Educational and Social Values

expressed by Proverbs in two Culturs:

Knowledge and Use of Proverbs
in Sudan and England

vorgelegt von

Salwa Ahmed

Von der Fakultät 1-Geisteswissenschaften

Der Technischen Universität Berlin
zu Erlangung des akademischen Grades

Dr. phil.

Genehmigte Dissertation

Berichter: Prof. emer. Dr. Friedrich Braun

Berichter: Prof. Dr. Peter Erdmann

Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27 April 2005

Berlin 2005

D 83
 Acknowledgements

This research was begun in Berlin, Germany, October 1999. The fieldwork was
conducted in Sudan, and field research for English proverbs was in the United Kingdom,
London for a period extended to three years.

This study would not be achieved without the help of Dr. Friedrich Braun my academic
supervisor and Professor of Linguistics, Technical university of Berlin, who supported
me to the most of his ability to find my way to finish this research and to offer his
suggestions and academic advice. His interest in the field of proverbs has helped that
Sudanese proverbs come to light in a shape of this academic research.

I would like to express my indebtedness to Ms. Lucy Collard, the Head of Arabic
Section, University of Westminster, Mike Fisher, the Head of Research Department,
University of Westminster and Dr. Chris Abuk, Sussex University for the encouragement
and utmost help that I received. I owe thanks also to many other people who helped me
during my fieldwork:
Dr. Wolfgang Mieder, Associate Professor of German, University of Vermont, United
States of America, Dr. Malcolm Jones, School of English Language and linguistics, the
University of Sheffield, Prof. J. D. A. Widdowson, National Centre for English
Traditions, the University of Sheffield, Dr. Malik al-Zaki, Sudanese Folklorist, who gave
his time freely to help me during my fieldwork, Professor Auwn al-Sharief Qasim,
University of Africa, Sudan, Professor Gamar al-Dean Qaramba’, Faculty of Education,
University of Khartoum, Sudan, Mr. al-Taib Mohammed al-Taib, Sudanese Folklorist,
Captain Edwin Bates, the Minister of Religion, Churches of England and Dr. Abdullah
Ali Ibrahim, Institute of Civilizations, University of Khartoum.
My family as well as my informants are to be thanked and to my sister Isra I owe especial
debt and offer my thanks for her help and patience during my fieldwork.

This work is dedicated to the soul of my sincere friend, my father, who taught me:
Where there is a will there is a way and to my mother.
 Educational and Social Values expressed by Proverbs in two Cultures:

Knowledge and Use of proverbs in Sudan and England

Summary

This thesis has two aims: to bring to light a rich and previously un-researched cultural
heritage of the people of the Sudan, and to compare proverb use in two different nations.
Proverbs are considered as expressions that reveal the life-world and values of the people
of a given society as well as their attitudes towards their surroundings

The study adopts an ethnographic approach to proverbs, their provenance and use, based
on intensive fieldwork in England and the Sudan. A large corpus of proverbs, many not
recorded before, was gathered in settings of everyday usage over many years in rural and
urban locations in Northern Sudan. In England extensive research through questionnaires
and interviews elicited comparative information on proverbs used or known by the
general English public. Meanings and usages of proverbs are examined to point out
similarities or differences between Sudanese and English proverbs in relation to situations
in which they are used.

The study examines major issues in people’s daily lives as revealed in proverbs,
including educational principles, God and religious life, family relationships, friendship,
neighbourhood relationships, marriage and women, experience and wisdom, contentment
and patience, silence and speech, solidarity, poverty and wealth, casteism, class
polarization and social injustice. In these categories proverbs are seen to reflect cultural
values.

It was observed that both societies stress the importance of education, keeping good
company and respect for neighbours; both depict women as inferior and mentally
deficient. The research indicated that Sudanese proverbs particularly stress fidelity to
parents and extended family, teach children that care and protection of the elderly is their
eventual responsibility, and encourage family and community consultation even in
private matters.

Although many Sudanese proverbs call for social solidarity and unity, others show class
polarization and racism among Sudanese themselves. This phenomenon appears absent in
English proverbs; racism towards outsiders, regardless of its presence or absence in
society, was not discovered by the researcher in their proverbs.

Generally, despite great differences between the two societies in their culture and
language characteristics, the research found striking similarities in the way their proverbs
express ideas, attitudes and reactions in similar situations.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Aims and focus 1

1.2 Rationale 4

1.3 Scope of the study 9

1.4 The corpus and Sources 10

1.5 Organisation 11

Chapter 2

Literature review

2.1 Definitions and currency of proverbs 12

2.2 Sources of traditional proverbs 24

Chapter 3

3.1 Methods and Materials 26

Chapter 4

The Sudanese and their society

4.1 Land 34

4.2 Map 36

4.3 People, Languages and Religions 37

4.4 The social structure 38

Chapter 5

The Meaning, Use and Function of Sudanese proverbs

5.1 Sudanese educational principle as shown in Sudanese proverbs 45

5.2 God and religious life 61

5.3 Family, blood relationships and relatives 71

5.4 Company and Friendship 82

5.5 Neighbourhood relationships 85

5.6 Marriage and Women 87

5.7 Sudanese experiences and wisdom 100

5.8 Contentment and Patience 159

5.9 Silence, Speech, and Tongue as represented by Sudanese proverbs 164

5.10 Solidarity as seen in Sudanese proverbs 161

5.11 Poverty and Wealth 175

5.12 Casteism, class polarization and social injustice 180

Chapter 6

The role and use of Sudanese proverbs as applied in daily life

6.1 Comments by experts on the role and use of Sudanese proverbs 185

6.2 Examples of the roles of proverbs 198

a) Educational roles 198

b) Social roles 199

c) Marriage and Women 200

d) Friends and Neighbours 202

e) Solidarity 203
f) Statutory roles 203

g) Advice and Advisory roles 204

h) Consultation 205

i) Other roles of proverbs 205

j) Patience 207

6.3 Some examples of the use of proverbs in daily life 207

Chapter 7

A comparison of Sudanese and English proverbs

7.1 Proverbs as seen by British society 214

7.2 Tables 219

7.3 Proverbs that are used in similar situations to convey

the same messages in Sudanese and English societies 226

Chapter 8

Conclusion 230

Further study of cultures through proverbs 233

Appendix A

Sudanese proverbs and their Equivalent English 234

Appendix B

List of Sudanese proverbs 254

Index 334

Bibliography 343

Notes 349
 Reading Transcription

a ‫أ‬

b ‫ب‬

t ‫ت‬

th ‫ث‬

j ‫ج‬

h' ‫ح‬

kh ‫خ‬

d ‫د‬

d ‫ذ‬

r ‫ر‬

z ‫ز‬

s ‫س‬

sh ‫ش‬

s' ‫ص‬

d' ‫ض‬

t ‫ط‬

t' ‫ظ‬

a' ‫ع‬

gh ‫غ‬

f ‫ف‬
q ‫ق‬

k ‫ك‬

l ‫ل‬

m ‫م‬

n ‫ن‬

h 

w ‫و‬

y ‫ي‬
 Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Aims and focus

This study examines the meaning, use, and purpose of Sudanese Arabic proverbs in their

natural context and compares them with English proverbs as a means of expressing

cultural and social values. It is intended to show how proverbs that differ completely in

their culture and their wording can be used in the same situations to express similar or

opposite ideas.

The study attempts to answer the following questions:

1. What functions do proverbs play in Sudanese society?

2. How do people in Sudan use their proverbs, and why?

3. How are proverbs used in British society?

4. What are people's attitudes towards proverbs in Sudanese and British societies?

5. What are the similarities and differences between English and Sudanese proverbs?

6. What suggestions can be drawn from this study?

In the first part of the study I will present Sudanese proverbs in as much depth as possible

to reflect Sudanese culture and to provide a framework for understanding the proverbs.

1
As I myself come from the area of the study, I share the experiences and understand in

depth the culture of this society, knowing well how and when people of the Sudan use

their proverbs and what the proverbs mean to them. Therefore, in the first part, where I

present proverbs in Sudanese culture in natural situations, I have partially applied the

ethnography of speaking approach suggested by Dell Hymes (1962: 13-53), avoiding a

detailed narrative of situations in which proverbs occurred, for reasons of space. Instead I

recorded the proverbs in their context in living conversations, then translated each into

English, and discussed their meaning with my informants in order to classify my data

under subject matter. Raymond Firth explained this approach as follows:

The essential thing about a proverb is its meaning… and by this is

to be understood not merely a bald and literal translation into the
accustomed tongue, nor even a free version of what the words are
intended to convey. The meaning of a proverb is made clear only
when side by side with the translation is given a full account of the
accompanying social situation… the reason for its use, its effect,
and its significance in speech (1926:134)

E. Ojo Arewa and Alan Dundes have confirmed this point:

In order to study ethnography of speaking texts in their contexts

one needs to ask not only for proverbs, and for what counts as a
proverb, but also for information as to the other components of the
situations in which proverbs are used. (1964: 71)

As I also relied on the comments of my informants, I have incorporated the oral literary

criticism approach in my field research as well. I recorded not only the texts of the

proverbs but also the use of these texts as part of the culture of my community in the

words that people utter in the situations where they use them. Where natural situations for

a given proverb’s use were absent, I asked my informants to construct actual situations

and circumstances in which each given proverb might be used. Their comments were also

2
used to analyse Sudanese proverbs in natural conversations.

I had intended at the beginning to study only Sudanese proverbs in their natural context.

Later I decided that comparing them with proverbs from another culture with different

values would give a better chance to bring a valuable treasure of my nation to light and

help it to be more broadly understood. Therefore the second part of this study compares

the concepts, meanings, and uses of Sudanese proverbs with English proverbs as

expressions of two different cultures. This part is based on extensive fieldwork in the

United Kingdom. To analyse my data in this section, I relied on the comments and

judgements of British informants concerning the meaning and usage of English proverbs.

I spent nearly three years in the United Kingdom to investigate English proverbs and to

collect my data. It was difficult if not impossible to collect proverbs in the UK in their

natural context as they are hardly used. Therefore, I used questionnaires to investigate the

meaning and the use of proverbs; I interviewed some individuals, both academic and non-

academic and recorded their statements for analysis. I collected a large number of

proverbs from educated and uneducated informants, classified my corpus and arranged it

by subject matter.

In the third part of this study, I have pointed out the similarities and differences between

Arabic Sudanese proverbs and English proverbs in their meaning and usage. The aim is to

view the similarities and differences between these two cultures through their proverbs

3
and to find out how people in different cultures might share or differ in their feelings in

similar given circumstances or situations.

1.2 Rationale

Proverbs as traditional wisdom are never absent from Sudanese daily speech. As a

member of Sudanese society, a sharer in its values, and a participant as a proverb user, I

have been surrounded with proverbs everywhere in my daily life. They are prevalent in

daily conversations at home, school, and ceremonies and in all other social events.

Proverbs as spoken expressions in the daily speech of Sudanese people are a main part of

Sudanese culture, which reflects all aspects of their lives. People epitomise their way of

thinking, their feelings, and their ideas through proverbs. They use them to solve their

daily conflicts and support their arguments. It is very rare to hear a discussion to solve a

problem without a proverb being used.

Prof Awun El-Sharief Qasim, one of my informants, Professor of Arabic, Africa

University, Sudan and an ex-Minister of Religious Affairs, has informed me that proverbs

are in use even in Sudanese courts. Carolyn Parker points out that proverbs have been

used to relieve the tensions of a conflict situation, to influence behaviour, to justify

behaviour, to lend support to arguments, and to reflect the values and philosophy of those

who use them (1974:4). Using proverbs as a means to solve problems in courts is also

prevalent in other African societies. Finnegan (1970:408) and Arewa and Dundes

[1964:70] agree that proverbs are frequently used in dispute and law cases.

