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Measueme!" o# $essue
Ma!% "ech!i&ues ha'e (ee! )e'elo$e) #o "he measueme!" o# $essue a!) 'acuum.
I!s"ume!"s use) "o measue $essue ae calle) $essue gauges o 'acuum gauges
A ma!ome"e is a $essue measui!g i!s"ume!"* usuall% limi"e) "o measui!g
$essues !ea "o a"mos$heic. I" is o#"e! use) "o e#e s$eci#icall% "o li&ui) colum! h%)os"a"ic
i!s"ume!"s.
A 'acuum gauge is use) "o measue "he $essue i! a 'acuum* +hich is (oa)l% )i'i)e)
i!"o "+o ca"egoies, high a!) lo+ 'acuum (a!) some"imes ul"a-high 'acuum). Ma!% o# "he
)i##ee!" "ech!i&ues use) "o measue "hese ca"egoies ha'e a! o'ela$ a" some $oi!" i! "he
$essue a!ge. .% com(i!i!g se'eal )i##ee!" "%$es o# gauge i" is $ossi(le measue s%s"em
$essue #om /0 m(a )o+! "o /0e-// m(a.
The SI u!i" o# $essue is "he $ascal (a((e'ia"io! 1a). A"mos$heic $essues ae
usuall% s"a"e) usi!g i"s )ecimal mul"i$le 2ilo$ascal (21a)* +hee / 21a is close "o /.03 o# Ea"h4s
a"mos$heic $essue a" sea le'el. I! me"eoologic e$o"s* h1a o m(a ae "he commo!l% use)
u!i"s ((ei!g (% )e#i!i"io! / (a 5 /00 21a). I! 'acuum s%s"ems* "he e&ui'ale!" u!i"s "o a!)
millime"e o# mecu% (mm6g) ae also use)* +i"h / "o e&uali!g /33.3773689 1a a(o'e a!
i)eal 'acuum.
O"he 'acuum u!i"s occasio!all% e!cou!"ee) i! "he li"ea"ue i!clu)e micome"es o#
mecu%* "he (aome"ic scale* o as a $ece!"age o# a"mos$heic $essue i! (as o a"mos$hees.
Lo+ 'acuum is measue) i! "he U!i"e) S"a"es also i! i!ches o# mecu% (i!6g) (elo+
a"mos$heic $essue. :.elo+ a"mos$heic: mea!s "ha" "he a(solu"e $essue is e&ual "o "he
a"mos$heic $essue (7;.;7 i!6g) mi!us "he 'acuum $essue i! i!ches o# mecu%. (This is
e##ec"i'el% a gauge $essue.)Thus a 'acuum o# 76 i!6g is e&ui'ale!" "o a! a(solu"e $essue o#
7;.;7 i!6g < 76 i!6g 5 3.;7 i!6g.
.OURDEN TU.E TY1E 1RESSURE =UA=E
A .ou)o! gauge uses a coile) "u(e +hich as i" e>$a!)s )ue "o $essue i!cease causes a
o"a"io! o# a! am co!!ec"e) "o "he "u(e.
A com(i!a"io! $essue a!) 'acuum gauge (case a!) 'ie+i!g glass emo'e))
I!)ica"o Si)e +i"h ca) a!) )ial Mecha!ical Si)e +i"h .ou)o! "u(e
The $essue se!si!g eleme!" is a close) coile) "u(e co!!ec"e) "o "he cham(e o $i$e i! +hich
$essue is "o (e se!se). As "he gauge $essue i!ceases "he "u(e +ill "e!) "o u!coil* +hile a
e)uce) gauge $essue +ill cause "he "u(e "o coil moe "igh"l%. This mo"io! is "a!s#ee)
"hough a li!2age "o a gea "ai! co!!ec"e) "o a! i!)ica"i!g !ee)le. The !ee)le is $ese!"e) i!
#o!" o# a ca) #ace i!sci(e) +i"h "he $essue i!)ica"io!s associa"e) +i"h $a"icula !ee)le
)e#lec"io!s. I! a (aome"e* "he .ou)o! "u(e is seale) a" (o"h e!)s a!) "he a(solu"e $essue o#
"he am(ie!" a"mos$hee is se!se). Di##ee!"ial .ou)o! gauges use "+o .ou)o! "u(es a!) a
mecha!ical li!2age "ha" com$aes "he ea)i!gs.
I! "he #ollo+i!g $ic"ues "he "a!s$ae!" co'e #ace has (ee! emo'e) a!) "he mecha!ism
emo'e) #om "he case. This $a"icula gauge is a com(i!a"io! 'acuum a!) $essue gauge use)
#o au"omo"i'e )iag!osis,
"he le#" si)e o# "he #ace* use) #o measui!g ma!i#ol) 'acuum* is cali(a"e) i! ce!"ime"es
o# mecu% o! i"s i!!e scale a!) i!ches o# mecu% o! i"s ou"e scale.
"he igh" $o"io! o# "he #ace is use) "o measue #uel $um$ $essue a!) is cali(a"e) i!
#ac"io!s o# / 2g#?cm@ o! i"s i!!e scale a!) $ou!)s $e s&uae i!ch o! i"s ou"e scale.
Mecha!ical )e"ails
S"a"io!a% $a"s,
A, Recei'e (loc2. This Aoi!s "he i!le" $i$e "o "he #i>e) e!) o# "he .ou)o! "u(e (/) a!)
secues "he chassis $la"e (.). The "+o holes ecei'e sce+s "ha" secue "he case.
., Bhassis 1la"e. The #ace ca) is a""ache) "o "his. I" co!"ai!s (eai!g holes #o "he a>les.
B, Seco!)a% Bhassis 1la"e. I" su$$o"s "he ou"e e!)s o# "he a>les.
D, 1os"s "o Aoi! a!) s$ace "he "+o chassis $la"es.
Mo'i!g 1a"s,
/. S"a"io!a% e!) o# .ou)o! "u(e. This commu!ica"es +i"h "he i!le" $i$e "hough "he
ecei'e (loc2.
7. Mo'i!g e!) o# .ou)o! "u(e. This e!) is seale).
3. 1i'o" a!) $i'o" $i!.
9. Li!2 Aoi!i!g $i'o" $i! "o le'e (C) +i"h $i!s "o allo+ Aoi!" o"a"io!.
C. Le'e. This a! e>"e!sio! o# "he sec"o gea (D).
6. Sec"o gea a>le $i!.
D. Sec"o gea.
8. I!)ica"o !ee)le a>le. This has a s$u gea "ha" e!gages "he sec"o gea (D) a!) e>"e!)s
"hough "he #ace "o )i'e "he i!)ica"o !ee)le. Due "o "he sho" )is"a!ce (e"+ee! "he le'e
am li!2 (oss a!) "he $i'o" $i! a!) "he )i##ee!ce (e"+ee! "he e##ec"i'e a)ius o# "he
sec"o gea a!) "ha" o# "he s$u gea* a!% mo"io! o# "he .ou)o! "u(e is gea"l% am$li#ie).
