration

Hui Guo, Xiancheng Mao, Juexuan Huang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Spatial Analysis; Mineral Prospectivity Modeling; Carlin-type Gold Deposit; Nibao Gold Deposit

Online: 17 April 2024 (12:36:10 CEST)

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Existing research indicates that mineralization of Carlin-type gold deposit is related to geological structures, but current studies mostly focus on the qualitative association, and lack quantitative analysis of the relationship between mineralization and structural features, which limits the potential for predictive mineral exploration. In this study, the Nibao Carlin-type gold deposit was selected as the research area to conduct three-dimensional geological modeling, spatial analysis, and three-dimensional prospectivity modeling. Spatial analysis revealed that the majority of gold ore bodies are situated near the main fault, with gold mineralization primarily occurring within a spatial range of approximately -80 meters to 20 meters from the main fault plane. This spatial distribution predominantly aligns in a SW-NE direction. Spatial characteristic extraction of fault slope indicators suggests that the slope angles are conducive to the migration and accumulation of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids, with ore body metal content rapidly increasing within an angle range of approximately 20° to 60°. The shape analysis of the mainfault indicates that the principal spaces of mineralization enrichment are within -10m to 20m of the fault plane undulations, where gold resources are concentrated in a relatively flat area. However, the degree of mineralization is more pronounced in the protruding sections than in the depressed areas. The areas with significant dip changes in faults display higher variations in orebody attitudes, with mineralization noticeably weaker in areas where the fault steepness changes markedly. Ore-bearing units exhibit significantly higher grades within the -17° to 3° interval of fault steepness transition. This interval also sees a rapid accumulation of gold resources. The Nibao gold mine's mineralization is derived from deep, ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids ascending along major fractures, precipitating, and accumulating in favorable ore-hosting spaces (faults, anticline cores) and lithological combinations (sedimentary tuffs, tuffs). Three deep potential gold targets were identified, highlighting the deep western edge of the F1 fault and the deep southeast-trending lower plate as prospective areas for future exploration. This study underscores the effectiveness of 3D prospective modeling as an indispensable tool for elucidating the spatial distribution of fault-controlled Carlin-type gold deposits and their tectonic determinants.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1120.v1

Geology and Metallogeny of Shu-Ile Ore Zone Intrusive Complexes (Kazakhstan)

Adilkhan B. Baibatsha, Yuriy V. Vyazovetsky, Maxat K. Kembayev, Sayat E. Rais, Gulzada M. Koishina, Aibolat N. Talgatbek

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Kazakhstan tectonics; Shu-Ile belt; intrusive complexes; metallogeny Jalaiyr-Naiman suture

Online: 17 April 2024 (08:20:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0624.v1

Rock Particle Segmentation Using Mask R-CNN

Fiyinfoba Ogunkeye, Liqun Shan, Xiali Hei

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: rock segmentation; Mask R-CNN; Detectron2; instance segmentation; deep learning

Online: 9 April 2024 (07:12:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0390.v1

Supervised Statistical Optimization of Interfaced Geophysical–Geotechnical Datasets for Holistic Surface–Subsurface Modeling

Adedibu Sunny Akingboye, Andy Anderson Bery, Muslim Babatunde Aminu, Mbuotidem David Dick, Gabriel Abraham Bala, Temitayo Olamide Ale

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Geophysical– geotechnical modeling; regression statistics; surface– subsurface characterization; soil-rock mapping, environmental studies; Penang Malaysia

Online: 4 April 2024 (17:47:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1750.v1

A Long-Term Sequence in Southern Carpathians (Romania): Seismicity Characterization

Andreea Chircea, Mircea Radulian, Bogdan Enescu, Mihaela Popa, Raluca Dinescu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: intra-continental seismicity, Southern Carpathians (Romania), earthquake sequence, seismicity pattern, JHD location

Online: 28 March 2024 (10:38:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1621.v1

Meteoritic Matter and Spherules in a Presumed Impact Crater at Emmerting, Germany

Václav Procházka, Pavel Kalenda, Petr Martinec, Jiří Mizera, Lenka Thinová, Tomáš Trojek, Günther Kletetschka, Richard Štorc, Jan Adámek, Pavel Švanda

