Stonehenge Measures

Expanded interpretation with additional information.

March 2017

Introduction
Much has been written regarding the dimensional aspects of the Stonehenge site over
the years. However little of this is of much value and most is contradictory. The counts of
units of whatever measure is applied have appeared to have no meaning or implication other
than being a count of measures. This extended paper will rectify this and reveal that a set of
coherent measures that link one to another across the ancient and not so ancient worlds were
in use here. The applied measures were those that were in use across the Middle East and
further afield, as far as India where they were developed but not initially derived, that was
earlier in a now well drowned Sundaland. We have records, physical records in the shape of
many thousands of consistently sized bricks that reveal that the measurement system seen at
Stonehenge was in use circa 9000 years ago in India and evidence that those who instigated
this usage came from Sundaland. Also there is astronomical information that makes much
sense in that with very little knowledge and practical ability a globular earth could quite
easily have its polar circumference reasonably accurately assessed. The polar flattening was
not understood until after the commencement of the Christian era, there is no information to
show that this was understood any earlier and in fact the Greeks claimed the Earth was
globular and utilised the same measures. To all intents and purposes, Earth was completely
globular.
The crunch here is that the measurement system is ultimately based upon a measure
for the circumference of Earth that was accepted as a round figure measure for a globular
Earth right up to the results of the surveys conducted by the French for metrication in the 18th
century and that measurement system, as stated above can be shown to date to at least
7000BC. Hence the evidence indicates that the circumference of Earth as depicted by the
measures must have been understood at 7000BC or the system would not have been in
existence and indeed, statements from both India and ancient Egypt imply that indeed the size
of Earth was understood. [Explanations later in narrative.] It was this system that was utilised
to set out Stonehenge and indeed the stone circles that abound across the world from East to
West; it was this system that enabled the Egyptians to construct the pyramids as accurately as
they did; it was this system that was employed much later to build the cathedrals, palaces and
monasteries plus many of our churches in Europe and finally it was this same system that was
applied to the George Washington Monument in the USA. This system is far older than any
religious movement; it began life at the beginning of the end of the last Ice Ageat
Sundaland just the other side of 9000BC. Some supporting evidence for the validity of this
system will be seen later in this narrative, mainly in the form of appendices but far more is to
be found in the book Measurements of the Gods from where most, but far from all of this
paper is derived.

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 Having made the above statements we shall now commence an evaluation of
Stonehenge in terms of measures and additionally of some astronomical considerations. This
will initially include something of a commentary upon the nonsensical comments regarding
ancient measures by some experts who ought to know better than to make firm statements
regarding a subject about which they know absolutely nothing.
In examining the metrology of Stonehenge it will be found that the outer
circumference of the Sarsen lintels [the lintels being where the important metrology is to be
found] was seemingly not of great importance, it was the inner and outer diameters, the lintel
width and the lintel centre circumference and diameter that holds the information for which
any metrological investigation of the site searches. The inner circumference does reveal that
it is 88 times the lintel width or 35.4 [lunar year = 354 days] x 8.64 [within 0.1184 of an inch]
with the outer circumference being the lintel width x 1.1785714285 x 80. The outer divided
by the inner circumferences results in 1.178571428 / 1.1 or 1.07142857142. These
evaluations certainly show numerical associations and go some way to explaining the
carefully curved outer edges of the lintels, implying that this was the place to measure and
not at the sarsen vertical stones, where the similarly albeit lesser worked inner edges of the
sarsen uprights indicating that the inner lintel faces above were also of importance even
though they were not worked in parallel to the outer lintel edges, and the mortice and tenon
joints holding the lintel to upright were ensuring that no movement modifying the structures
dimensions would ensue. If the dimensions of this lintel circle were not critical to the
monument then there would be no necessity for such elaborate jointing, work that was
meticulous in design and execution. It is therefore obvious that the lintels held any important
metrological information here and not the sarsen supports. Yet few seem to be suitably
impressed by this highly skilled masonry work that was accomplished with the most basic of
tools that a modern craftsman would probably condemn as being devoid of any useful
purpose. This lintel circle remained for thousands of years the most accurate piece of
stonework that had been conducted in what very much later became known as Britain.
While the study of ancient metrology, both linear and volumetric systems, is
apparently not fashionable, it remains a very interesting and indeed archaeologically
speaking, a very profitable pursuit. We rarely hear the question raised of, Why is it that
size? applied to remains exposed by archaeology and yet knowledge of the ancient
measurement systems can often reveal more than just a basic metrological assessment of the
uncovered structure. Numerical symbolism has played a large role in the past, even into
mediaeval times when religious buildings often portrayed reference to Biblical artefacts in
their physical dimensions. [See Chapter 11 of Measurements of the Gods for evidence for this
statement.]
In our modern world we are obviously familiar with accurate measures but away
from mechanical elements we usually see this in relation to clean corners on buildings or
other obvious situations.
As Chippindale stated in Stonehenge Complete,

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Megalithic dimensions, so far as we assess them, are almost always approximate, because the
stones themselves are [except at Stonehenge itself] unshaped and unusually largethese
cannot be studied in the same way as a neat figure with defined spot points for corners and
sides in integral multiples of a unit.1

So we look for other elements to examinesuch as the centreline of a circles

stoneswhen this is determined its diameter can be foundwith no requirement for
Chippindales spot points. This is precisely what has been achieved at the Aubrey Circle of
Stonehenge [to which Chippindale was not referring, his statement was in reference to the
Sarsen Circle] and yet the dimensions given to the Aubrey Circle by Hawkins and others
including Thom are not questioned, [even though there are variations] they are not seen as
one of Chippindales approximations even though all that was here to measure was a series
of holes of various shapes and sizes. So if a series of holes that once held posts or stones can
be dimensionally ascertained this way and the dimensions accepted, why not another set of
stones? The same criterion applies and hence while the stones of numerous stone rings are
generally not dressed, this has no bearing whatever, other than the difficulty of making the
assessment, upon the dimensional appraisal of the circumference centreline.
It is easy to assume, as apparently has Chippindale, that accurate measures were not
widely utilised as they had no real purpose until such a time as structures with sharp corners
evolved, but to make such an assumption is erroneous and unscholarly, in fact is unsupported
nonsense, and even Chippindale assumes that a measure of some description had to apply to
the Sarsen Circle due primarily to the shaping of the lintels defining the outer face of the
circle. Yet because a circle is finely worked at its outer perimeter this does not imply that any
definitive measure was used in its construction hence the reasoning here is nonsensical. The
radius here was almost certainly a length of rope but again, how long is a piece of string?
That rope can be any length and does not require a fixed dimensiononly the length of rope.
So Chippindale does not put up a sound argument for or against the use of accurate measures
at Stonehenge even though he sees circles or rings where the stones are undressed as too
inaccurate for measures to have been in usehis assessment here is decidedly ropey. At the
Aubrey Circle there were not even any stones to assessyet we still have an accurate value
for the circles dimensionsthat from Hawkins as shall be demonstrated.
Some attempts have been made to assess what units of measure [if any] were in use in
Britain during the Bronze Age and possibly earlier with the most often quoted being the
Megalithic Yard of Professor Alexander Thom and his son Archie. Thom has been derided
most unnecessarily for his concerted efforts over an extended period and while he may not
have had all his assertions correct as he was something of a pioneer, the value of the
megalithic yard [2.72 feet, albeit with an essential extended fraction to 2.7272727feet]
certainly does apply in a number of cases. For example, at Gray Hill in Gwent we have a
stone circle or more likely the remains of a small kerbed and possibly chambered cairn that
has 11 of these expanded measures to the inner diameter and 12 to the outer. [Measures here
derived from a survey by Gillian and Harry Sivertsen.] In fact at Stonehenge this extended
megalithic yard can be applied to the Sarsen Circle centreline circumference as we shall
reveal, but the simpler 2.72 feet has no place at Stonehenge and very few other locations with

3
those where it does appear to work being coincidental as other units also apply, usually in a
more accurate fashion, to the relevant dimensions.
Regarding the megalithic yard, in Mike Pitts book Hengeworld we read of a
derogatory statement aimed at Alexander Thom by Clive Ruggles,

the megalithic yard is a figmentand all attempts by others to prove the Thoms
right by informed statistical analysis have failed2

To put the attitude taken by Ruggles and others into perspective regarding measures
perhaps the comment regarding stones and measures from Ruggles in Astronomy in
Prehistoric Britain and Ireland cited by Pits explains much.

A stone can only be reduced to a point on a plan to a precision of its width, perhaps a
metre, not 1mm, yet the case for the megalithic yard is entirely dependent upon precise
mathematical patterns3

In the ensuing narrative, we show that this sort of pompous arrogance is completely
out of place, that Ruggles is totally wrong and that indeed, accurate measures were in use at
Stonehenge as suspected as long ago as the 18th century by Stukely and others, measures that
remained constant until the onset of metrication. Stonehenge is used here as an example of
the application of measures that can be found throughout the ancient world by anyone who
has the ability to survey accurately and apply knowledge of the values entailed.
Further, it is apparent that Ruggles has not made any serious attempt to understand
any ancient measurement system that may be utilised among the stone circles as he only cites
others using informed statistical analysis. Why not cite his own experiences in trying to
assess the viability or otherwise of the value; obviously because he has no such experience.
Then the most obvious question is raised, why go to the trouble of an involved mathematical
process, statistical analysis, even though Thom utilised the methodology, when all that is
necessary is to check whether the derived megalithic yard complies with the surveys or not?
If it does not then no amount of mathematical manipulation can alter the fact. Ruggles ought
to refrain from vigorously commenting on what he does not understand and stick to his own
specialities.

Explanations, argument and evaluations

While circumstantial evidence can be interpreted in different ways and hence the
purpose of a site be interpreted differently by diverse researchers, a measure is a fixed entity
and cannot be explained in any way other than its dimensional properties. Having made that
statement, the measure of an article may reflect another object in its numerical properties.
This applies to Stonehenge and equally to old texts such as the Bible where much has been
hidden via the use of numbers. Dimensions can reflect the size of other objects symbolically
and again counts of days or even years may be revealed that reflect important time periods.
Hence measurements can sometimes display considerably more information than merely their

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own dimensional properties. Biblical translations have varied enormously as language has
evolved, many of the latest versions with updated and modernised English fail miserably as
the punctuation and wording had frequently been altered to such an extent that the context
and meanings of statements are not that seen in, for example, the King James Version; and
yet numbers, be they counts of time or measures or even of people stay the same. It is this
consistency that has in part enabled research in metrology and associated concepts to reveal
errors in Biblical updates to wording and punctuation. In archaeology a key challenge ought
to be to understand whatever dimensions were originally given to artefacts and structures-in
the original metrological units-but as indicated above with the Bible reference, the discipline
that involves an understanding of historical metrology has importance to more than just
archaeology. The book Deluge:From Genesis to Atlantis reveals more in this direction. This
current narrative indicates that indeed much can be revealed via a working understanding of
the ancient metrological systems.
Stonehenge displays a number of lunar associations that its author has not seen
described in any other paper or publication. John Michell4 hinted at some of these from a
metrological viewpoint but not the calendar associations, only the numerical values and even
then, the lintel length and its associations were completely missed. The Aubrey circle was
unfortunately assessed in what now appears to be a rather cavalier fashion although given his
parallel research at the time this was understandable.
Some lunar relationships seen at the site are dependent upon understanding the
measures applied while some are not. However, the counts described below are utterly
dependent upon the lintel width of the sarsen circle complying implicitly with the circles
diameter. The lintel width can be counted 30 times across the overall diameter, 29 times to
the centreline of the lintels and 28 times across the inner diameter.
The synodic month has [in round figures] 29 days, the mean of the synodic and
sidereal month [27 days] is 28 days while the commonly utilised 360 day year has a 30 day
month. Hence the diameter of this circle displays counts of days in three different lunar
configurations, a count that is completely and irrevocably dependent upon the lintel width
and circle diameter being exactly as they areprecisely as described in this narrative and in
this case by John Michell from whom this specific information was initially derived, pity he
missed the lunar count associations though. For these counts of days to occur this lintel/circle
configuration had to be the design criterion of this part of the monument, it could not happen
by accident and the structure had to be accurately built. Hence the lintel width is directly
associated with the circle diameter and a variety of monthly values counted in days. The
sarsen supporting uprights dimension played no part whatever in this matter other than being
supports. Their centre points were set at one thirtieth of the lintel circle centreline
circumference and that is the only value that they embody.
So far, not a measure has been mentioned in conjunction with Sarsen Circle diameter
yet we have proportions that give counts of days. Hence it is reiterated that if either [A] the
lintel width or [B] the circle diameter were not as they have been described, none of the
above lunar configurations would apply. The lintel width and circle diameter are intimately
and irrevocably related. The dimensions applying here are seen below. From this alone it is
clear that the builders of the structure were familiar with basic geometry and arithmetic
combined with a sense of proportion.

5
 There are unfounded arguments regarding whether the Sarsen Circle was finished or
not but that debate is not involved here. [See Stonehenge Dating for an argument regarding
this that in fact indicates a dating sequence from historical lunar configurations that complies
with the carbon dating at the site] Leaving out that debate, there were 30 sarsen uprights that
supported lintels and 30 supported lintels. The lintel supports, at their tops, were very
carefully crafted with tenons cut to fit into mortices in the lintels ensuring a firm linked
structure that was enhanced by tongue and groove joints at the lintel ends. The lintels were
housed over the tops of the vertical members to ensure a flat overall surface and great care
was taken in the attempt to make this elevated ring of stone as level as possible, it is within
about seven inches of being level across its 100 odd foot diameter.
If knowledge of, and the ability to use accurate measure did not exist, this would not
have been achieved. The use of what today are basically woodworking joints meticulously
cut in large sections of stone with what would be seen in the modern world as very crude
tools implies a well-developed technical ability; an ability that understands the concept of
proportion; and proportion implies a reckoning of one size to another. This very clearly
indicates a familiarity with the conceptual ideas of number and measure.
A count of three times the number of upright lintel supports of the circle, marked off
day by day, perhaps by moving a small stone daily, would result in a count of 90 days, a
quarter of the 360 day year. Clearly the quarters of the year, solstices and equinoxes could be
calculated easily here. A continual count of 73 times the circumference [six years] would
bring the 30 day month, seen here in the count of upright lintel support stones, in line with the
365 day year. i.e. 73 x 30 = [count of upright stones or spaces]= 2190 = 6 x 365.
Stonehenge Sarsen Circle, whatever else it may have been, was undoubtedly a
calendar with both lunar and solar implications. As we shall see, it was also a depositary of
measures.
The research from which this analysis is derived has found repeated references to the
moon in a context that seems to have little relationship to the usual idea of a female lunar
association. One can suppose that the feminine element is taken from the menstrual period
being associated with the month but there is little else that connects femininity with the
moon.
Given that the female is generally associated with life and life giving and assuming
that this gender context has any meaning, it follows that given the lack of early lunar and
feminine connections, the female element is more likely to be found with solar linkage. If
this were the case then the lunar aspect would be male and be associated with death.
According to ethno-botanist Fred Hageneder in his work Yew: A History,

many ancient goddess religions linked the permanent Sun with the eternal mother
archtype and the waxing and waining Moon with death and rebirth cycles of the mythical
son, the vegetation god.5

It would therefore appear that the lunar associations of Stonehenge seen in this
narrative, derived from the proportions and measures evident at the site, concur with the
recent findings [The Riverside Project] in the region of Stonehenge and the monuments
association with death.

6
 In 1740 Stukely published his interpretation of the dimensions of the monument and
made the overall of the Sarsen Circle 104 feet which comprised [according to Stukely] 60
Hebrew cubits.6 We have moved on somewhat since then but he was reasonably close,
within 3.269 inches. Petries survey, published in his 1880 work Stonehenge: Plans,
Description and Theories p 23 7made the inner diameter of the Sarsen Circle 1167.9 inches or
97.325 feet and he claimed that this was within a maximum tolerance of 0.72 of an inch.
This is much closer in reality than the survey by Alexander Thom. 100 long Roman feet
equate with 97.32096 feet which is within 0.04848 of an inch of Petries conclusion. The
lintel width according to Atkinson in the 1950s in agreement with Petrie, was about 3.5
feet.8 Note that the Sarsen Circle was here being defined by the lintel circle dimensions and
NOT via the stones supporting the lintels.
Chippindale states that,

Obviously some unit of measure must have been used and the megalithic yard and rod
seem to work better than any of Petries measures.9

So here we have another little piece of nonsense, how does one set of measures work
better than another? Either they fit what is being surveyed or they do not. One could count in
banana lengths and arrive at a conclusionindeed early British and Welsh measures used
barleycorns to represent the inch! At least the records tell us thisbut they cannot always be
believed. Petrie was recording what he discovered only applying feet and inches and NOT
attempting to fit a calculated specific unit to his results. Where Petrie gained over most
surveyors here is that he clearly stated from where and to where he was measuring. A
statement regarding a dimension for a circles diameter or circumference is no use without an
indication of what is being measured as all has a thickness. Is the measure to the outer,
central or inner circle? Petrie makes it clear, too many others do not. Thom had already
surveyed numerous circles and had arrived at his conclusions regarding the megalithic yard
before surveying Stonehenge. Table 5.1 of Thoms 1971 work Megalithic Sites in UK is
headed Circles and rings of which the diameter is known to plus or minus 1 foot or better. 10
The listings following loosely agree with this and reveal counts of megalithic yards that
occasionally have a result in fact over the stated foot away from the stated diameter. Many
results are quite close however and it is admitted that it is not easy to discover the diameter of
a circle when its length can be between the approximate centre line of stones of various
widths. Thoms results vary but a fair idea can be given by the values in his list where his
round figure counts of megalithic yards vary from his measured diameters from plus 1.3 feet
[15.6 inches] to minus 1.3 feet. [Thoms own published values.] Hence the count of units at
2.72 feet can be complete anywhere within a window of 2.6 feet and this 2.72 foot megalithic
yard is only 1.44 inches longer than the maximum tolerance! In fact for many of the measures
an extended version of the megalithic yard at 2.727272727 feet fits much better than the 2.72
feet and this value has links to a system that long predates the stone circles of Britain and was
widely used in the Middle East and beyond. Note that 12 of these longer units will make a
difference of over an inch against 12 of Thoms interpretation at 2.72 feet.
In Thoms listing at site B7/6 we have a circle of 39.2 feet diameter which Thom
evaluates at 14 megalithic yards at 2.72 which in reality amounts to 38.08, some 13.44 inches