4
Although most Sudanese proverbs are derived from common experiences, it is not

claimed that they invariably convey truth and wisdom, as they vary according to the

experiences that they come from and some of them contradict each other. Nevertheless,

proverbs are important means for transmission of beliefs, culture and values, which

reflect much of people’s varied attitudes towards their surroundings. They are regarded as

a sacred cultural heritage and part of tradition as well as a way of thinking. This confirms

Hymes’ point that “… language [and its different genres] is [are] not everywhere

equivalent in role and value” [1964:39].

Proverbs also play a role of great effectiveness in the educational process. I personally

used them in my classroom when I was a teacher in the Sultanate of Oman. They have

high frequency of use among both educated and uneducated Sudanese, to the point that

some ordinary people mix proverbs and Prophetic sayings. They are highly regarded as a

means to control the behaviour of youth and to express Sudanese beliefs and values.

Abdel Rahman describes Sudanese proverbs as:

… germs of wisdom. They are un-masked and un-adulterated images of society.

In them one finds people’s ideas about life, the ideals and values they hold dear,
and the elements they consider supreme in the spiritual as well as material life.
(Sudanese Studies Annual Conference, May 1998)

They are also records of the development of Sudanese civilization throughout its history.

I strongly believe that to know people's culture and values, one should study their

proverbs. As Ralph Linton says, ‘The culture of a society is the way of life of its

members; the collection of ideas and habits that they learn, share and transmit from

5
generation to generation’ [1945, in Haralambos & Holborn, 2000: 884]. Sudanese people

precisely reflect this comment; they express their beliefs, customs, habits, knowledge,

morals and any other capabilities acquired by man in their proverbs.

The Sudanese culture deserves to be studied as other serious issues in Sudanese daily life

are. Whereas researchers and writers are busy studying the causes and solutions for wars

and conflicts, it is contended that studying proverbs will attract attention to the nation's

values, through which people will find a way to solve conflicts with wise words instead

of weapons. Sudan is known to the world as one of its problematic countries, with

political conflicts and disasters made by man and nature; very little is known about

Sudanese as a multicultural nation with significant cultures, where customs and values

are the cornerstone of the society. Therefore, there is a great need to reflect the richness

of Sudanese culture through studying its proverbs.

The importance of this study also lies in the fact that the researcher is a participant

proverb user. Peter Seitel (1969: 143-161) notes that a proverb user needs to observe and

understand the situation before him before he can choose a proverb that is relevant for a

given problem. Roger D. Abrahams says:

In spite of the tremendous number of texts that have been

assembled, we still know little of why and how people use
proverbs, or anything of the range of social uses and cultural
situations in which they are encountered (1972: 119).

He supports the argument for indigenous study of proverbs, adding:

6
 Proverbs must be studied within groups which use them if

we are to understand why so many diverse people have

been attracted to such sententious inventions (1972:119).

As proverb users rely heavily on metaphors and similes from their surroundings, it is

important for researchers to have knowledge and understanding of the realities of life,

customs, mores, social values and traditions of the society that they intend to study. There

is no doubt that a researcher from the society under focus is in an ideal position to reflect

what is inside to the outside world.

Scholars like Arewa and Dundes (1964), Finnegan (1979), Firth (1926), Ogbalu (1965),

Herzog (1936) and Seitel (1969) have made significant studies that reflect the importance

of proverbs in given societies. However, there is still a lack of area studies of proverbs in

their particular natural situations. Therefore, there is a great necessity for this type of

research.

Finnegan (1970: 394) notes that despite the importance of proverbs in African societies,

there are no satisfactory investigations dealing with their use. Arewa (970:430] has

argued that proverb texts are intensively recorded but they are not treated in interactional

settings. Abrahams comments in this regard:

In spite of the tremendous number of texts that have been assembled, we still
know little of why and how people use proverbs, or anything of the range of
social uses and cultural situations in which they are encountered (1972: 119).

Scholarly works that have investigated the use of proverbs include Arewa and Dundes’

Ethnography of proverb speaking among the Yoruba (1964), Herzog and Blooah's Study

7
of Jabo proverbs in Liberia (1936), John Messenger's Study of proverb use in Anang-

Ibibio traditional courts (1959), Joyce Penfield’s Proverb speaking among the Igbo

(1983), and Proverbs and the structure of metaphor among the Haya of Tanzania by

Peter Seitel (1972). But as Kwesi Yankah mentions,

… proverbs cited in most of these works, are either based on hypothetical

contexts, or are instances of recall by scholars or informants, and do not
consistently reflect exactness of wording or phraseology in actual life situations.
(De Proverbio, vol 6, NO 2, 2000: 1)

The present research is significant as it is the first attempt to study and analyse Sudanese

proverbs in their natural context. Sudanese proverbs have a remarkable identity among

other proverbs in Arabic. In spite of this and the great importance of proverbs in the

Sudanese daily conversations and their roles in daily life, little attention has been paid to

their formal study. The only steps taken in this regard are the useful collections of

Sudanese proverbs by Badri, Mujama' al-amthal al-shabiya (Collection of Traditional

Proverbs, 1963, 1995), and six pages of El-Dhareer's book, Al-A'rabiya fi Al-Sudan,

Arabic in Sudan (1922), in which he compared Sudanese proverbs with classical Arabic

proverbs. (The latter book was not available to the researcher, but information about its

contents was recorded in the Sudanese National Records in Khartoum.) More recently,

there is a valuable collection of proverbs from the Western and Central Sudan by Adam

and Tum (2002). Suleiman Yahya (1999) has also investigated the woman's image in

proverbs in Darfur. Most of the proverbs I analyse are in Badri's collection, and the

collection of Adam and Tum. Both collections contain proverbs from the Darfur region.

8
Proverbs from the Bible and the Quran are analysed elsewhere to illustrate the similarities

or differences of moral and religious subjects in the spiritual heritage of the two different

cultures. 1 Kassis (1994) has already compared the Book of Proverbs and Arabic

proverbial wisdom. The present study highlights differences and striking similarities by

comparing proverbs of a highly conservative Afro-Arab society with ones of a European

culture.

In spite of the importance of these studies, in none of them does a participant proverb

user compare concepts and uses of proverbs across different cultures. It is hoped that this

study, significant in investigating a large corpus of proverbs in natural contexts, will open

a window for further comparative studies.

1.3. Scope of the study

I started to collect the Sudanese Arabic proverbs at an early stage of life as I personally

have participated in most of the events where proverbs were used. I also used them in my

classroom when I was a teacher. Most proverbs used here were collected in Nyala town

in the Western Sudan and in Omdurman, the sister town of Khartoum, the national capital

of the Sudan. I have spent most of my life between these two places; as a proverb user I

wanted to bring this valuable part of my culture to the world.

Being a member of this society, born into a culture of high proverb frequency, enables me

to show the true picture of the reality of experience as it is lived by people who use

proverbs in this culture. Reflecting much of its attitudes, values and cultural traditions,

1
Despite the question raised by Whybrary (1991) about the validity of comparing biblical material with
that of different cultures, and al-Dhubaib’s (1966) view that it is irrelevant to compare popular Arabic

9
they are used as lessons in good manners and devices to control people’s behaviour, so

they deserve to be studied and brought to light.

1.4. The Corpus and sources

What I use as a corpus in this study are 842 proverbs currently in use with high frequency

in Sudanese society. I have classified them by subject matter and considered each subject

separately in order to compare or contrast English and Sudanese proverbs.

First, collected comments and analysed the corpus of Sudanese Arabic proverbs to show

how people value their proverbs. The following main themes have been selected for

detailed comparison:

Educational principles; God and religious life; family and blood relationships; company

and friendship; neighbourhood relationships; marriage and women; experience and

wisdom; contentment and patience; silence and speech; solidarity; poverty and wealth;

and casteism, class polarization and social injustice.

Second, I compare and contrast the context, use and function of language of selected

Sudanese proverbs with English proverbs. I have based my analysis on viewpoints of

members of the two societies. English proverbs that are equivalent to or in contrast with

most of these Sudanese proverbs were drawn from informants in the United Kingdom.

They were elicited from members of British society, and from textual sources of different

kinds: dictionaries, religious texts and the Bible.

10
1.5 Organisation

The rest of this study will be organised as follows:

Chapter 2 contains a survey of relevant literature on proverbs.

Chapter 3 focuses on the methodology and materials that I used in this study (area of the

study, population, primary data collection, context of the questionnaire, secondary data,

problems of data collection, analysis techniques).

In Chapter 4, I provide a general description of the social structure of Sudanese society in

the area of the study.

Chapter 5 deals in detail with meaning and function of Sudanese proverbs

Chapter 6 covers the role and use of the proverbs.

Chapter 7 compares Sudanese and English proverbs. In this chapter, I will also provide a

group of equivalent or opposite proverbs.

In Chapter 8, I will review the result of this study, draw conclusions from them and

recommend some directions for coming research on proverbs.

The chapters are followed by appendices containing lists of proverbs, index of keywords,

and a bibliography.

11
 Chapter Two

Literature review

1. Definitions and currency of Proverbs

Proverbs exist in all human languages, but they may vary in their importance in each

culture. They have high frequency in many Arab and African societies as they are

considered as important devices that reflect cultural wisdom. As there is general

agreement that proverbs are widely known in all languages, it is very important to define

what proverbs are. According to The New Oxford Dictionary (1998), a proverb is “a

short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or a piece of advice”. This

definition is developed in the Oxford English Dictionary (2001, on-line) which defines a

proverb as “a short pithy saying in common and recognised use; a concise sentence, often

metaphorical or alliterative in form, which is held to express some truth ascertained by

experience or observation and familiar to all”.

Some English proverbs in themselves are peoples’ definitions of a proverb, like:

“Proverbs are the wisdom of the streets“, "Proverbs are the children of experience", "All

the good sense of the world runs into proverbs“.

Wolfgang Mieder defines a proverb as:

“A concise statement of an apparent truth which has currency among the people” (Simson

1991 on-line). Mieder performed an interesting survey, asking 55 non-academics to write

their definitions of a proverb. He found that “from four to twenty times in the collected

definitions:

12
 a proverb is “a phrase, saying, truth, morals, experience, lessons, and advice
concerning life and which has been handed from generation to generation
(Proverbs Are Never out of Season, 1993 )

Among Arab scholars, Anis Freyha (1974: 1) says,

Mathal (Proverb) is from a common Semitic root signifying simile or comparison.

Many definitions of a proverb have been given, none of which holds true of every
proverb. The difficulty lies in the nature of proverbs, which contain all manner of
ideas that touch upon the whole round of human experience

Many other scholars continue to find their own definitions of proverbs, but it is difficult

to give one exact definition. Archer Taylor (1931) defined a proverb in more than 200

pages, and he concluded that it is impossible to give a meaningful definition of it. Taylor

noted that ‘… an incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is proverbial and that one

is not ‘ (1931: 3).

Defining a proverb is an old problem. Mieder states:

Not only did such great minds as Aristotle and Plato

occupy themselves with the question of what
constitutes a proverb, but early Greek scholars in
particular wrestled with this seemingly insurmountable
task as well. (Popular Views of the Proverbs 1999-DP
Journal, V5).

Many other scholars have tried to define proverbs; no matter what variant definitions

these scholars adduced, they are unanimously agreed on what constitutes a proverb

Mieder says:

And yet despite their erudite and important new

definitions all must eventually agree with contention
of the old master proverb scholar Archer Taylor that,
“an incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is
proverbial and that one is not” (1999:3).

13
I assume not only that scholars and academics have this sense, but also that non-

academic and ordinary people can recognise the proverbiality of an expression.