A small mo"io! o# "he "u(e esul"s i! a lage mo"io! o# "he i!)ica"o !ee)le.
;. 6ai s$i!g "o $eloa) "he gea "ai! "o elimi!a"e gea lash a!) h%s"eesis.
DIA16RA=M TY1E 1RESSURE =AU=E

A $ile o# $essue ca$sules +i"h couga"e) )ia$hagms i! a! a!eoi) (aoga$h.
A seco!) "%$e o# a!eoi) gauge uses "he )e#lec"io! o# a #le>i(le mem(a!e "ha" se$aa"es egio!s
o# )i##ee!" $essue. The amou!" o# )e#lec"io! is e$ea"a(le #o 2!o+! $essues so "he $essue
ca! (e )e"emi!e) usi!g (% cali(a"io!. The )e#oma"io! o# a "hi! )ia$hagm is )e$e!)e!" o! "he
)i##ee!ce i! $essue (e"+ee! i"s "+o #aces. The e#ee!ce #ace ca! (e o$e! "o a"mos$hee "o
measue gauge $essue* o$e! "o a seco!) $o" "o measue )i##ee!"ial $essue* o ca! (e seale)
agai!s" a 'acuum o o"he #i>e) e#ee!ce $essue "o measue a(solu"e $essue. The
)e#oma"io! ca! (e measue) usi!g mecha!ical* o$"ical o ca$aci"i'e "ech!i&ues. Beamic a!)
me"allic )ia$hagms ae use).
Use#ul a!ge, a(o'e /0
-7
"o
ECF
(oughl% / 1a)
Go a(solu"e measueme!"s* +el)e) $essue ca$sules +i"h )ia$hagms o! ei"he si)e ae o#"e!
use).
Sha$e,
Gla"
couga"e)
#la""e!e) "u(e
ca$sule
1RESSURE TRANSMITTER
@ O1ERATION OG 1RESSURE TRANSMITTER,
/. 1 TO G BONHERSION,
The $ocess #lui) a$$lie) "o ca$aci"i'e $essue
se!so cha!ge "he 'alue o# "he se!soIs Bs ca$aci"o* "hee(%
ge!ea"i!g a se!se #e&ue!c% Gs (% "he E!ha!ce) Mo)e
Oscilla"o (EMO) "ha" is )iec"l% $o$"io!al "o "he a$$lie)
$essue.
7. G TO DI=ITAL BONHERSION,
The #is" o# "he "hee #e&ue!cies (G* GsJ* Gs) ge!ea"e) (% "he .MO is a$$lie) "o "he
ASIB. Khe! all "hee #e&ue!cies ae s"oe* "he mico-co!"olle shi#"s "he )a"a i!"o i"s seial
$o". The mico-co!"olle uses a s$eciall% )e'elo$e) algoi"hm "ha" ca!cels "he e##ec"s o#
$aasi"ic ca$aci"a!ce B$ a!) calcula"es "he "ue a"io B?Bs. Khe! "he a"io is e&ual "o / "he
$essue )i## (e"+ee! "he "+o ca$aci"o is 2!o+! "o (e Leo. A a"io less "ha! I coes$o!)s "o a
J'e $essue )i##. A!) a a"io gea"e "ha! a M'e $essue )i##.
3. D?A BONHERSION AND BURRENT SI=NAL TRANSMISSION,
The $essue sig!al eci'e) (% "he mico-co!"olle is a$$lie) "hough "he ASIB "o a DAB.
The DAB "a!sla"es "he )igi"aliLe) $essue sig!al i!"o a 1KM sig!al* +hose 1K is $o$o"io!al
"o "he mag!i"u)e o# "he $ocess $essue. The $ulse ae #il"ee) a!) a$$lie) "o a! o$ea"io!al
am$li#ie* +hich )i'es H9 co!'e"e* +hose ou"$u" is Dali!g"o! "a!sis"o $ai ac"i!g as a $ass
"a!sis"o* "ha" ou"$u"s a s"). 9 "o 70mA cue!" sig!al "o "he !?+.
A "a!smi""e ca! (e co!#igue) "o o$ea"e i! ei"he a! a!alog o a )igi"al mo)e* #o a
$oi!"-"o-$oi!" o mul"i )o$s !?+ es.
(A) A!alog mo)e,
A si!gle "a!smi""e is co!!ec"e) "o a co!"olle eco)e o o"he #iel) )e'ice* a loo$
2!o+! as $oi!" "o $oi!" !?+ i!"eco!!ec"s "he i!s"ume!"s. The "a!smi""e Ns ou"$u" is "he
$ocess 'aia(le a!) i" is se!" "o a co!"olle o eco)e usi!g as").9-70mA a!alog cu!". The
6ART $o"ocol is use) "o se!) all $ocess 'aia(le i!#oma"io! "o a 6ART com$a"i(le co!"olle*
eco)e o o"he )e'ice.
(.) Dgi"al Mo)e,
T+is"e) $ai ca(le is use) "o +ie u$ "o /C $aallel co!!ec"e) "a!smi""e"o "he
mul"i)o$ii?+. 6ART $o"ocol is use) "o se!) all $ocess 'aia(le i!#oma"io! "o a 6ART
com$a"i(le co!"olle* eco)e o o"he )e'ice.
1RESSURE SKITB6
The )e'ice is use) "o co!"ol a!% associa"e) $aame"e )ui!g "he ise o #ull o# $essue
a(o'e o (elo+ a e&uie) le'el. A $essue s+i"ch "u!s a!) elec"ic cicui" Oo!P o a" a $ese"
$essue. This $essue is calle) "he Ose" $oi!" O o# "he s+i"ch.co!s"uc"io! +ise a (o""om "u(e*
)ia$hagm o (ello+s ac"s as "he se!si!g eleme!"s +hich ac"ua"es "he s+i"ch* +hich ma% (e a
mico s+i"ch o mecu% s+i"ch. As sho+! i! #ig. Thee is a (ello+ +hich eci'es "he $essue "o
(e measue) +hich is i! co!"ac" +i"h a #la$$e (ala!ci!g s$i!g +hose "e!sio! coul) (e a)Aus"e)
+i"h "he hel$ o# a!ge sce+ a!) i"s i!)ica"io! (% a $oi!"e o! a scale cali(a"e) i! "ems o#
$essue. Thus* "he #oce )ue "o (ello+s a!) s$i!g "e!sio! ac"s agai!s" each o"he o! "he o"he
si)e o# #la$$e "Aee is a mico s+i"ch.