7
away from the diameter measure. However, the foot value of the extended megalithic yard at
2.727272727 is 1.09090909 and this multiplied by 36 gives 39.27272727 hence there are 14.4
mega yards at 2.7272727 or 36 feet at 1.09090909 or 5.76 of the megalithic rods at their
extended value of 6.8181818 feet, all within a tolerance of 0.0727 feet or 0.872 inches. These
numbers all connect with the very much larger and more widespread system and the
indication is that this circle was set out to suit measures from that system. What is seen is
numerical symbolism with the most obvious being 36 which probably would be seen as
associated with the count of days in the canonical year. Circumference here using 22/7 is
113.142857142 which we shall later see is directly associated with the Aubrey Circle at
Stonehenge as 1.1314285714 x 792 results in the centreline circumference of that particular
circle.
Thom gave circle P2/3 has a 28 foot diameter which he denoted as 10 x 2.72 feet or
27.2 feet, 9.6 inches away from his survey result. Here another likely connection is seen.
Seen below is a circumference for the centreline of the Sarsen Circle of 316.8 feet. This,
divided by the extended megalithic yard of 2.7272727 feet equates with a count of 116.16.
Regarding connectivity 116.16 inches is seen not only within the pyramid of Khufu [length of
anti-chamber and result of dividing the floor area of the Kings Chamber into the ground plan
area of the pyramid at 756 feet per side] but in the Bible [side elevation perimeter of Noahs
Ark and square feet area of plan of Ark of the Covenant] [See Deluge:From Genesis to
Atlantis for explanation] and at some important religious sites of the Christian era such as
Rosslyn Chapel near Edinburgh and Chartres Cathedral in France [see Measurements of the
Gods]. Divided by 12 our 11.616 inches is seen as 0.968 of a foot. Now returning to Thoms
circle P2/3 of 28 feet diameter, it is seen that 29 x 0.968 feet = 28.072 feet. This is within
0.864 of an inch of Thoms measured diameter of 28 feet against his whole value count of 10
megalithic yards at 2.72 feet or 27.2 feet. It would appear likely that 29 x 0.968 feet would be
the target value, after all, 29 days is the length of the synodic month represented across the
diameter of the Sarsen Circle of Stonehenge hence it could equally be seen in a similar
context here. We can add that using a pi value of 3.144396475 a circumference of 12.96 of
Thoms megalithic rods emerges. 12960 years as half the precessional count was understood
in the eastern regions at this era so why not here? However, there is another way to look at
this circle.
1.1785714285 x 23.76 = 28.00285714 and this diameter using 22/7 results in a
circumference of 63.36 x 1.17875142852 [1.389030612]. Looking back to site B7/6 and the
foot value of 1.13142857142 we can see a direct connection to 1.17857142 as the commonly
utilised factor for change in the ancient metrological system, 24/25 or vice versa or indeed
0.96 is the connection here:- 1.17857142 x 0.96 = 1.13142857142.
It is essential to utilise lengthy fractions in these calculations even though the
practicalities meant that such accuracy could not be achieved; by working accurately we can
deduce what was the probable target measure.
The Ring of Brodgar is another example of interest. Here we see the use of a foot
value of 1.01376 which Michell terms the long Greek foot. It is shorter than the British foot
of 1.056 [British explanation in latter pages of this narrative] via the 25/24 factors or 0.96. An
increase from the British version leads to the foot value 1.1 feet British which was utilised by
the Saxons and millennia before them people in Mesopotamia and IndiaA further reduction

8
by the same factor from the Greek foot results in the Roman version seen across the inner
diameter of the Sarsen Circle.
Thom made the diameter of this circle, the Ring of Brodgar, 340.02 feet plus or minus
0.6 feet. At 340 feet we find exactly 125 of Thoms megalithic yards and using 3.14 for pi 68
megalithic rods is the circumference. However, by allowing Thoms tolerance of 0.6 of a
foot and calling the diameter 340.62 we find that at 340.62336 the Greek 1.01376 divides
exactly 336 times. Using 22/7 the circumference then shows exactly 1056 of these same feet.
336 is the count of 12 x 28 which is the mean month in days and 1056 is seen as a principal
value at Stonehenge, it is the centre dimension between the Sarsen uprights of the circle, the
length around the curved centreline of each lintel and as there are 30 of them must be seen to
represent the days of the canonical month.
Hence while this may appear to be cherry picking it is clear that there are viable
alternatives to the megalithic yard. Many of Thoms circle values can be assessed in a
different way albeit with links to other metrological values and usually the result is more
accurate than the megalithic yard/rod configuration. The results do not often result in whole
numbers of units but are seen as measures that show numbers that are recognisably related to
other numbers within the system, a system that was widespread from India westwards long
before the outer ditch of Stonehenge was dug.
Decimal points come and go in a practical consideration but symbolically do not exist
hence 36 can be 3.6 or 3600. When much has been seen across the nations of such
connectivity it becomes clear that decimal fractions were understood as other fractional
values would not carry the same obvious numerical linkages. Decimals were derived from
India and the measures were in use in India millennia before Egypt had dreamt of the mastaba
that predated a pyramid. We often see the same numbers applying in different contexts. The
cubit of 1.76 feet [1/6 of 10.56] in inches is 21.12. In Britain we often find this as a measure
in miles between churches with some of these being probably ancient pre-Christian sites.
One example in South Wales is a circle of 4 churches on the circumference with one at the
centre plus two Norman mottes, a stone [no longer extant but found on old OS maps] and one
ancient farmhouse. Others of the values seen in this narrative have been seen with similar
mile applications. [see later in this narrative and Measurements of the Gods for further
evidence]
Stonehenge is evaluated via this ancient system in the following narrative and the
accuracy that was applied to the site will become apparent which it does not via Thoms
explanation. This site is obviously something much different to any other stone circle with its
lintels connecting via tongue and groove joints and connected to the tops of the vertical
supports by mortice and tenon joints. This immediately shouts the words care and more
specifically, accuracy, no other stone circle does this as no other stone circle has lintels cut
with care to define the measures of the circle above the stones that were not so well defined
for dimension or shape.
Taking this into account it must be assumed that Chippindale did not reason that the
most carefully cut joints meant anything of note as he assumes that Thoms megalithic units
which are reasonably close here but not quite fitting were the measures that were in use as
they seem to work better than any of Petries measures. Again, it seems that Chippindale
has ignored the large tolerances allowed by Thom on other circles as the construction of the

9
Sarsen Circle with its well-formed and jointed lintels implies that it would be quite accurate
and that any allowable tolerance here would be very smallas is the case in Petries survey
results, certainly not in the region of 15 inches each side of a target measure. Chippendale is
very obviously not a practical man familiar with construction operations and skills. Petrie,
who was a very logical person, merely gave the dimensions he discovered, and these
naturally were only in British measure hence if familiar British measure was not used to
construct the monument then the measured results would not have any specific association.
There would be no thought of fitting any specific unit to the monument as no firm knowledge
of any such historical unit was available. This is akin to attempting to understand a book in
foreign languageone needs knowledge of that language to comprehend the content of the
book; the same applies to metrological systems as with any other branch of a mathematical
subject. Thoms survey values [NOT the application of the Megalithic Yard of 2.72 feet] for
the circles that do not include Stonehenge are as close as they could be expected to be given
that he had no knowledge of the greater system seen in use here. Thom accomplished a great
deal although if he had extended the fraction of his measure he would have had a more viable
unit as already noted. However, when he commenced his work the values seen applied to
Stonehenge in this narrative were only just beginning to be understood and much of his work
was complete long before they became available to the public. Again, as it was Michell who
made the assessments based upon the work of numerous others before his time and Michell
was himself derided by academia then Thom would probably not have read Michells work.
In any case, by that time Thom had arrived at his own conclusions.
Had Chippindale sufficient metrological knowledge he would have realised that the
megalithic measures of Thom, while tolerably close, do not work very well here and
therefore, given the care taken in building the structure, some other criterion must have
applied; a different base unit or units. In Stonehenge, Neolithic Man and Cosmos, John North
claims that Thoms megalithic measures were almost certainly in use at this site but we
prefer to accept measures derived from people who were not attempting to prove that their
own metrological theories are valid, rather we take the work of Petrie and Hawkins as being
more reliablewhich in this case they most definitely appear to be. This will become plainly
obvious from the results seen a little later. It seems to have been forgotten that the
circumference measure of a circle is dependent upon the length of the radius and not vice
versa. As Thom claimed that whole values of megalithic yards or rods were generally in use
at the circumference of the circles such as the 131 megalithic rods [1 megalithic rod = 2.5
megalithic yards at 2.72 feet= 6.8 feet] of the Aubrey Circle, there are 41.69 of these rods for
the diameter or 20.849 for the radius which are rather odd fractions. Of necessity, this radius
would have to have been calculated to accurately set out the circumference. Hence if the
setting out is accurate then pi was understood and used. We do not read of this admission in
the modern books regarding Stonehenge however and Thom utilised a number of
approximations
Given that the inference from Thom is that the circumference is in whole numbers of
megalithic rods and the diameter whole megalithic yards, and that he worked to the nearest
whole to his measured diameter, pi in this application cannot, by definition, be of an accurate
consistency but will be dependent upon whatever round figures Thom applies to the relevant
circle. Thoms 131 megalithic rods for the Aubrey circle mean that Hawkings 56 spaces at 16

10
feet were 55.6 spaces of 16 feetIn fact this circumference evaluates at 896.0914285 feet or
56 x 16.00163265 feet which shall be amply demonstrated a little later in this narrative.
However, North 11p475 of Stonehenge Neolithic Man and Cosmos, has the Sarsen
Circle radius at 20 megalithic yards [whole number] which gives a diameter at 108.8 feet
which is around 4.5 feet wider than the lintel outer diameter which clearly is the dimensional
indicator here as this elevated circle is carefully worked and fixed via the meticulous jointing
methodology. It would appear that Stukely did a better job in 1740! This is purportedly in
association with the station stone rectangle and the Sarsen lintel circle does not exactly fit the
width of this rectangle. The station stone rectangle was almost certainly set out as described
a little later and its width was some 6.5 feet wider than the Sarsen lintel diameter overall
value of 104.27245 feet. It was set within the confines of the zone of the stones [holes] of the
Aubrey Circle and [according to North] had a width of 40 megalithic yards with the side
lengths of the rectangle being 104 megalithic yards. This latter measure evaluates at 282.88
feet whereas as we shall later see an evaluation of the inner Aubrey Circle of 282.24 which is
7.68 inches from this dimension. Evidently the station stones were kept within the zone of the
stones [holes] at the Aubrey Circle. Our evaluation appears to be a little more logical than
these counts of measures that effectively mean nothing.
As the diagonals of this station stone rectangle cross at the centre of the Aubrey circle
and it is therefore very easy to check these measures on CAD and we find that the diameter of
the Aubrey circle using these measures of 40 and 104 megalithic yards from North for the
station stone rectangle evaluates to 303.08 feet. This is 17.96 feet greater than the diameter
applied by this researcher and which complies with the surveys of Hawkins. It appears that
the length of the station stone rectangle has been taken as the Aubrey Circle diameter with no
allowance for the increase across the diagonals which do conform to that diameter. Indeed if
the Aubrey Circle diameter is taken to be 282.24 feet then the station stone rectangle length
would be 263.427 feet following the proportions of 104 and 40 applied by North. In any case
Thom made the Aubrey Circle diameter 283.76 feet and using this value the station stone
rectangle length would be [maintaining Norths proportions] 264.698 feet or 97.3 megalithic
yards. Confusion rules!
A few pages earlier, p420 in Stonehenge Neolithic Man and Cosmos, North allots a
dimension of nearly 32 metres for the Sarsen Ring overall diameter;12 this evaluates at
nearly 104.9868766 feet which description is far more reasonable as it is just over 8.5
inches larger than the evaluation seen a little later. Nonetheless, this measure has no
relationship to a count of megalithic yards.
The inner circle of the Sarsen circle construction had a circumference of 45
megalithic rods according to North [after Thom] which gives a radius of 17.91 megalithic
yards.13 The circumference value noted here is with 1.6 inches of Petries measure and the
diameter at 97.4304 compares favourably, within 1.313 of an inch, with the 28 lintel widths
that give 97.32096 feet. However this diameter/circumference count involves a pi
approximation of 3.144783359. This is very close to the 3.144396475 evaluated in relation to
circle p 2/3. Regarding pi, it shall be demonstrated that 22/7 or 3.142857142 was commonly
applied with an alternative value of 3.1418181818 also being frequently used. The use of
both versions will be seen in the evaluation below. Stonehenge principally uses 22/7.

11
 The lintel target width Michell claimed was 3.4757485671feet which he claimed was
the sacred Jewish rod. The internal diameter was 97.32096 feet or 100 of the feet that
Michell terms Roman. Compared to Petries evaluation of 97.325 this is a good likeness,
within 0.04848 of an inch or 1.23mm. As evaluated a little later we have the lintel centreline
diameter at 100.8 feet.
Hence 100.8 less 97.32096 = 3.47904 and this unit is within 0.039497148 of an inch
[1.003mm] of 3.475748571 which is related to Egyptian measure and indeed the stade value
utilised by Eratosthenes. He, [Eratosthenes] is commonly accused by those who do not
understand the metrological systems of being completely wrong in his assessment of Earth
measure but in fact his calculation, while unsound for descriptive reasons which are rarely
mentioned by these critical folk, actually gave an accurate [within 23.7 miles of the NASA
interpretation] value for Earth meridian circumference as seen among Greek, Indian and
Egyptian calculation and which was utilised until the French surveys for the purpose of
metrication. It is apparent that others and NOT Eratosthenes wrote the description of the
reasoning he is said to have used and which has been completely discredited.
Such terminology as Greek, Roman and Egyptian were given to various interlinked
measurement units by Michell but are for ID only and do not necessarily mean they belong
to those countries. The units predate any of these as viable nations and in any case were
international.
It appears that Thoms results have varying values for pi as he made the megalithic
values fit and yet to construct a given circumference a constant value for pi ought to exist as
the variable, until correctly calculated, was the radius. The radius is decided upon by the
application of pi to the given circumferenceor vice versa. Pi should remain a constant.
Adding this to the tolerance allowed on the circles and the whole implied methodology of our
forebears appears more than a little questionable. To maintain an accurate measure of 2.72
feet and then not have a fixed value for pi does not seem feasible. The pi value may not be
any with which are familiar although it will be somewhere near, but if the linear measure is
constant then the same mind set should apply to any pi value applied. Thom demonstrated a
good ability in astronomy by the ancient folk of Britain and Ireland and this involves much
observation, calculating and recording. To set out circles in such an approximate manner
does not appear to gel with their ability to trace intricate the movements of the lights in the
sky, specifically the moon. To account for the involved lunar movements, as we are led to
believe that these ancient folks did, these people must have been more than capable of
evaluating a consistent approximate version of pi that was close to that accepted today; they
were thinking in terms of distance and alignmentgeometry in effect. In any case there is
little coherence between counts of values in Thoms type of interpretation and no apparent
symbolism of any kind unlike the explanations that follow in this narrative where values and
representations that are found across the ancient and not so ancient worlds can be seen. The
measures applied have a proven history as the books Measurements of the Gods and Deluge
from Genesis to Atlantis very clearly demonstrate.

12
The dimensions of Stonehenge

The values deduced by Michell are valid in this evaluationnot only here at
Stonehenge but over much of the world from ancient times to the late mediaeval eraand
since in some cases. However, some of the units described in this chapter were missed by
Michell and as far as we can tell other researchers of the Stonehenge site. Certainly to the
best of the authors knowledge the relationships between Sarsen and Aubrey circles in terms
of square area have not been seen elsewhere nor other metrological connections that are
explained in this narrative.
For purposes of accurate calculation the use of extended decimal fractions will be
apparent. While these will be seen as impractically accurate the values can be viewed as the
target dimensions. By reducing a units measurement to a length that is feasible for practical
application, and using this as an integer for calculation purposes, overall measures will not
display the numerical count that would be the target value. That such care was taken is
apparent from the structural features and dimensions of the monument. Numerical symbolism
was important.
It was noted in early investigations that the outer faces of the lintels were slightly
curved; to quote engineer Herbert Stone in 1924,

it is of interest that the outer face of each lintel is dressed approximately to an arc
of the circle against the circumference of which the stone is placed. A corresponding feature
is to be seen in the case of the trilithon lintels.14

The inner lintel face circular shape is therefore assumed on the lintels, it symbolically
follows concentrically that of the outer worked face. Notable also is the fact that the inner
faces of the sarsen uprights of both this circle and the trilithons were dressed in a similar
albeit lesser fashion. The outer faces of the vertical sarsens were left undressed. The
dressing of the stones all points to the inner circumference being important and being
associated with the outer lintel faces and circumferencein addition to the diameter being
equally as valid in its symbolic application.
Utilising the measures from Petrie and Atkinson, 97.325 feet for the inner diameter
with a lintel width of about 3.5 feet, we have a diameter between the centres of the lintels of
100.825 feet. Using modern pi of 3.141592654 this results in an area of 7984.106893 square
feet.
Thom made the outer circumference of the Sarsen Circle 48 megalithic rods or 326.4
feet. This results in a diameter [using modern pi] of 103.8963469 feet. Deducting the inner
diameter from Petrie at 97.325 we have 6.57134685 or 3.285673425 for the lintel width.
Atkinson had this value at circa 3.5 feet and the calculations show that within a fine tolerance
this is correct. Yet Thom makes this lintel over 2.5 inches narrower than thisobviously this
measure is astray somewhere. Using the evaluation that works here of 30 x 3.475748571 for
the outer diameter we have 104.2724571 feet which is 4.51332276 inches more than the
calculation from Thom. Circumference in this narrative is seen as 3.475748571 [lintel width]
x 80 x 1.17857142 [HSMF see below] Evidently the 48 megalithic rods does not exactly

13
comply here and indeed our diameter x modern pi results in 327.5815853 feet which is
48.17376285 megalithic rods, an increase of 1.181585291 feet over the round figure
assessment of Thom. The approximations do not work and this is evident from his incorrect
sarsen lintel dimension.
We now move back in time approximately 500 years, to what is termed Stonehenge 1,
the works that included the Aubrey Circle.
Gerald Hawkins was the first researcher to apply computerised astronomy to the site
and his investigation revealed that the Aubrey Circle pits [or stones as is now thought] may
have been used as an eclipse calculator. In his 1965 book Stonehenge Decoded he recalled
that,
The Aubrey holes vary from 2.5 to almost 6 feet in width and between 2 to 5 feet in
depth and were steep sided and flat bottomed. Although irregular in shape, there was little
irregularity in their spacing. They formed a very accurately measured circle 288 feet in
diameter with a 16 foot interval between their centre points. The greatest radial error was 19
inches and the greatest circumferential or interval spacing was 21 inches. Let it be known
that such accurate spacing of 56 holes around the circumference of so large a circle was no
mean engineering feat.15

However the diameter here was not derived from Hawkins own surveys, it was seen
in an earlier work by Atkinson:-

there are fifty-six Aubrey Holes, set in an accurate circle 288 ft.in diameter. Thirty-four
of them have been excavated. The locations of the unexcavated holes have been found
by probing and bosing [sub-surface echo-location](Atkinson, 1956,)16

These variations of 19 and 21 inches can easily be accommodated by the fact that we
have no idea of the dimensions of the stones that were placed here and quite probably the
centres of these were at 16 feet. Certainly the distance would something very close indeed to
16 feet. Perhaps the concept of stones being removed from these holes is the more pertinent
thought here; during any such removal operation the holes would necessarily be enlarged and
distorted leading to the observed variations. According to John Edwin Wood [1978] in Sun,
Moon and Standing Stones17 a later assessment concluded that the deviation of the Aubrey
circle from being a true circle was no more than 6.7 inches. Yet without knowledge of the
design criterion which certainly is not made clear in his book, Wood could not confirm this.
How can such a suggestion be made without firm knowledge of the original intended
diameter? Hence this is yet another piece of nonsense as to what measure does the 6.7 inches
apply? This is not stated. However, we can feel assured that this circle was accurately set out
and that its circumference centreline would be almost certainly 16 x 56 feet around its
circumference or something very close to this measure.
As a circumference measure through the centres of the holes gives 16 x 56 feet or 896
feet, the stated diameter of 288 feet is therefore for the overall diameter and not the centreline
diameter because the diameter of a circle of 896 feet would be very close to 285 feet.
The 896 feet of the Aubrey Circle circumference calculated from the 56 spaces of 16
feet, again using modern pi has a diameter of 285.205658 feet and a resultant area of