Arewa and Dundes support this assumption. They say:

A child knows that the proverb used by a scolding

parent was not made up by that parent. It is a
proverb from the cultural past whose voice speaks
truth in traditional form. It is the “One “, the “Elders
“, or the “They “in “They say “, who direct. The
parent is but the instrument through which the
proverb speaks to the audience (1964:70).

It is clear that there is a universal agreement about what constitutes a proverb. They have

existed in all languages, and there is no nation without proverbs. People have used them

to express their understanding of their beliefs, values and their surroundings in ordinary

daily conversations. Proverbs were transmitted by oral tradition as a result of general

experiences before they were put on paper. As part of tradition, they are effective

elements that transmit human culture. They are historical measurements of human social

development, connecting the past with the present. Proverbs fill an important role in the

transmission of beliefs, knowledge, and social values. They express nations' principles

and concepts about God and how people should behave towards friends, neighbours,

parents, and in all situations in daily life. They are connected with people's identity and

roots, showing people's understanding of their language and culture to the point that all

nations have considered proverbs as part of their national heritage.

In some cultures proverbs are a rich part of every day life, while in others they are

considered as old fashioned. People may unconsciously use them, with no awareness that

they are employing proverbs in their speech.

14
Although in the Sudan proverbs have very high frequency of usage, in the United

Kingdom it is uncommon to hear people use them in their daily speech. Some of my

British informants considered them as old fashioned and as evidence of primitive

thinking and uncivilised attitudes. Some university students told me that uncreative

people rely on proverbs as they are ready-made expressions and those who do not want to

update themselves with modern civilization use them. Others connected them with values

and said only conservative people in the West use them.

However, Mieder’s survey of 55 non-academic definitions has shown that proverbs are

still seen as useful in technological societies (1999: 6). I support Mieder's finding from

my own experience during my stay in the United Kingdom. I can argue that proverbs are

still in use in Britain. In the year 20001, I used to go to the Speakers’ Corner in Hyde

Park in London every Sunday. There I talked about proverbs in the thoughts of many

people in Sudan and Arab cultures in general. I discussed how people connect them with

moral virtues, wisdom and even with religious faith in some societies. I then asked people

to tell me what people in the West think about proverbs. Some young informants told me

that they do not use proverbs, but they understand them. A young teacher said that he

uses them in his class to motivate his students. He also told me “I agree with you,

proverbs can be used as social control for our behaviour about many things and I find it is

a pity that people do not use them”.

An old man, who described himself as an ex-Londoner and a resident in Oxford,

described proverbs as timeless values that are relevant to almost any age and any time. In

contrast M, a young university student, described proverbs as old-fashioned and people

who use them as lazy idiots, who depend on ready-made words or phrases because they

15
do not have the courage to express their own opinions. Nevertheless, I told M the literal

meaning of four Sudanese proverbs and she told me the equivalent English versions of

three of them:

‘A man is known by the company he keeps.’

‘When in Rome do as the Romans do.’

‘Many hands make light work.’

M explained to me that she has some other proverbs somewhere in her mind, but she

could not remember them for she has never used them.

Although this research will not deal with proverbs in the British media or formal

conversations, it is worth mentioning some examples to show that proverbs are still in use

the UK.

In November 2001 in a BBC television program, an announcer was talking to the then

Foreign Minister Robin Cook about his expectations of Afghani leaders who were

meeting in Berlin at that time. He said to him:

‘You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink’

I had also heard my manager at work in London in Marylebone Project using proverbial

language in a meeting to describe the difficulties of a staff member in a new position. She

said that, ‘R has jumped from the frying pan into the fire’.

Research reveals the love of verbal expressions as one of the main characteristics of Arab

culture. Robert A. Barakat notes that:

Of the several genres of oral literature common in

the Arab world, none is more pervasive than
proverbs. (1980:1)

16
Using proverbs in Arab society shows the fluency of the speaker or writer and his ability

to express himself briefly in an eloquent rhetorical manner. Barakat says: “Arabs take

vast pride in being able to invoke proverbs when the need arises and pay great respect to

any person who is capable of using these sayings correctly” (1980:7)

I assume that proverbs are like poetry. They are closer to the heart of Arabs than other

heritages long before Islam. H.R.P. Dickson (1951:366) wrote that “The Arab is forever

quoting proverbs or sayings of some poet or other, and he seems to enjoy this almost as

much as story telling”. Abdelkafi (1968) supports the claim that Arabs make more use of

proverbs than most other nations. According to Barakat, the wide use and dissemination

of Arabic proverbs may be attributed to several factors inherent in Moslem and non-

Moslem Arab society and culture. Two of the factors that he mentions are:

The emphasis Arabs place on learning wisdom, not necessarily derived from
institutional knowledge, and the respect Moslems have for the Hadith* of the
Prophet Mohamed and the Sunna* associated with him“ (1980:8).

The general tendency to respect traditions in Arab culture is the main reason that the

Quran and Hadith confirm its positive side and encourage Muslims to keep it. Although

proverbs are not equal in their values and popularity, Arabs consider them as a main part

of tradition. It is very common to hear uneducated old people in Sudan mixing the

Prophetic sayings and Sudanese proverbs. This mixture between Prophetic sayings and

proverbs is another form of the respect and love for proverbs among the people of Sudan.

Proverbs as means of expression in any culture are also employed pragmatically. They

are used: to comment on social conflict situations, to criticise people or events in an

indirect and metaphorical way, to counsel when a situation requires it, to criticize

17
unacceptable attitudes, to discipline children and youth, to direct certain human

behaviour, or to question old or new values. Proverbs name social conditions and they are

used to make people’s opinions and feelings known to others and make people effective

in their roles.

Sudanese proverbs, like all other traditional proverbs, come from many different sources.

Some proverbs are drawn from general facts, like “al iteh\ad qowah (Unity is strength).

This type of proverb is common in all cultures. Some proverbs are drawn from the reality

of life and day-to-day experiences, like this common proverb: “al wilada ma gasiya,

gasiya al tarbiya” (Giving a birth to a child is not difficult, but the upbringing is). That is

to say, it is not difficult to get pregnant and to give birth to a baby, but it is difficult to

discipline the child. This proverb is used to emphasize the importance of teaching

children good morals and refers to the difficulties of this task.

Proverbs from different cultures may reveal cultural sameness in how people express

their ideas under similar circumstances. Yusuf Y. K. (1998:39) supports this claim; in her

analysis of rape-related proverbs in Anglo-American and Yoruba culture, she notes that,

“proverbs from different cultures may express similar attitudes towards a particular

phenomenon.”

Seitel has mentioned that:

If folklore is important to the understanding of cultural system in general, we may

observe that it is especially significant in Sub-Sahara Africa, where it is reported
to play an extreme and highly valued role in communication (1972:3).

Ruth Finnegan (1970:408) supports this view regarding African societies. She argues that

in many African societies, proverbs are so important that the lack of knowledge of how to

18
interpret them causes a low level of comprehension in many interactional events in those

societies.

Ryszard Pachocinski has confirmed this, stating of the use of proverbs:

In Black Africa, for all the urgent development, the blood

of proverbs still flows swiftly in the veins of a person's
daily life. Proverbs enshrine much of the cultural heritage
of the people, their traditions, history, wisdom, and ethics.
They are viable means for transmission of culture from
generation to generation; otherwise norms, values and
beliefs would have died [1996:1].

This view may also be applied to Sudanese society. As mentioned before, Sudan, located

in the heart of Africa with all-Arab characteristics in the North, has combined African

and Arab values to create its significant culture and identity. The historical debate about

Sudanese identity is a matter beyond the scope of this study. Nevertheless, it is worth

mentioning the fact that Sudan population is a mixture of different races and ethnic

groups; some are from local regions and others have migrated from neighbouring

countries. This mixture has formed the Sudanese population. The Sudanese culture is a

mixture of Afro-Arab traditions and customs. A mixture of Arab and African tribes is

found in the North, while African groups dominate the South. Although many different

languages are spoken in Sudan, Arabic is the official language in the country; it is the

main spoken language in the North. That is to say, there are two main groups in Sudan:

Arabs and non-Arabs.

This study is concerned with Sudanese-Arabic proverbs. It does not include any other

Sudanese proverbs, populations or areas where Arabic is not the first language. The fact

that there are many different spoken languages in Sudan will not disprove the Arabic

language of proverbs in the society, which are the focus of the study. It is essential to

19
mention El-Dhareer’s work, Al a’rabeah fi Al Sudan (1922:24), in which he dealt with

Sudanese dialect, garments, proverbs, and traditions in six pages. He compared Arabic

Sudanese proverbs with their classical Arabic equivalents to verify that Sudanese

proverbs are Arabic ones derived from Arabic language or Arab traditions.

As mentioned before, the Sudanese social structure acquired its culture from the main

characteristics of both African and Arab societies. Sudanese, like other Arabs and most

Africans, consider proverbs as a sacred social heritage that cannot be divided from their

daily life. William Bascom [1965:470] cites proverbs as the most valued type of verbal

art among Africans. This fact applies to verbal art among the Sudanese as well. The

Sudanese, especially the elderly, tend to use proverbs to display knowledge in their

conversations and reflect their status as ones who know more about a given topic.

In the Sudan people tend to express their feelings and to convey educational messages to

youngsters and youth through their proverbs. They console, criticize, express their

frustration, and even justify their wrong behaviour and judgement by quoting one or

another proverb. Sudanese, like their fellows in other Arab societies, are known for their

tendency to justify their negative attitudes towards women and authorise their behaviour

by relying on proverbs, which of course are created by men themselves. The proverb al-

mara lau bigat fas ma taksir al-ras, (A woman, even if she is an axe, will never break a

head) (241) has its equivalents in all Arab societies to show women as passive and weak

creatures. This area needs separate research, but it is worthwhile to mention the study by

Hussein Nashwan (2000:127) who believes that proverbs are important weapons in men's

hands within "a particular society". He says, "In a society governed by males, man uses

20
proverbs to justify his deeds…" and points out, "There are proverbs that try to socially

legalize domestic violence against women".

Within the past few decades, studying proverbs has become a very attractive and popular

field for many scholars. They are concerned with proverb studies in many different ways.

Some are concerned with definitions of proverbs, including E. Ojo Arewa (1983); Archer

Taylor (1931); Peter Grzybek (1994); and Wolfgang Mieder (1999). Some are concerned

with the function of proverbs, like Alan Dunds (1980); E. M. Albert (1972); Roger

Abrahams (1972); and William Bascom (1965). Al-Maydani (1913) and Archer Taylor

(1962) are among those who are concerned with the origins, content and style of

proverbs.

Whatever the field of interest in proverbs, studying them is a matter of great value in

understanding the cultures of a wide variety of different societies, for proverbs like other

oral traditions reflect people’s values, the way they think and their attitudes towards their

surroundings. Parker B. Richard (1964b) has used proverbs to analyse central concepts in

Zande ideology and S. J. Mohammad (1988) has employed proverbs to show the status of

women and attitudes toward them in Arab culture with reference to Iraqi society. Weber

(1998) likewise has utilised proverbs to show cultural differences in how Chinese and

American citizens view risks and risk taking. She says “Proverbs are part of a nation’s

culture and reflect the nation’s beliefs and values”, continuing, “By looking at proverbs,

we were able to show that long-standing cultural differences are one reason that the

Chinese are more risk-seeking than Americans when it comes to financial issues”. She

21
shows that in the collectivist culture of China, where commitments to family cause

people to take greater financial risks; whereas in America, an individualistic culture,

people have to be more careful financially because they do not have the “cushion” of a

social network to fall back on.

Ziyad (1992) agrees that traditional proverbs reflect social life and human behaviour in a

given society. He notes that women are shown by Egyptian proverbs as having an

oppressed status in the society. Many similar studies have been undertaken to reflect

women’s status and attitudes towards them in other Arab societies. One can say that

proverbs reflect the true image of a cultural system for any nation, especially where

proverbs are dominant in daily conversation such as Arab and African cultures.