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: impact crater; meteorite; enstatite; Mg-rich glass; Fe oxide spherules

Online: 26 March 2024 (16:34:45 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1588.v1

A Systematic Review of the Application of GOCI to Water Quality Monitoring of Inland and Coastal Waters

Shidi Shao, Yu Wang, Ge Liu, Kaishan Song

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: GOCI; inland and coastal waters; atmospheric correction; algal blooms; water quality parameters

Online: 26 March 2024 (11:35:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1373.v1

Comparison of Melting-Affected Rocks from Presumed Small Impact Craters and Old Limekilns in Bavaria, Germany

Václav Procházka, Horst Herrmann, Pavel Kalenda, Petr Martinec, Jiří Mizera, Tomáš Trojek, Lenka Thinová, Gunther Kletetschka, Jan Adámek, Kamil Souček

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: limekiln; impact crater; glass formation; thermoplastic deformation

Online: 22 March 2024 (11:39:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1298.v1

Modelling and Validation of the Derna Dam Break Event

Alessandro Annunziato, Marzia Santini, Chiara Proietti, Valerio Lorini, Andrea Gerhardinger, Michele Tucci

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Dam; Dam Breach; Flooding; Modelling; Early Warning Systems; Digital Elevation Model; Popu-lation Density; Remote Sensing

Online: 22 March 2024 (09:38:35 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1331.v1

Gold Deposits Related to the Island Arc Formations and Ophiolitic Complexes of Eastern Cuba: A Review

Jorge L. Costafreda, Domingo A. Martín, Jorge L. Costafreda-Velázquez, José Luis Parra

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ophiolites; island arc; serpentinization; listvenitization; rodingitization; propylitization; gold; sulfides

Online: 22 March 2024 (05:14:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0961.v1

From Clastics to Carbonates and Black Shales: Deciphering Sedimentary Continuity and Discontinuity in the Devonian Landscape of the Volga-Ural Petroleum Province

Vladimir V. Silantiev, Dinara N. Miftakhutdinova, Nouria G. Nurgalieva

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Volga-Ural Petroleum Province, Devonian, black shales, carbonates, clastic, sedimentation, rate, environments

Online: 18 March 2024 (09:00:44 CET)

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Analyses of the three predominant types of sedimentation – clastic, carbonate and black shale – revealed their discontinuity/continuity in different facies environments of the Middle and Late Devonian of the central part of the Volga-Urals petroleum province, namely (1) in depressions, both condensed and non-condensed, (2) on the slopes of depressions and (3) in shallow water environments represented by tectonic arches or localised biohermal uplifts. The regional zonation of conodonts, correlated with the global chronostratigraphic scheme, substantiates the stratigraphic completeness of the general Devonian sequence in this area. In particular, the sedimentation of organic-rich black shales, traditionally considered as source rocks, lasted more than 29 million years, starting from the Late Eifel and ending at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. There was only one hiatus in the deposition of both black shales and carbonate sediments, lasting about 2.5 million years at the end of the Frasnian. That interval is dominated by clastic sediments, which are considered to be the most productive reservoirs of the Volga-Ural province. In the time interval from the beginning of the Eifel to the end of the Frasnian (about 17 Ma), (a) clastic sediments show the highest accumulation rates; (b) the most complete sequences occur in depressions; and (c) arches and uplifts show the most significant gaps in the geological record. During Famennian, (a) clastic sedimentation has completely ceased; (b) differences between the slopes of troughs and shallow-water environments have diminished, resulting in stable accumulation of carbonate sediments in both settings; (c) the decrease in sequence thickness (up to 50 m) in depressions suggests reduced accumulation rates of deep-water organic-rich black shales. The results help to understand the complex spatial relationship between different coexisting sedimentation types and focus attention to the incompleteness of the geological record in different environments.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0941.v1

On a New Theory of Climate Interference for MISs and Glacial Terminations from Antarctica Ice-core Records. 1: Interference Model

Paolo Viaggi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Antarctica; EPICA; Physical interference; Glacial stage; Interglacial stage; Stadial; Interstadial; Termination; Saw-tooth shape

Online: 15 March 2024 (16:50:47 CET)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0677.v1

Response of a Triangular Hill Joined with a Semicircular Alluvial Valley under Incident SH Waves

Guangzheng Wang, Jianze Liu, Zhuang Wang, Yang Li, Xuefeng Zhang, Fazhan Yang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: SH-waves; triangular hill; semicircular alluvial valley; complex function

Online: 12 March 2024 (08:05:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0570.v1

Earthquake-Induced Landslides in Italy: Evaluation of the Triggering Potential Based on Seismic Hazard

Sina Azhideh, Simone Barani, Gabriele Ferretti, Davide Scafidi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: earthquake-induced landslides; landslide triggering; seismic hazard; hazard disaggregation; triggering probability.