Khe! "he $ocess $essue i!cease i" e>$a!)s "he (ello+s +hich mo'es "he
#la$$e e!) i! "he )iec"io! sho+!. Khe! "he #oce )ue "o (ello+s e>cee)s "ha" )ue "o "he s$i!g
a" "he same 'alue* "he o"he si)e o# "he #la$$e comes i! co!"ac" +i"h "he mico s+i"ch as a esul"
o# +hich ac"i'a"i!g "he O!oP o O!cP co!"ac". The cha!ge o'e "o "he co!"ac"s coul) (e use) "o
ac"ua"e a ela% +hich co!"ols a #i!al co!"ol eleme!" li2e a co!"ol 'alue o# $essue s+i"ch has a
O)ea) (a!)P +hich is "he a!ge o# 'alue o# $essue )ui!g +hich "he cha!gi!g o# "he co!"ac"s
)oes !o" "a2e $lace.
.. MEASUREMENT OG TEM1RETURE
T6ERE ARE MANY INSTRUMENTS ARE USED GOR MEASURE MENT OG
TEM1ERATURE SOME OG T6EM ARE .ELOK.
LIQUID IN METEL TY1E TEM1. =UA=E
This is mos" o#"e! use) "em$e"ue gauge. I! "his
"%$e li&ui) is #ille) i! "he me"al "u(e.mos"
ge!eall% use) li&ui)s ae mecu% a!) alchohol.
O1ERATION 1RINBI1LE,
As a(o'e* "he li&ui) #ille) i! "u(e i# "hee is a!% cha!ge i! "em$ae"ue occue) "he! "he
le'el o# li&ui) +ill (e i!cease o )ecease.
The "u(e co!!ec"e) +i"h li&ui) #ille) (ou)e! "u(e. so* as $essue i!cease o )ecease "hee
+ill (e cha!ge i! "he (ou)e! "u(e. As "he gauge $essue i!ceases "he "u(e +ill "e!) "o
u!coil* +hile a e)uce) gauge $essue +ill cause "he "u(e "o coil moe "igh"l%. This mo"io! is
"a!s#ee) "hough a li!2age "o a gea "ai! co!!ec"e) "o a! i!)ica"i!g !ee)le. The !ee)le is
$ese!"e) i! #o!" o# a ca) #ace i!sci(e) +i"h "he $essue i!)ica"io!s associa"e) +i"h
$a"icula !ee)le )e#lec"io!s.
The )i##lec"io! o# "u(e co!!ec"e) +i"h $oi!"e (% li!2."he mo'eme!" o# $oi!"e +ill i!)ica"
"he 'alue o# "em$a"ueThis is eas% "o i!s"all. "his 2i!) o# guage has lo+e cos".
T6ERMOBOU1LE
I! elec"o!ics* "hemocou$les ae a +i)el% use) "%$e o# "em$ea"ue se!so a!) ca! also
(e use) as a mea!s "o co!'e" "hemal $o"e!"ial )i##ee!ce i!"o elec"ic $o"e!"ial )i##ee!ce. The%
ae chea$ a!) i!"echa!gea(le* ha'e s"a!)a) co!!ec"os* a!) ca! measue a +i)e a!ge o#
"em$ea"ues. The mai! limi"a"io! is $ecisio!R s%s"em eos o# less "ha! / SB ca! (e )i##icul" "o
achie'e.
@ 1i!ci$le o# o$ea"io!
+he! a!% co!)uc"o (such as a me"al) is su(Aec"e) "o a "hemal ga)ie!"* i" +ill ge!ea"e a
'ol"age. This is !o+ 2!o+! as "he "hemoelec"ic e##ec" o See(ec2 e##ec". A!% a""em$" "o
measue "his 'ol"age !ecessail% i!'ol'es co!!ec"i!g a!o"he co!)uc"o "o "he :ho": e!). This
a))i"io!al co!)uc"o +ill "he! also e>$eie!ce "he "em$ea"ue ga)ie!"* a!) )e'elo$ a 'ol"age o#
i"s o+! +hich +ill o$$ose "he oigi!al. Go"u!a"el%* "he mag!i"u)e o# "he e##ec" )e$e!)s o! "he
me"al i! use. Usi!g a )issimila me"al "o com$le"e "he cicui" +ill ha'e a )i##ee!" 'ol"age
ge!ea"e)* lea'i!g a small )i##ee!ce 'ol"age a'aila(le #o measueme!"* +hich i!ceases +i"h
"em$ea"ue. This )i##ee!ce ca! "%$icall% (e (e"+ee! / a!) a(ou" D0 mico'ol"s $e )egee
Belsius #o "he mo)e! a!ge o# a'aila(le me"al com(i!a"io!s. Be"ai! com(i!a"io!s ha'e
(ecome $o$ula as i!)us"% s"a!)a)s* )i'e! (% cos"* a'aila(ili"%* co!'e!ie!ce* mel"i!g $oi!"*
chemical $o$e"ies* s"a(ili"%* a!) ou"$u".

N is im$o"a!" "o !o"e "ha" "hemocou$les measue "he "em$ea"ue )i##ee!ce (e"+ee! "+o
$oi!"s* !o" a(solu"e "em$ea"ue. I! "a)i"io!al a$$lica"io!s* o!e o# "he Au!c"io!s T "he cold
junction T +as mai!"ai!e) a" a 2!o+! (e#ee!ce) "em$ea"ue* +hile "he o"he e!) +as a""ache)
"o a $o(e. Go e>am$le* i! "he image a(o'e* "he col) Au!c"io! +ill (e a" co$$e "aces o! "he
cicui" (oa). A!o"he "em$ea"ue se!so +ill measue "he "em$ea"ue a" "his $oi!"* so "ha" "he
"em$ea"ue a" "he $o(e "i$ ca! (e calcula"e).
Themocou$les ca! (e co!!ec"e) i! seies +i"h each o"he "o #om a "hemo$ile* +hee
all "he ho" Au!c"io!s ae e>$ose) "o "he highe "em$ea"ue a!) all "he col) Au!c"io!s "o a lo+e
"em$ea"ue. Thus* "he 'ol"ages o# "he i!)i'i)ual "hemocou$le a)) u$* +hich allo+s #o a lage
'ol"age.
6a'i!g a'aila(le a 2!o+! "em$ea"ue col) Au!c"io!* +hile use#ul #o la(oa"o% cali(a"io!s* is
sim$l% !o" co!'e!ie!" #o mos" )iec"l% co!!ec"e) i!)ica"i!g a!) co!"ol i!s"ume!"s. The%
i!co$oa"e i!"o "hei cicui"s a! a"i#icial col) Au!c"io! usi!g some o"he "hemall% se!si"i'e
)e'ice (such as a "hemis"o o )io)e) "o measue "he "em$ea"ue o# "he i!$u" co!!ec"io!s a" "he
i!s"ume!"* +i"h s$ecial cae (ei!g "a2e! "o mi!imiLe a!% "em$ea"ue ga)ie!" (e"+ee!
"emi!als. 6e!ce* "he 'ol"age #om a 2!o+! col) Au!c"io! ca! (e simula"e)* a!) "he a$$o$ia"e
coec"io! a$$lie). This is 2!o+! as cold junction compensation.