Although little attention has been paid to the study of Sudanese proverbs, other Arabic

proverbs were extensively collected and classified even before Islam. One of the well-

known collections of classical Arabic proverbs was written in the eighth century: Kitab

al-amthal (Book of Proverbs), by Mufaddal b. Salama, who died in the second century of

the Hijra. Nevertheless, in spite of this early effort to collect Arabic proverbs, they have

never been analysed or critically studied. ‘A. ‘Abd al-Rahman (1983:13-4) has mentioned

that Arabic proverbs were collected and classified both in the past and the present, but

they have not become the subject of scholarly studies.

Although traditional behaviour is highly respected by Moslem and non-Moslem Arabs

and Islam encourages Moslems to conform to traditional behaviour, this fact has not

acquired enough attention to be studied as an important factor in Moslem heritage. Franz

Rosenthal (1989:378) says, “Proverbs played a significant role in Muslim civilization and

22
ought to be more widely and more intensively studied than has so far been the case”.

Barakat (1980:5) and M. A. F. Yassin (1988:59) share the same view in regards to

modern Arabic proverbs. However, there are some comparative collections of modern

proverbs in different Arab countries. For example, al-Tikriti (1986) compared proverbs of

Baghdad with proverbs of eleven Arab countries. Classical and modern Arabic proverbs

have also been compared with English proverbs and those in other European languages as

collections in the same way by scholars including M. Haqqi (1973), Y. al-Bustani and S

al Din al-Bustani (1987) and T. Kilani and N. Ashour (1991).

Throughout the Arab world, the study of proverbs has been concerned with content, form,

and structural analysis. Only Barakat (1980) has dealt with Arabic proverbs in their

context. The only other attempts to study Arabic proverbs in their cultural contexts are by

Parker (1958) and Zenner (1970). Both studies are based on Frayah’s collection of

Lebanese proverbs, drawn from a small village called Ras el-Metn. The population of this

village is partly Christian and partly Druze. (See Frayha’s introduction, vol. 1). It is worth

mentioning some attempts to compare Arabic proverbs with biblical materials, like

Kassis’ (1997) interesting critical and tradition-historical study of the Book of Proverbs

and Arabic proverbial wisdom. There are other similar studies about Biblical proverbs

like Popa (1999), Wiebe (1992), and Pan (1987) which are beyond the scope of this

study.

As stated by many scholars, there are extensive collections of proverbs in many societies

that do not refer to the situations in which they are used. Many studies have relied on

textual resources or proverbs drawn from the memory of elderly members of a given

culture.

23
2.2 Sources of traditional proverbs:

Although there is a universal understanding and a shared common sense of what

constitutes a proverb, tracing back its origins has proved to be a difficult task and its

origins remain ambiguous. Traditional proverbs have stemmed from various sources;

often connected with individuals’ experiences, observations, or general facts from

different surroundings. People then refer to them on similar occasions and transmit them

from generation to generation until they become part of their heritage. Many individual

authors, poets, politicians or wise people have contributed a great deal to all nations’

literatures by creating new proverbs, which add to the national heritage of a given nation.

That is to say, a proverb is first uttered by an individual and in time it becomes part of the

traditions. Undoubtedly, Christians quote from the Bible and Muslims quote from the

Quran when they express their religious beliefs. However, investigating the origins of

Arabic or English proverbs is beyond the scope of this study.

The word proverb in English is translated mathal in Arabic, pronounced masal by many

dialects including Sudanese dialect. The word mathal means simile in reference to the

relation between a given fact mathal and the simile. Mathal also means example or

sameness; therefore, people use it to compare things.

Arabs were fond of using simile in their arguments to strengthen their speech even before

Islam. The Quran used simile and the word mathal as well on many different occasions to

illustrate situations to Arabs, to advise or warn them. For example, Surah 18, al- kahf,

verse 32 reads:

(َ"
ُ ‫ َر‬%
ً &َ 'َ ْ)*ُ +َ ْ‫ب‬,ٍ.‫)وا‬
“And present to them an example of two men: …”

Surah 39 az-Zumar verse 29 reads:

24
(%
ً &َ 'َ 0ُ ٌ+‫ب ا‬
َ ,َ.)
“Allah presents an example: …”

And Surah 43, az-Zukhruf verse 57 reads:

(ً%&َ 'َ )َ 2َ ْ,'َ 

ُ 3ْ ‫ب ا‬
َ ,ٍ .
ُ 4َ5ٌ +َ‫) َو‬
“And when the son of Mary was presented as an example”.

In Arab culture, the word mathal is connected with wisdom: h’ikma. However, there is a

clear difference between h’ikma and mathal, as h’ikma is always connected with facts,

wisdom, and lessons, and this is not always the case with mathal. At the same time

mathal is often related to a local society or a small community while h’ikma might

concern a universal issue that reveals lessons to all humans regardless of their customs,

location or traditions. The Quran and the Prophet’s sayings are referred to by Muslims as

h’ikma. Significant individuals like the Prophet Solomon and Luqman are referred to as

wise men. In Sudanese traditional tales some characters like Sheikh Farah wad Taktook

and Abu Zaid al Hilali are referred to as wise men as well.

25
 Chapter Three
Methods and Materials

This study consists of three sections. Each section has a different aim and methodology.

Section 1 presents Arabic Sudanese proverbs in their natural contexts in daily

conversations with explanations of their meaning and circumstances in which they are

used. The ethnography of speaking was the approach that I followed and comments of my

informants were intensively used in my analysis.

This section was based on extensive fieldwork in Sudan concentrating on Nyala and

Omdurman. I attempted to record large numbers of proverbs when people use them. They

understand the meaning of each proverb they use, knowing to whom they quote them and

why. The researcher as a member of the society recorded this part of the data collection at

an earlier stage of life. I initially collected them, as I was fond of the use of metaphor

implied in proverbs. Later I used them in my classes when I was a teacher in the

Sultanate of Oman, for educational purposes: to motivate my students and to draw their

attention to comparisons between Omani and Sudanese culture.

I also collected a considerable number of proverbs during my fieldwork in Sudan on

many different occasions including weddings and memorial gatherings. I collected others

during direct interviews with people who are known for their knowledge of proverbs and

national heritages. Among them were Dr. Malik Elzaki, Professor Awn Elshareif Qasim,

Dr. Ahmed Abdel Qadir Arbab, Dr. Abdullal Ali Ibrahim, Mr. Eltaib Mohammed Eltaib

and Mr. Ahmed Ibrahim Direaj. I also discussed with these experts

the meaning and use of a large number of proverbs in my corpus. Most of these

26
interviews were tape-recorded.

I was unable to record some of the proverbs that I know are in use, so I asked expert

informants about the rules of these proverbs, their usage and their meaning. The data was

either tape-recorded during interviewing or recorded in a written form by the researcher

while I was interacting with my informants. As the spontaneous nature of proverbs’

circulation makes it difficult to tape record them like other traditions, for example poetry

or traditional stories, the interviews in the tape-recorded data were based on discussing

the use and the meaning of proverbs collected by the researcher from other informants

and experts.

As Finnegan notes,

Proverbs are used on particular occasions, by individuals in particular

contexts and their wit, their attractiveness, their insights, even their
meaning must be seen as arising from the context (1972: 425).

I incorporated this principle in my field method. Ethnographic techniques suggested by

Hymes (1962) have been employed and literary criticism is utilized to draw out the
significance of proverbs from their natural contexts.

As people of the Sudan, specifically in Darfur, are known for their tendency to use

proverbs in daily conversations, it is impossible to minimize the number of situations in

which they quote proverbs. Therefore, this study does not in any way attempt to deal with

every proverb ever quoted by the Arabic speakers in Sudan. The situations that I have

mentioned in this study are just examples to help readers to understand how people in this

society use their proverbs.

27
Local media encourages peoples’ positive attitude towards their heritage. My grandfather,

an educationist who died in September 1995, broadcast some of the most successful radio

programs about Darfur folklore, especially the field of proverbs; other experts also have

similar programs. Unfortunately, I could not get access to any of the recorded programs

from the archives due to strict bureaucracy in the system and misunderstandings about the

intentions of the researcher, who has had to carry out this research outside the country at

private expense. During my fieldwork in many different situations, my intentions were

viewed as a criticism of social values, specifically when I was discussing the social

attitudes towards women expressed in Sudanese proverbs. Unfortunately, there was

confusion between comments on social values, traditions and what were considered as

beliefs or religious matters.

To fully understand Sudanese proverbs we need to find out from the people how they use

their proverbs. To achieve this objective, I obtained the views of some Sudanese who are

known in the area for their understanding of this part of Sudanese culture; I therefore

present selected interviews I held with some of them. The interviews in this section were

carried out in Arabic, I later transcribed the tape-recorded data into a written form to be

analysed. Table 1 shows the questions that I used in direct interviews with some

Sudanese informants.

28
Table 1:

1 How do people in the Sudan view their proverbs?

2 What are the origins of Sudanese proverbs?

3 Are proverbs still in use among educated people in the Sudan?

4 What are the roles of proverbs in Sudanese society?

5 When do people use proverbs?

6 Why do people use proverbs instead of direct sentences?

7 Do people accept proverbs that criticize their behaviour?

To make the interviews more effective and allow the informants to express their views

informally, these questions were not necessarily presented in the same order or same

words.

An interview with Dr. Malik Elzaki (tape-recorded):

This interview was held on 25 February 2002 in Dr. Elzaki’s house in Omdurman city.

He is a popular figure for his interest in Sudanese culture. He has many radio and TV

programs in this area.

Researcher: Do you think that proverbs have an important role in Sudanese culture?

Dr. Malik: Proverbs are the mirrors that reflect human culture. If we want to understand

the culture in a given society, we have to study its proverbs as any nation has its own

characteristics that reflect their lives and environmental surroundings.

29
Proverbs reflect the environment in which people live. Using metaphors and similes in

Arabic proverbs, for example, shows different characteristics of Arab culture even

preceding Islam, such as an Arab’s pride in his loyalty to his tribe and descriptions of his

people in terms of bravery, generosity and honour. Those customs and traditions came to

Sudan with early Arabs who settled and mixed with the original citizens, resulting in

many different tribes having a mixture of Afro-Arab blood that is known today as

Sudanese society. Therefore, the identity of the people of Sudan is a mixture of African

and Arab. From this environment, people drew their proverbs; and the reflection of their

environment is very clear in Sudanese proverbs. Herders’ environment for example, is

clearly reflected in their proverbs. They draw metaphors and similes from their

surroundings; to describe a woman as pretty they say a filly and they describe a brave

man as a lion. A weak and cowardly man is a hyena, a malicious person is a fox and a

patient man is described as a camel. They advise their youth to have big houses, sharp

swords, to look after orphans, to honour their guests and to be generous with strangers.

Researcher: Do young generations have the same attitude towards these values?

Dr. Malik: It depends on the environment in which they live; in big towns, they consider

it as an extravagance. Examine this saying:

0+67 89‫ي أ‬:+‫ ا‬0; <9 =9>‫ آ‬%

ً *@' 0AB" ‫ا إذا‬,D
Trahu ida jiatahu mutahlilan, kanaka tat’iyhu aldi anta sailhu
(You find him jubilant when you ask him for a favor, as if you were the giver.) (758)

30
In our time, we consider this behaviour as ideal; this generation may have the same

values, but they express them according to modern life.

Researcher: Apart from the Quran and the Prophetic sayings, what are the origins of

Sudanese proverbs?