Online: 11 March 2024 (17:47:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1481.v1

The Ballynoe Stratiform Barite Deposit, Silvermines, County Tipperary, Ireland

Colin J. Andrew

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Stratiform, Lower Carboniferous, barite, Silvermines District, exhalation.

Online: 26 February 2024 (14:54:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1438.v1

Convolutional Neural Networks Applied to Antimony Quantification via Reflectance Spectroscopy Using Soils from Northern Portugal: Opportunities and Challenges

Morgana Carvalho, Joana Cardoso-Fernandes, Alexandre Lima, Ana Caudia Teodoro

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Antimony; exploration; reflectance spectroscopy; soil analysis; critical raw materials; deep learning; geology

Online: 26 February 2024 (11:43:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1246.v1

Water-Bearing Complexes and Fault Breccia Aquifers of the Sanaga Valley Fault System: New Insight from Outcrops, Wells, and Geophysics Data

MBIDA YEM Lionel, RIBODETTI Alessandra, YÉNÉ ATANGANA Joseph Quentin Yene, LEBOURG Thomas, NDJIGUI Désiré, NDAM NJIKAM Mohamed Moustapha

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Electrical resistivity tomography; Precambrian fault belt; Sanaga River Valley; low-grade metamorphic rocks; fault breccia aquifers

Online: 22 February 2024 (12:39:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1243.v1

Based on the Periodic Dynamic of Water Level in Well BB to Es-Timate the Time Series Changes of Aquifer Parameters

Peng Qiao, Shuangshuang Lan, Hongbiao Gu, Zhengtan Mao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Tidal response; Hydraulic characteristics; Transmissivity; Leakage coefficient

Online: 22 February 2024 (07:16:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1066.v1

All-in-One Cost-Efficient Geodetic Station with Real-Time Transmission for Geodynamics Applications

Maurin Vidal, Paul Jarrin, Lucie M. Rolland, Jean Mathieu Nocquet, Mathilde Vergnolle, Pierre Sakic

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: low-cost; GNSS; crustal deformation; geodynamics

Online: 19 February 2024 (15:29:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0546.v1

Chemical Composition and Coloration Genesis of Black - Black Cyan Nephrite from Margou Deposit, Qiemo county, Xinjiang, China

Ting Fang, Mingxing Yang, Yuan Chang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Nephrite; Chemical Composition; Coloration Genesis

Online: 9 February 2024 (10:52:27 CET)

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The nephrite belt in Altun Mountain-Western Kunlun Mountain region spanning approximately 1300 km in Xinjiang, NW China, constituting the world's largest preeminent nephrite deposit. The Qiemo region in the Altun Mountain is a crucial nephrite-producing area in China with demonstrating substantial prospects for future explorationl. While extant research has extensively study on secondary deposits in the Karakash River and native black nephrite deposits in Guangxi Dahua, a lacuna exists in the comprehensive investigation of black nephrite from original deposits in Xinjiang. Margou nephrite represents a recent discovery of black-toned nephrite deposits in Qiemo County, Xinjiang, warranting a comprehensive investigation into this primary source of black nephrite within the region. This scholarly inquiry deploys a suite of sophisticated analytical techniques, encompassing Polarizing microscope, electric microprobe, Backscattered Electron Image, X-ray Fluorescence, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The rigorous experimental test is dedicated to elucidating the chemical and mineralogical composition, and further clarify the type of its genetic types of black-black cyan nephrite from Margou deposit in Qiemo, Xinjiang. Results delineate the mainly composed of tremolite-actinolite, characterized by Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios ranging from 0.86 to 1.0. Minor minerals include diopside, epidote, pargasite, apatite, zircon, pyrite and iron hydroxide. Bulk-rock rare earth element patterns exhibit distinctive features such as negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.00~0.17), decreasing light rare earth elements, a relatively flat distribution of heavy rare earth elements, and low with total REE concentrations (1.64~38.9 μg/g), concurrently, the Cr (6~21 μg/g) and Ni (2.5~4.5 μg/g) contents are conspicuously low. The magmatic influence of granite emerges as pivotal factor in the genesis of magnesia skarn hosting the Margou nephrite. The distinctive black-black cyan colour is attributed to heightened iron content, mainly associated with FeO (0.08~6.29%). The discerned chemical composition characteristics posit the Margou nephrite as an exemplar of the magnesia skarn-type nephrite deposit.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0266.v1