A))i"io!all%* cold junction compensation ca! (e $e#ome) (% so#"+ae. De'ice 'ol"ages
ca! (e "a!sla"e) i!"o "em$ea"ues (% "+o me"ho)s. Halues ca! ei"he (e #ou!) i! loo2-u$ "a(les
o a$$o>ima"e) usi!g $ol%!omial coe##icie!"s.

Usuall% "he "hemocou$le is a""ache) "o "he i!)ica"i!g )e'ice (% a s$ecial +ie 2!o+! as
"he compensating o extension ca(le. The "ems ae s$eci#ic. Extension cable uses +ies o#
!omi!all% "he same co!)uc"os as use) a" "he "hemocou$le i"sel#. These ca(les ae less cos"l%
"ha! "hemocou$le +ie* al"hough !o" chea$* a!) ae usuall% $o)uce) i! a co!'e!ie!" #om #o
ca%i!g o'e lo!g )is"a!ces - "%$icall% as #le>i(le i!sula"e) +ii!g o mul"icoe ca(les. The% ae
usuall% s$eci#ie) #o accuac% o'e a moe es"ic"e) "em$ea"ue a!ge "ha! "he "hemocou$le
+ies. The% ae ecomme!)e) #o (es" accuac%.
Compensating cables o! "he o"he ha!)* ae less $ecise* (u" chea$e. The% use &ui"e
)i##ee!"* ela"i'el% lo+ cos" allo% co!)uc"o ma"eials +hose !e" "hemoelec"ic coe##icie!"s ae
simila "o "hose o# "he "hemocou$le i! &ues"io! (o'e a limi"e) a!ge o# "em$ea"ues)* (u"
+hich )o !o" ma"ch "hem &ui"e as #ai"h#ull% as e>"e!sio! ca(les. The com(i!a"io! )e'elo$s
simila ou"$u"s "o "hose o# "he "hemocou$le* (u" "he o$ea"i!g "em$ea"ue a!ge o# "he
com$e!sa"i!g ca(le is es"ic"e) "o 2ee$ "he mis-ma"ch eos acce$"a(l% small.Themocou$les
ae mos" sui"a(le #o measui!g o'e a lage "em$ea"ue a!ge* u$ "o /800 U. The% ae less
sui"a(le #o a$$lica"io!s +hee smalle "em$ea"ue )i##ee!ces !ee) "o (e measue) +i"h high
accuac%* #o e>am$le "he a!ge 0M/00 SB +i"h 0./ SB accuac%. Go such a$$lica"io!s*
"hemis"os a!) RTDs ae moe sui"a(le.
RESISTANBE TEM1ERATURE DETEBTRS
Resis"a!ce "hemome"es* also calle) esis"a!ce "em$ea"ue )e"ec"os (RTDs)* ae "em$ea"ue
se!sos "ha" e>$loi" "he $e)ic"a(le cha!ge i! elec"ical esis"a!ce o# some ma"eials +i"h
cha!gi!g "em$ea"ue. As "he% ae almos" i!'aia(l% ma)e o# $la"i!um* "he% ae o#"e! calle)
$la"i!um esis"a!ce "hemome"es (1RTs). The% ae slo+l% e$laci!g "he use o# "hemocou$les i!
ma!% i!)us"ial a$$lica"io!s (elo+ 600 SB.
@ =e!eal )esci$"io!
Thee ae "+o (oa) ca"egoies* :#ilm: a!) :+ie-+ou!): "%$es.
Film thermometers ha'e a la%e o# $la"i!um o! a su(s"a"eR "he la%e ma% (e e>"emel% "hi!*
$eha$s / micome"e. A)'a!"ages o# "his "%$e ae ela"i'el% lo+ cos" a!) #as" es$o!se. Such
)e'ices ha'e im$o'e) i! $e#oma!ce al"hough "he )i##ee!" e>$a!sio! a"es o# "he su(s"a"e a!)
$la"i!um gi'e :s"ai! gauge: e##ec"s a!) s"a(ili"% $o(lems.
Wire-wound thermometers ca! ha'e gea"e accuac%* es$eciall% #o +i)e "em$ea"ue a!ges.
The coil )iame"e $o'i)es a com$omise (e"+ee! mecha!ical s"a(ili"% a!) allo+i!g e>$a!sio!
o# "he +ie "o mi!imiLe s"ai! a!) co!se&ue!"ial )i#".
The cue!" i!"e!a"io!al s"a!)a) +hich s$eci#ies "olea!ce a!) "he "em$ea"ue "o elec"ical
esis"a!ce ela"io!shi$ #o $la"i!um esis"a!ce "hemome"es is IEB DC/,/;83. .% #a "he mos"
commo! )e'ices use) i! i!)us"% ha'e a !omi!al esis"a!ce o# /00 ohms a" 0 SB* a!) ae calle)
1"-/00 se!sos (41"4 is "he s%m(ol #o $la"i!um). The se!si"i'i"% o# a s"a!)a) /00 ohm se!so is a
!omi!al 0.38C ohm?SB. RTDs +i"h a se!si"i'i"% o# 0.3DC a!) 0.3;7 ohm?SB ae also a'aila(le.
@ 6o+ )o esis"a!ce "hemome"es +o2V
Resis"a!ce "hemome"es ae co!s"uc"e) i! a !um(e o# #oms a!) o##e gea"e s"a(ili"%*
accuac% a!) e$ea"a(ili"% i! some cases "ha! "hemocou$les. Khile "hemocou$les use "he
See(ec2 e##ec" "o ge!ea"e a 'ol"age* esis"a!ce "hemome"es use elec"ical esis"a!ce a!)
e&uie a small $o+e souce "o o$ea"e. The esis"a!ce i)eall% 'aies li!eal% +i"h "em$ea"ue.
Resis"a!ce "hemome"es ae usuall% ma)e usi!g $la"i!um* (ecause o# i"s li!ea
esis"a!ce-"em$ea"ue ela"io!shi$ a!) i"s chemical i!e"!ess. The $la"i!um )e"ec"i!g +ie !ee)s
"o (e 2e$" #ee o# co!"ami!a"io! "o emai! s"a(le. A $la"i!um +ie o #ilm is su$$o"e) o! a
#ome i! such a +a% "ha" i" ge"s mi!imal )i##ee!"ial e>$a!sio! o o"he s"ai!s #om i"s #ome*
%e" is easo!a(l% esis"a!" "o 'i(a"io!.
Bommecial $la"i!um ga)es ae $o)uce) +hich e>hi(i" a cha!ge o# esis"a!ce o# 0.38C
ohms?SB (Euo$ea! Gu!)ame!"al I!"e'al) The se!so is usuall% ma)e "o ha'e a esis"a!ce o#
/00W a" 0 SB. This is )e#i!e) i! .S EN 60DC/,/;;6. The Ameica! Gu!)ame!"al I!"e'al is
0.3;7 W?SB.