Dr. Malik: People have drawn their proverbs from ancestors and from their daily

experiences. Proverbs are the children of experience. Let us examine these proverbs:

EF‫ ا‬GH GIA3 8+4' ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬,JK

Al- shajara inn malat titaki a’la ukhtah
‘If a tree leans, it will rest on its sister’ (it will lean on another tree next to it) (642)

This observation is from daily experience; when a person is in need, his people will

support him. People vouch for each other as a kind of solidarity; what we call joint

liability. They express their solidarity in these eloquent sayings:

L7‫ا أ‬E AM @NH,'

Marfa’eanean qatalo assad
‘Two hyenas killed a lion’ (741)

OPQA3 4' LR‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬L+‫ا‬

Al yadd al wah’da ma bits’afiq
‘One hand will not clap’ (you cannot clap using only one hand) (644)

Another interview with Dr. Malik will be dealt with in detail in Chapter 6.

The second part of this study is based on extensive fieldwork by the researcher in the

United Kingdom. Data were collected from different kinds of textual sources and elicited

from various groups of British citizens. The researcher designed a questionnaire to draw

comments from native informants about the currency, meaning and use of proverbs.

Informants were British citizens in London and Brighton, including people from many

different towns in the United Kingdom whom I met in London. Most of my informants

were visitors to the Speaker’s Corner, British Library readers or people in public places

31
like markets and universities. I also visited three churches in London where informants

talked about Biblical proverbs as well as traditional proverbs. I managed to tape-record

only three interviews, but there was a larger response from the questionnaires. Comments

from some students from Westminster University, London University and Sussex

University were taken into account as well. Particularly in the discussions that took place

in the Hyde Park at the Speaker’s Corner, a great deal of data was collected especially

about the currency of proverbs in the United Kingdom, the meaning and use of proverbs.

Table 2 shows the questions that I used in direct interviews with informants in the United

Kingdom.

Table 2:

1. Are proverbs still in use in British culture?

2. Do English proverbs reflect British values?

3. Do you use proverbs? If so, how often do you use them?

4. In what kinds of situation are proverbs used?

5. What are the roles of proverbs in your society?

6. How do you respond if a person quotes a proverb to you?

7. Do you accept proverbs that criticize your behaviour?

32
Further data was collected through questionnaires. Questions were constructed to find out

if proverbs are still in use in Britain and to draw out similarities and differences between

English and Sudanese proverbs. The proverbs were then classified and many different

examples and situations were analysed. As the proverbs represent all aspects of human

life, it would be difficult if not impossible to limit them to specific subject matters.

However, for the purpose of this work, it was obviously necessary to deal with proverbs

that represent people’s culture and values as much as possible. The analysis of this corpus

met the aims of the research.

Population of the study:

Respondents in the U.K. fieldwork were adult members of the culture of the area of the

study. At the beginning, I did a pilot survey where I divided my informants into three age

groups: 18-30, 31-40 and above 41. I found that there was no significant difference in

views between my informants in the first two age groups, so I decided to allocate them to

two age groups: 18-40 and above 41 years old. All informants in the United Kingdom

were native English speakers. Unlike those in the Sudan, none of them were identified as

experts on proverbs, with the exception of those I visited in their churches and a few I

met at the Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park, and ones who were related to my work place.

The researcher found it difficult to meet with proverbs experts in the United Kingdom.

33
 Chapter Four

The Sudanese and their Society

Since proverbs are derived from the culture of the society in which they are current, it

is important to present an outline discussion of Sudanese society, social structure and

culture. Although there are many tribal languages in Sudan and they have their own

proverbs, this study is limited to Arabic Sudanese proverbs, which will be referred to

as Sudanese proverbs. They are used by a large proportion of the population whose

first language is Arabic, who will be referred to as Sudanese or the people of Sudan.

The study therefore does not refer to the group of Sudanese who do not speak or

understand Arabic.

1.4 Land

Sudan, located in north-east Africa, is the largest of the African and Arab countries. It is

bordered by nine countries, Egypt and Libya in the North; Chad and Central African

Republic in the West; Zaire, Uganda and Kenya in the South; Ethiopia and Eritrea in the

East. It also neighbours Saudi Arabia across the Red Sea to the East. It lies between

latitudes 3 and 22 degrees north of the Equator and 22 and 38 degrees longitude east of

Greenwich. With an area of 2.5 million square kilometres, about 8.3% of the total area of

the African

continent, Sudan is among the ten largest countries in the world, and one of the most

diverse countries in Africa. It is located in the tropical area of the continent and its

climate varies between Equatorial in the southern part, Savannah in the middle and

34
Continental in the northern part. The Red Sea area on the eastern border is characterized

by a Mediterranean climate with winter rainfall and similar weather is found in Jabal

Mara in the western part of the country.

The following map shows Sudan with its twenty-six states; the areas of the study, Nyala

town in the Western Sudan and Omdurman, are indicated on the map.

35
36
2.4 People, Languages and Religions

Sudan is a multiethnic nation comprising over six hundred tribes and more than fifty

ethnic groups with more than 400 languages and dialects, but Arabic is the primary and

official language in the country. English is the common second language in the South and

in the North it is associated with the formal school system and economic sector.

However, the current government has adopted an Arabization system in higher schools

and universities. Other languages include Bedawiye, used by the Beja and various

dialects of Niger-Kordofanian and Nilo-Saharan languages. Dinka language for example

is the first language of more than one million people and includes numerous dialects of its

own.

As mentioned earlier in this study, the researcher does not intend to deal with Sudanese

identity in this work, but it is important to throw some light on Sudanese cultural and

social structure to explain how circumstances including geography, ethnicity and culture

have formed this nation, the people of Sudan. Sudanese social structure is a mixture of

African, Arab and Islamic cultures. Over many centuries, members of ethnic groups or

even whole tribes have crossed into the territory of Sudan, culturally mixed with the

native population and shared their history with them. Islam has played a vital role in

uniting those groups and creating the Sudanese nation with its unique social structure.

The majority of the population are Muslims and there are relatively few

Christians, most living in the South in addition to adherents to various indigenous

religions.

37
3.4 The social structure

A brief description of Sudanese social structure might help the reader to understand the

cultural background that is relevant to the use of proverbs in Sudanese society. The

traditional social structure in Sudan is a hierarchical system based on the nuclear family

as well as the extended family. The family has always been regarded as the cornerstone

of Sudanese society. All members of the society occupy a number of social roles and

statuses regardless of age. These social roles regulate and organize the behaviour of

children, husband, wife, parent and grandparent. Children are socialized to accept the

nature of the extended family along with other unquestioned social and cultural values.

In some families, relatives from different generations live in the same household and are

looked after by one person, often the father or the eldest son in the family. Children

understand at an early stage of their life that they will be obliged to take care of their

parents in old age, as well as other relatives who may not have children. They learn how

their parents look after grandparents when they listen to their mothers quoting proverbs to

prepare them for their responsibilities in future. A commonly heard one is:

G 5ِR TUD ,;ID A'

Metean takbar tasheel h'imli?
When will you grow up to take my load (responsibilities)? (139)

This proverb is widely used by mothers when they praise their sons.

Another proverb describes a successful and patient son as:

TK T5"
Jamal sheal
A carrier camel (140)

38
This means that the son cares for his family and relatives and takes responsibility for

solving their problems.

Sudanese whatever their different beliefs and tribes agree that elders must be looked

after, protected and treated with great respect. Taking care of the elderly is the

responsibility of the entire society. Where a person has no child, his relatives, and

sometimes even neighbours, must bear that responsibility. Elders must always be

addressed in polite language regardless of kinship.

Priority in caring should be given to the closest relationship as this proverb says:

0VVVVA+4F GVVVVWI3 4VVVV' 0VVVV942,X 0VVVV'Y‫ا‬

Al-umo a'ryanah ma biksi khaltu
He whose mother is naked will not clothe his aunt (145)

Sudanese also stress the importance of blood relationships and prefer membership in a

kinship group to strength their group or tribe, quoting proverbs such as:

ZVVV2,[+‫ ا‬GVVV X GVVV5X VVV3‫ وإ‬4VVV9‫ وأ‬GVVV5X VVV3‫ إ‬GVVV X GVVVF‫ وأ‬4VVV9‫أ‬
Ana wa akhi a'la ibn a'myi wa ana wa ibn a'myi a'la al-ghareeb
I and my brother are against my cousin and I and my cousin are
against the stranger. (146)

Or the following proverb for example means that relatives support each

other when needed.

\2,VVVVV]+‫\ ا‬VVVVV34[+‫ ا‬TVVVVV‫ه‬Y‫ا‬

Al-ahal, al-ghaba al-d'rea
Relatives are a dense forest (147)

Proverbs that emphasize the importance of kinship, social groups and their status in the

society are mainly dealt with in Chapter 5 in this study.

39
Solidarity and unity are main characteristics of Sudanese society. Social roles of different

members of the family, especially fathers, mothers and elders, are clearly defined among

Sudanese families. Because children are expected to be protectors of their parents in their

old age, early marriage is encouraged to ensure that one has a secure future when he is

old. The following proverb expresses this expectation:

_2,AW2 Lٍ+‫ر إن ٍو‬45`+‫ا‬

Al-h'imar inn wilidd yistreah'
Even a donkey will have some rest (in future) if he
has a child (151)

It implies that one of the main duties of children is to protect their parents in old age and

to ensure they have a comfortable life.

In Sudanese society, not a single group compromises on the belief that disobedience to

parents brings a curse and damages individuals' lives.

‫ب‬,VVVV+‫ ا‬ZVVVV][3 ‫ون‬,VVVVa' LVVVV+‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬ZVVVV]b

Ghad'ab al-walid maqroon bighad'ab al-rab
Parents' anger is connected to God's anger (156)

Sudanese also believe that children inherit their fathers' behaviour; if a father has good

morals the child will follow his social values. Children are expected to imitate their

parents' bad behaviour; people remind them later that they are just doing what their

parents have done:

‫ك‬LVVVVVVV+4a3 ‫ك‬LVVVVVVV+‫ وا‬GVVVVVVVP+‫ا‬

Al-fi waldak bigaldak
What is with your father will stick to you. (172)

Despite the rapid changes in Sudanese society and the vital role that women play in

Sudan, women are still regarded with a suspicious eye. Although statistically the number

40
of women in higher academic institutions is higher than that of men, men describe

women as ignorant. Even if a man is illiterate, he can describe an educated woman as

weak and ignorant (or just a woman). Having a male baby is considered as an important

event in family life whereas having many girls in the family causes anxiety, distress and

sometimes sorrow, as the following proverbs indicate:

‫ت‬455 + ‫ت‬4@;+‫ه) ا‬
Ham al banat lilmamat
Worries about girls last to death (247)

‫رد‬43 4*94.‫ر أ‬EI]+‫أُم ا‬

Um al-d'koor ad'anah barda
The mother of boys has peace of mind (252)

Women are also described as helpless and having no say in any matter:

0VVVVV;M‫ ر‬c34VVVVVD ,NVVVVVK ,VVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-marah sha'ar tabia' raqaba
A woman is like hair that follows the neck (254)

She has no chance for leadership and is not entitled to higher responsibilities:

VV7‫ ر‬4‫وه‬LVV3 4VV' ,VV5+‫ا‬

Al-mara ma badoha rasan
A woman will not be given a leash (256)

Some men think that domestic violence and the stick are preferred disciplinary tools for

women especially in the Western Sudan, as this proverb says:

‫رة‬45R‫رة و‬4aُ9‫ة و‬,' ،4QX )*@' cH,D 4' \D%D

Talata ma tarfa' minahum a's's'a mara wa nuqarah wa humara
Do not keep your stick away from these three: a woman, a drum and a
female donkey (257)

Ironically, it suggests that even a male donkey should be treated with respect, but not a

female donkey.