14
63886.0674 square feet. If we now divide the smaller Sarsen Circle area of 7984.106893
square feet into the larger Aubrey Circle area the result is 8.0016545819.
Here we observe that one circle is virtually exactly 8 times the area of the other with
both measured to the centre lines of the stone zones, in the case of the Sarsen Circle the
raised lintels and Aubrey Circle the centreline between holes that gives the 16 foot x 56 foot
circumference. Here the calculations show that if the smaller circle were to be increased
eightfold then the difference in diameter to the Aubrey circle would be merely 0.3538996 of
an inch.
Let us take this exploration a little further. The circumference of the Sarsen Circle
through the lintel centreline [still with modern pi and Petries diameter] measures
316.7510793 feet and divided for the 30 lintels and their supports, the number 30
representing the days of the canonical month, there is a unit measure of 10.55836931 feet;
here we observe a measure that is a mere 0.01956828 of an inch less than 10.56 feet.
[0.01956828 of an inch equates with 0.5 of a millimetre. Compare to Ruggles comments
above.]
The diameter of the Aubrey Circle as seen above divided by another monthly value
representing the days in the sidereal month, 27, gives a unit measure of 10.56317252 which is
longer than 10.56 feet by 0.0380780222 of an inch or 0.967 of a millimetre. Hence using
reliable survey results by researchers who were only recording the dimensions of the site with
no knowledge of any other unit values that may fit, we have a mean value for the division of
the Sarsen Circle lintel centre circumference by the 30 days of the canonical month which is
denoted by the number of lintels and sarsen stone supports of 10.55836931 feet and the
Aubrey Circle diameter divided by the days of the sidereal month resulting in 10.56317252
feet. Given that the difference to 10.56 feet is less than a millimetre in both cases, [compare
to Ruggles comments above], can there be any doubt that here we find a metrological
common denominator to both circles?
Applying 27 x 10.56 feet we have 285.12 feet where 27 equates with the days of the
sidereal month in common with the lunar configurations of the Sarsen Circle. This can also
be seen as 108 x 2.64 [step with foot value of 1.056 feet] or 30 x 9.504 [reed value of the
1.056 foot] etc. This value can be accepted as the centreline diameter of the Aubrey Circle, it
fits in so many diverse albeit intimately connected ways. Using 22/7 we then have a
centreline circumference of 896.0914283 feet which slightly alters the 16 foot spacing as
calculated by Hawkins to 16.00163264an alteration of some 0.0195917 of an inch
[0.497mm] per spacing.
If we use 10.56 as the curved centreline length of the lintels then an area calculated
via 22/7 for pi multiplied by 8 for the Aubrey Circle results in an Aubrey Circle diameter
[again using 22/7] is within 0.1745 of an inch or 4.4 millimetres of the 27 x 1056 feet or
285.12 feet of the Aubrey Circle diameter, a margin of error of 1 in 19,607. Compare this
tolerance to those of Thom.
The centreline circumference of Sarsen Circle using 10.56 x 30 and 22/7 measures
316.8 feet and the diameter 100.8 feet [100 of Michells short Greek feet]
The Aubrey Circle centreline diameter of 285.12 feet divided by the Sarsen Circle
centreline diameter of 100.8 feet results in a step value of 2.828571429 which has a foot
measure of 1.13142857142 and this divides into the circumference of the Aubrey Circle

15
centreline exactly 792 times. 7920 British miles is the round figure diameter of Earth
measure and four times this will result in a value that is becoming familiar here, 31680 seen
in the Sarsen Circle centreline circumference as 316.8 feet. This is further evidence that the
builders of this monument were familiar with the measures in use further afield. It is familiar
from numerous places, Egypt for one and again it occurs in the Bible. Biblical metrological
material is seen and explained in the book Deluge: From Genesis to Atlantis.
However, these values do require some verification and this is seen in the form of the
results of a photogrammetic survey of Stonehenge.
In his 1973 work Beyond Stonehenge Hawkins cites the results of photogrammetric
survey of the Stonehenge site and includes the resultant contour plan. This survey was
executed by Hunting Surveys, England. With the photogrammetric engineers was a
descendent of Sir William Herschel the famous astronomer, also well known as an
accomplished musician. Hawkins was shown the results of the surveys in accompaniment
of Mr C.R. Herschel the lesser known descendent of Sir William. Hawkins noted that:-

Previous authors gave 288 feet as the diameter of the Aubrey Ring; measured from the new
plan it is 285 feet. The Sarsen Circle diameter 99 feet 1 inch measured at the centre of the
stones, and 97 feet 4 inches at the inner face.18

97 feet 3.85152 inches [97.32096 British feet or 100 long Roman feet ] which is the
internal diameter of the Sarsen Circle in Stonehenge is within 0.14848 inches of the measures
derived from the photogrammetric survey. Both Petrie at 97.325 feet [97feet 3.9 inches] and
this survey using far more modern equipment agree within the smallest variation which is
negligible being little more than a thick pencil line. This could not be said of Thoms results
here.
Centreline diameter noted as 99 feet 1 inch is incorrect and by such a large margin
that there is an obviously simple error. This diameter is 100.8 feet and the stones are a
theoretical 3.475748571 feet in width, call it 3.5 feet after Atkinson. Half of 3.5 feet is 1.75
feet . 99 feet 1 inch plus 1.75 = 100.83333. this we can accept as the correct value. Hawkins
had only added the half lintel width instead of the whole width for both sides of the circle. A
very easy error to make but one that is understandable.
From these evaluations it can be seen that the photogrammetric survey agrees with the
values for the Sarsen Circle seen in Stonehenge Measures. This being the case there is no
reason to doubt the results for the Aubrey Circle where we observe a recording of 285 feet
against the Stonehenge Measures evaluation of 285.12, a difference of 1.44 inches which
after all was something of a guess as it was to the centreline of a circular series of holes of
varying widths. Let us not forget the virtual exact agreement in circle diameters based upon a
multiplication by 8 of the area of the Sarsen Circle using 22/7 for all circle calculationsthe
math gave results within 0.1745 of an inch. Taking connections a little further we shall later
see that the 288 feet supplied by Atkinson also plays a role here.
We now look to a measure seen a little earlier in relation to one of Thoms circle
assessments and the outer circumference of the Sarsen Circle. It is a unit that has emerged
quite recently via researchers Peter Harris and Norman Stockdale. The unit is 14.142857142

16
inches which in feet is 1.1785714285. This is termed for ID purposes the HSMF or
Harris/Stockdale Megalithic Foot.
Some unusual, intuitive but logical thinking has led to this value and all is revealed in
the intriguing book researched by Harris and Stockdale19 the measures certainly appears to be
associated with Stonehenge and as we shall see, other elements well away from and much
earlier than Stonehenge.
This unit x 0.96 = 1.131428571 so evidently this is a part of the ancient system as
indeed is the shorter version. There are 792 of the 1.13142857142 feet in the Aubrey Circle
centreline circumference and 760.32 of the HSMF measures and as their fractions indicate
both units are closely related to the pi value of 22/7. In fact three times 22/7 equates with 8 of
the HSMF measures.
760.32 = 432 [12 x 36] x 1.76 [10.56/6]. 760.32 feet is also seen at the Great Pyramid
being the design dimension of one length of the pyramid at the socket lines beneath the
outer paving according to Michell.
[1.1785714285 / 225] x 224 = 1.17333333 which is the foot of 14.08 inches, the 21.12
inch cubit of 1.76 feet , the step of 35.2 inches or 2.93333 feet and of course the reed measure
10.56 feet or 126.72 inches. That this unit was a part of the ancient system of measures is
clearly apparent.
It is likely that this unit was at least occasionally associated with eclipse values as is
claimed by Harris and Stockdale. One of the appendices to this narrative shows a neat
relationship between the Aubrey Circle and this unit from Harris and Stockdale regarding
eclipse periodicity.
At this point we should take a look at the station stones. These are placed between the
holes of the Aubrey Circle which at one time self-evidently contained stones. As the Sarsen
construction in the centre region of the site prevents visually connecting these positions
accurately we can safely state that these date to before the Sarsen Circle and Horseshoe.
Further the Aubrey circle stones would have been in front of the entrance to the avenue and
so it seem probably that they also predate that and were removed when this was developed
along with the Sarsen Circle. In fact it is now thought that the Bluestone Circle was made up
of the stones removed from the Aubrey holes.
The station stones are intriguing as they have both dimensional and astronomical
considerations. Perhaps the drawing below is easier to follow than a multitude of words on
this subject. The dimensions here are counted in the unit developed by Harris and Stockdale
which for Identification purposes have been termed the HSMF or Harris/Stockdale
Megalithic Foot.
As far as this investigation can ascertain, in width we have 93.3333 of these units and
in length 224 In imperial feet this then is 110 x 264 = 374 and in the HSMF feet unit
317.3333 x 1.1785714285. This does not seem very meaningful but let us add the diagonal of
this rectangle which as proportional sides of 5/12/13. The diagonal has a length of 13 times
the base proportion unit which in this case is 22 hence a measure here of 13 x 22 = 286. This ,
in terms of HSMF = 242.6666 another value with no apparent numerical meanings. However
when we add these values for the perimeter of the triangle a different picture emerges.

17
 93.33333 110
224 264
242.6666 286

Total 560 660 [7920 inches]

HSMF Imperial feet

In the perimeter of the triangles we therefore observe reference to the count of holes
in the Aubrey Circle and by inference to whatever these holes indicate. Also apparent is a
reference to the count of miles in Earth diameter at 7920 Imperial miles. [While it seem more
than a little strange, the measurement system was based upon Earth dimensions and hence
possibly this was meaningful count known by the designers here as is implied by later
information.]
In terms of the Saxon mile of 5500 British feet [foot value of 1.1 British feet] we find
7603.2 miles in Earth diameter. [Seen in terms of HSMF around the Aubrey Circle
circumference.] Hence we now have the perimeter of the square containing the circle of Earth
represented in circular format at the Sarsen Circle with its 316.8 feet centreline
circumference. In addition we see further connections to the diameter [one side of that Earth
square] of the Earth at the station stones.
These station stones also have another purpose and that is to indicate the direction of
sunrise and sunset at the festivals between the equinox and solstices. Hence we have Beltain
and Lughnasadh sunsets at circa 296.6 degrees azimuth and Samhain with the sunrises of
Samhain and Imbolc at circa 116.6 degrees azimuth. These are of course seen by sighting
along the diagonal, the station stone line formed by the rectangle which only applied before
the sarsen erections in the centre of the site which blocked the view.
The station stone markers which form the opposite diagonal tell of a different
scenario which took place at Samhain. We have the large cross which is Cygnus setting in the
north not long before the small cross Crux appears in the south. Cygnus could be seen
sinking below the northern horizon with its bright star Deneb finally disappearing at an
azimuth of circa 342 degrees azimuth. This was at around 2AM. At approximately 162
degrees azimuth, the reciprocal angle, the small Southern Cross would be observed at about 5
AM. As sunrise was 7.19 approximately both events would be highly visible with the
blessing of a clear sky.
Beltane today is classed as being Mayday, the first day of May but at Stonehenge we
are looking at a time before such calendars and here we have days that would have almost
certainly been 45 days after or before the equinox. These are the cross quarter days. The
investigation has taken a date of 2750 BC which is roughly half way between the initial
setting out of bank and ditch etc along with Aubrey Circle and the building of the Sarsen
complex and allowed the 45 days in relation to the equinox to discover what is described.

18
 station stone rectangle length
= 264 British feet = 224 x HSMF [see text]
Station stone marker line azimuth 342 degrees
station stone rectangle width
reciprocal 162 degrees.
= 110 British feet = 93.333r x HSMF [see text]
Deneb [Cygnus] at Samhain
station stone rectangle diagonal length
sets at 342 degrees at circa 2 AM
= 286 British feet = 242.666666x HSMF
Gamma Crucis [ in Crux or Southern Cross]
Station stone marker Triangle perimeters therefore = 660 British feet or 7920 inches
is seen at 162 degrees at circa 5 AM. at Samhain
= 560 x HSMF
Sunrise was 7-19 AM sunset 16.45 PM
Station stone

19
Aubrey Circle
O/A diameter = 288 feet. Station stone
diameter at station stones = 286 feet.
centreline of holes diameter = 285.12 feet Station stone line azimuth = circa 296.6 degrees.
inner diameter = 282.24 feet This and its reciprocalof 116 degrees indicate the
[See text for explanations] four sun positions of Beltane, Lughnasadh,
Samhain and Imbolc.
It embodies sunset at 296.6 degreesfor Beltane and Lughnasadh
Station stone marker and sunrise at116 degrees for Samhain and Imbolc.
Many will take the position that there is no allowance for refraction here. Correct, there is not
but the refraction index would be approximately half the diameter of the sun anyway and the
positions cannot be exactly tied down hence we may be looking at a day before or after the 45
days and if the reference ought to be earlier then again this may alter the positioning very
slightly. The point here is that the station stone diagonal indicated the positions as stated to
within an acceptable visual tolerance to indicate the days as desired.
Regarding Cygnus and Crux, these are constellations and the criterion is the visibility
of these. Deneb would sink beneath the horizon where statedand approximately is the
word used in the description above. Again, the description is close enough to have been
recognised for this purpose. In addition there are sun and moon alignments along the sides
and ends of this rectangle as denoted by others. Indeed, adding to the lunar counts across the
Sarsen Circle there is a considerable amount of astronomical learning here at Stonehenge.
It now appears that contrary to the derogatory opinion of Clive Ruggles who has
unnecessarily insulted Thom and his efforts, who believes that a stone width perhaps a
metre, not 1 mm is as close as ancient stone builders could measure, along with those who
has influenced him and those he has in turn indoctrinated, the builders of Stonehenge
certainly were aware of and familiar with the use of fine measurement. The evidence seen in
this narrative gives results that are within the stated single millimetre and being dependent
upon the results of accurate independent surveys by people only trying to assess the
dimensions of the site and not trying to make their own metrological ideas work can be
accepted as they are as fine as one can hope to achieve. It is also ironic that as the surveys
utilised are those with which Ruggles would [ought to be] be familiar and would logically
accept, these same investigations into the dimensions of the site prove his arguments and
those of others who follow the same mind set to be utterly fallacious.
But condemnation without evidence applies also to Hawkins

Hawkins second contention is that the fifty-six Aubrey Holes were used as a computerfor
predicting movements of the Moon and eclipses, for which he claims to have established a
hitherto unrecognized 56-year cycle. It is questionable whether a barbarous and illiterate
community, which has left us no other evidence of numeracy, could successfully have
recorded the data needed to establish a cycle which exceeded contemporary life-span. 20

detailed reassessments of the ideas of ... Gerald Hawkins... have shown that there is no
convincing evidence that, at any stage, constructions at Stonehenge served as any sort of
computing device to predict eclipsesthere is no reason whatsoever to suppose that at any
stage the site functioned as an astronomical observatory.21

[We recommend the paper New Light on Stonehenge from Ancient Greeks. By Vance
R Triede (see references) from which these citations are drawn. Triede makes a fine job of
supporting Hakwins ideas with evidence from other locations and ancient scholars.]
Preconceptions are an enemy of discovery, while the investigations for this work have
been carried out with a completely open mind. What is reported is what has been discovered,
no more no less. The author has been amazed at the accuracy of the site that has only become

20
apparent via this sort of research. Even without the refinement of measure seen here the
metrology applied shows that this site was put together by people who were very well versed
in these units and their application. This idea shall be reinforced as we delve further into the
measures of Stonehenge.
The smaller Sarsen Circle was constructed later than the larger encompassing Aubrey
Circle. This made pinpointing the centre not an easy task but within 1.6 feet22 this was
achieved. To almost pinpoint this circle centre was no mean feat, as no sign of any post or
stone marking the original centre has been discovered, this was done by calculation and trial
and error.
From the perspective of calendar use, this Aubrey Circle circumference divided by the
27 days of the sidereal month or 13.3333 degrees of the circle [360 /27] amounts to 29.33333
x 1.13142857142. We note that 2.933333 is the step measure related to the reed length of
10.56 feet. Of interest is that 27000 long Roman miles of 5000 x 0.9732096 feet or 4866.048
British feet results in the Earth circumference of 24883.2 British miles. In a similar manner
the long Greek mile is counted 25920 times. Hence in these counts there is astronomical
information, days of the month and the precessional count.
The Sarsen Circle centreline circumference at 316.8 feet is 1.1111111111[11/9 ] the
diameter of the Aubrey Circle centreline to centreline diameter. The Sarsen Circle inner
circumference is exactly 88 times the lintel width. A foot value associated with the 10.56
foot reed is 1.173333 feet. The 316.8 feet of the Sarsen Circle centreline circumference
divided by the 27 days of the sidereal month = 11.7333333 or 10 feet related to the 10.56 foot
reed. This reed has a cubit measure of 1.76 feet x 6 and 1.76 divides into the 316.8 feet
circumference exactly 180 times representing 2 degrees per cubit, or perhaps 2 days of the
360 day year.
The lintel length of 10.56 feet when divided by 1.11111111 = 9.504 or 9 x 1.056. The
reed of 9.504 feet has a foot of 1.056 British feet, it has a cubit length of 1.584feet and a step
of 2.64 feet.
Note that 2.64 x 1.03030303 = 2.72 but we find virtually no evidence for the accurate
application of 2.72. It most certainly does not apply at Stonehenge except in a very
approximate manner and rarely fits any of the circles mentioned in Thoms work. Compare
this with the accuracy seen in the alternative analysis in this narrative using the measurement
system that endured from thousands of years before Stonehenge to quite recently with the
British Imperial system being an integral element of that system and hence in fact still
partially in use today.
316.8 /2.727272727 [extended megalithic yard] = 116.16 = 110 x 1.056.
11.616 inches = 0.968 feet and this is an important Biblical value also found within
the Great Pyramid. [See Chapter 11 of Measurements of the Gods]
316.8 divided by 1.584 = 200 and 316.8 divided by 2.64 = 120.
316.8 divided by 9.504 = 33.333333 and 316.8 divided by 2.933333 = 108
30 x 9.504 = 285.12 Aubrey Circle centreline diameter.
2.64 x 108 = 285.12
1.584 x 180 = 285.12
1.76 x 162 = 285.12
2.933333 x 97.2 = 285.12.