Resis"a!ce "hemome"es e&uie a small cue!" "o (e $asse) "hough i! o)e "o
)e"emi!e "he esis"a!ce. This ca! cause esis"i'e hea"i!g* a!) ma!u#ac"ues4 limi"s shoul)
al+a%s (e #ollo+e) alo!g +i"h hea" $a"h co!si)ea"io!s i! )esig!. Bae shoul) also (e "a2e! "o
a'oi) a!% s"ai!s o! "he esis"a!ce "hemome"e i! i"s a$$lica"io!. Lea) +ie esis"a!ce shoul) (e
co!si)ee)* a!) a)o$"i!g "hee a!) #ou +ie co!!ec"io!s ca! elimi!a"e co!!ec"io! lea)
esis"a!ce e##ec"s #om measueme!"s.
A)'a!"ages o# $la"i!um esis"a!ce "hemome"es,
6igh accuac%
Lo+ )i#"
Ki)e o$ea"i!g a!ge
Sui"a(ili"% #o $ecisio! a$$lica"io!s
.
@ Resis"a!ce "hemome"e eleme!"s
Resis"a!ce "hemome"e eleme!"s ae a'aila(le i! a !um(e o# #oms. The mos" commo! ae,
Kie +ou!) i! a ceamic i!sula"o - +ie s$ial +i"hi! seale) ceamic c%li!)e* +o2s
+i"h "em$ea"ues "o 8C0 SB
Kie e!ca$sula"e) i! glass - +ie aou!) glass coe +i"h glass #use) homoge!ousl% aou!)*
esis"s 'i(a"io!* moe $o"ec"io! "o "he )e"ec"i!g +ie (u" smalle usa(le a!ge
Thi! #ilm - $la"i!um #ilm o! ceamic su(s"a"e* small a!) i!e>$e!si'e "o mass $o)uce* #as"
es$o!se "o "em$ea"ue cha!ge
@ Resis"a!ce "hemome"e co!s"uc"io!
These eleme!"s
!eal% al+a%s e&uie i!sula"e) lea)s a""ache). A" lo+ "em$ea"ues 1HB* silico! u((e o 1TGE
i!sula"os ae commo! "o 7C0 SB. A(o'e "his* glass #i(e o ceamic ae use). The measui!g
$oi!" a!) usuall% mos" o# "he lea)s e&uie a housi!g o $o"ec"io! slee'e. This is o#"e! a me"al
allo% +hich is i!e" "o a $a"icula $ocess. O#"e! moe co!si)ea"io! goes i! "o selec"i!g a!)
)esig!i!g $o"ec"io! shea"hs "ha! se!sos as "his is "he la%e "ha" mus" +i"hs"a!) chemical o
$h%sical a""ac2 a!) o##e co!'e!ie!" $ocess a""achme!" $oi!"s.
TEM1ERATURE SKITB6ES
,-
Tem$ea"ue s+i"ches ge!eall% o$ea"es o! o!e o# #ou $i!ci$les,
/. "hemal e>$a!io!
7. )i##ea!"ial "hemal e>$a!"io!
3. 'a$oue $essue
9. "hemocou$le
he "hemal e>$a!sio! )e'ice ca! (e mecu% #ille) (ul( some +ha" li2e a! o)i!a%
la(oa"o% glass "hememe"e.
I! "he i!)us"ial "em$ea"ue s+i"ch* "his +oul) !omall% (e mucu% #ille) o gas #ille)
s%s"em* co!sis"i!g o# a co$$e o s"ai!less s"eel (ul(* co!!ec"e) "o a $essue s+i"ch "hou a
small ca$illa% "u(e. E>$a!sio! o# "he mecu% o gas +i"h a! i!cease i! "em$ea"ue +oul)
i!cease "he #ille) s%s"em $essue "ha" "he! ac"u%a"es "he s+i"ch. The 'a$oue $essue s+i"ch is
a #ille) s%s"em.ha'i!g "he same co!#igua"io! as "he mecu% "hemal e>$a!sio!T%$e.
Themal e>$a!"io! a!) 'a$oue $essue "em$a"ue s+i"ch co'e a +i)e a!ge o#
"em$ea"ue a!) $o'i)e sam$le #oce "o o$ea"e a )e$e!)a(le s+i"ch mecha!ism.
.ima"alic "em$ea"ue s+i"chs ae ma)e i! ma!% co!#igua"io!. The% o$ea"e o! )i##ee!"ial
"hemal e>$a!sio! (e"+ee! "+o me"al $a"s "ha" ae "hemall% cou$le) "o "he $ocess s"eam. The
mo"io! o# "he )i##ee!"ial e>$a!sio! is "a!s#ee) "o "he s+i"ch "hough a!) a)Aus"a(le
mecha!ism. .ima"alic s+i"ches ae ge!eall% small* lo+ cos" a!) use#ul o'e a +i)e a!ge o#
"em$e"ue. Themocou$le ca! (e use) as+ a "em$ea"ue measueme!" eleme!" (ecause "he%
ge!ea"e a mi!u"e 'ol"age "ha" is a #u!c"io! o# "he "em$ea"ue "hese se!soes goo) #o a +i)e
a!ge o# "em$ea"ue ae 'e% ugge) a!) i!e>$e!si'e. The measueme!" 'ol"age #o a
"hemocou$le is "he )i##ee!ce (e"+ee! "he 'ol"age a" "he $oi!" o# measueme!" a!) "he
e#ea!ceAu!c"io! 'ol"age a" some o"he $oi!" i! "he cicui".
GLOK MEASUREMENT
Oi#ice*'e!"uies*$i"o" "u(es* a!!ula a!) !oLLle ae "he mai! $ima% eleme!"s. The ae
sue) "o cea"e a es"ic"io! i! "he #lo;+ a!) cea"e a )i##ee!"ial $essue acoss "hem +hich ae
se!)e) (% "he seco!)a% eleme!"s. So co!s"uc"io! a!) )esig! o# "hese eleme!"s ae o# ci"ical
im$o"a!ce. Oi#ice $la"es ae use) #e&ue!"l% "ha! o"he "%$es. The% ae ac"uall% o(s"uc"io!
+i"hi! "he $i$e a!) ma)e #om s"ai!less s"eel /?8P "o XP "hic2.
ORIGIBE 1LATE
A! oi#ice $la"e is a )e'ice +hich measues "he a"e o# #lui) #lo+. I" uses "he same
$i!ci$le as a He!"ui !oLLle* !amel% .e!oulli4s $i!ci$le +hich sa%s "ha" "hee is a ela"io!shi$
(e"+ee! "he $essue o# "he #lui) a!) "he 'eloci"% o# "he #lui). Khe! "he 'eloci"% i!ceases* "he
$essue )eceases a!) 'ice 'esa.