41
All females in Sudanese society are supposed to marry and to have children. By customs,

some parents and brothers still think they have the right to choose a husband for their

daughters or sisters without considering them.

4VVVVV*+ ‫ر‬4VVVVVAF‫= إ‬VVVVVA3‫ و‬,VVVVVF ‫ك‬LVVVVV+‫و‬

Waladak khiyru wa batik ukhtar liyha
Let your son choose his wife by himself but choose a husband for your
daughter. (228)

Women play a big role in disciplining their children, who will be the men of their society

in future. Therefore, choosing a wife with good morals and values from a good family has

a great impact on children’s behaviour:

TVVVVVVVV24P9 ‫ان‬EVVVVVVVVW@+‫ وا‬TVVVVVVVVf4;M ‫ل‬4VVVVVVVV",+‫ا‬

Al-rijil qabail wa al-niswan nafail
Men are measured by their tribes and women by their deeds. (269)

The status of and attitude toward women as reflected in Sudanese proverbs is dealt with

in Chapter 5 in this study.

Good company or friendship is identified as a measurement of people’s characters. The

good man has good friends and an evil man keeps bad company, and in difficulties and

bad times one distinguishes between real friends and frauds. Good neighbours are

regarded as closer than relatives; the next proverb urges that one should build his house

where he can find good neighbours.

‫ار‬LVVVV+‫ ا‬TVVVV;M ‫ر‬4VVVVJ+‫ا‬

Al-jar qabl al-dar
(Seek) the neighbour before the house (213)

42
Guilt culture is a method of imposing Sudanese ethics. A person with bad intentions is

believed to face internal and external sanctions. He may be punished either by God for

his bad deeds or by his own self by twinges of conscience.

4*H ‫ك‬LM‫ا‬,' cِ7

ٌ ‫ء و‬EW+‫ ا‬,H4`' ,H4R 42
Ya h’afir mah’fir al-su was’a’ maragdak fiyha
You who dig a hole for evil, make your space wider in it (231)

Other main characteristics of Sudanese society that are reflected in their proverbs are

charity, courage, generosity, hospitality, honour, dignity, liberality and self respect.

Goodness is connected with popular moral qualities like courtesy, amiability, fortitude

and endurance. Proverbs that reflect these values are dealt with in later sections in this

work.

43
 Chapter Five

The Meaning and Use of Sudanese Proverbs

In this chapter, I will examine and analyse the meaning and use of Sudanese proverbs.

My task is to attempt to reflect a true image of the values of the Sudanese people as they

represent them through their proverbs and to provide facts about their outlook on life.

Proverbs cover almost all parts of Sudanese daily conversation, which makes it difficult

to categorize them under specific subject matters. I have classified the corpus that I

collected according to the following categories of meaning:

1. Educational and moral principles

2. God and religious life

3. Family, blood relationships and relatives

4. Company and friendship

5. Neighbourhood relationships

6. Marriage and women

7. Experiences and wisdom

8. Contentment and patience

9. Silence and speech

10. Solidarity

11. Poverty and wealth

12. Casteism, class polarization and social injustice

44
In examining the meaning and use of each proverb, Newmark’s (1988) semantic

approach to translation is adopted to give the exact contextual meaning of the original

texts. Conceptual translation is also used in this study. Riazi (2002: p.2-3) says that:

…proverbs cannot be translated word for word; rather they should be translated
into equivalent concepts in TL (Target Language) to convey the same meaning
and produce the same effect on the readers.

The uses of the proverbs are also described in passing, employing the following

categories: instruction or education; social control through judgement or advice;

expression of values; commentary on life’s events, sometimes by ridicule or justification;

and to counsel or comfort. There is inevitably some overlap between these.

Most of the proverbs were either recorded when people used them in conversation or

collected from informants by asking them to repeat any proverb that they remembered

together with its meaning and occasions when it is used. Few of them were drawn from

textual sources; their meaning and use were discussed with informants.

1.5 Educational and moral principles

In this section, I will examine the meaning and the use of selected proverbs to explain

their role as seen by Sudanese as a means to educate and discipline children and youth.

Other examples may be found in Appendix B. I collected about 88 proverbs concerning

education from many different angles, drawn directly from informants in their natural

context. Most of the informants were not aware that the researcher was eliciting proverbs

for research purposes.

Educating and disciplining children them are considered by Sudanese parents to be

among the most difficult duties that faces any family. They express their worries about

45
the difficulties of bringing up children in their proverbs, for example:

\VVVVVVV3,A+‫\ ا‬VVVVVVV74M ، 0VVVVVVV74M 4VVVVVVV' ‫دة‬hEVVVVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-wilada ma qasiya, qasiya al-tarbiya

It is not difficult to give birth to a baby, but it is difficult to raise him
(to discipline him) (1)

The nature of Sudanese social structure makes the educational process a general
responsibility for all members of the society. A neighbour, a friend, or a close or far
relative can discipline the child or even punish him without consulting his parents.
Although children's training is a collective responsibility in Sudan, sometimes parents
might be blamed if their children misbehave. People may use the above proverb to
comment that parents failed to discipline their children, or a parent may even use it for
social control, to blame his child if he does not appreciate his parents' effort to train him.

)VVVVVVV]N+‫ ا‬4VVVVVVV@+‫) و‬VVVVVVV` +‫= ا‬VVVVVVV+

Leak al-lah'am wa laina al-a'd'um
His flesh is for you and his bones are for us (2)

Teachers hold great responsibilities for disciplining children. Dr. Malik El-Zaki, the
Sudanese folklorist, told me that although physical punishment is considered a criminal
offence in the eye of the law nowadays, some parents still advise their children's teacher
to punish them when they take them to school, by using this old proverb. They use it to
give teachers permission to punish their students without harming them.

,J`+‫ ا‬GH ia@+4‫ آ‬,[ِQ+‫ ا‬GH ) N+‫ا‬

Al-a'ilm fi al-s'ighar kalnaqashi fi al-h'ajar
Learning at young age is like sculpturing a stone (3)

There is unanimous agreement in all cultures that learning at a young age is very
important and what a child acquires when he is young he will not forget when he
becomes old. The Sudanese have emphasised this matter in many different proverbs. The
above proverb comments that what you learn when you were young will remain in your
memory like inscriptions on a stone, which last forever. If a child does not behave in an
acceptable manner his parent may say the child is too young to understand right and
wrong to justify the child's mistake. One may use this proverb to let the parent understand
that he should start his duty to train his child at an early age. A parent himself may use
the proverb to encourage his child to learn.

46
 0 X ‫ب‬
َ 4K jK k X ٌَZK
َ ْ'َ
Mann shabba a'la shayai shaba a'liyehi
He who grows with a thing, grows old with it (4)

People use this proverb for commentary or social control, to encourage parents to teach
their children good manners. They might also use it sarcastically to accuse a person that
he grew up with bad habits. This proverb means that what one learns when he is young he
will not forget when he becomes old.

0ُ N;l‫ و‬0ُ N;K ‫ك‬L+‫و‬

Waladak shabia'u wa tabia'u
Feed your son properly and discipline him (5)

This proverb advises that you have to look after your son by supporting him with good
food and accommodation, but the most important thing is to teach him good morals and
to discipline him. If a parent lets his child behave badly especially when visitors are
around, a relative may use this proverb to encourage the parents to educate their children
and to teach them good behaviour at an early stage in their life.

‫وع‬:‫دب ب آ‬Y‫ ا‬0ُ 5+ Lُ *M ‫إن‬

Dugu inn kaddab wa a'limu al-adab)
Punish him if he lies and teach him good manners (11)

People use this proverb to encourage physical punishment in disciplining children.

)‫ه‬EVVVVVm‫ر‬ED h‫ه) و‬EVVVVV5 X

A'limoahum wala tawrithohum
Teach them, do not bequeath them (6)

This proverb advises that it is parents' duty to teach their children and to educate them to
prepare them to lead a right life. As knowledge is the most important factor to build good
character, people prefer it to wealth and money. Parents may be busy securing their
children's future by hard work, if they believe that a comfortable house and luxurious life
are the most important things. They may neglect their educational role and their children
may be denied the main factor for building their personalities. People may use this
proverb to encourage people to pay attention to educating their children instead of
worrying about the amount of wealth they will bequeath them.

The following proverbs warn against lying and encourage children and the youth to tell

the truth:

47
 =VVVVQ n3 4VVVV' ‫ب‬:VVVVI+‫= ا‬VVVVQ F 4VVVV' ‫ن‬4VVVV‫_ آ‬VVVVQ+‫ا‬
Al-s'ih' kan ma khalls'ak, alkid'ib ma bakhallis'ak
If telling the truth does not save you, lying will not (7)

This judgemental proverb means that it is better to tell the truth even if you will be
punished, for telling lies will not save you anyway. A child may do something wrong or
make some trouble at school or with his friends. His parents may investigate the matter to
understand why he behaved in such manner. If he hesitates to tell the truth, his parents
may use this proverb. It warns that lying will not save a person from the consequences of
trouble. It also encourages that one should be honest in all cases.

‫زق‬,VVVVV+‫ ا‬cVVVVV<a2 ‫ب‬:VVVVVI+‫ا‬

Al-kidib yagta’ al-rizig
Lying stops livelihood (10)

Sudanese believe that the means of living are God's gift, so one should be grateful and
avoid sin to keep a good relationship with God, the giver. This and other proverbs on
lying give instruction and social control.

,VVVVVVQM ‫ب‬:VVVVVVI+‫ ا‬TVVVVVV;R

Habl al-kidib qas'ear
Lying’s rope is short (12)

This proverb is used to warn those who lie that people will know the truth in a very short
time. Religion and people forbid lying. If one has the habit of lying, eventually people
will know about it for no one can hide the truth for a long time. The word ‘rope’ is used
as a metaphor for a period of time.

‫ راس‬%VVVV3 0VVVVA" ‫م‬4VVVVM ‫ذب‬4VVVV‫ آ‬o4VVVV3 pVVVV R VVVV'

Mann h'alaf bi Allah kadib gam jita bala rass
He who perjures himself will become a body without a head (on the Day of
Judgement) (13)

If one who bears false witness appears on the Day of Resurrection without a head, no one
will recognise him. People use this proverb to warn in strong terms against bearing false
witness.

48
 =VVVVVVV NH = VVVVVVq‫أ‬
as'lak fia'lak
Your origin is your behaviour (14)

Most Sudanese have great loyalty to their tribes and are proud to mention that they
belong to one tribe or another. If a person behaves in an unacceptable way this proverb
may be used to remind him that his origin will not help if he has a bad character. If a
person has a good reputation but people around him do not know much about him, people
will probably use this proverb if he tries to explain to them about his origin. That is to say
that they learn about his family from his behaviour. The proverb comments that your
behaviour shows whether you are from a good family that brought you up with good
manners.

‫ر‬Eُ9 _Q+‫ا‬
As'ah' noor
Truth is light (15)

One of the main values in disciplining children in Sudanese society is to train the child at
a very early age that telling the truth is most important thing in life. Parents and
grandparents may draw a fearful image about the consequences of lying. The child should
understand that a liar is a person hated by God and people. Telling the truth is described
in this proverb as light. It means that being a faithful person is a virtue that helps you to
lead a right life. This proverb is used to educate by encouraging people to avoid lying.

kAH‫ أ‬LaH ‫ِف‬,X‫ أ‬h ‫ل‬4M ْ'َ

Mann qala la a-a'rif faqd afta
He who says I do not know has given a judgement (16)

In some situations people, especially teachers and scholars, might find themselves faced
by difficult questions from their students or other people. As they feel that people expect
them to answer all their questions, they may find it difficult to admit that they do not have
an answer for their question. Therefore, they may try to search for possible answers. One
of their colleagues, an old person or one of their own age, may use this proverb to remind
them that there is nothing wrong in saying that you do not know. This proverb means that
the one who says ‘I do not know’ has given an accurate answer to the given question.
It is used to encourage people to avoid giving wrong answers when they do not know,
explaining that it is better to be honest and to say ‘I do not know’.