Study on the Water Source for Filling the Weak Rich (Conductive) Water Aquifer in the Changxing Formation Limestone of Coal Seam Roof

Xianzhi Shi, Guosheng XU, Shuyun ZHu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Changxing Formation limestone; weak (conductive) aquifer; mine water source for filling; atmospheric precipitation

Online: 6 February 2024 (03:49:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1961.v1

Transient Electromagnetic Monitoring of Permafrost:mathematical Modeling Based on Sumudu Integral Transformand Artificial Neural Networks

Viacheslav Glinskikh, Oleg Nechaev, Igor Mikhaylov, Marina Nikitenko, Kirill Danilovskiy

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: permafrost; TEM monitoring; cross-borehole exploration; Subudu transform; vector finite element method; artificial neural networks; geoelectric model; numerical modeling

Online: 29 January 2024 (04:11:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0173.v3

The Dynamic Structural-Material Complexes of the Earth’s Crust

Аркадий Копылов

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Lithosphere, earth's crust, geological formations, structural and material complexes, composition, structure, self-organization, polycyclic development

Online: 24 January 2024 (10:16:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1471.v1

Foraminiferal and Palynological Record of an Abrupt Environmental Change at the Badenian/Sarmatian Boundary (Middle Miocene): A Case Study in Northeastern Central Paratethys

Danuta Peryt, Przemysław Gedl, Elżbieta Worobiec, Grzegorz Worobiec, Tadeusz Marek Peryt

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Foraminifers; palynofacies; dinocysts; pollen and spores; Miocene; Central Paratethys; Carpathian Foredeep; Poland

Online: 19 January 2024 (07:50:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1361.v1

Radon as Environment Diagnostic Tool and Global Electric Circuit Component

Sergey Pulinets, Irina Mironova, Petr Miklyaev, Tatiana Petrova, Alexander Shitov, Arseniy Karagodin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: radon; air ionization; global electric circuit; gamma spectrometer

Online: 18 January 2024 (10:30:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1259.v1

Reservoir Heterogeneity in the Fluvio-Deltaic Deposits: A Case Study from the Surma Group Succession Exposed in the North-Eastern Surma Basin, Bangladesh

Md. Mostafizur Rahman

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: facies analysis; fluvio-deltaic deposits; heterogeneity; hydrocarbon reservoir; Surma Group

Online: 17 January 2024 (11:14:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1034.v1

Advancements in Drone-Based (UAV) Ground Penetrating Radar for Accurate Boundary Mapping between Disturbed Clayey Soil and Natural Rock

Michael Frid, Vladimir Frid

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: ground penetrating radar; drone technology; geophysical prospecting; civil engineering

Online: 14 January 2024 (15:46:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0971.v1

Multifractal Aspects of Earth's Climate History

Frits Agterberg

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Multifractals; Earth’ s climate history; hottest and coldest days; Pareto-lognormal frequency distribution; Anthropocene; Devonian

Online: 12 January 2024 (09:58:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0739.v1

Measurements of the Effective-Stress Coefficient for Elastic Moduli of Sandstone in Quasi-static Regime Using Semiconductor Strain Gauges

Vassily Mikhaltsevitch, Maxim Lebedev

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: strain gauges; elastic properties; wave propagation; seismic frequency

Online: 10 January 2024 (08:56:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0748.v1

Study of the Multi-Critical Parameters Characterizing the Instability Behavior of Translational Rockslides Considering the Excavation