A! oi#ice $la"e is (asicall% a "hi! $la"e +i"h a hole i! "he mi))le. I" is usuall% $lace) i! a
$i$e i! +hich #lui) #lo+s. As #lui) #lo+s "hough "he $i$e* i" has a ce"ai! 'eloci"% a!) a ce"ai!
$essue. Khe! "he #lui) eaches "he oi#ice $la"e* +i"h "he hole i! "he mi))le* "he #lui) is #oce)
"o co!'ege "o go "hough "he small holeR "he $oi!" o# ma>imum co!'ege!ce ac"uall% occus
sho"l% )o+!s"eam o# "he $h%sical oi#ice* a" "he so-calle) 'e!a co!"ac"a $oi!" (see )a+i!g "o
"he igh"). As i" )oes so* "he 'eloci"% a!) "he $essue cha!ges. .e%o!) "he 'e!a co!"ac"a* "he
#lui) e>$a!)s a!) "he 'eloci"% a!) $essue cha!ge o!ce agai!. .% measui!g "he )i##ee!ce i!
#lui) $essue (e"+ee! "he !omal $i$e sec"io! a!) a" "he 'e!a co!"ac"a* "he 'olume"ic a!)
mass #lo+ a"es ca! (e o("ai!e) #om .e!oulli4s e&ua"io!.
HENTURI TU.ES,
The 'e!"ui "u(e is highl% accua"e i!s"ume!" #o measui!g $essue )i##e!"ial. I" is use) #o
me)ium a!) high &ua!"i"% #lui) #lo+.
The sho" 'e!"ui is $a"iculal% a)o$"e) "o i!s"all i! $i$eli!es * !o" ha'i!g lo!g U!o(s"uc"e)
u!s. The #lo+ o# #lui) "hough "he 'e!"ui "u(e* es"e(lise) "he $essue )i##ee!"ial * +hich ca!
"he! (e measue) a!) ele"e) "o "he #lo+ a"e.

I" co!sis" o# "+o small hollo+ $i$es ma)e i! "he #om o# co!e a" "he o!e e!) . "heco!es ae Aoi!e)
(% sho" $aellel $i$e. The smalles" )iame"e is calle) "he "hoa" sec"io!. Khee lo+e o
)o+!s"eam $essue is measue). I! "he $aallel $i$e "o "he u$s"eam* "he u$s"eam co!e ma)e
s"ee$e* "o gi'e smoo"h a$$oach "o "he "hoa" sec"io!. The )o+!s"eam co!e eco'es $a" o# "he
$essue )i##ee!"ial* "heus e)usi!g o'eall $essue loss. Glui) s$ee) a" "hoa" is #as"e. I" is
ma)e o# cas" io! o s"eel.
I"Is i!i"ial cos" is high (u" $essue loss is lo+e "ha! oi#icea!) less +ea a!) a(asio! .
ROTAMETER
A Ro"ame"e is a )e'ice "ha" measues "he #lo+ a"e o# li&ui) o gas i! a close) "u(e. I" is
occasio!all% miss$elle) as 4o"ome"e4.
I" (elo!gs "o a class o# me"es calle) 'aia(le aea me"es* +hich measue #lo+ a"e (% allo+i!g
"he coss sec"io!al aea "he #lui) "a'els "hough "o 'a%* causi!g some measua(le e##ec".
A o"ame"e co!sis"s o# a "a$ee) "u(e* "%$icall% ma)e o# glass* +i"h a #loa" i!si)e "ha" is $ushe)
u$ (% #lo+ a!) $ulle) )o+! (% ga'i"%. A" a highe #lo+ a"e moe aea ((e"+ee! "he #loa" a!)
"he "u(e) is !ee)e) "o accommo)a"e "he #lo+* so "he #loa" ises. Gloa"s ae ma)e i! ma!% )i##ee!"
sha$es* +i"h s$hees a!) s$heical elli$ses (ei!g "he mos"

commo!. The #loa" is sha$e) so "ha" i" o"a"es a>iall% as "he #lui) $asses. This allo+s %ou "o "ell i#
"he #loa" is s"uc2 si!ce i" +ill o!l% o"a"e i# i" is !o". Rea)i!gs ae usuall% "a2e! #om "he "o$ o#
"he #loa". Some ma!u#ac"ues ma% use a )i##ee!" s"a!)a)* so i" is al+a%s (es" "o chec2 "he
)ocume!"a"io! $o'i)e) +i"h "he )e'ice.
No"e "ha" "he 4#loa"4 )oes !o" ac"uall% #loa" i! "he #lui), i" has "o ha'e a highe )e!si"% "ha! "he
#lui) o"he+ise i" +ill #loa" "o "he "o$ e'e! i# "hee is !o #lo+.
A)'a!"ages,
A o"ame"e e&uies !o e>"e!al $o+e o #uel* i" uses o!l% "he i!hee!" $o$e"ies o# "he
#lui)* alo!g +i"h ga'i"%* "o measue #lo+ a"e.
A o"ame"e is also a ela"i'el% sim$le )e'ice "ha" ca! (e mass ma!u#ac"ue) ou" o# chea$
ma"eials* allo+i!g #o +i)es$ea) use i! $laces such as "hi) +ol) cou!"ies.
Disa'a!"ages,
Due "o i"s use o# ga'i"%* a o"ame"e mus" al+a%s (e 'e"icall% oie!"e) a!) igh" +a% u$*
+i"h "he #lui) #lo+i!g u$+a)s.
Due "o i"s elia!ce o! "he a(ili"% o# "he #lui) o gas "o )is$lace "he #loa"* "he ga)ua"io!s
o! a gi'e! o"ame"e +ill o!l% (e accua"e #o a gi'e! su(s"a!ce. The mai! $o$e"% o#
im$o"a!ce is "he )e!si"% o# "he #lui)* ho+e'e 'iscosi"% ma% also (e sig!i#ica!". Gloa"s
ae i)eall% )esig!e) "o (e i!se!si"i'e "o 'iscosi"%* ho+e'e "his is sel)om 'ei#ia(le #om
ma!u#ac"ues s$ecs. Ei"he se$aa"e o"ame"es #o )i##ee!" )e!si"ies a!) 'iscosi"ies
ma% (e use)* o mul"i$le scales o! "he same o"ame"e ca! (e u"iliLe).
Ro"ame"es !omall% e&uie "he use o# glass (o o"he "a!s$ae!" ma"eial)* o"he+ise
"he use ca!!o" see "he #loa". This limi"s "hei use i! ma!% i!)us"ies "o (e!ig! #lui)s*
such as +a"e.
Ro"ame"es ae !o" easil% a)a$"e) #o ea)i!g (% machi!e, al"hough mag!e"ic #loa"s "ha"
)i'e a #ollo+e ou"si)e "he "u(e ae a'aila(le.