21
 A reed measure of 9.72 has a cubit value of 1.62 and a foot of 1.08
Hence from this small collection [there is much more] it is possible to see something
of the connectivity of these measures. All these units fit perfectly, no tolerance, no near fit.
The value ascribed to the Sarsen lintels of 3.4757485712 feet relates to the long
Egyptian cubit [Michells terminology]
3.475748571:- 1.728 x 2 = 3.456 and 3.456 / 175 [x 176] = 3.475748571.
175/176 is used frequently as a link between long and short values. For example, the
short Greek foot of 1.008 feet seen at the diameter of the Sarsen Circle can be increased by
the factorial method:- divide by 175 multiply by 176 to 1.01376, the long version.
Here, however, we reiterate that lengthy decimal fractions are necessary for
calculation purposes while from a practical perspective are unrealistic. Nonetheless, the value
of these measures in multiple will often result in a whole number or at least one with a short
fraction and it is these that usually are a target overall value.
When Thoms megalithic yard is extended to 2.7272727 feet it is compliant with
some of the measures of the ancient world and via these connections, the whole of the
system. Hence values connected to this by definition are also connected to that system.
The Egyptian step measure of 2.5 feet at 1.152 = 2.88 and this divided by the step of
2.64 [see above] = 1.09090909 and this is the foot value associated with the extended
megalithic measure of 2.7272727.
1.09090909 connects the values associated with 10.56 with the Egyptian units hence
1.056 x 1.09090909 = 1.152.
2.72727272727 x 105.6 = 288 or 100 long Egyptian steps.
This is the overall diameter of the Aubrey Circle as recorded by Atkinson.
Hence Atkinson and then Hawkins had completely unknowingly given 100 long
Egyptian steps for the overall diameter of the Aubrey Circle. As this overall diameter is
linked to the centreline diameter and hence to the area of this circle divided by 8 to the Sarsen
circle, we can determine a link to the work of Petrie in the late 19th century. Two completely
independent researchers surveying at completely different times arriving at measures that
agree to an extremely fine degree with the system of metrology seen across the ancient world
and these measures have been confirmed by photogrammetrically survey. Such
correspondence and accuracy do NOT apply to any other sets of measures for this site. Given
the number of the connections to a larger measurements system seen here this could not be
coincidenceneither researcher was aware of the existence of that system, it had not been
uncovered by the time of Atkinson and Petrie had no inkling of its existence. Yet both arrive
at values on different albeit mathematically connected sections of the site that are part of the
broad system. There are no other surveys of Stonehenge that comply in such a plainly correct
manner and then also link to the greater system that applied internationally since before the
building of Stonehenge.
The Sarsen Circle is late compared to the Aubrey Circle and yet as we are seeing,
both circles comply with the ancient metrological system as a whole. Here we see that at
circa 3000BC the measures were in use at Stonehenge.
At the Aubrey Circle have an overall diameter of 288 feet, a centreline diameter of
285.12 giving a difference of 2.88 which for the two sides is divided by two for 1.44. If we

22
double this for a hole or stone zone of 2.88 feet each side we have a diameter for the internal
measure of 288 less [ 2.88 x 2] = 282.24feet.
Here we have 28 x 10.08 [1/10 the Sarsen Circle centreline diameter]..another
calendar count and the use of a measurement unit in two locations on the site.
It is also 1.68 x 168 [1.68 is the cubit value of the foot of 1.12 feet seen at Holyrood
Abbey and Palace at Edinburgh]
The British mile of 5280 feet / 1680 = 3.142857142 [22/7]. The Aubrey Circle
centreline circumference divided by the Sarsen Circle circumference = 2.82857142 which is
the step value of the foot valued at 1.13142857242 which is counted 792 times in the same
Aubrey Circle circumference and 280 in the Sarsen Circle centreline circumference.
The Aubrey Circle inner diameter at 282.24 feet gives a circumference of 887.04
which can be seen as 504[1008/2] x1.76, 84 [3x28] x 10.56, or 336 [12x28] x 2.64 and finally
the 56 stone centres at this inner circumference would measure 15.84 feet apart or 1/20 of the
Sarsen Circle centreline circumference.
Hence for this zone of the Aubrey Circle pits or stones we have an overall diameter of
100 long Egyptian steps, a centreline diameter of 99 of the same and the inner diameter
shows 98 of the same measure.
While this latter evaluation of the Aubrey Circle measures is admittedly a little
speculative, it certainly fits the measures available from Atkinson [288 feet] and Hawkins
[258 feet for a hole centre approximation] the latter with the highly accurate
photogrammetrical survey and therefore as a basis for argument is completely valid. Taking
measures from Google Earth may not be the most accurate method of evaluation but it
certainly is accurate enough to check within acceptable margins whether an assessment is
reasonably accurate. The measures seen in this narrative can be approximately checked via
Google Earth and it will be found that the fit is far better than Thoms values which show no
connectivity whatever. The configuration described in this text also goes some way towards
showing the interrelationships of the values, measures that can be found on numerous
monasteries, churches and cathedrals in addition to ancient sites in the Middle East and
further afield. Some additional measures information is seen later in this narrative.

Commentary

It now appears confirmed that the holes of the Aubrey Circle were set out to a centre
diameter that utilised a very specific measure, 10.56 feet which was coupled with the count of
days of the sidereal month and that the Sarsen Circle evaluation is also correct. The values of
the circles have been confirmed by photogrammetrical survey.
However there are other values to take into account. The extended version of the
megalithic yard, 2.727272727 divides into the Sarsen Circle centreline circumference 116.16
times. 11.616 inches is 0.968 feet. The step value of this foot is 2.42 feet.
The Aubrey Circle centreline diameter at 285.12 feet divided by 242 results in a value
that was used on the outer ditch and bank according to the measures of Petrie. This is
1.178181818. The step value of this foot is 2.945454545 which is the extended megalithic
yard of 2.7272727 x 1.08 as is commonly accomplished among measures in India. The foot
value here in inches is 14.138181818. The foot length associated with the 2.7272727 foot

23
step is 1.09090909 and this divided into the step of 2.945454545 results in 2.7 which has a
foot length of 1.08. Connections abound.
These values result in a neat series of circumference measures here using not 22/7 but
another commonly utilised pi value of 3.1418181818. In fact this links the 24883.2 mile
circumference of Earth that was utilised from antiquity until the surveys for metrication by
the French in the 18th century, to the round figure diameter of 7920 miles seen represented
earlier in the Aubrey Circle and indeed the Sarsen Circle. These Earth values can be found
across the ancient world. For example, a number of Egypts colossal pharaonic statues are 66
feet in height. 66 feet is the 22 yards of the cricket pitch or the length of the surveyors chain
and as surveyors measure portions of the Earth it is quite fitting that 22 yards is 792
inchesthe Earth diameter /10 in miles represented as the height of the statues in Egypt. [See
later quotation from The Book of the Dead]
Both the foot at 1.178181818 feet and the step at 2.945454545 feet fit a number of
Thoms diameters and circumferences [using 22/7 or the alternative 3.1418181818] very
accurately. These counts sometimes are in whole numbers and sometimes reflect other values
within the system such as 2.93333 [step associated with 10.56 foot reed]. Here we have the
circumference of two circles [Thom ref P 2/8] 27.5 feet diameter equating with 2.945454545
x 29.33333 at 86.4 feet and here the pi value is 3.1418181818. These values are exact.
Circle B 2/5 has a 43.6 foot diameter which Thom denotes as 16 Megalithic yards or
43.52 feet. Here we see a correlation in that at 37 x 1.178181818 we have 43.592 which is
within 0.87 of an inch of Thoms estimate and 0.096 of an inch of the measured diameter.
Two further examples here and the first of 1.09090909 x 36 which is 39.27272727
where the target is the diameter of 39.2 [result within 0.872 of an inch] and 1.09090909 is the
foot value of the extended megalithic yard of 2.727272727. This applies to circle B 7/6.
Thom denoted this as 14 megalithic yards which is 38.08 feet.
Secondly we have 66 x the long Greek foot [Michells terminology] of 1.01376 which
is 66.90816 feet. This is compared to the 66.9 feet diameter of circle B 2/3 and is within
0.0979 of an inch of the measured diameter. Thom claims that the value here was 25
megalithic yards which is 68 feet1.1 feet away where 1.1 feet is a foot value associated
with the 16.5 foot rod, pole or perch from Saxon times in Britain. Its step value is 2.75 feet
and known there as the gaz23 it is found in India dating to before 3000BC.
Notably here 288 [Aubrey Circle overall diameter] x 1.1 is 316.8 feet [Sarsen Circle
centreline circumference] hence this number relates directly to Stonehengeboth circles.
These are just an example and much more can be discerned among the listings of
circle dimensions from Thom. But from this can be seen many possibilities for an alternative
explanationone that generally is likely to fit far better than the megalithic yard of 2.72 and
which will then link well to the ancient metrological system as a whole.
The outer extremities of the Stonehenge ditch give a diameter of [A] 374.5833 feet
according to Petrie24 while the inner diameter here is [B] 337.O83333 and the inner edge of
the ditch is [C] 299.583333 feet. These measures Petrie claims are within +/- 4 inches but in
reality we can allow a little more than this as here we are dealing with soil and not stone.
Nevertheless, we maintain Petries 225 inches for the ditch zone.

24
 We arrive at values of [A] 375 which is within 5 inches of Petries evaluation and an
inch outside his estimate of tolerance. We view [B] as 337.5 again within 5 inches and [C] as
300 feet, here within 4.16 inches.
Here we return to the foot measure seen above, that of 1.178181818 feet. This has a
neat count of 1000 [outer ditch edge], 900 [inner ditch edge], and 800 [inner bank edge] when
applied to the circumferences calculated via 3.1418181818 of the outer elements of
Stonehenge 1 as seen above. Given the connections already seen these almost certainly were
the design measures and the tolerances are reasonable given the soil factor.
If we now try this evaluation using 22/7 for pi we find that precisely the same
numbers occur except that the count is now in HSMF [Harris/Stockdale Megalithic Foot]
measures. This clearly demonstrates the connectivity here between the values. We see that
3.1418181818 for pi gave the same count in the 1.17818181818 measures as 22/7 did for the
1.1785714285 [HSMF] value. The connection between these values, both the measures and
the versions of pi, is 3024/3025. Hence (22/7 [3.142857142] / 3025) x 3024 = 3.1418181818
In terms of dating at this point we are looking to circa 3000BC when Egypt had yet to
build a pyramid but was building mastabas and hence had abundant metrological knowledge.
The measures are ancient; the basics of the British Imperial system were ancient long before
Rome had even thought of creating an empire. They predate Greeks and Egyptians and are
evident at circa 7000 BC in India. Abundant evidence for this is seen in the latter chapters of
Measurements of the Gods.
Given the many cross correlations of measures between the Aubrey and Sarsen
Circles seen here and now the outer ditch and bank along with the very great accuracy
involved, there really cannot be any doubt as to whether these measures applied at this site or
those others of Alexander Thom. The great differences in accuracy between these
evaluations and those of Thom and others have been seen and the neat connections from even
the outer ditch to the remainder of the site are evident. There are numerous measures that
refer to lunar months of three different counts of days. There are references to Earth measure
and what could be more fitting than the 316.8 feet representing the canonical four times
diameter square containing the circle of Earth diagram in circular format which itself is
constructed with 30 supports and lintels representing the 30 day month? [See below for an
extract from Egyptian material in confirmation of the concept]
It is repeated that all these measures are ancient knowledge long predating this site
and evidence for such knowledge is in the book Measurements of the Gods.
Regarding lunar symbolism, Ruggles allows a tentative working hypothesis that
there was lunar symbolism in Stonehenge 1 and 2 but Pitts states that archaeology offers little
supportwhile Ruggles continues to aggressively deny Thoms interpretation of numerous
other sites derived from many years of painstaking investigation and analysis. Notable is the
fact that Ruggles criticism seen earlier did not involve his own efforts but he only stated that
others had failed to find agreement with Thom via statistical analysis. The author of this
narrative does not accept that statistical analysis has any part to play here, each and every site
has to be examined in isolation from any other, most will have diverse measures and yet if the
analysis is correct, these will eventually be seen to be metrologically interrelatedand that
will almost certainly include a metrological relationship to the Stonehenge analysis of this

25
paper or at least a connection to some of the units of measure applied here. Some indications
that this is the case have already been seen.
Stonehenge has been altered a number of times with Stonehenge 3 phase II being the
erection of the Trillithons and Sarsen Circle. Stonehenge 1 involved the outer ditch and bank
and the Aubrey Circle while Stonehenge 2 consisted of some timber posts now long lost with
their positions scattered among the stones of the Sarsen Circle and inner elements of the site.
As this is the case some posts may well have stood where there are now stones and it is
therefore impossible to give an accurate assessment of the appearance of Stonehenge 2.
Hence any tentative working hypothesis regarding lunar symbolism on Stonehenge 2 is
little more than an outlandish guess and is as totally meaningless as Ruggles comments on
the use of fine measures on stone circles.
This symbolism does not include any alignments that may be involved at the site,
this is a different scenario perhaps best seen in Norths extensive work. On Stonehenge 1 all
there is to associate with the moon is a count of 56 [28 x 2] holes in the ground or the obvious
56/3 = 18.6666 a count here directly associated with the eclipse cycle, the period it takes for
the two lunar nodes to swing completely around the sky and hence involve both sun and
moonthat is unless, of course, one involves counts of measuresOther than this one has to
speculate regarding the theoretical height of stones in the Aubrey Circle although at the
Station Stones rectangle positive alignments of the cross quarter days sun position and the
extremities north and south of the moonset and rise can be determined. However, an
alignment to a horizon point where the sun or moon rises or sets at a very specific time of
year can hardly be termed symbolism. Symbolism on the site can be seen in the counts of
days in measures and elements such as the proportional relationship between the lintel width
and circle diameters at the Sarsen Circle.
Evidently, contrary to the prejudiced view of far too many researchers, accurate
measures did feature very highly at Stonehenge as did lunar symbolism and calendar counts
and this began at the very early stage of the digging of the pits of the Aubrey Circle, some
500 years prior to the erection of the Sarsen Circle and Horseshoe.
All the measures and many more related values can be found on ancient structures in
the Middle East and India, Malaysia and indeed mediaeval Europe on Christian buildings.
As an example, the Biblical Patriarch Noah was born according to Genesis in the year
1056 after creation. The Bible utilised 10.56 and its cubit value for the dimensions of Noahs
ark. The dimensional units actually fit a natural stone formation in Turkey that was denoted
as the vessel involved in the Chaldean flood tale. This is found in the exact location
mentioned in the story. 1.76 was used for the Ark of the Covenant and this specific artefact
[whether imagined or real] was emulated at both Chartres Cathedral and Rosslyn Chapel in
the proportions and dimensions of both structures. Details for these evaluations and more are
found in Measurements of the Gods. The George Washington monument in the USA tells of
the days in the year including fractionswithin 0.3 of an inch of complete accuracy in terms
of long Greek cubits of 1.52064 feet.
The measures are international and have remained in use since circa 7000BC as is
clearly demonstrated with ample reinforcing evidence in Measurements of the Gods.
It may be noted that the measures of the Bluestone Circle and the Horseshoe have not
been included. The measures given here from Michell25 and appear to be rather speculative

26
but are probably correct given the connections to Earth measure seen in the Sarsen and
Aubrey circles.

Bluestone Circle target diameter 79.2 feet

1/4 of Sarsen Circle centreline circumference
Horseshoe diameter [Sarsen] 50.4 feet
[half of Sarsen circle centreline diameter]
Horseshoe diameter [Bluestone] 39.6 feet.
1/8 of Sarsen Circle centreline circumference
If correct then this would make a beautiful correlation but the Bluestone Circle is not
very accurate and it is uncertain how many stones were put into this circumference. Hence in
this narrative no judgement was made on this element of the site, specifically regarding the
controversial Bluestone Circle. However, given the connections to other constructions such
as pyramids in terms of measure, Michell has probably hit upon the target dimensions here
and they would definitely slot in very neatly alongside the analysis of the Sarsen Circle.
A degree division of the Sarsen Circle centreline informs us that every 2 degrees is
1.76 feet, every 12 degrees is an upright sarsen support. Hence a single degree is represented
by 0.88 feet or 10.56 inches.[88 feet was the Biblical Ark beam.]
The lintel measures have been discovered in America, at Teotihuacan by Hugh
Harston Junior. He was unaware of the implications of his discovery as he had not heard of
the unit and thought it was a local Mayan value which he termed the Hunab, the Mayan word
for measure. Michell noted this discovery and John Neal has undertaken further research in
this direction with his evaluations seen in his work All Done With Mirrors. Michel in fact
[and Neal has followed suit here] saw this value as being 1/12000000 of the polar axis of
Earth. He termed this the Sacred Jewish Rod and in fact Newton also searched for such a
measure. Michell claimed that in the ancient times the two different circumference measures
of earth were understood as was the polar flattening. However, no reference to the value of
the polar diameter arises until into the Christian era and the meridian circumference of Earth
which he calculated was that utilised as THE circumference of Earth. The pi value
3.14181818 was applied to this to reveal the 7920 mile diameter hence the circumference was
seen as 24883.2 miles which stood until the French calculations for the development of the
metric system. The equatorial circumference was not known and only two measures were
utilised for Earth dimensions, 24883.2 miles and 7920 miles. These have been divided into
feet etc and indeed India has a neat 5000 yojanas for the circumference which makes the
relevant yojana 4.97664 miles or 25920 long Greek feetother related yojanas were also in
use and these and their smaller divisions then linked to Chinese measure.[See Measurements
of the Gods]
Many have made much of the apparent link between Stonehenge and the Great
Pyramid in connection with the triangle formed by connecting the Sarsen Circle to the square
formed by the diameter of the Bluestone Circle. As can be seen in the illustration, this links
the Sarsen and Bluestone circles and only exists due to the application of 22/7. The elevation
of the Great Pyramid fits this triangle exactly.

27
 The Great Pyramid has a base of 440 cubits per side and that cubit contained, apart
from hands, spans and digits, a count of 18 inches. 440 x 18 = 7920 and of course that is for a
single side. Hence the complete pyramid in plan shows a perimeter of 31680 inches of a
variety related to the cubit in use, in this case 1.7181818 British feet. Michell terms this the
short Egyptian cubit and it fits within Petries tolerance for this cubit which he denoted at one
point as 20.6 inches as the mean value. This has stuck ever since, being called the Royal
Cubit. It is not quite correct but 20.6181818inches [1.718181818 feet] is the exact value that
fits the remainder of the system. In fact at para 141,Chap 20 of The Pyramids and Temples of
Giza Petrie stated that,

On the whole we may take 20.62 .0I as the original value26

This value is within 0.0018181818 of an inch of the 1.718181818 feet denoted by

Michel and which is directly linked to the greater system and is within the +/- 0.01 of an inch
of Petries tolerance.
Regarding the square containing the circle of the Earth, in text from Egypt, from the
Book of the Dead, we extract the following from the Papyrus of Nu, the Chapter of Making
The Transformation Into Ptah, Of Eating Cakes And Of Becoming A Living Beig In Anu.
[Heliopolis]
The subject of the chapter revolves around taking up residence among the gods.

Verse 9 and 10 read as follows

9 My head is like that of Ra and when my members are gathered together I am like
unto Tem; the four sides of the domain of Ra
10 And the width of the Earth four times.27

It is an inescapable fact that the designers of both monuments, in North Africa and
Western Europe were using the same measurement and geometrical systems, representations
of Earth, representations that are pervasive throughout the ancient world and far predate any
Classical Greek knowledge. Nonetheless, given that after the Ice Age for thousands of years
people were spreading outwards and northwards from the warmer climes where development
continued during the colder period this is not in the least surprising. Modern genetic studies
reveal much about the emigrations and immigrations of modern man. We have mentioned the
early date of 7000BC in India for evidence of the measures but here we have another step
backwards because this system was virtually complete even then, it was brought to India by
people from Sundaland, or South Malaysia, now under many feet of sea water. The
measurements were developed at the equator on the other side of the globe during the Ice
Age. When the available evidence is examined this makes much sense. This also then links
to other developments in India, much blossomed in the years immediately after the arrival of
these folks at Merhgarh, India [now Pakistan].
It is now apparent that the early Britons, due to the movements of both people and
knowledge leading up to and during the Bronze Age, would have a similarity of learning to
their counterparts in warmer regions and this ability included measures. But that does not

28
explain the use of these units at Teotihuacan. This remains a mystery but one book may just
have the answer. The Chinese were explorers and while Gavin Menzies has made these sort
of claims in his book 1421,it seems that Henriette Mertz has the right idea and the evidence.
Original copyright of 1953, her work Pale Ink28 is must read for anyone interested in the
early exploration of the Americas. This was published in 2008 by Bibliobazaar and the book
just may tell us how the same unit of measure that was used for the sarsen circle lintel width
arrived in Meso America. Of course the Chinese also had the measures a long time ago as is
implied above via Indian measure.
There does, however, remain an important unanswered question. How these diverse
albeit related measures were so very accurately transferred across thousands of miles and
years has yet to be satisfactorily explained. There must have been rods with marks but timber
is not the ideal material for great accuracy. However, as we have stated and will reiterate
here, for practical purposes the extended fractions are unnecessary and cannot play any part
in a craftsmans practice except in calculation. The longer fractions came from calculation
and were maintained sufficiently well for us to discover the values today. We should also
take into account that memory was used to a very much greater extent before the advent of
writing and much would have been memorised ensuring the need of only a minimum of fixed
dimensional rods to cover most eventualities.
It is a pity that no measuring rods other than a few markings on stone and some
bronze have been found. Egypt has revealed some bronze rods that are informative and the
remains of a timber rule and others made of bone have been discovered in India. In fact the
remains of a scale on a piece of shell from India showed a value of 1.32 British inches. To
indicate connections here, 1.32 feet is 15.84 inches.
This is better than Babylon from a much later period. We have records of brilliantly
accurate astronomical calculations of sun and moon but no remains of the instrumentation
that simply had to exist for the observation to have taken place.
At Stonehenge we have the stones and a few holes from which to obtain our
information. We then compare the knowledge gained with other monuments such as the
Great Pyramidand the triangle indicated in this illustrationnumerical associations and
parallels abound across the nations and millennia and here we have a triangle that denotes the
shape of the Great Pyramid fitting the circles of Stonehenge. This is purely due to the fact
that 22/7 was applied at both sites.