49
 T5N+43 ‫ل‬Ea+‫ٌقْ ا‬Lِ q
َ
S'adiqq al-qaoal bi al-a'mal
Make your words true to your actions (17)

This proverb for social control might be cited in a situation in which a person promised to
do something many times, but did not fulfil his promise. For example, a politician
promised his people that he would build a school before the beginning of the next year.
Time passed, but he did not do anything and at the same time, he expected his people to
vote for him in the next election. One of his people, perhaps a friend, might have used
this proverb to remind him that he should do what he promised to do. The proverb in
general is used to encourage people to turn their words into actions.

EVVVVV 3 EVVVVV+‫ن و‬4VVVVV'h‫ ا‬O2,VVVVVl cVVVVV;D‫ا‬

Atba’ tareag al-aman wa lao bilao
Follow a secure road even if it is winding (18)

The metaphorical proverb has two teachings to guarantee a safe ending. The first one
concerns a normal road for walking or driving, and the other message is about life’s road.
According to my informant, one should be careful and think about the endings and
consequences of his actions and behaviour, and this also concerns the choice of method.

The following proverb is used to advise people to avoid backbiting by commenting on

those who talk negatively about others:

=VVVV@X ‫ل‬4VVVVM =VVVV+ ‫ل‬4VVVVM GVVVV +‫ا‬

Al-ligal leak gal a'nnak
He who tells you about others will tell others about you (19)

0.,ُ2 h 4' c57 0@Nُ2 h 4' GH TFLD ْ'َ

Mann tadakhal fi ma la yua'neahi samia' ma la yurd'eahi
He who intervenes in matters that do not concern him hears what does not please
him (33)

The above proverb is used to warn people against interfering in others' affairs. Expressed
with more humour, another proverb comments:

GVVVV.4a+‫ ا‬rVVVVn9 VVVVK GVVVV.‫ را‬OVVVV`+‫ ا‬LVVVV7

Seed al-h'aq rad'I shinn nakhas al-qad'i
The owner is satisfied, what is bothering the Judge! (67)

This proverb means that if the one who is concerned about a given matter is quite happy

50
with what is going on, why should other people want to argue and make problems? It is
used to condemn those who interfere in others' affairs without being asked to do so.

The following proverbs instruct on various moral matters, for example:

‫خ‬4VVVVA' 0VVVV+ kVVVVa;D 4VVVV' TVVVVWX =VVVV+ kVVVVa3 ‫ن‬4VVVV‫ك آ‬EVVVVF‫ا‬

Akhook kan biga leak a'sal ma tabga liho matakh
If your brother becomes honey for you, do not become greedy (20)

The proverb condemns those who take advantage of their friends and presume on
friendship.

=94F ' nD h‫@= و‬5Af‫ ' إ‬k+‫\ إ‬94'Y‫أدي ا‬

Addi al-amanata ila mun eitamanaka wa la takhon mun khanaka
Return trust to the person who trusts you and do not betray the person who betrays
you (22)

This proverb in classical Arabic is used in its standard form without any changes. It
expresses values, instructing people to take responsibility for their actions and not build
their actions on others’ behaviour. You should not commit a crime or misbehave as a
reaction to others’ mistakes.

=VVVVVVVVI;;+‫م ا‬%VVVVVVVV‫ آ‬c5VVVVVVVV7‫= أ‬I`VVVVVV];+‫م ا‬%VVVVVV‫ آ‬c5VVVVVVWD 4VVVVVV'

Asmaa’ kalam al-bibakeek ma tasmaa; kalam al-bid’h’ikak
Listen to the one whose advice makes you cry, not to the one whose advice makes
you laugh (23)

Truth and advice are considered difficult for people to accept. This proverb teaches that it
is better to listen to the one whose advice will lead you to the right way even if his words
are painful. The one who agrees with all your desires might laugh with you today but in
future you may regret that you listened to his advice.

In Sudan the elderly are respected whether they are relatives or not. They are considered
as stores of wisdom and it is a social duty for everyone to respect them. It is unacceptable
to argue with the elderly or talk to them in a loud voice.

51
 =VVVVV ;M r5VVVVVU+‫ راى ا‬VVVVV' ‫م‬,AVVVVVR‫ا‬
Ih’tarim mun raa al-shams qablak
Respect the one who saw the sun before you (25)

It is believed that a person who is one day older than you has one year’s knowledge more
than yours. The instruction of the proverb is that you should respect older people even if
there is no big difference between your ages.

‫ًا‬L;X 0+ ‫ت‬,َq 4ً H,R G@5 X ْ'َ

Mann a'lamni h'arfan s'irta lahu a'bdan
He who taught me one letter, I became his slave (I am indebted to him) (26)

This proverb is used to urge respect to teachers or anyone you might learn from.

)VVVV `+‫ ا‬ZVVVV]b ‫ر‬:VVVVR‫إ‬

Ih’dar ghad'ab al-h'aleem
Avoid the anger of the tolerant (27)

This proverb instructs that one should avoid provoking the anger of the patient person as
he might lose his temper after a long time of tolerance. People use this proverb to
emphasise that when patient people get angry no one can blame them for they do not
reach that stage easily.

4VVVV* F TVVVVR‫ أو أر‬4VVVV*N;l TVVVVK 4VVVV'‫ إ‬4VVVV*;@" ‫ل‬t@VVVVD 4VVVV3,X

A'arban tanzil janbaha imam sheal taba'ha awo arhal khalaha
When you live with Arabs, either do as they do or move away (28)

This didactic proverb is used to advise people to respect others’ culture and not to
criticise others' customs and traditions. In some situations, people might use it to advise
you to behave like them. One of my informants asked me if I do specific things when I
stay abroad, and when she received a negative answer from me she quoted this proverb to
me.

‫رك‬LVVVVVq =VVVVVP3 =VVVV@' ‫ر‬LVVVVMY‫ ا‬ZVVVVN+

Lea'ib al-a geddrak minakk bifik s'addrak
Playing with someone that is not your size hurts your chest (29)

This proverb is commonly quoted to children and young boys to stop them from playing
with those who are older or younger than they are. Such companions might hurt or be
hurt by them. One of my informants told me that people use this proverb in business
matters to warn each other to avoid competition with those who have bigger businesses
than they have.

52
 u9EVVVVNM ZVVVVN+ h‫ر و‬4VVVVR GVVVV5+‫ا‬
Almay h'ar wala lei'b ga'ong
Hot water is not a playground for frogs (60)

This proverb is of Darfur origin. The metaphor comments that one should not intervene in
matters beyond one’s ability. Often it is quoted to those who are in low positions and try
to criticise people in a higher position or react against them.

‫وم‬LVVVVVVD h \VVVVVV5N@+‫ن ا‬4VVVVVVH ‫ا‬E@VVVVVVKEUF‫ا‬

Ikhshowshanu fa-ina al-nia’mata la tadum
Be accustomed to hardship, for God’s endowment never lasts (30)

This is a classical proverb of wise counsel, used without any changes. As Sudan is often
targeted either by natural or man-made disasters, it encourages people to prepare
themselves for hard times and not to rely on a life of luxury all the time.

‫ا‬LVVVVb ‫ت‬EVVVV5D =VVVV9>‫= آ‬VVVVD,FY TVVVV5X‫ا وا‬LVVVV3‫ أ‬iVVVVND =VVVV9>‫ك آ‬49LVVVV+ TVVVV5X‫أ‬
A’mal li-doniyaka ka-anaka ta’ieashu abdan
wa a’amal li akhiratika ka-anaka tamootu ghadan
Live your life as though you may live for ever; and be ready for the
Hereafter as though you will die tomorrow (34)

This proverb is from a prophetic speech transmits values of living and instructs humans
to be prepared for life as well as the resurrection.

)‫آ‬4VVVVDE' VVV74`' ‫وا‬,VVV‫اذآ‬

Adekuro mah'asin motakum
Speak about the good qualities of your dead people (31)

People use this proverb in a situation when a person talks negatively about a dead person
to advise that his attitude is unacceptable.

‫ءا‬4VVVVVVU2 4VVVVVV' TVVVVVVNP2 G`AVVVVVVW2 4VVVVV5+

Al-ma yistahi yafa'l ma yasha
He who is not ashamed does what he wants (35)

This proverb is used for social control, to condemn those who do not care about social or
religious rules.

53
 ‫ر‬4VVVVVJD ‫ا‬E;VVVVV74`D‫ان وا‬EVVVVVF‫ا ا‬EVVVVV ‫اآ‬
Uklu akhwan wa ith'asbo tujjar
Eat as brothers, but settle your accounts as merchants (36)
‘Do not mix your private relations and your business’

This proverb, used to promote good social behaviour, advises people to deal with
business and friendship as two different issues.

4VVVVV*3‫ا‬E3‫ أ‬VVVVV' ‫ت‬EVVVVV;+‫ا ا‬EVVVVV F‫أد‬

Adkholu al-biyoat minn abwabiha
Enter houses through their doors (37)

The exact meaning of this metaphor is to deal with things directly and openly instead of
seeking tricky or unclear ways. This proverb is used to encourage people to use direct
means to deal with any matter.

0 24VVVVVVVU+‫`\ ا‬PVVVVVVVq GVVVVVVVH ,VVVVVVVnD \VVVVVVV3,a+‫ا‬

Al-girrba tukhur fi s'afh'at a-shayilla
The water bag drips on its carrier's flank (waist) (38)

An ordinary Sudanese who carried his water in a bag from a far distance in rural areas
noticed that when he used a punctured water bag it dripped on his own head and no one
else became wet. He used this simple observation from his daily life to draw his child's
attention to the fact that he will bear the consequences of his behaviour.

The rest of this section deals with educational proverbs giving moral advice.

0VVVV+‫ إ‬8@VVVVWR‫ أ‬VVVV' ,VVVVK OVVVVD‫إ‬

Itaqi shara mann ah’santa ilyeehi
Beware of evil from him to whom you have done a favour (39)

This proverb comments that those you help are likely to harm you more than others are.
People quote this proverb when someone that they helped or did a favour to hurts them.

0VVVVVVH o‫ف ا‬4VVVVVVF LVVVVVV2,D 4VVVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-ma taridu khaf Allah fiyeh
The one whom you dislike, fear God in your behaviour towards him (40)

As hate might lead a person to harm others, this proverb insists that people should beware
that God watches their behaviour, and remember Him in their behaviour even towards
those whom they hate.

54
 ‫وا‬,AAVVVVVVVVVVVVVV74H )VVVVVVVVVVVVVVA 3 ‫إذا‬
Ida buleetum fastatiru
If you are destined by God to sin, hide it (41)
‘Do not talk publicly about it or take pride in it’

This proverb is derived from the Quran. As religion, habit and customs encourage
prudence, it is not acceptable to talk publicly about your sins or shameful events. The
message of this proverb is that social ethics should be considered and sin and bad
behaviour be avoided.

l4VVVV;+‫ان ا‬EVVVV@X ,‫ه‬4VVVVv+‫ا‬

Al-t'ahir a'inwan al-batin
Appearance is the sign of what is inside (42)

This proverb comments that what appears to us as words or actions reveals what is inside
the mind of a person. It is used to advise that one should not seek blemishes or faults in
others and encourages people to consider what they see or hear from others as reflections
of their characters or intentions.

‫وا‬:VVVVVV;9 ‫ا‬EVVVVVV@X GVVVVVVH ‫وا‬,IVVVVVVU+‫ا‬

Al-shakro fi a'aino nabazoo
Whoever is praised in his presence has been offended (46)

This proverb comments that praise in the presence of the one praised may be hypocritical.