MEASUREMENT OG LEHEL
SI=6T =LASS
@ =ENERAL
A sigh" glass (gauge glass) is a!o"he me"ho) o# li&ui) le'el measueme!".i" is use) #o "he
co!"i!uous i!)ica"io! o# li&ui) le'el +i"h a "a!2 o 'essel.
@ BONSTRUBTOIN AND KORUIN=
A sigh" glass i!s"ume!" co!sis" o# a ga)ua"e) "u(e o# "oughe!e) glass +hich is
co!!ec"e) "o "he i!"eio o# a ga)ua"e) "u(e o# (o""om i! +hich "he +a"e le'el is
e&uie).#ig.sho+s a sim$le sigh" ma"ches "he le'el o# li&ui) i! "he "a!2. As "he le'el o# li&ui) i!
"he "a!2 ises a!) #alls* "he le'el i! "he sigh" glass "he le'el o# li&ui) i! "he "a!2 is measue). I!
sigh" glass* i" is !o" !ecessa%* "o use "he same li&ui) as i! "he "a!2. A!% o"he )esie) li&ui) also
ca! (e use).
The! i" is )esie) "o measue a li&ui) +i"h "he li&ui) u!)e $essue o 'acuum* "he sigh"
glass mus" (e co!!ec"e) "o "he "a!2 a" "he "o$ as +ell a" "he (o""om o"he+ise* "he $essue
)i##ee!ce (e"+ee! "he "a!2 a!) "he sigh" glass +oul) cause #alse ea)i!g. I! "his case* "he glass
"u(e is e!close) i! a $o"ec"i'e housi!g* a!) "+o 'al'es ae $o'i)e) #o isola"i!g "he gauge #om
"he "a!2 i! case o# (ea2age o# "he glass. The smalle 'al'e a" "he (o""om is $o'i)e) #o (lo+i!g
ou" "he gauge #o clea!i!g $u$oses #ig. Sho+s a high $essue sigh" glass. I! +hich
measueme!" is ma)e (% ea)i!g "he $osi"io! o# "he le'el o! "he cali(a"e) scale. These sa#e"%
$ecau"io!s. The glass "u(e muses ha'e a small i!si)e )iame"e a!) a "hic2 +all
DIGGERENTIAL 1RESSURE TY1E LEHEL METER
The le'el also measue (% measui!g "he u$$e a!) lo+e le'el $essue o# li&ui)."he )i##ee!"ial
$essue +ill sho+ "he le'el .
@ 1 TO G BONHERSION,
The $ocess #lui) a$$lie) "o
ca$aci"i'e $essue se!so cha!ge "he
'alue o# "he se!soIs Bs ca$aci"o*
"hee(% ge!ea"i!g a se!se #e&ue!c% Gs (% "he
E!ha!ce) Mo)e Oscilla"o (EMO) "ha" is )iec"l% $o$o"io!al "o "he a$$lie) $essue.
@ G TO DI=ITAL BONHERSION,
The #is" o# "he "hee #e&ue!cies (G* GsJ* Gs) ge!ea"e) (% "he .MO is a$$lie) "o "he ASIB.
Khe! all "hee #e&ue!cies ae s"oe* "he mico-co!"olle shi#"s "he )a"a i!"o i"s seial $o". The
mico-co!"olle uses a s$eciall% )e'elo$e) algoi"hm "ha" ca!cels "he e##ec"s o# $aasi"ic
ca$aci"a!ce B$ a!) calcula"es "he "ue a"io B?Bs. Khe! "he a"io is e&ual "o / "he $essue )i##
(e"+ee! "he "+o ca$aci"o is 2!o+! "o (e Leo. A a"io less "ha! I coes$o!)s "o a J'e $essue
)i##. A!) a a"io gea"e "ha! a M'e $essue )i##.
@ D?A BONHERSION AND BURRENT SI=NAL TRANSMISSION,
The $essue sig!al eci'e) (% "he mico-co!"olle is a$$lie) "hough "he ASIB "o a DAB.
The DAB "a!sla"es "he )igi"aliLe) $essue sig!al i!"o a 1KM sig!al* +hose 1K is $o$o"io!al
"o "he mag!i"u)e o# "he $ocess $essue. The $ulse ae #il"ee) a!) a$$lie) "o a! o$ea"io!al
am$li#ie* +hich )i'es H9 co!'e"e* +hose ou"$u" is Dali!g"o! "a!sis"o $ai ac"i!g as a $ass
"a!sis"o* "ha" ou"$u"s a s"). 9 "o 70mA cue!" sig!al "o "he !?+.
LEHEL SKITB6
@ O1ERATIN= 1RINBI1LE,
Diagam illus"a"e) "he sim$le a!) #ool $oo# mag!e"o! o$ea"i!g $i!ci$le
s+i"chi!g ac"io! is o("ai!e)* "ha" "he use o# a mag!e"ic a""ac"i'e slee'e* ac"ua"e) (% a #loa" a!)
s+i"chi!g mecha!ism ae se$aa"e) (% a !o! mag!e"ic* $essue #i#"h e!closi!g "u(e. S+i"chi!g
mag!e"s ae assem(le) "o a s+i"chi!g am +hich o$ea"es o! $ecisio! 3C-$i'o" soc2e".
@ O1ERATION BYBLE,
A" O!omal le'elP o$ea"i!g o# li&ui) i! "he cham(e "he #loa" mo'es "he mag!e"ic
a""ac"io! slee'e u$+a) i! "he e!close) "u(e a!) i!"o "he #iel) o# "he s+i"ch mecha!ism mag!e".
As a esul" "he mag!e" is )a+! i! "igh"l% "o "he e!closi!g "u(e causi!g "he s+i"ch "o "il"*P
ma2i!gP o! O(ea2i!gP a!) elec"ic cicui"s. A li&ui) le'el e)uces "he #loa" $ulls "he mag!e"ic
a""ac"i!g slee'e )o+!+a) u!"il* a" $e)e"emi!e) Olo+ le'el O "he s+i"ch mag!e" elease a!) is
)a+! ou"+a) a+a% #om "he e!closi!g "u(e (% a "e!sio! s$i!g. This i! "u! "il"s "he s+i"ch i!
a! o$$osi"e )iec"io!* "hus e'esi!g s+i"ch ac"io!. Khe! li&ui) le'el e"u!s "o !omal "he #loa"
o!ce agai! mo'es "he mag!e"ic slee'e u$ "he e!closi!g "u(e* causi!g "he s+i"ch "o assume i"s
oigi!al $osi"io!.
BONTROL HALHES
Bo!"ol 'al'es ae 'al'es use) +i"hi! i!)us"ial $la!"s a!) else+hee "o co!"ol o$ea"i!g
co!)i"io!s such as "em$ea"ue* $essue* #lo+* a!) li&ui) le'el (% #ull% o $a"iall% o$e!i!g o
closi!g i! es$o!se "o sig!als ecei'e) #om co!"olles "ha" com$ae a :se"$oi!": "o a :$ocess
'aia(le: +hose 'alue is $o'i)e) (% se!sos "ha" mo!i"o cha!ges i! such co!)i"io!sThe
o$e!i!g o closi!g o# co!"ol 'al'es is )o!e (% mea!s o# elec"ical* h%)aulic o $!euma"ic
s%s"ems.