29
Fig. 2. Plan of Inner Stonehenge.

30
Fig.3. Principle Stonehenge Circles

Outer sarsen lintel edge at 30 x 3.475748571feet diam.

centre sarsen lintel at 29 x 3.47574857 feet
= 100 short Greek feet at 1.008 [within 0.039 of an inch]

inner sarsen lintel edge at 28 x 3.475748571feet diam

= 100 long Roman feet at 0.9732096ft

Outer ditch edge at 375 feet diam.

Inner ditch edge at 337.5 feet diam.

Outer bank edge at 300 feet diam.

Aubrey Circle outer circ at 288 ft diam.

Aubrey Circle inner circ at 282.24 ft diam. Centreline diam = 285.12 feet

Appendices

1] Alexander Thom and the Megalithic Yard

In the text above Thom has been both praised and criticised. However being a
pioneer and working with stone setting out that would fool most of the best of us he achieved
a small miracle of assessment. Born in Scotland in 1894, he later became a student at
Glasgow University returning there as lecturer between 1922 and 1939. He later became a
Professor of Engineering at Oxford University, a post he held from 1945 until his retirement
in 1961.
He is famed not for his engineering prowess but for his work among the stone circles of
Western Europe. This publicly commenced withThe Solar Observations of Megalithic
Man an article published in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association.
This was an interest that stemmed from around 1934 when Thom began studying
stone circles and other stones searching for astronomical associations. It was around this time
that Thom began his careful surveys of these circles. His initial results were published in
1955 in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.
After his retirement in 1961 he published two more articles in the same journal, in
1962 and 1964 which addressed the megalithic units of length.

31
 His discovery of what he called the Megalithic Yard, a unit of measurement he found
employed consistently at many megalithic sites is a key feature of his book Megalithic Sites
in Britain published in 1967.
Thom had surveyed some 300 megalithic circles, alignments and isolated standing
stones in order to produce a statistically-based common unit of measurement. Beside the
megalithic yard Thom also explained the geometry of stone circles. This needed explaining as
there are six types:-true circles, ellipses, two sorts of egg shaped circles and two sorts of
flattened circles.
Alexander Thoms second major claim was that the large scale and systematic
observations of the heavens, particularly the movements of the sun and moon took place at
these circles and standing stones. This in itself implied an organised society with possibly an
educated priesthood of the Later Neolithic period a radically new idea at that time. This also
raised important questions regarding the abilities of the people involved with the circles and
the astronomical operations. Much debate was stirred up by his work and much is still
debated today. This narrative has raised questions regarding the measures Thom calculated,
but that is the only criticism. He remains a pioneering genius who appears to have made a
small error that does not detract from the fact that the Late Neolithic people used accurate
measures and made accurate astronomical observations.

2] The real megalithic yard ?

It has been shown above that an increase from 2.72 feet to 2.7272727 makes a big
difference in that the value is linked to others in an ancient system and is generally a more
accurate value to use in the assessment of circles. The foot value here is 1.09090909 which
itself is a connecting factor between other measures such the British and Egyptian units e.g.
1.056feet x 1.09090909 = 1.152 feet of which 1.5 make the cubit of 1.728, 2.5 the step of
2.88 feet and 9 the reed of 10.368 feet. In inches 1.09090909 is 13.09090909. This we can
term a step not a yard as a yard is three feet and step 2.5 feet.
An increase by the factor 1.08 results in another very useful value that is seen to be of
relevance, here we have 2.945454545 with its foot value of 1.1789181818 or 14.1381818
inches.
These measures link reasonably well to the ancient system whereas the 2.72 foot unit
only connects via 1.030303 to the 2.64 foot step related to the 1.056 foot. Yes, there is a
connection but it is limited in application. It has been demonstrated that the circles assessed
by Thom at least in the cases tested work with these values and others within the system such
as the Greek units. Stonehenge has been seen to work with the measures appliedvery
accuratelybut Thoms units have not done that here.
Hence we conclude that there are no real megalithic measures but there is a set of
diverse units that have been in use since long before Stonehenge and the value calculated by
Thom almost linked well to this systembut not quite because he was unaware of its
existence and application. Let there be no doubt that if he were aware of the units described

32
in this narrative he would have used them and possibly seen even more connection than is
described here. It remains very unfortunate that the information regarding these units was not
available to him when he commenced his investigations.
As it is he remains the man who set archeo-astronomy firmly on its path and caused
many to follow in his footsteps. We have yet to meet the man who matches Thom in ability
and perseverance however unless we include Petriebut that is another storyI raise my
glass to both of these men.

3] The Early British Measures

Here we show the relationships to the 1056 value and why it is seen as British.
The standardisation of British measures actually began in more recent times as part of
Edward Is statute of 1305. British units, according to Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1995 edition
were initially defined in terms of Northern feet which were also known as German feet. The
furlong, 1/8th of a mile and known to lovers of horse racing everywhere, was 625 German
feet although the appendages German or Northern were unlikely to have been used as this
was a standard measurement. The mile did not change length but with a change of foot value
there were now a different count of feet in the mile. The mile had previously always been
5000 feet which applies to all the mile values of the ancient world but now the British mile
suddenly had 5280 feet and the furlong 660. Hence 660 /625 = 1.056 and 5280/5000 = 1.056.
Hence it can be seen that prior to these changes the standard foot value in Britain was 1.056
feet.

Ancient linear measure units can be seen generally as:-

Mile 5000 feet

Stadia 500 or 600 feet [A Greek development]
Reed 9 feet or 6 cubits
Step 2.5 feet
Cubit 1.5 feet
Foot 12 inches.

Additionally there were divisions of spans, handbreadths and digits. In the cubit there
would have been 24 digits, 6 handbreadths and2 spans. Occasionally a cubit and a
handbreadth was utilised where a specific cubit was increased via the 7/6 factor.
While these seem the more historical interpretation, extended research indicates
clearly that the feet and inches etc were also in use as is evidenced with the finds of the small
scale rule remains in India.
In his 1864 work, Foreign Measures and Their English Values Robert C. Carrington29
lists a great many measures. According to this listing we see that there is a different idea.
Foot 12 inches
Elle 2 feet
Fathom 6 feet [Also standard at this time in Britain]

33
 Some other sources have termed the cubit the elle whereas given its length it should
rightly be a step. Carringtons work shows a great diversity of measures across Europe and
indeed much of the developed world of the late 19th century and there does not appear to be
much across the board connectivity between the units. However, people could not trade
without logical conversion factors so they must exist but it would take a lengthy period of
time to discover the many and varied factorial connections between these multitudinous units
of measure.
In Measurements of the Gods we see that a common methodology using connected
units was in place across the world and clearly demonstrates the fact with examples from the
ancient and mediaeval realms. It appears from Carringtons listings that diversity crept in via
localised traders across wide regions and developed into a system that connected in places to
the earlier mainstream measures that were still in place but which grew into interrelated
systems of their own.
However, at Tyrol, Austria, Carrington informs us that the elle was a measure of
31.68 inches or 2.64 feet. Having stated that this is obviously a step we then calculate that
the foot was 1.056 of our familiar British feet of later years. Here we have found the unit that
was in use in Britain before the time of Edward I, the Northern or German foot to which
Encyclopaedia Britannica made reference.
Setting this out in a table we see the following. [British measure means the modern
version with which we are all familiar.]

Inch 1.056 British inches

Foot 1.056 British feet
Cubit 1.584 British feet
Step 2.64 British feet
Reed 9.504 British feet
Mile 5280 British feet [5000 feet at 1.056 British feet]

Hence we can state that the adaptation was from a unit in Austria and not strictly
Germany as stated in Encyclopaedia Britannica and that the elle was treated as a step and
hence compliantly following the ancient tradition of measure.

4] Welsh Measures

Noted above was that the British measures with which we are familiar were fixed by
statute of Edward1 in 1305. This was reinforced by Edward II in 1324. The barleycorn was
said to be the base unit in both cases at three to the inch and even later this was further
restated in a statute by Elizabeth I. This also applies to Wales and the Laws of Hywell Dda30
made the same claim of the inch being three barleycorns. This being the case we can logically
assume that the Laws are to a set of values that date to after the alteration in English
measure when the foot was shortened from 12.672 of our familiar inches to 12 of the same
and the mile gained 280 feet but stayed the same length. However, as evidence from the

34
ancient world reveals, the short British foot was existence millennia before the time of
Edward I hence these Welsh measures may also long predate Edward I and perhaps predate
the Roman invasion.
The Laws of Hywell Dda were developed in the 10th century but the version available
for study today is from 14th century documentation. Traditionally Hywell Dda, who became
Welsh King in 942, brought the various laws together into a coherent set of rules. However,
many of these were old rules and the measures come under this category as they were
attributed by Hwell Dda to the ruler of 450BC one Dyfnwal Moelmud or in the Latin,
Dunvallo Molmuteus. While there is some useful information regarding the measures in use
in Wales at that period it also appear that there in fact is an error in translation or perhaps the
documentation with which the translators have worked. This involves the mile.
The Laws of Hywell Dda claims that:-

Three lengths of the barleycorn is the inch

Three inches is the palmbreadth result
Three palmbreadths is the foot. 9 inches
Three feet is the step..27 inches
Three steps is the leap81 inches
Three leaps is the land..243 inches or 20.25 modern British feet.
1 thousand lands is the mile.20250 modern British feet or 3.835British
miles.

Welsh measure consequently gives us the familiar third of an inch for the barleycorn
and therefore the inch would have been the same length here as in England. Given the
continual count in threes it is seen that there were 9 inches to the foot and not the usual 12.
Following this list we see that the leap is 9 feet and the land is three leaps making it
27 feet. As there are, according to the Laws of Hywell Dda, 1000 lands to the mile, we have
a mile of 27000 feet of 9 inches equating with 3.835 British miles.
An earlier paragraph in Laws of Hywell Dda claims that the length of Britain is 900
miles which is reasonably close to reality in British miles but at 3.835 British miles to a
Welsh mile we have a Britain nearly 3500 miles long!
However, if we keep in mind that the Welsh foot was 9 inches and the mile would
have 5000 of these we arrive at a mile value of 3960 British feet to the mile, 3/4 of the
English mile length.
Taking this a little further we see that a 5000 division of 3960 to obtain the value of
the foot from the mile results in 0.792 of a foot or 9.504 inches or 9 x 1.056. Hence the
barleycorn of three to the inch here was a longer barley corn than that of the English side of
the River Wye! Clearly this barleycorn idea is a copying of a description and not in fact a
statement of accuracy. We now see that the Welsh measure complies with the earlier
Austrian inch value of 1.056 of the familiar British inches of which 10 make up a single
degree of the Sarsen Circle centreline circumference at Stonehenge.
So we construct a table listing the Welsh measures as they are now evaluated.
Inch 1.056 British inches
Palmbreadth 3.168 British inches

35
 Foot 9.504 British inches
Step 28.512 British inches [2.376 British feet]
Leap 85.536 British inches [7.128 British feet]
Land 256.608 British inches [21.384 British feet]
Mile 3960 British feet [185.185185 lands or 555.55555leaps]

If we divide the 3960 feet of the mile by 1000 for 3.96 we have not a land but what
can be seen as a double step. Foot value is 9.504 inches. Multiply by 2.5 for 23.76 inches
then double to 47.52 inches or 3.96 feet.
So there is a clear error in the listing [repeated in other translations] where the 1000
lands is seen as a mile whereas a double step should be the value increased 1000 fold.

Square area is also seen in Laws of Hywell Dda.

Four feet is a short yoke 316.8 British feet
Eight feet is a mid- yoke 6.336 British feet
Twelve feet is an armpit yoke 9.504 British feet
Sixteen feet is the long yoke 12.672 British feet

Via a description of a man holding a long yoke it is clearly seen that this gives the
width of the legal acre = rod with acres length being 30 times its breadth. Hence the acre is
seen as: 12.672 British feet x 30 = 380.16 and 12.672 x 380.16 = 4817.38752.
This odd looking number is in fact 4320 x 1.115136 where 1.115136 = 1.056 x 1.056
4320 is used extensively in the sexagismal counts as it is 360 x 12.
The Welsh units were 0.75 of the English variety hence to obtain the same length in
the familiar British measures we need reduce the counts by 0.25. Hence the 16 feet of the
long yoke is reduced to 12 and the 30 times the original 16 [480] reduced to 360. Hence 12 x
360 = 432.
As the unit in use was the early English measure [which complies with the early
dating referenced in the Laws of Hywell Dda then the foot originally applied would be the
1.056 value. So we can see that a mile of 3750 feet [0.75 of 5000] at 1.056 = 3960 at 1 [0.75
of 5280].
The area measures were expanded into larger values.

Four acres is a toft = 4320 x 4 = 17280 acres

Four tofts a shareland = 16 acres = 4320 x 16 = 69120
Four sharelands a holding = 64 acres = 4320 x 64 = 276480
Four holdings a townland = 256 acres = 4320 x 256 = 1105920
Four townlands a maenol = 1024 acres = 4320 x 1024 = 4423680
Twelve maenol plus two townlands = 12800 acres = 4320 x 12800=55296000
= 61662560.26 square feet=1.115136 [1.056 x 1.056] x 55296000 where:-
3.14181818 x 1.76 = 5.5296. [ 55296000]
3.14181818 is used as pi in addition to 22/7 at Stonehenge and other circles and 1.76
is the cubit [1/6] of the reed of 10.56 feet which is the length of the lintels at the Sarsen Circle
around their curved centreline and additionally 1/27 of the centreline diameter of the Aubrey

36
Circle. The above very clearly the demonstrates the value of not shortening numbers or
rounding any value up or down. Only full figures will give the result that confirms validity.
The numerical connections abound in the ancient measurement systems.
Another curiosity raises its head here. In Measurements of the Gods Chapter 16
relates to the weights systems of the ancient world and yes, these are very directly connected
to the measures seen in this narrative. However here we see the value 12800 at the top or the
largest of a list of measures. This is the same practice as is found in relation to weights in
India dating back to before Egypts pyramids.
In further confirmation of the evaluation of the Welsh measures albeit here a later
example which uses the modern inch, a milking vessel was described as three inches wide at
its base, six inches wide at in the middle and nine inches wide at its mouth. Diagonally it was
nine inches in length.
This again is from Hywell Dda.
Volume here [using 22/7 for pi] was 189.7463398 cubic inches. Height evaluates at
6.7082393 inches. A pint of water has 34.677625 cubic inches hence this contains 5.3333
pints when filled to within 0.1696 of an inch of its brim, fractionally over 1/6 of an inch or
4.3 mm. Therefore 1.5 of these make up the 8 pints of the gallon of 8 pints and the container
held 2/3 of a gallon. This is then compatible with other historical units of liquid volume. We
see no appreciable change over thousands of years in the application of measures.

5] The evidence of the bricks in India [extract from Measurements of the Gods by
the author of Stonehenge Measures]

At Harappa two dominant brick sizes have been revealed: 30 x 15 x 7.5 centimetres
and a larger version at 40 x 20 x 10 centimetres. These bricks are reported as having virtually
no dimensional variation. The earlier parts of the city, dating to circa 2800BC and earlier
were constructed generally utilising the larger bricks with proportions of 4:2:1 and
dimensions of:

40 cm or 15.7480315inches, within 0.0919inches [2.336 mm] of 15.84 inches or 1.32

feet
20cm or 7.874015748 inches, within 0.045984216inches [1.168 mm] of 7.92 ins or
0.66 feet
10 cm or 3.937070078 inches, within 0.022992126inches [0.584 mm] of 3.96 inches
or 0.33 feet.

Working in inches it is therefore clear that 3.96 x 2 = 7.92 and 7.92 x 2 = 15.84.
Consequently, it can be seen that these bricks were designed with a doubling of dimension
across the three planes.

Applying the HSMF of 1.17857142 we see that 1.32 feet = 1.17857142 x 1.12 = 15.84 ins
and 1.12 feet x 9 = the reed of 10.08 feet which is 1/10 of the Sarsen Circle lintel centreline
diameter.
0.66 feet = 1.17857142 x 0.56 = 7.92 ins

37
0.33 feet = 1.17857142 x 0.28 = 3.96 ins

The later bricks, dating to circa 2400BC 2,000BC had the same proportions albeit
via a reduction from the earlier dimensions by a factor of 1.3333r. Here are seen
dimensions of 11.88 inches, 5.94 inches and 2.97 inches

11.88ins /12 = 0.99 feet =0.84 x 1.17857142

5.94ins /12 = 0.495 feet = 0.42 x 1.17857142

2.97ins /12 = 0.2475 feet = 0.21 x 1.17857142

Hence we see neat numerical connections between these brick dimensions and the HSMF.

The earliest measurable archaeological evidence relating to the region comes once
more in the form of bricks. These man made building blocks, crafted from the local clay are
from Mehrgarh and date from some 9,000 years ago. This is by far the oldest evidence for
the accurate practical use of any mathematical or numeral configuration that has been
foundanywhere. These bricks were all within a tolerance of a centimetre or 0.3937 of an
inch. Given that there was effectively no difference between them we can take the reported
measures as being virtually exactly the design dimensions. How this accuracy was achieved
is unknown but the site reports from the area relate this information. Under other
circumstances one may perhaps be a little sceptical about such accuracy at a time as early as
this; however, the credentials of the reporter of this information should be taken into account.
The information is available in the volume Indus Age: The Beginnings. [1999.] written by
Gregory Possehl, one of the most respected people in his field who is Professor of
Archaeology at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania in
addition to being the Curator of the Asian Section of the Pennsylvania Museum and having
spent a considerable time on excavations in the region. It is therefore felt that these brick
dimensions can be safely utilised as an analytical tool in the tracing of the ancient
measurement system.

The dimensions of these 9,000-year-old bricks are given as 33 x 14.5 x 7 cms. This, in
essence, tells us absolutely nothing. So again, the next step is to translate into British
Imperial measures. When this is achieved, the discovery is of an amazing accuracy and a
correlation with the system of measure prevalent in the ancient world.