ShenHai Liu, Liang Yang, Mengyao Wang, Ming Shen, Yifan Sheng

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: translational rockslides; instability behavior; instability length; movement distance; excavation

Online: 9 January 2024 (15:56:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0529.v1

Hydrocarbon Reservoir Characterization in the Challenging Structural Setting of Southern Gulf of Suez: Synergistic Approach of Well Log Analyses and 2D Seismic Data Interpretation

Mohamed Reda, Taher Mostafa, Abdelmoneam Raef, Mohamed Fathy, Fahad Alshehri, Mohamed Ahmed

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: seismic interpretation; well-log analysis; 3D structural model; Miocene reservoir modeling; Ras Ghara oil field; prospect evaluation

Online: 8 January 2024 (11:16:14 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0522.v1

Hands-on Approach to Foster Paludiculture Implementation and Carbon Certification on Extracted Peatland in Latvia

Normunds Stivrins, Jānis Bikše, Jurijs Jeskins, Ilze Ozola

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: peat; CO2; CH4; rewetting; GEST; hydrogeology; photogrammetry.

Online: 8 January 2024 (09:59:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0037.v1

The Lac Fallère Area as an Example of the Interplay between Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation and Glacial Shaping (Aosta Valley, NW Italy)

Stefano Dolce, Maria Gabriella Forno, Marco Gattiglio, Franco Gianotti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Aosta Valley; glacial shaping; DSGSD; LGM; Lateglacial ;

Online: 3 January 2024 (10:09:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.2275.v1

Groundwater Hydraulics in Increased Spring Discharge Following Earthquakes: Some Applications and Considerations

Eugenio Sanz Pérez, Juan Carlos Mosquera-Feijóo, Joaquín Sanz de Ojeda, Pablo Rosas-Rodrigo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Earthquakes and water; spring hydraulics; increased spring discharge; spring excess discharge estimation; earthquake-induced spring-released water

Online: 29 December 2023 (13:13:15 CET)

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Earthquakes often entail alterations in the groundwater flow regime, in the phreatic level, in the surge and loss of springs, and discharge in brooks and springs. As for the latter, there are diverse feasible mechanisms, so there is a variety of theoretical approaches to elucidate the post-earthquake effects on spring discharge. This study adopts a conceptual approach, primarily presenting various methods for estimating water released by earthquakes by calculating discharge surpluses in springs. This study delves into refined techniques rooted in groundwater hydraulics, displaying applications of analytical and simulation methodologies to quantify seismic-induced groundwater discharge in springs. Investigating springs as natural indicators, this research applies mathematical precipitation-runoff models, specifically the CREC model, for simulating hydrographs in post-earthquake scenarios. We apply analytical procedures or mathematical simulation techniques employed in groundwater hydraulics for natural aquifer recharge calculations. Firstly, we briefly describe the methods based on the analysis of depletion curves of hydrographs in spring discharge. Additionally, certain mathematical rainfall-runoff models utilized in simulating hydrographs of karstic springs, along with derived analytical approximations, are adapted for this scenario. These hydraulic calculations involve the depletion coefficient and hydrodynamic volumes of aquifers, parameters that reveal certain aspects of the relation between groundwater and earthquakes, such as: a) Acknowledging faults as the primary geological structures in transmitting pore pressures due to earthquakes. b) Clarifying mechanisms of permeability enhancement during earthquakes. c) Highlighting the substantial volumes in motion within the Earth's interior, which, for instance, could constitute a significant source for the origin of mineral deposits. The findings highlight diverse features of the complex interplay between hydrogeological and tectonic processes at challenging spatial and temporal scales.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.2161.v1

Global Historical Megatsunamis Catalog (GHMCat)

Mercedes Ferrer, Luis I. González-de-Vallejo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: megatsunamis; Tsunami catalog; historical megatsunami catalog; Alaska Tsunamis; Norway Tsunamis

Online: 28 December 2023 (10:20:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.2015.v1

Prediction Method of the Distribution of the Effective Dominant Path of Sand Body Transporting Oil and Gas and Its Application

Yong Chen, Yaxiong Zhang, Yachun Wang, Yinghua Yu, Yunfeng Zhang, Hongqi Yuan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: sand body; transporting oil and gas; effective dominant path; distribution prediction