=LO.E HALHE
=lo(e 'al'e is a )e'ice #o egula"i!g #lo+ i! a $i$eli!e* co!sis"i!g o# a mo'a(le )is2-
"%$e eleme!" a!) a s"a"io!a% i!g sea" i! a ge!eall% s$heical (o)%.

=lo(e Hal'es ae !ame) #o "hei s$heical (o)% sha$e +i"h "he "+o hal'es o# "he body
(ei!g se$aa"e) (% a! i!"e!al (a##le. This has a!
o$e!i!g "ha" #oms a seat o!"o +hich a
mo'a(le plug ca! (e sce+e) i! "o close (o
shu") "he 'al'e. I! glo(e 'al'es* "he $lug is
co!!ec"e) "o a stem +hich is o$ea"e) (% sce+
ac"io! i! ma!ual 'al'es. T%$icall%* au"oma"e)
'al'es use sli)i!g s"ems. =lo(e 'al'es ha'e a
smoo"h s"em a"he "ha! "hea)e) a!) ae
o$e!e) a!) close) (% a! ac"ua"o assem(l%.
Khe! a glo(e 'al'e is ma!uall% o$ea"e)* "he
s"em is "u!e) (% a ha!)+heel.
Al"hough glo(e 'al'es i! "he $as" ha) "he s$heical (o)ies +hich ga'e "hem "hei !ame* ma!%
mo)e! glo(e 'al'es )o !o" ha'e much o# a s$heical sha$e. 6o+e'e* "he "em globe valve is
s"ill o#"e! use) #o 'al'es "ha" ha'e such a! i!"e!al mecha!ism. I! $lum(i!g* 'al'es +i"h such a
mecha!ism ae also o#"e! calle) s"o$ 'al'es si!ce "he% )o!4" ha'e "he glo(al a$$eaa!ce* (u" "he
"em stop valve ma% e#e "o 'al'es +hich ae use) "o s"o$ #lo+ e'e! +he! "he% ha'e o"he
mecha!isms o )esig!s.
=lo(e 'al'es ae use) #o a$$lica"io!s e&uii!g "ho""li!g a!) #e&ue!" o$ea"io!. Go e>am$le*
glo(e 'al'es o 'al'es +i"h a simila mecha!ism ma% (e use) as sam$li!g 'al'es* +hich ae
!omall% shu" e>ce$" +he! li&ui) sam$les ae (ei!g "a2e!. Si!ce "he (a##le es"ic"s #lo+* "he%4e
!o" ecomme!)e) +hee #ull* u!o(s"uc"e) #lo+ is e&uie).
=lo(e 'al'es ae "%$icall% "+o-$o" 'al'es* al"hough "hee $o" 'al'es ae also $o)uce). Ports
ae o$e!i!gs i! "he (o)% #o #lui) #lo+i!g i! o ou". The "+o $o"s ma% (e oie!"e) s"aigh"
acoss #om each o"he o! "he (o)%* o oie!"e) a" a! a!gle such as a ;0S a!gle. =lo(e 'al'es
+i"h $o"s a" such a! a!gle ae calle) a!gle glo(e 'al'es.
.UTTERGLY HALHE
A (u""e#l% 'al'e is a "%$e o# #lo+ co!"ol )e'ice* "%$icall% use) "o egula"e a #lui) #lo+i!g
"hough a sec"io! o# $i$e. The 'al'e is simila i! o$ea"io! "o a (all 'al'e. A #la" cicula $la"e is
$osi"io!e) i! "he ce!"e o# "he $i$e. The $la"e has a o) "hough i" co!!ec"e) "o a ha!)le o! "he
ou"si)e o# "he 'al'e. Ro"a"i!g "he ha!)le "u!s "he $la"e ei"he $aallel o $e$e!)icula "o "he
#lo+. U!li2e a (all 'al'e* "he $la"e is al+a%s $ese!" +i"hi! "he #lo+* "hee#oe a $essue )o$ is
al+a%s i!)uce) i! "he #lo+ ega)less o# 'al'e $osi"io!.
Thee ae "hee "%$es o# (u""e#l% 'al'e,
/. Resilie!" (u""e#l% 'al'e +hich has a #le>i(le
u((e sea". Ko2i!g $essue u$ "o /.6
mega$ascals (M1a)?737 $ou!)s $e s&uae i!ch (1SI)
7. 6igh $e#oma!ce (u""e#l% 'al'e +hich is usuall%
)ou(le ecce!"ic i! )esig! . Ko2i!g $essue u$ "o
C.0 M1a?D7C 1SI
3. Tice!"ic (u""e#l% 'al'e +hich is usuall% +i"h
me"al sea"e) )esig!. Ko2i!g $essue u$ "o /0.0
M1a?/9C0 1SI
.u""e#l% 'al'es ae +i)el% use) i! +a"e )is"i(u"io! a!)
+as"e +a"e $ocessi!g (!o" ecomme!)e)* as "he )e(is ma%
(loc2 "he o$ea"io! o# "he )isc). .u""e#l% 'al'es ca! come i! "+o (o)% "%$es* a##ec"i!g
i!s"alla"io! a!) mai!"e!a!ce, lugge) o +a#e. Ka#e s"%le 'al'es ae moe commo!. The% ae
"%$icall% i!s"alle) (e"+ee! "+o #la!ges usi!g (ol"s o s"u)s a!) !u"s. Lug s"%le 'al'es ae also
i!s"alle) (e"+ee! "+o #la!ges (u" +i"h a se$aa"e se" o# (ol"s #o each #la!ge. The lug s"%le se"u$
ma2es i" $ossi(le "o emo'e o!e si)e o# "he $i$i!g +hile "he o"he emai!s i!"ac".
A! a))i"io!al a$$lica"io! is #ou!) +i"hi! "he e>haus" s%s"em o# au"omo(iles. .% i!co$oa"i!g a
(u""e#l% 'al'e i! "he e>haus" s%s"em* i" is $ossi(le "o co!"ol "he (ac2$essue a!) !oise ou"$u"
#om "he mu##le a!) ca"al%"ic co!'e"e. Khe! i! a close) $osi"io!* "he 'al'e i!ceases "he
amou!" o# (ac2 $essue $o)uce) a!) su$$esses !oise. The a!gle o# 'al'e ca! (e co!"olle) i!
a 'aie"% o# +a%s* i!clu)i!g ma!ual co!"ol* 'acuum co!"ol* as +ell as (ei!g "ie) )iec"l% "o "he
"ho""le.


GOR MORE INGORMATION 1LEASE BONTABT
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