33 cm, or 12.99212598 inches is within 0.032125984 of an inch [0.816 mm] of 12.96

inches or 1.08 feet
14.5 cm, or 5.708661417inches, is within 0.006261417 of an inch [0.159 mm] of
5.7024inches or 0.4752feet.
7 cm or 2.755905512 inches, is within 0.005905512 of an inch [0.15 mm], of 2.75
inches or 0.2291666r feet

All these brick dimensions have been assessed to average dimensions and rounded to
the nearest centimetre, yet the fit to what we now understand to be dimensional values that
were in use in the distant past is nothing short of phenomenal. Comments made regarding

38
these bricks indicted that there was virtually no dimensional variation. This being the case,
the standard here is nothing short of amazing.
It is disappointing that the HSMF value does not work with these brick dimensions
but the bricks certainly link to the system very accurately.
1.08 as a foot gives a cubit at 1.62 feet, step at 2.7feet and reed of 9.72 feet
0.4752 x 4 = 1.9008 where 19.008 inches = the cubit of 1.584 feet.
2.75 inches is 1/12 the 2.75 foot step associated with a foot of 1.1 feet [Saxon/ Sumerian and
seen in India.] 15 of these feet are the British mediaeval rod, pole or perch.
There is another connection here however that is perhaps even more telling.
Chapter 16 of Measurements of the Gods relates details of weight systems in India
and their relationships to the remainder of the world. Again our imperial system is seen to be
intimately associated, with these Indian weights and others from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Rome
etc. The Indian weights were fashioned from the mineral Chert and these were evaluated
against volumes of water. Full details of these evaluations are seen in the chapter but here we
note that the very earliest of the bricks, from circa 9000 years ago at Merhgarh, the earliest
archaeological element that to date has been deemed measurable in the context of the human
activity of manufacture and linear measure, has a unique relationship with the weight system
and imperial liquid measures.
The volume of one of these bricks is exactly 15.84 times the volume of a chert weight that
weighs the same as an imperial pint of water.

The British measure is effectively as old as these ancient measures, archaeologically

traceable to circa 7000BC

6] HSMF and the Aubrey Circle-eclipse cycles

Excerpt from NASA Eclipse website http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html

The periodicity and recurrence of eclipses is governed by the Saros Cycle, a period of
approximately 6585.3 days[18 years 11 days 8 hours]. It was known to the Chaldeans as a
period when lunar eclipses seem to repeat themselves, but the cycle is applicable to solar
eclipses as well.

The Saros arises from a natural harmony between three of the Moons orbital periods [circa
2000CE]

Synodic month [New Moon to New Moon] = 29.530589 days = 29d 12 h 44m,03s
Anomalistic Month [perigree to perigree] = 27.554550 days = 27d13h18m33s
Draconic Month [node to node] =27.212221 days = 27d 05 h 05 m 36s

One Saros is equal to 223 synodic months. However, 239 anomalistic months and 242
draconic months are also equal to this same period to within a couple of hours.

223 Synodic months = 6585.3223 days = 6585d 07h 43m

39
239 Anomalistic Months = 6585.5375 days = 6585d 12h 54m
242 Draconic Months = 6585days= 6585d 08h 35m
.
In fact 29.530589 x 223 = 6585.321347 NOT 6585.3223. However we shall follow
the NASA information as then we cannot be argued withdisagreements to NASA please!
Lunar [synodic] month = 29.530589 days x 12 = 354.367068 days.
Tropical solar year [at 2000CE] = 365.242189 days
6585.3223 days = 18.58333602 lunar[synodic] years
6585.3223 days = 18.03001542 tropical solar years
Aubrey Circle circumference = 285.12 feet x 22/7 = 896.0914285 etc
= 760.32 x 1.17857142
The Aubrey Circle has 56 holes at circa 16 feet spacing exact value being
16.00163265 feet.
Eclipse cycle approx. 18.6 years.
56 /3 = 18.666r
896 / 18.666r = 48 = 16 x 3.
Hence three spaces at 16 feet or a total of 48 feet equates with 18.6666r years.
We can see now that the eclipse cycle is denoted in terms of lunar years by three
spaces for each cycle at the Aubrey Circle. In the whole circumference can be counted
18.666r eclipse cycles. Therefore three complete counts around the circle will result in 56
complete eclipse cycles using 168 spaces.
Given the approximation leading to circa 48 feet for an eclipse cycle we can now be
more accurate.
16.00163265 divided by 10 long Egyptian feet [11.52] feet = 1.389030612 which is
1.17857142 x 1.17857142.
To clarify, HSMF squared then multiplied by 11.52 = the 16.00163265 foot space
between the centres of holes at the Aubrey Circle. Hence 11.52 x 3 = 34.56 = eclipse cycle in
terms of HSMF squared = 48.00489796 feet = 18.58333602 lunar synodic years. Calculation
here indicates that 1 foot equates with 137.1802166 days.
56 spaces/3 [for a single eclipse cycle of three 16 foot spaces] = 18.66666r hence our
48.00489796 x 18.66666r = circumference of 896.09142 etc so in the Aubrey Circle there can
be counted 18.6666 eclipse cycles.
56 cycles means 56 x 3 spaces at 16.00163265 or 48.00489796 = 2688.274286 feet =
1935.36 [168 x 11.52] x HSMF squared = exactly three circuits of the Aubrey Circle.
It is apparent the count of 11.52 in terms of HSMF squared [which refers to each
space between the holes of the Aubrey Circle] increased in counts of three.
Further numerical connections therefore appear here when we assess the counts.
11.52 x 3 = 34.45 [inches in long Egyptian step of 2.88 feet. The overall of the
Aubrey circle diameter is 288 feet.]
11.52 x 6 = 69.12 = one degree of Earth circumference in British miles.
11.52 x 9 = 103.68 where 10.368 = long Egyptian reed measures in terms of British
feet.
11.52 x 12 = 138.24 feet against the 13.824 inches in 1.152 feet.
11.52 x 15 =172.8 where 1.728 is the related cubit. 1728 = 12x12x12

40
 11.52 x 18 = 207.36 where 20.736 inches = 1.728 feet
11.52 x 21 =241.92 12 x 20.16 [1.75 x 11.52]
11.52 x 24 = 276.92 = 2.727272727 x 101.376 [1.01376 is the long Greek foot]
11.52 x 27 = 311.04 = 285.12 [Aubrey circle diameter] x 1.090909090909
11.52 x 30 = 10 x 34.45 [see x 3]
11.52 x 33 = 380.16 = 360 x 1.056
11.52 x 36 = 414.72 =2.727272727 x 152.064 [100 long Greek cubits]
11.52 x 39 = 260 x 1.728
11.52 x 42 = 280 x 1.728
11.52 x 45 = 300 x 1.728
11.52 x 48 = 320 x 1.728
11.52 x 51 = 340 x 1.728
11.52 x 54 = 622.08 = Earth circumference in feet /211200 = 528 x 1.17818181818

The count of 54 indicates 18 eclipse cycles here and hence we require 0.66666 of
three spaces to complete the Aubrey Circle. This equates with 23.04 x HSMF squared.
Hence to complete the circle in terms of HSMF squared we have 622.08 plus 23.04 =
645.12 = 56 x 11.52.
The complete 56 eclipse cycles would therefore be denoted by 645.12 x 3 x HSMF
squared = 1935.36 x 1.389030612 = 2688.274286 feet = 896.091428etc x 3 = 760.32 x
1.17857142 x3
760.32 has a number of connections such as 1.76 x 432, 72 x 10.56, 1.152 x 660, 750
x 1.01376 and many more.

7] Castles, Stones and Churches

We shall next examine some setting out over longer distances and from later periods;
connections will be apparent-connections to the unit measures seen at Stonehenge. This is
added in here to demonstrate the far reaching importance of these measures. In
Measurements of the Gods much more is demonstrated but here we have some measures that
have been refined from what is seen regarding a couple of spacings in MOTG. Google Earth
is a very useful tool in the landscape measuring department, better than the Ordnance Survey
maps in fact which are used to define positions.
In this section we shall look at the interconnectivity between diverse elements of
landscape usage in the same region over close to five millennia. The connections are
astronomical alignment and measures. The area involved is mainly south Monmouthshire
which is in South East Wales UK. Map locations are given using the Ordnance Survey grid
values give a theoretical accuracy of a metre. We shall begin with a visit to the Bible, to the
book of Genesis.
There is a tradition regarding the visibility of the Pleiades. They are said to loose
visibility for 40 days. It is this that was used in the Biblical flood tale for the mythical 40
days and nights of rain [Genesis 7: 4&12] which simply put, did not happen. In brief the
flood tale was adapted from an Indian astronomical allegory that described the loss of the

41
pole star. As the skies visibly revolved around this star its movement away from the pole
position would be devastating, the skies would be in turmoil. Add this idea to that seen in
Genesis 1:6-10 of there being an ocean in the sky [why the Egyptian sun god Ra needed a
boat to traversed the skies] and chaos would be the result; the stars, constellations and planets
would lose their tie to the axis that ran through the earth and which was seen to be the axis of
the whole universe. The heavenly ocean would be displacedthis idea is also seen in
Chinese myth.
In fact there are a series of pole stars, seven to the precessional cycle and the one
fictionally associated with the 40 days and nights of rain finally moved out of place in
2300BC 500 years after reaching that polar position. Here we find that the Biblical 17th day
of the second month fits the bill precisely because the New Year at that juncture commenced
with the first new moon after the winter solstice. The count then takes us to 20 days before
the vernal equinox which was the centre point of the 40 days loss of view of the Pleiades.
Winter solstice 7/8 January 2300BC
[in our calendar]
New moon and beginning of year Jan 31st 2300BC
Beginning of second month [new March 2nd 2300BC
moon]
Plus 17 days = 20 days before vernal
equinox = March 19th 2300BC
th
Vernal equinox = April 8 = 20 days after March
19th
This scenario was denoted by two stones and hilltop here in South Walesvery accurately.
But first a little more on this loss of view of Pleiades scenario; this 40 days period will
move and loose time with precession whether moving forward or back from its central point.
Of course as it is denoted by the constellation Taurus being the ruling constellation with the
sunrise within its boundaries at the vernal equinox, then due to the precessional movement
the Pleiades will not be so affected for a very long period.
By the time of the Roman campaigns in Britain the whole thing was long gone and
null and voidalthough still referenced apparently. We shall see how the Romans used the
setting out constructed millennia before their time in Britain for their own ends along with
some interesting measurements. This will lead to the later Welsh and shortly afterwards the
Normans setting out over miles of countryside using familiar numerical values very
accurately.
Hence back to the beginning and a date that greatly predates the Romans in Britain,
2950 BC.
Calculation and experimentation with astronomy programs indicates that this was the
more accurate era for the Pleiades 40 days disappearance scenario, the 20 days either side of
the equinox in reality means that the Pleiades at those junctures were visiblejustat those
points. In between due to their proximity to the sun they remained invisible.
This scenario is perhaps best known from the poet Hesiods Works and Days. Hesiod
lived circa 700BC, there is no accurate record of his birth or death. Hesiod wrote:-
When the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, are rising begin your harvest, and your ploughing
when they are going to set. Forty nights and days they are hidden and appear again as the
year moves round, when first you sharpen your sickle.

42
 So we need discover the era when this applied. Perhaps other sources will reveal a
clue to this dating.
After Hesiod, the Greek astronomer Euctenom listed the dates of the year involved, as
indeed did the early Babylonians where the forty days in association with the Pleiades is also
seen in the Mul.Apin texts from Mesopotamia revealing astronomical thinking of between
1300 and 1000BC. However, the dates of the year from Euctemon differ to the
Mesopotamian dates, as they should, the variation corresponds to the differences created by
the shift over the period by precession, confirming the accuracy of observation at the time.
Nevertheless, let us examine what does happen in the skies.

The skies at the time of Hesiod require an examination. At 700BC, 20 days before the
vernal equinox, the Pleiades were not seen rising; but the set certainly was visible as it had
been for months and would be for a further month. 40 days later the Pleiades would be
invisible due to proximity with the visual sun.
At autumn we discover that the rise was set was invisible at the 20 days before
equinox date and at 40 days later the Pleiades may have been seen shortly before their set but
the sun was too high to allow the view of the actual set.
To explain a little further the view of the Pleiades was a heliacal rise which means
that we only get a brief glimpse of the star as the sun rises. As a rule of thumb this means
that the star involved [in this case a tight collection of stars] needs be at the very bare
minimum 7 degrees vertically above the sun, in reality 10 degrees is a more suitable measure
for naked eye observations of that brief view before the suns brightness blocks the view of
the target star. We note that this is for the star at the horizon with the sun below that horizon
by 10 degrees. Of course cloud is a problem here but visibility without cloud is assumed.
Hence we are looking for a time when the brief visibility of the Pleiades was that
viewed at the 40 day span indicated. From the above observations at 700BC it is apparent
that while the Pleiades were seen as noted, the visions fail to meet the criterion of the heliacal
rising with a brief view of the object, the Pleiades. Hence Hesiod was repeating what had
become a tradition. While the observations in this text relate specifically to South Wales,
there would not be sufficient difference at the location of Greece to alter the results noted,
merely a small difference in times and visual spacing as is seen below.
The Biblical use of this 40 days tradition at 2300BC requires examination.
Vernal equinox at 2300BC had the Pleiades at 2 degrees latitude above the sun with a
3 degree azimuth separation. Note below the variation of the swing in the ecliptic between
morning and evening at different latitudes.
20 days later than the equinox the sun rose 7.5 degrees behind the Pleiades and hence
the Pleiades were probably [although not certainly] invisible. However that is for the latitude
of South Wales, at 30 degrees latitude a 13 degree difference is apparent. This is due to the
greater apparent swing of the ecliptic line at a lower altitude. Latitude is important in this
regard. The set here would not be visible as with the Pleiades leading the sun across the sky
they would set before the sun.
20 days before the equinox the situation was reversed with the sun rising 13 degrees
above the Pleiades making Pleiades invisible. We start in the morning with the sun leading
the Pleiades by circa 1.5 degrees vertical and circa 23.5 degrees horizontal separation. By

43
the time of set in the evening the ecliptic line has moved to nearly vertical and the separation
between sun and Pleiades is vertically circa 21 degrees in the favour of visible Pleiades as
the sun sets first.
However this does not comply with the 20 days relationship to the vernal equinox as
that 13 degrees requires decreasing to arrive at a briefer glimpse of the heliacal rising
Pleiades.
The setting of Pleiades works for the 20 days before the vernal equinox at circa
3200BC with 8 degrees of separation which may not be quite sufficient. If we allow 11
degrees of separation which should certainly be effective we are looking at 2950BC for the
set of Pleiades 20 days before the vernal equinox. At the latitude of South Wales UK this
gives a 12 degree latitude separation between the setting sun and the following Pleiades
allowing that brief glimpse.
At 20 days after the vernal equinox at 2950BC viewed from South Wales the rise of
Pleiades was between 9.5 and 10 degrees above that of the sun with a 25 degree lateral
separation. Hence the Pleiades should have been briefly visible, while at the set the Pleiades
were below the horizon long before the sun and hence they were invisible.
However at the autumn,20 days before the autumn equinox we have a rise of Pleiades
due east while the sun was to set 9 minutes later at 14 degrees north of west. Hence here
Pleiades visibility may be said to be debatable, the sunlight from the opposite side of the sky
may have been too bright for the Pleiades to be seen. However, as the sun was on opposite
sides of the sky and both sun and Pleiades close to the horizon the horizon it seems highly
probable that the Pleiades rise would be seen just as the sun was setting. Further, by correctly
allowing for refraction the sun would in fact be visibly almost behind the horizon allowing
that the Pleiades would indeed be visible as they rose above the opposite horizon. Hence we
can state the Pleiades would be visible at this point. At 40 days later, 20 days after the
autumn equinox we once more have Pleiades rising due east but here at 92 minutes before
sunset and hence Pleiades would be invisible.
In summary it seems that the closest to an equal 20 days each side of the equinox,
vernal and autumn, when brief visibility was reasonably assured, would appear to be circa
2950BC. However the rise only seems to be the viable entity at 2950BC whereas at 700BC
rise and set play a part as denoted at that era by Hesiod, here though the views are not
necessarily brief. Hence the Hesiod description is a little short on accuracy and does not
comply with the 2950BC views. The Biblical version is only to give the 20 days before the
vernal equinox at 2300BC.
The description [apart from the use of rise and set] appears to apply to the era of 2950
better than any other and by the Roman era the whole edifice was meaningless. Hesiod was
using what had by then become a tradition as were the authors of Genesis.
So we next examine what was set up in South Wales. Here in South Gwent in South
East Wales UK we have this Pleaides scenario set out over miles of countryside via the use of
two standing stones and a mountain top. Locations are denoted by six figure Ordnance
Survey Grid which in theory means accuracy to the metre.

44
 High area with triangulation point at Twmbarlwm 324197,192598.
Sight line from Llanfihangel Rogiet Standing Stone at eastern secton
of high region [through the later Norman motte].
Reciprocal angle from Llangfihangel Rogiet Standing Stone
gives position of Druidstone Standing Stone.
Motte at Twmbarlwm 324384,192663

North / South line through centre of

Twmbarlwm and Druidstone Standing Stone
Wilcrick Hill
341097,187808
Sighting point at summit of
Mynydd Meio for equinox Llanfihangel Rogiet
at 312139,188218 Standing Stone
344518,187760

Druidstone Standing Stone

324120,183407

Note the distance between Druidstone and Llanfihangel stone is exactly 12.96 miles.
This is precisely 216 times the centreline circumference of the Sarsen Circle at Stonehenge.
Whether this was intentional or coincidental is another matter but this is what is on the
ground, what is recorded on the maps including Google Earth.
The local mountain, only a small one at 1350 feet high, cannot be seen directly from
Llanfihangel Rogiet stone but there is another small hill a short distance away and directly in
line which is not marked on the drawing above. Today it is barely noticeable having been cut
through and mostly lost when the motorway was put through the vicinity but prior to that it
was more than high enough for that important view.
The view here is referring to the North West. To the south west the land is almost flat
albeit with the substantial Usk river estuary in the way. The stone here, Druidstone, is
beneath some trees in the grounds of a private house and hence is not seen on Google Earth
unlike that of Llanfihangel Rogiet.
The angle from Llanfihangel Rogiet stone to Druidstone is in a south westerly
direction, when mirrored across the equinox line it very accurately locates the top of
Twmbarlwm mountain. These angles are both exactly 12d 51 m 27 s or in decimal format
[easier for calculation] 12.85763826 degrees either side of the equinox line that bisects the
sum of the two angles. The equinox sighting was from Llanfihangel Rogiet stone to the peak
of a hill named Mynydd Meio to the west. This more distant location of equinox sunset was
viewed via Wilcrick Hill which is 2.112 miles due west of Llanfihangel Rogiet stone and at a
much later date two churches, Llanwern and Lower Machen were built along the course of
this equinox line.
The observations here were of the setting sun at 20 days before the equinox and 20
days after the equinox with Druidstone denoting the sunset 20 days before and Twmbarlwm
20 days after the equinox. The summer half of the year being two days longer than the
winter half is irrelevant here as the equinox is the occasion from which all was counted.
Evidently the count of days in the years was accurate or the20 days before would not be
accurately plotted hence as this setting out is accurate then the calendar counts were correct.
Given the previous investigation into the probable date of the 40 days loss it is
assumed that this was erected at some point near to 2950BC. Of course that may not be the

45
case, it may have been later as the tradition appears to be widespread but that date is
represented here by the angles of the stones and mountain top complying exactly with those
of the sunset at the 20 days each side of the equinox, specifically at that date. This is only
important in relation to the loss of view of the Pleiades.
Photographs of the stones and Twmbarlwm with more location illustrations are seen
in Measurements of the Gods. Note the height of the motorway embankments immediately
behind the stone at Llanfihangel Rogiet in one phograph. This was a large flat field before
the road was built.
So we now have the Biblical 40 days and nights of non-existent rain recorded across
miles of South Wales countryside straddling the town of Newport. Genesis in
GwentGwent being the Welsh name for the county of Monmouthshire where this is
located. But this is not all. The next little piece of interconnected intrigue is of Roman
provenance

46
 Caerwent Roman Civitas Venta Silurum [Google Earth]

Caerwent Roman Civitas Venta Silurum. [Google Earth] Note the Norman motte at
the south east corner

47
 axis of Caerwent Civitas is identical to
the Llanfihangel / Twmbarlwm sunset
angle of 2950BC

The Knoll Caerwent Roman Civitas

[a small hill used for sighting]
342451,190464

21.6 Roman miles between south

western corner of Cardiff castle and
2.112 miles the south western corner of the
churchyard within the Caerwent
2.112 miles enclosure. The Christian foundation
here dates to circa 500AD.
to Twmbarlwm 19 miles at 5500 British feet [an
Beltane line from Cardiff Castle ancient value also used by the Saxons]
is the distance between the south
western corners of the two structures,
Wilcrick Hill Cardiff Castle and Caerwent Civitas.
2.112 miles
Llanfihangel Rogiet Standing Stone
344518,187760
to Druidstone

Important here is the axis of the Civitas. This is identical to the angle between
Llanfihangel Rogiet Standing Stone and the top of Twmbarlwm Mountain, the sunset at 20
days after the vernal equinox, 12.85763826 degrees above the equinox line as set out circa
2950BC or perhaps later , but with the correct criterion for that era. Cardiff Castle is the
mirror image in terms of axis and this ones angle is identical to the Llanfihangel Rogiet
Standing Stone to Druidstone Standing Stone angle.
Civitas internal dimensions appear to be very close to 1535 x 1303 British feet
measured internally as near as one can ascertain. This will be a conceptual value as the
perimeter is not quite straight and angular. The same criterion applies to Cardiff Castle.
Making some calculations we then arrive at the conclusion that the measures were
intended to represent 1532.80512 x 1305.074071 British feet. This gives 175 x 149 Roman
reeds of 9 feet at 0.9732096 British feet, a perimeter of 648 Roman reeds. Area is
2000424.222 square British feet .
The Roman foot of 0.9732096 British feet when squared results in 0.947136926
square British feet and 2112000 square Roman feet = 2000353.187 square British feet. This
is 71.0352 square British feet less than the 2000424.222 square British feet calculated for the
area. Dividing this remainder of 71.0352 square feet by the perimeter of 648 Roman reeds of
8.7588864 British feet we find that the difference to each face of the perimeter is a tiny
0.15432 of a British inch. For all practical purposes this 2112000 square Roman feet could
feasibly be seen as an intentional representation.
This numerical value of 2112 will be seen frequently and it represents the inches in
the cubit of 1.76 feet. This is seen at Stonehenge and is 1/6 of the reed value of 10.56 feet.
Therefore there are 180 cubits at 1.76 feet or 21.12 inches in the centreline sarsen lintel
circumference. While here we have a count of 2112000 it will shortly become apparent that
the distance of 2.112 miles British is important in terms of setting out across the landscape.
This is seen linking Llanfihangel Rogiet standing stone to Caerwent Roman Civitas.