Online: 27 December 2023 (03:01:37 CET)

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To study the oil and gas distribution law in the slope area of the hydrocarbon-bearing basin, the distribution of the effective dominant path of sand bodies transporting oil and gas is a fundamental subject. In this paper, we introduced an effective way to predict such transport paths and applied the method to study the sand bodies of the lower first member of the Shahejie Formation (E3s1L) in the southern area of the Qikou Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin (Qinan). We first define the dominant hydrocarbon transport paths of the sand body as the superimposed area of the contiguously distributed area of the sand body and the paleotectonic ridges at the top of the formation where the sand body is located. Then we define the oil and gas supply area of the oil source fault as the overlapped area of the favorable transport path of oil source faults and the width of the associated fracture zone. Stacking the two areas, we can delineate the distribution of the effective dominant transport paths of the sand bodies. The results from our case study of the Qinan area show that the effective dominant paths of sand bodies transporting oil and gas in the E3s1L Formation in the Qinan area are distributed throughout the region with better development in the west than in the east. The paths in the eastern part extend from north to south, while the paths in the western part extend from northeast to southwest, which is favorable for the convergence of oil and gas generated from the source rocks of the third member of Shahejie Formation (Es3) in the Northeastern main depression of Qikou and the formation of oil and gas accumulations in the l E3s1L Formation. The results are consistent with the fact that oil and gas discovered in the E3s1L Formation in the Qinan region are mainly distributed in the central and western regions, with a small amount in the southeast. Therefore, the suggested method is feasible to predict the effective dominant path of sand bodies transporting oil and gas.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1793.v1

Geological and Geochemical Characterization of Variscan Pegmatites in the Sidi Bou Othmane District, Central Jebilet Province, Morocco: Insights about Their Potential as a Source of Raw Materials

Amina Wafik, Nouamane El Aouad, Youssef Daafi, Yousra Morsli, Marouane Chniouar, Rosalda Punturo, Aida Maria Conte, Daniela Guglietta, Wissale Aba Sidi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Central Jebilet; Sidi Bou Othmane; Pegmatite dykes; syn-collision; S-granite

Online: 25 December 2023 (05:26:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1742.v1

Sedimentary Processes and Instability on the Mississippi River Delta Front near the Shipwreck of the SS Virginia

Nathan Figueredo, Sam Bentley, Jason Chaytor, Kehui Xu, Navid Jafari, Ioannis Y. Georgiou, Melanie Damour, Jeffrey Duxbury, Jeffrey Obelcz, Jillian Maloney

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Mississippi River Delta; Sediment Deposition; Fine-grained sediment transport; Sedimentary fabric; Sediment gravity flow; Slope Stability

Online: 22 December 2023 (12:29:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1696.v1

Structural Geological Interpretation of Settlement Patterns of Red Wood Ants (Formica rufa group) in Southwest Germany between the Black Forest and the Swabian Alb

LOTHAR MARESCH, ULRICH SCHREIBER

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Formica site conditions; Albstadt shear zone; CO2/CH4 gas isotopes; methane sources; recent tectonics Southwest Germany ;

Online: 22 December 2023 (09:48:04 CET)