48
 Cardiff Roman Castle
The castle seen today in the centre of Cardiff City is a Norman construction which has
been amended in more recent Victorian times and was built over Roman foundations and
incorporated some Roman walling into its structure. It was the fourth built on the site. The
first, which covered a larger area than that visible today was built and occupied between AD
55 and 80. As resistance from the local tribes eased and the conquered region expanded this
was superseded by two smaller units to the north of the castle we are examining. This castle
was built during the middle period of the third century. [Info from well referenced Wikipedia
article.]
Importantly here is the axis of the castle; this, as at Caerwent, emulates exactly the
angle of sunset associated with the loss of view of the Pleiades at 2950BC. Here the angle is
that of Druidstone to Llanfihangel Rogiet. Further, the angular relationship between this
castle and Caerwent Civitas is that of Beltane, the sunrise Beltane angle from the south
western corner of Cardiff Castle leads one to the south western corner of Caerwent Civitas
very accurately. Note this is not the commonly assumed Mayday but the half way mark
between vernal equinox and midsummer. Within nine feet of the internal face of the
southwestern corner we have 19 miles at 5500 feet from the south western external corner of
Cardiff Castle. This has been seen as the Saxon mile but in reality is another ancient unit with
its step value of 2.75 feet being found in ancient India, Sumeria etc.
The castle is close to square in plan and it is thought that the Taff river was alongside
the building at the era of building and in fact denoted the not quite straight shape of the
western wall. The river would have been navigable to here from the Bristol Channel to the
south.
But given the ability of the Roman engineers this would not have been a problem, the
walls could have been straight and the river bank dug out relatively easily to accommodate
small craft arriving with supplies; an annex to the castle could have provided access to the
river. However the shape of Caerwent is also a little off true on the north face leading one to
ponder whether this wobbly one side was a deliberate trait, maybe a showing to the gods
that only they were perfect, an obvious inbuilt flaw? This occurs in Islamic art and perhaps
the concept is much older? Alternatively perhaps pre-existing tracks and / or river banks
were seen as inviolate? In which case why not built a few feet to one side? We do not as yet
have an answer supported by firm evidence for these odd shapes.
While the plan view is not quite but nearly square, its approximate dimensions are
given in length and breadth internally and effectively the produced values will almost
certainly be the values applied as occurred at Caerwent, in a conceptual fashion.
Calculation indicates that the desired value was almost certain to be:-
Internal perimeter = 2534.4 x 0.97777777 feet. [Foot explanation below]
Published approximation is for 635 feet x 603 British feet, a total internal perimeter of
2476 feet. It is unlikely to have been accurately constructed in British feet however and the
total perimeter has no apparent numerical connection to anything else hence we assume that a
measure very near to the published approximation will be correct.
The nearest length and breadth values that comply are 650 x 0.977777 by 617.2 x
0.9777777 This makes the perimeter 635.5555505 x 603.484444 British feet hence the total

49
internal perimeter is calculated at 2478.08. Therefore over the distance of 2476 we gain 2.08
feet which is 1/1190 of the original approximate total. The mean difference to the published
approximate internal perimeter is of 3.113 inches to each face. This is realistic.
In explanation of the applied measure 0.9777777 feet is 11.73333333 inches where
1.17333333 feet is the foot value associated with the reed measure of 10.56 feet seen as the
sarsen lintel support centres and indeed the centreline length of the lintels of which 30 make
the circle of lintels. Hence this being the case it is a small matter of dividing 1.1733333by
1.2 [12] to find 0.97777777. 1.17333333 feet is 14.08 inches and its cubit [x1.5] = 1.76 feet
or 21.12 inches. These values have been seen in the vicinity of Caerwent. The mile value is
already apparent in the sketch showing the relationship between Caerwent and Llanfihangel
Rogiet stone.

Cardiff Castle [Google Earth] Note the Norman Motte within.

50
Some Roman walling remains at the south wall of Cardiff Castle. Generally all below the red
course is Roman.

51
 Roman foundations [beneath the red course] on the east wall of Cardiff Castle

Within the area enclosed within the Civitas at Caerwent there is a church which will
date as a Christian site to circa 500AD according to a plaque in the church porch. From the
south western corner of Cardiff Castle to the south western corner of the churchyard at
Caerwent is exactly 21.6 long Roman miles of 4866.048 British feet.
So here we have two Roman constructions connected via the Beltane angle with both
having axis angles copied from the very much earlier setting out that indicated the sunset
position 20 days before and after the vernal equinox. Caerwent has a relationship with the
local equinox line which passes through Wilcrick Hill denoted by the value 2.112 miles
distance to the south western corner from the standing stone. This numerical count is seen at
Stonehenge as noted above.

52
 Some early Welsh church setting out.

Some 7.5 miles north of Caerwent is found the setting out seen here.

This is by no means unique and associated dimensions and other similar scenarios can
be found across the region. This is used as atypical example. Here the angle between
Llanishen and Trellech churches is that is midsummer sunrise. Again this is not unusual. Note
four instances of 2.112 miles.

Cyncoyd Church Llangovan Church

324804,205471 345672, 205488 Equinox line Trellech Church
350042, 205486

50 degrees

50 degrees
Llanishen Church
347483,203232
14.85degrees Equinox line
Llansoy Church
344222, 202414 Trellech Church to Cyncoyd Church = 4.5 miles at the same latitude
Trellech to Llangovan = 2.7 miles
Llansoy to Cyncoyd, Llangovan and Llanishen = 2.112 miles
Llanishen to Trellech = 2.112 miles

Extension to this line leads to

Wolvesnewton Church 345424,199776
and to Mynydd Bach Church 348047,194132

Church dates

Trellech 755AD
Llangovan 775AD
Llanishen 970AD
Llansoy 725AD
Cyncoed -mid 19thcentury Baptist Chapel. Note the further use of 2.112.

We next look to a situation that implies that either the setting out was planned many years
before its application or some were built on pre=existing sites that were very carefully and
accurately set out and of which we have no record. But compare the scenario to the accuracy
of the distance between Llanfihangel Rogiet and Druidstone standing stones. It raises
questions.

53
 There is no doubt that many churches were built on ancient sites as the following
makes clear:-
The Edict of Theodius of AD 392 categorically stated that pagan temples were to be
dedicated as Christian Churches. This clearly implies that church sites were on the same
locations as the ancient stones, mounds and circles. A later Edict of Honorius of 408 forbids
the destruction or damage of these ancient pagan temples.31
This destruction apparently continued for a considerable time because a letter dated
601 AD from Pope Gregory to Abbot Mellitus was intended to convey the message to
Augustine that pagan "temples" were not to be destroyed, but purified and converted to
churches.32
In reinforcement of this we find that

...It is on record that Patrick, Bishop of the Hebrides, desired Orlygus to build a church
wherever he found upright stones or menhirs..33

The picture is that of a circle of churches, Norman mottes a stone [probably a boundary stone
of late vintage] and a mediaeval farm listed as an antiquity. There is a relationship here to the
standing stone at Druidstone. And a further demonstration of the 2.112 mile spacing between
locations. But here we have a variety of ages of the sites with only one confirmed as pre-
Norman.

Locations given here in Ordnance Survey grid values

Circle centred on Llanhennock Church at 2.112 miles radius [Figs 10.1 &10.2]
Tredunnock Church 337959,194851 Llanhennock 335323,192705
Church
Christchurch Church 334662,189370
Llanfrechfa Church 332053,193633
Llandegfedd Church 333788,195737
Motte East of 331930,192489
Twmbarlwm
Ton Farm [listed as antiquity] 336475,195898
Stone at Langstone 337763,190344
Fort at Caerleon 332229,191297
Dates: Tredunnock 1245
Christchurch 1113
Llanfrechfa 1535
Llandegfedd 750
Llanhennock 1491
Note that three of the four churches set on the circumference of the circle of 2.112 miles
radius over relatively hilly country were all in place BEFORE the centre of the circle church,
Llanhennock, was built. The stone is actually circa 100feet inside the circlebut is the same
distance past the church location at LLanhennock which takes it to just outside the
churchyard wall and to the edge of the road. The distance is obviously take from this
position for that of the stone. Measures are taken to various positions within the churchyards,

54
sometimes to within the building and others to wherever they are located in the area enclosed.
They definitely locate the sites accuratelyover many miles of countryside to within the
tolerance of the site dimensions.

Ton Farm [listed as antiquity]

333807, 195713 336482,195871
Llandegfedd Church

70.4d. 66.095d.
2 .64m 337959, 194851
iles Tredunnock Church
les
2 mi 70.4d.
19.6d. 3.5
2 .1
12m

332047, 193637 Circle radius 2.112 miles centred on

iles

Llanfrechfa Church Llanhennock Church symbol on map

3.96miles

335323,192705
2 .11 s
1.408 miles= 70.4 d. 2mil
es ile
2 m
triangle base length 11
2.
331930,192489 33.1923d. 2 .112miles

s
ile

iles
Tumulus and 140.8d.
23.76d. 6m

3.52m
Entrenchment
3.9
iles
due East of 12m
2 .112

Twmbarlwm 70.4 d. 2 .1 2.
11
Mountain top 3.84 2m
miles

m iles ile
s
33.1923d.
332230, 191315 39.2d.
Norman Motte within
the south western end 23.76d.
of Iron Age Fort 1.9 19.6d.
2m
ile 337734,190346
s
Stone no longer extant
at Langstone

334662,189370
Christchurch Church

Line to Druidstone Standing Stone via two forts:-Duffryn Fort and 'The Mount'
From Druidstone this line represents mid summer sunrise being viewed from
the stone to the Mount and hence Duffryn Fort and from there to Llanhennock.
Tredunnock and Llanhenock are hidden from each other due to rise in the land
elevation in between their locations but both would have viewed the sun over
the hill adjacent to Cefn-henllan, from Llanhennock at midsummer
sunrise and from Tredunnock mid winter sunset. Distance from Druidstone to
Llanhennock is 9 miles to circa one third of the way across
Llanhennock churchyard.

Here we need note the numerical connections.

Cubit =21.12 inches = 1.76 feet = 1/6 of reed of 10.56 feet.
Foot value =1.76 /1.5 = 1.1733333 = 14.08inches. Half the foot length is 7.04 inches.
Step value = 2.933333 feet = 35.2 inches.
23.76 inches = 1.98 feet and 198 x 2 = 396.
192 x 2 = 384

55
The earliest church here is the Welsh church at Llandegfedd which connects further afield as
is seen here.

Kemeys Commander [950]

St Illtyds Motte 321729, 201916

70
Supposedly on site of an early burial mound
8.4 m

d
40 d

8.4
m
d
70

Llandegfedd
[750]

There is much that is set out using the values seen at Stonehenge or related measures.
While the setting here is from Monmouthshire, across the Severn Estuary in Somerset we
have found a similar scenario. Pembrokeshire in West Wales is similar as to a lesser extent a
similar picture was revealed in Fife Scotland.
Buildings are also a good source of measures interest although sometimes it is
difficult to discover just which value has been applied as the points of reference are not
always simple to ascertain.
In Measurements of Gods I have included plans of both Chartres Cathedral in France
and Rosslyn Chapel just to the south east of Edinburgh Scotland. These were chosen as they
both embody the dimensions of the Ark of the Covenant, that Biblical box containing the Ten
Commandments. I had long evaluated the Biblical cubit dimensions applied but was still in
the land of maybe Then I read Louise Charpentiers work on Chartres Cathedral34. He
evaluated what he thought was a cubit but in fact was a step value. His work was in metric
and embodied his own research and that of others.
The measure he evaluated was 0.737616 of a metre.
Compare this to the values in the table below:-

56
 Unit Value British Value Metric Value
Foot 0.968 0.968 British feet 0.2950464
Cubit 1.5 x 0.968 1.452 0.4425696
Cubit 1.584 x 0.968 1.533312 0.467353498
Step 2.5 x 0.968 2.42 0.737616 M
Reed 9 x 0.968 9.199872 2.804120986

Hence we had a foot length of 0.968 or 11.616 inches.

The cubit applied to the Ark of 1.76 feet as indeed was the case with Noahs Ark [as
the reed value associated is 10.56 feet and Noah was given the birth year of 1056 this seems
quite appropriate]. Length of this box was 2.5 cubits and breadth and height was 1.5 cubits
making its dimensions 4.4 x 2,64 x 2.64 cubit feet. This means a volume of 30.66624 cubic
feet.
Above the North Door of the cathedral, what is known as the Door of the Initiates,
there is a carving showing the Ark of the Covenant and an inscription that reads [when
translated from the Latin] Here things take their course. You are to work through the Ark.
Working through could feasibly mean dividing by two so we do that to the volume
for a result of 15.33312.
There are two basic cubit values to be found in the Bible, 1.584 feet and 1.76 feet.
Dividing 15.33312 by 1.584 we find the value 9.68 [see table above] 0.968 feet is 11.616
inches. This is the unit length in use at Rosslyn Chapel which building is a prefect emulation
of the Ark of the Covenant as is seen in Measurements of the Gods.
The plan of the Ark of the Covenant 4.4 x 2.64 feet equates with 11.616 square feet.
So at Chartres we have Charpentier discovering the step value of the relevant foot
value of 0.968 feet where 0.968 feet is 11.616 inches seen as 11.616 square feet, the surface
area of the top of the Biblical Ark.
Perhaps we should note that the Knights Templar are reputed to have organised
building trades to construct the cathedrals monasteries and churches. Some still say that the
monks built their monasteriestell that to a building craftsmen! Monks did not have the
time never mind the skills for such endeavours. So that leads into another diverse study, the
Templars and their descendants. Others can search out the evidence for their activities
regarding building however, it almost certainly exists.
Overall, the setting out of churches in Monmouthshire, where we have an abundance
of places of worship has been an interesting study and has not only confirmed metrological
connections to the distant past but additionally revealed the surveying skills of our ancestors
before the Normans and since. How the accuracy in distance was achieved I have no idea
but it undoubtedly was. Angles, while not easy to set out are simpler than achieving accurate
[within the churchyard over miles of hilly terrain] accuracy. How did these folk measures
from hilltop to hilltop with valleys in between? Ground length is easier but these measures
are straight line site to site measures [map length] and not the lengthier up hill and down dale
of the actual ground distance.
Any suggestions regarding the methodology utilised would be appreciated, this dates
back to the 8th century and even to the Romans. No theodolites in those days! The Roman
groma gave angles but not distances. One can only imagine that trigonometry played a role

57
but setting up base lines would be a difficult task to start with due to the hilly terrain and line
of sight between locations was rarely a reality.
The final element of this inclusion to the paper is a drawing showing a few churches
and castles and their distance connections in the region under investigation. This is far from
complete but gives an indication of the connectivity and replication of measures.
Two site spacings seen frequently are 8.4 and 8.1 miles. These do not initially appear
connected but there is a link with many measures to 10.56. Simply half the distance for the
count in 10.56 foot units. E.g. 8.4 miles = 4200 at 10.56 feet. For a more familiar figure,
31680 miles in feet is 167270400 = 15840 x 10560 where 15840 x 2 = 31680. The
calculation can be quite revealing. This drawing looks far too small at A4 but when
downloaded as PDF can be greatly zoomed and will retain clarity.
There is much to be accomplished in this type of research, concepts apparently not
taught or even suggested within academia. In the 1990s when at university I was told that
churches were built to suit a growing communitythat counters Christian history and
certainly implies that communities had to be specific distances apartThis, of course is
nonsense as can be deduced from any map of Britain of suitable scale. Rome sent out
instructions to build churches at pagan temple siteshence many churches are over
dolmensChartres Cathedral for one. Some are undoubtedly within stone circles. This
suggests the possibility that the smart setting out was achieved back in the Bronze Age,
which seems unlikely but not impossible.

58
 Abbreviated list of dimensions
Total of 113 measured distances
This is not a complete list and for clarity not all are shown on the illustration.
Setting out of churches and castles in Monmouthshire Some measures in the illustration are likewise not seen in this list.

All the dimensions seen here are derived from OS 1:25000 scale maps. They represent the distances between the indicated sites. 8.1 miles - 25 instances
8.4 miles - 14
5.04 miles - 11
The dimensions seen here are but a very small selection chosen to indicate the variety and yet consistency
4.05 miles - 4
of the values in use by the Normans. To fully dimension the spatial relationships between the sites here would render the map
5.25 miles - 4
unreadable due to excessive numbers of lines and notations.
6.336 miles - 8
7.0 miles - 2
Many are extremely accurate being from the centre of a church building to the centre of a church building while others
9.0 miles - 5
are less accurate and denote positions within the churchyards. The same applies to motte and bailey structures,
Grosment Castle 340535,224457 2.112 miles - 11
some relate exactly to mottes while others are less accurate and give positions within the confines of the site.
Grosment Church [1254] 1.62 miles - 5
Where castles are indicated the dimensions are taken from as near as can be estimated of the centre of the site.
7.26 miles - 3
10.08 miles - 4
Red lines = square root of 2 miles [diagonal of a square 1 mile per side]
3.96 miles - 9
Blue lines = square root of 8 miles [diagonal of square 2mile per side]
7.92 miles - 8
[At Tintern Abbey the blue line terminates 128 feet due east of the altar within the Abbey grounds]
This use replicates the 'remen' of ancient metrology
Llanfihangel Crucorney [970] An in depth study will reveal multiples and parts of these dimensions
which is the diagonal of a square with sides of one cubit. Llangattock Lingoed [1254]
such as 4.224 miles,10.56 miles,11.88 and 5.94 miles and others.

6.3
Here the 'cubit' is either one or two British miles!

36
These are simple examples and other connections exist.

m
m
However, many of the other units are scaled from lesser values such as 2.112 inches or 1.76 feet which

5.04
Additionally few late churches are incuding here but often the same criterion has appplied to places
is a common cubit length.
of worship of the Victorian era although to a lesser degree to non conformist churches and chapels.

7.0 m
Llanvetherine [876] Llanfocha [860]
Llanddewi Skirid [1254] Llanfaenor [970]
White Castle [castle]

Monmouthshire Church dates Llantilio Perholey [600]

337955,216751
9m
Llangattock-Vibon-Avel [1186]

8.1
Llantilio Crossenny [600]

m
6.336 m Rockfield [ 970]
This is not a complete list but embodies those seen on the map, which Abergavenny [Priory] [1087]
Llanvapley [860]
covers most of Monmouthshire. Llanfihangel Ystern Llewern Church [1254]
Dixton Newton ]735]
8.1 m Motte and bailey castle 3409445,213212
Llanddewi Rhydderch [1254] 6.336 m
Grace Dieu Abbey [ 1226] Monmouth [733]
Key to dates 7.92 miles from Grosement Castle

8.1 9m
m
3.3
6m
1100 or earlier = Blue [early Welsh churches] = circa 40 churches Penrhos [1254]
6.3
36
1100-1200 = Red circa = circa17 churches 8.1 m Llanarth [600]
7.92 miles from Grosemont Castle
Wonastow [750]
Llanellen [1254] m 5.0 m Penallt [1254]
1200-1300 = Magenta = circa 64 churches Dingestow Castle
Mitchel Troy[1235]
Tregare [1285] 345583,210466
1300-1400 = Green = circa 7 churches 6.336 m Dingestow [872]
1400-1500 = Cyan = circa 2 churches Llanover [1285] Bryngwyn [1254]

m
1500 to present = Black. Numbers here are numerous when non conformist

2.112
7.0 m

2.112 m
and Victorian churches are taken into consideration.

9m
9m

9m
m
Raglan Church [1100] Cwmvarvan [1348]
8.1 m

.08
10

8.1
9m

Mynydd Varteg Farw [triangulation point] Trecastle Castle 345176,207055

m
352012, 206902

8.4 m
m
9m

8.1
Goytre [1348] 8.1 Cyncoyd Church [19th century Baptist]
Bettws Newydd [1188] 324804,205471 Llangovan [775]
Trellech [750]
5.04

6.33
Kemeys Commander [950] m

6m
5.25 m

m
m
12

5.04
2.1 Llandogo [625]

4.2 m
Mamhilad [1100?]

2m
Monastery
8m

2.11
10.0

8.1
Manmoel [Ty'r Capel] [1100] m
8.1

m
Llanishen [970]
8.4 m
m
St. Illtyd Llanhilledd 2.112
St Illtyds Motte 321729, 201916 [1535-6]
Llanfihangel 8.1 m Llansoy [725]
probably on the site of an early burial mound, Whitelye [Siloam United Methodist Chapel 1860]
adjacent to Norman church on earlier Christian site 5.25 m Pontymoel Glascoed Fach [1535] Gwernesney [1254]
[1254] Llanfihangel-Tor-y-Mynydd [1254] Trellech Grange [960]
7.92 miles from Llangibby Church
4.8 m

5.04
8.4 m Usk [1236]

m
Bedwellty [1535] Llan-gwm-Isaf [1119]
9m Llanbadoc [1254] Earthwork Llangwm Cwrt-y-Gaer motte 344914,199888 Tintern Abbey [1131]
2.6 342752,199798 7.92 miles from Castle Troggy
25 10.0 5.2 Wolvesnewton [1254] 9m
m 8m 5m and Llanvaches Castle
3.96 miles from Trellech Church
m Panteg Penterry Church [955]
Coed - paen Llanllowell [1254]
8.1 [1254]
12 m

Llangibby Motte Kilgwrrwg

8.4
.6

Cil-lonydd m

9m
[1254]
m

and Bailey
m

5.04
10 m

[Cistercian grange] 336960,197348

7.26

Newbridge
.08
8.4
8.4 m

8.1

[1291]
m

Newchurch
m

m
4.0

Llantrisant [1254]
8.1

[1348]

7.2
8.1
5m

6m
m

2.112 mile radius circle

m
1.62 m

Llangibby [1000] St Arvans [955]

5.25

centred on Llanhennock
m

9m
8.4

Church m
Llandewi Fach [1254] 8.4
8.1 m

Llandegfedd m Castle Troggy [remains]

Llanderfel Chapel [750] 8.1 341475,195220 4.86 m Itton [860]
2.11

4.86 m

Abercarn Tredunnock [1254]

8.4

1.62 9m
m

2m

m Pen y Cau-mawr
m

m 1.62
2.4

m Bertholy House Chapel[Remains]

6.336 7.26
Mynyddislwn [1102] 2m Motte and Bailey 338924,193914 m Mynydd Bach 348047,194132
1.6
m

Chepstow [1071]
Rhyswg Fach 6.3 4m
Gray Hill Cairn 343387, 193551
36

6.336 m

Norman Motte [Twyn Tudor] 319332, 193813 [Cistercian grange] 36 Llantarnam Llanfrechfa [1535] 4.22
6.3

m Shirenewton [1254]
m

probably on pre existing mound [1566] m

m

12 3.6 m Caldicot M&B

2.97

Caer Licyn Motte and Bailey 338980,192844

8.4

4.86 m 2.1 2.97 2.97

m 4.224 m Cald.Castle
m

Motte at Twmbarlwm m Mounton [1348]

Llantarnam Abbey 2.112 m Llanhennock [1491] m 8.4
5.25

4.8 m
Standing Stone Llanvair Discoed [1348]
2.97

324382,192663 [1179] 4.8 m

8.1 m Motte Kemys Inferior Llanvair Discoed Castle 344557,192410
m
2.37

8.1 m
m

m [950] Llanvaches Castle 343338,192055

112 2.1
Lodge Farm Motte 2. 5.25
2.112

Llanvaches [775]
6m

12 Site of St John
334257,190540 m m St Curigs Chapel the Baptist [1119] m 3.7 Runston
2.64

Henllys [1230] Caerleon

St Albans 76 m
Crick Chapel
Chapel [1536] 2.3 Penhow [1245-53]
Mathern [620]
m

8.1 [1254 (650-95?)] Llanbedwr [1045] Caerwent Chapel

4.8 m motte to motte [1495] [1254]
4.86 m motte to church m Bettws [1348] Caerleon Motte Stone no longer extant [950 (probably 500)] [1535] St Pierre [1254]
Mynydd Machen Cairn Malpas [1122] 337763,190344
334257,190540 3.96 miles from WIlcrick Hill centre m
322379,190006 Site of St Julians
Pencoed Castle [remains]340592,189414
2.376
1.62 m

8.4
8.1

7.26 m St Brides Netherwent [895]

m

m Chapel [864] Motte and Bailey Caldicot Motte and Bailey 348735,189517
m
m

12

8.1
8.1
m

Christchurch 2 m Llanmartin
24

Langstone m 4.8 m
2.1

2.11 7.26
2.43
4.2

[1113] Langstone
2.97

[1254]
St Woolas [1230] Caldicot [895]
2.4

Caldicot Castle 348638,188543

6.3

Lower Machen [1102] m Wilcrick Llanfihangel Rogiet

Cathedral 4.05
m

equinox sight line m

36

[1254] Standing Stone

[1100] 4.86 [905]
m

344518,187760
Mynydd Meio sighting point Portskewett [1254]
Llanwern [970] Rogiet [1254]
for equinox 312139,188218 Wilcrick Hill 8.1
m Undy Sudbrook [in ruins] [1254]
Motte at St Woolas 7.92 miles to Wolvesnewton
5.08 m Bassaleg [1072] Bishton [710] [1254]
330485, 187439
Motte [Craig Ruperra] 3.96 miles from and LlanbadocMagorChurches
[1239]
4.86 m Llanhennock
6.33

322338, 186694
4.86

Chapel Farm [Llantarnam grange?12-1300]

8.1 m
6m
2.6

m
4m

Castle at Maesglas m
8.1
[probable site of early motte]
Michaelstone-y-Fedw 2m 8.4
4.3 330153, 185804
m
[1254]

Square m Redwick [1270]

8.1
Motte 325141,183469 6.336 m of 2 m root Whitson [1348]
Coedkernew Church [1102/3] Nash [1113]
Druidstone Standing Stone
324111,183492 Goldcliff [1113]
Marshfield [1100-1200]
St Brides Wentloog [1230-40]
Benedictine Priory [1113] [remains]
St Mellons [1254]

Peterstone [1291]

Lanhiledd motte 321727, 201914

St. Illtyd Lanhiledd Church 321794, 201951 Llanfihangel
5.25 m Pontymoel
[1254]

8.4 m Dimensions at St Illtyd's and Mnyddislwn are to the centres of the mottes and not the churches.
Beedwellty Church 316653, 200316 39.6 degrees
100.8 degrees 90 degrees
The distance between Llanfihangel Pontymoel Church and Twyn Tudor which is the motte at Mynyddislwn
45 degrees
is replicated between the sighting spot at the top of Mynydd Meio and the Motte at Twmbarlwm
and between the motte at Twmbarlwm and the motte at Langstone.
16000

8.4

30 degrees
m
feet

m
8.4

8.1
m

A triangle formed via Mynydd Islwn Motte [Twyn Tudor], Mynydd Machen Cairn
5.25

11 Cil-lonydd 322865, 197175

.88
m [elevation 322 metres] and Cil-lonydd has base angles of 42.5 degrees with apex angle at Mynydd Islwn being 95 degrees.
8.4 m

The distance between

m

16000feet = 3.030303 m 39.6 degrees Llangfihangel Pontymoel Church and:-

8.4

42.5 degrees

fee
t Bedwellty Church [overall of church buildings]
0
00 Mynydd Machen Cairn [exact]
16
St Woolas Cathedral [exact]
Mynyddislwn Church 319335, 193926 High area with triangulation point
The Motte at Langstone Court [here the overall of both sites]
at Twmbarlwm 324197,192598. is 8.4 m
Motte [Twyn Tudor] 319333, 193815 [elevation 417 metres]
[elevation 305 metres]
Position of non extant tumulus or motte
16

Motte at Twmbarlwm 324384,192663

In conjunction with the above, the relationship between between
00

[12 yards high] = internal western

0
fe

8.1 m extremity noted by Coxe [1801]and Bedwellty Church, Llanfihangel Pontymoel Church and St.Woolas Cathedral
et

11 others...e.g 19th Century OS maps

The line from Mynydd Machen Cairn to Twyn Tudor at Mynyddislwn 8.1 m
is denoted by the sunset at 80 days after the spring equinox. 8.1
.88
m
is a right angled triangle...with two sides of 8.4 m exactly.
m
332229, 191297
Could these with equiangular and equidistant spatial relationships feasibly be coincidental?
Llanbedwr Church [date 1045] 338874, 190755
Mynydd Machen Cairn South Western internal extremity
322379, 190006 of Iron Age Fort [Lodge Hill]
[elevation 361 metres] 45 degrees Tumulus [Motte] Langstone Court 337039,189544
Line between Langstone and Mynydd Meio is approx [overall of both sites for accurate value]
8.1 m [possibly coincidentally] almost exactly the 8.4 m from Llangfihangel Pontymoel
Pleiades alignment of 2500BC Exactly 8.1 m from Motte on Twmbarlwm
St Woolas Cathedral [date 1100] 330921,187616
Exactly 8.4 m from Llangfihangel Pontymoel Church,
11.88 m from Bedwellty and
8.1 m from Mynyddislwyn Motte is to just outside
the north west corner of the churchyard.

11.88 miles is the diagonal of a square 8.4 miles perside.

This sort of setting out is seen elsewhere in the locality.
11.88 / 8.4 = square root of 2 =1.4142857142

The angle formed by the triangle [blue and green lines] between
Llanfihangel Pontymoel, St Iltyd's 'Motte' and Twyn Tudor measured at
Llangfihangel Pontymoel is 39.6 degrees or 39 degrees 36 minutes
This is identical to the opposite angle at Mynyddislwn 'motte'.
The angle at St Illtyd's is therefore 100.8 degrees or 100 degrees and 48 minutes.

It is unlikely in the extreme that these angles and distances are the product of accident even allowing that approximate
positions may be denoted by topology. Therefore it is apparent that these locations have been set out deliberately.

Measures that are numerically related to these angles are seen in the ancient and medieaval worlds quite commonly.
Here the distance of 10080 is common and 1.008 British feet [what is termed the 'short' Greek foot]
was used frequenly in the building of monesteries. 3960 m was recognised as Earth radius in British m
until the new metric surveys of France ascertained far more accurate measures of our planet.
[See the book Measurements of the Gods for fully detailed info regarding measures and their uses and ages.]

Just what are the chances of these configurations occuring randomly? and what are the implications of what is seen...??

59
Concluding comment
Effectively, given the numerical correlations seen in this narrative we can see that
there effectively were many interlinked measures within the system. There is much more to
this system and its history as is seen in Measurements of the Gods but hopefully sufficient is
included in this narrative to convince readers of the validity of the arguments put forward for
the dimensions of Stonehenge.
What all these connections demonstrate is a continuity of the same and related
metrological units that have been in use since the early days of Indian development, long
before Egypt had dreamt of a pyramid. The earliest identifiable time for the use of the
measures was circa 7000BC at Merhgarh India, now in Pakistan. The measures have had a
provable continual use for at least 9000 years. Yet these units arrived at Merhgarh with
people escaping flooding in Sundaland...
To conclude, it is apparent that the units in use at Stonehenge circa 3000 BC were
developed over 4000 years before Stonehenge in a different part of the world; that some of
the developed units are still in use today and have been in use since their inception many
millennia ago. However, while more than sufficient evidence to support these statements can
be found in Measurements of the Gods, I can imagine what Clive Ruggles would be likely to
say to the suggestion!

60
Notes

1. Chippindale C. 1983,1987,1989. Stonehenge Complete. Thames and Hudson p231

2. Ruggles C.1999. Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland. Yale University Press
p82 Cited in Pitts M 2000. Hengeworld. Century p228
3. Ibid
4. Michell J. 1969,1972,1983. The New View Over Atlantis. Thames.
5. Hagendar F. 2007. Yew: A History. Sutton p300.
6. Stukely W. 1740. Stonehenge, A temple Restored to the British Druids. Internet
Sacred Text archive CD ROM 8.0 Volume 2 Myth and Folklore 2009, John B.
Hare p11 and p 16.
7. Petrie F. 1880. Stonehenge: plans, descriptions and theories. British Library
Historical Print Collections. P23
8. Michell op cit.
9. Chippindale op cit.p232
10. Thom A. Megalithic Sites in Britain. Oxford.
11. North J. 1996. Stonehenge Neolithic Man and the Cosmos.p475
12. Ibid p 420
13. Ibid p452
14. Stone E.H. 1924 Stones of Stonehenge Robert Scott. p2
15. Hawkins G.S. 1965.Stonehenge Decoded. Doubleday p44.
16. Atkinson 1956 Stonehenge, Bristol: Western Printing.Cited in Vance R. Tiede of
Astro-Archaeological Surveys.New Light on Stonehenge from Ancient Greeks.
https://www.academia.edu/5001330/New_Light_on_Stonehenge_from_Ancient_Gre
eks_revised_7_February_2014_
17. Wood J.E. 1978. Sun,Moon and Standing Stones.Oxford.p38
18. Hawkins G.S.1973.Beyond Stonehenge Dorset Press p57.
19. Harris P.2015.Astronomy and Measurement in Megalithic Architecture. Northern
Earth Books.
20. (Atkinson 1966, 1302) Decoder Misled?, Nature 210:1302. Cited in Vance R Tiede
op cit
21. Ruggles, C. (1997), Astronomy and Stonehenge, in Science and Stonehenge ,
Proceedings of the British Academy (Book 92) (B. Cunliffe & C. Renfrew, eds.).
Cited in Vance R Tiede op cit
22. Wood J.E op.cit. p38
23. Joseph G.G. 1991, 1994 ed. The Crest of the Peacock. Penguin p 223
24. Petrie, W. M. Flinders.1880. Stonehenge: Plans, descriptions and theories. British
Library Historical Print Editions.p22
25. Michell opp.cit.
26. Petrie, W. M. Flinders. The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. 1st ed. London: Field
and Tuer; New York: Scribner & Welford, 1883. Republished online at The
Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh Online. Ed. Ronald Birdsall, 2003. Rev. August 27,
2014 < http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh
27. Budge W. E.A. [trans.] 1899, 1989 The Book of the Dead Arkana Edition

61
28. Mertz H.1953 ,2008 ed. Pale Ink Bibliobazaar.
29. Carrington Robert C. 1864. Foreign Measures and Their English Values Bibliolife
LLC
30. Jenkins D. [trans.] 1990. The Laws of Hywell Dda. Gomer Press
31. Barber C & Williams J.G.1989 The Ancient Stones of Wales. Blorenge Books p.72
32. Radice B. ed. 1955,1990 ed. Bede,Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
Penguin p.92
33. Watkins A.1925,1920 ed.The Old Straight Track.Abacus.p.117
34 Fraser Sir R. (transl.) Charpentier L. 1966 (French edition) 1972(1st English
translation) 3rd imp. 1982. The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral. Research Into Lost
Knowledge Organisation Thorsons. Passim.

A number of very informative works have emerged in recent years regarding

the subject of our genetic ancestry and hence movements of people, and learning.
Two of the most lucid and well-argued from a historical point of view are Out of Eden
2003 and Origins of the British by Stephen Oppenheimer. Both works are published
by Constable and Robinson.
In addition to Thoms Megalithic Sites in Britain Information regarding
Thoms evaluations has been derived from Robin Heath 2007.Alexander Thom-
Cracking the Stone Age Code. Bluestone Press. His background can be seen on
Wikipedia.
I do recommend the study of spacing between relevant sites across the
landscape and here Google Earth is a wonderful tool to have. My earlier work was
conducted via plotting locations fixed by the OS grid system on a CAD drawing
which is a method I still use but I check and refine positioning and recheck distances
via Google Earth. There is a small problem in correlation here however and visual
checking is essential. That is because neither the OS grid system nor the
latitude/longitude of the OSGB system actually complies with the WGS84 method
applied by Google Earth. Care need be taken here. OS systems are fine with each
other but the global WGS84 is a slightly different set up. Use to check angles and
distances not forgetting that naked eye sighting of points on the landscape is in
straight lines not following earth curvature. This is demonstrated in one section of
Measurements of Gods regarding the equinox line from Llanfihangel Rogiet seen in
this paper. It is earth curvature that means the OS grid system is an easier way to plot
locations on a CAD drawing as this is a plain geometric grid with no curves.
Surveying old structures is far from as easy as checking locations on amap but
if confidant at surveying it adds to the satisfaction although sometimes can be
frustrating when the relevant base values seem to be something not linking to the
system. Eventually the connections will usually be found however although a couple
still puzzle me, mainly small country churches. The answers are there to be found
however and often links to Earth dimensions etc are clearly apparent.

62
63