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Based on the theory that certain geological fault zones surpass the influence of other abiotic and biotic site factors for mound-building red wood ants (Formica rufa group), an area northwest of Tuttlingen with extremely high ant density was systematically surveyed, taking into account official geological maps. Indicators of active fault zones were recorded. These were additionally examined in a model area using a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM 1-meter). The study area is located in the Swabian Jura at the western edge of the Albstadt shear zone, where recent seismic activity is documented by frequent earthquakes. The earthquakes are considered to be the cause of gas permeability in the strike-slip faults, around which the clustered nesting sites were mapped. More than 2900 nests of the Formica rufa group were mapped and their site conditions analysed in different geomorphological positions. In addition to recording forestry site conditions, a geological classification was carried out, as well as an analysis of soil gases/mofettes in areas with the highest nest densities. The correlation between forestry data and nest sites did not reveal a consistent pattern. In contrast, the relationships with gas-permeable strike-slip faults, though predominantly covered with Quaternary sediments, could be identified through CO₂- and CH₄-rich gas emissions, mofettes, and doline features. The interpretations were complicated due to different mapping ages and signatures of the geological maps. Fortunately, this issue could be analysed and evaluated in a sub-area with mappings from 1936/71 and 1995 regarding presumed or confirmed fault trajectories. New insights were gained regarding the relationships between Formica nest sites, gas-permeable faults, and groundwater levels on narrow mountain ridges with steep relief. Here, the lateral emission of CO₂ depends on the groundwater level and does not occur vertically directly above the fault. C- and H-isotope data of CO₂ and CH₄ do not show a consistent source. While methane is mainly derived from biological production by Archaea in the upper crust and in swamp areas, CO₂ mostly originates from the mantle. The results of the investigations revealed that a multitude of geological and ecological factors must be considered for the interpretation of the occurrences of Formica sites northwest of Tuttlingen. These factors confer a distinct originality to this region, contributing not only to an enhanced understanding of site conditions but also furnishing information regarding environmentally relevant gas emissions.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1451.v1

When the Past Teaches the Future: Earthquake and Tsunami Risk Reduction Through Episodes of Situated Learning (ESL)

Giovanna Lucia Piangiamore, Alessandra Maramai

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Episodes of Situated Learning (ESL); active learning; critical thinking; prevention; natural risk preparedness; damage; earthquake; tsunami; seismic risk reduction; education

Online: 19 December 2023 (14:03:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1236.v1

The Discovery of the Cross “十” Shape Ocean-Plate Whirlpool of Double Whirl Arms of the Planet Earth

Henghua Yan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Cross “ 十” shape Ocean-Plate Whirlpool; double whirl arms; Hint Black Hole (HBH); Anthropocene; the planet Mars; supercontinent; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
; golden law of geometrical; progression of ladder pagoda

Online: 18 December 2023 (08:33:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1005.v1

Study of the Interaction of a Hydraulic Fracture with a Natural Fracture in Laboratory Experiment Based on Ultrasonic Transmission Monitoring

Evgeny V. Zenchenko, Sergey B. Turuntaev, Victor A. Nachev, Tikhon K. Chumakov, Petr E. Zenchenko

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Hydraulic fracturing; hydraulic fracture; fracture interaction; acoustic monitoring; ultrasound

Online: 13 December 2023 (14:29:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0976.v1

A High-Resolution Aftershock Catalog for the 2014 Ms6.5 Ludian (China) Earthquake Using Deep Learning Methods

Jun Li, Ming Hao, Zijian Cui

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: deep learning; 2014 Ludian earthquake; aftershocks catalog ; ;

Online: 13 December 2023 (11:31:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0087.v1

Linking the Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic Belts Bordering the West African and Amazonian Cratons

Michel Villeneuve, Camille Rossignol

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: West African fold belts; Brazilian belts; Neoproterozoic orogens; Early Paleozoic; Gondwana; Correlations

Online: 1 December 2023 (13:26:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1942.v1

Spatiotemporal Variation and Long-Range Correlation of Groundwater Level in Odessa, Ukraine

Dzhema Melkonyan, Sherin Sugathan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Geostatistical methods; Groundwater level fluctuation; Hurst exponent spatiotemporal distribution; Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis

Online: 30 November 2023 (10:46:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1569.v1

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effect of Carbonate Rock Dissolution on Absolute Permeability of 408 Heterogeneous and Naturally Fractured Samples

Zhibek K. Akasheva, Bakytzhan K. Assilbekov, Darezhat A. Bolysbek, Berik A. Iskakov, Kenbai Sh. Uzbekaliyev, Gani I. Issayev

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: Absolute permeability; pore-scale modeling; percolation threshold porosity; dissolution; power law; X-ray microcomputed tomography

Online: 24 November 2023 (11:27:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1504.v1

Detection of Annual Coastal Boulder Mobility From 2017–2021 Remote Sensing Imagery (Gulf of Taranto, Mediterranean Sea) and Relation With Marine Weather Conditions

Marco Delle Rose

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: multi-temporal images; position change detection; visual interpretation; Ionian Sea; Apulia region; storm Detlef

Online: 23 November 2023 (09:54:01 CET)

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Environmental and Earth Sciences