‫و‬LVVVVVVVN + \D45VVVVVVVU+‫ا‬
Al-shamatah lila'do
Mockery is for the enemy (47)

Although this proverb says people should not gloat over each other’s grief but save it for
their enemies alone, the attitude expressed is often not encouraged by society; it is
forbidden by Islam to gloat even towards your enemy.

ZVVVVVVX 8VVVVVV34A;+‫ ا‬,AVVVVVV‫ آ‬cVVVVVVM‫ن و‬4VVVVVV‫ آ‬,aVVVVVVQ+‫ا‬

As’s’agur kan waga' kutr albtabit a'aib
When the eagle falls, too much fluttering is shameful (48)

The proverb warns that being impatient and reacting in unacceptable ways when you are
in difficulties is shameful and ineffective. It is better to face the problem and to try to find
solutions.

55
 ‫\ أدب‬VVVV M ZVVVVJX %VVVV3 =`VVVV]+‫ا‬
Ad'h'ik bla a'jab gillat adab
Laughter without reason is indecent (49)

As there are many reasons for laughing, such as happiness, sarcasm, surprise or fear, this
proverb advises that a person should not laugh without reason.

EVVVV+ G@VVVVb‫ و‬,VVVVU+‫ ا‬VVVVX LVVVVN3‫أ‬

Aba'id a'an al-sharr wa ghanilo
Keep away from evil and sing to it (51)

This proverb means that one should avoid troubles in order to live safely with others.
People use it to warn against bad company and troublemakers.

‫ب‬EVVVVVN+‫ ا‬TVVVVV`H cVVVVV5<+‫ا‬

Al-t'ama' fah'al al-a'uyoob
Greed is the master of shame (52)

Both religion and Sudanese customs encourage contentment and condemn greed. The
proverb advises people to avoid it.

‫و‬tVVV*3 4VVV' ‫س‬4VVV@+‫م ا‬%VVV‫وا آ‬tVVVX ‫رف‬4VVVN+‫ا‬

Al-a'rif izzu, kalam an-nas ma bihzo
He who knows his honour will not be shaken by people's slander (53)

This proverb comments that if you honour yourself you will remain strong if subjected to
others' slander. It encourages people to know themselves before being judged by others.

EVVVV;‫اد آ‬EVVVV" TVVVVI+

Likuli jawad kaboah
Every horse is liable to stumble (63)

This is a classical proverb used without any changes. It reminds that everybody is liable
to make some mistakes. It encourages people not to blame each other for slight errors.

GVVVVVVVVVU5+‫ _ ا‬V VVVVVVVQA3 ,AVVVVVVVVVN+‫ا‬

Al-a'tra bits'alih' al-masheah
A stumble improves the pace (54)

This proverb teaches that if a walker stumbles, he will pay attention to his walking and
his road to avoid any further troubles on his way. The message is also for one who makes
any mistake to try to learn from his faults. It is used to encourage people to benefit from
their mistakes and to avoid repeating the same fault.

56
 ‫ن‬4<VVVVVU+‫ ا‬VVVVV' \VVVVV JN+‫ا‬
Al-a'jala min al-shit'an
Haste is from Satan (55)

The comment of this proverb is that there is safety in slowness and regret in speed.

0VVVVU[D h‫ و‬0VVVVK‫ و‬GVVVVH 0VVVV+ ‫ل‬EVVVVM

Gool lu fi washo wa la tghshu
Speak to him to his face and do not deceive him (57)

This proverb urges that you should talk directly to a person with whom you are
disagreeing with instead of slandering him. It is used to encourage people to avoid
backbiting.

‫ن‬4<VVVVVVK ‫ر‬:VVVVVV;5+‫ا‬
Al-mubadir sheat'an
The prodigal is a devil (58)

This proverb is derived from the Quran, Sura 17, Al-Isra, verse 27; which reads:
"ً‫را‬EُP‫ َآ‬0ِ 3ِ ,َ +ِ 
ُ<
َ َU
ٌ +‫ن ا‬
َ 4َ‫ َوآ‬
ِ ِ<َ U
َ +‫َن ا‬EF
ْ ‫ا إ‬Eُ94َ‫ آ‬
َ 2ِ‫ٌِر‬:;َ 5ُ +‫"إنٌ ا‬
"Indeed, the wasteful are brothers of the devils, and ever has Satan been to his Lord
ungrateful".
Sudanese culture and customs as well as religion condemn prodigality. However, in
reality prodigality is the norm, especially in some ceremonies like weddings and funerals.

‫ن‬4VVVVVVVV2,X 4VVVVVVVV*3 _VVVVVVVVP A5+‫ا‬

Al-mutlafih' baih'a a'ryan
Whoever is clothed by earthy gains is naked (59)

The majority of Sudanese believe in life after death and that life is very short. The
message of the proverb is that people should not rely on this life without working for the
Day of Resurrection, which is considered as the day of judgement. Therefore, the one
who works for this life only is considered as a naked person although he thinks he is
dressed.

4VVVVVVD E52LVVVVVVM kVVVVVVW@+‫ا‬

Al-nisa gadimo tah
Whoever forgets his past goes astray (61)

It is believed that one who has no past has no future. Sudanese encourage the youth to
preserve their customs and traditions as they say a stable society should keep its values in
spite of rapid changes in life. The proverb teaches that it is a mistake to forget your past,
thinking that you are developing yourself.

57
 ‫ت‬4VVVVH 4VVVV' kVVVV X ‫م‬LVVVV@D h
La tandem a'la ma fat
Do not regret what is gone (62)

On the other hand, this proverb counsels that one should not waste time thinking about
the past.

cVVVVVVVaD 0VVVVVVV 245+‫ا‬

Al-maiyla taga'
That which leans will fall down (64)

The moral lesson of this proverb is that if people are not educated with values and good
morals they will be corrupted.

‫ك‬,VVVPx TVVV&' ‫ك‬LVVV " =VVVR 4VVV'

Ma h'aka jildak mithil t’ofrak

Nothing scratches your skin like your own fingernail (65)

This is a classical proverb commonly used in Sudanese daily life. It is used to encourage
self-reliance: for people to care for their personal affairs by themselves and not to depend
on others. Expressed differently,

i<X ‫ل‬4",+‫ ا‬L3 4ً3‫ا‬,K

Sharaban biyad al-rigal a'tash
Drinking what is in men's hands is thirst (66)

This proverb comments that anything that is not in your own hands but controlled by
others is difficult to achieve.

LVVVV[+‫ ا‬kVVVV+‫م إ‬EVVVV+‫ ا‬TVVVV5X TVVVV"yD h

La tuajjil a’mal al-yaom ila al-ghadd
Do not delay today's work for tomorrow (32)

The lesson of this proverb is to encourage people to work and avoid laziness. It is known
as an educational proverb, quoted mostly by teachers to encourage their students to work
hard.

58
 ZVVVND ‫ون‬LVVV3 \VVVR‫ را‬GVVVH 4VVV'
Ma fi rah'a bidoon ta'ab
There is no rest without hardship (68)

The advice of this proverb is that you cannot gain and live a comfortable life without hard
work.

G+4VVVV +‫ ا‬,*VVVV7 %VVVVN+‫ ا‬ZVVVV l VVVV'

Munn talab al-a'ulaa sahira al-liyali
Whoever seeks exaltation spends his nights working (69)

This proverb encourages people to be hard workers if they want to achieve their goals. It
is mostly quoted to students to encourage them to work hard for their exams.

=VVVVV@*9 LVVVVVM,D 4VVVVV' =VVVVV@N9 )VVVVVM

Gumm na'eanak ma trgudd naheanak
Get up and we will help you, do not lie down or we will humiliate you (82)

This proverb urges that everyone should try to work rather than thinking he might not be
able to work, because if one tries to work, he will find help from others. On the other
hand, if one does not try to work others will leave him behind and will not help him. My
grandmother used to quote this proverb to us when we were at school to encourage us to
do our homework, and to one of my relatives to encourage him to look for a job.

,VVVV3‫ د‬%VVVV3 ,PVVVV7 GVVVVH 4VVVV'

Mafi saffar bala dabar
There is no travel without wounds (75)

This proverb reflects nomadic life where people use animals as means of transport. It
points out that there is no travelling without wounds on the animal's back. It is used in
situations when a person complains that he gained what he wanted after difficulties.

Islam encourages learning and knowledge. People quote the following verse as a proverb
to emphasise that those who know are different from those who are ignorant:

Q39:9 "َ‫ن‬Eُ5َNْ 2َ h 2:َ+ٌ‫ن وا‬Eُ5َNْ 2َ 2ٌ:+‫ي ا‬EَAW

ْ 2َ ْT‫" َه‬
Hal yastawi al-ladean ya'lamuwn wa al-ladean la ya'lamuwn
Are those who know and those who don't know equal? (74)

59
On the other hand,

)VVVVVV 3 TVVVVVV2t3 4VVVVVV' )VVVVVV a+‫ا‬

Al-galam ma bizeel balam
Literacy does not conquer stupidity (56)

This proverb of social commentary is quoted to those who are educated and behave in a
stupid way.

0VVV X VVV2‫ د‬,VVV`+‫ ا‬LVVVX‫و‬

Wa'dd al-hurr dayeanun a'leahi
An honourable person's promise is a debt (77)

This proverb instructs that when people give their word, they have to keep it. Although
Sudanese emphasise the importance of timekeeping and say fulfilling a promise is an
obligatory matter, in reality they are not good examples in timekeeping in terms of
appointments, for example to visit a friend or attend a meeting. On the other hand, they
are known to be very honest in keeping their word in other matters like tribal matters or
problem solving.

People quote the following Prophetic saying, which advises people not to intervene in
others' affairs.

0@ْN2َ h
َ 4َ' 0ُ‫ْآ‬,Dَ ‫ْ َء‬,5َ +‫َم ا‬%7
ْ ‫إ‬
َW
ْRُ ْ'ٍ
Min h’ussni Islam al-marei tarkuho ma layua'neahi
Among the good Islamic characteristics of a man is to ignore what does not
concern him (81)

0VVVVV n@+‫ ودي ا‬TVVVVV5J+‫د ا‬

Dah al-jamal wa di al-nakhala
This is the camel and this is the palm tree (84)

The above humorous rural proverb is based on a story about a man who claimed that he
saw a camel climbing a palm tree. People could not believe him, but he insisted that he
was telling them just what he saw. They took him to the same palm tree and brought a
camel; then they said to the man ‘Here are the camel and the palm tree, just show us how
it happened.’ People use this proverb to mock a person who exaggerates or lies.

60
 ‫ع‬4<AW5+43 ,'>M ‫ع‬4<D ‫إذا أرِدت أن‬
Ida aridta an tutaa' femur bil mustataa'
If you want to be obeyed, do not ask for the impossible (to be done) (85)

People use this proverb to comment that obedience is possible only when you ask for
reasonable things.

‫ال‬0VVVVVV'‫ا‬L@+‫ ا‬0VVVVVV JN+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVH‫ و‬0'%VVVVVW+‫ ا‬G9>VVVVVD GVVVVVH

Fi a-tani al-salama wa fi al-a'jala al-nadam
There is safety in slowness and regret in haste (86)

This proverb is used to advise people not to rush in dealing with their affairs or making
decisions. Similarly,

‫ت‬z ‫ًا‬,F ‫ت أو‬4H ‫ًا‬,K 4'‫ إ‬Gl4;D‫ و‬LK

Shidd wa tabata ima sharan fatt wa ima khaeran att
Saddle your pack animal and slow down, either evil has passed by or good is
coming to you (87)

This proverb is from nomads’ environment where people depend on animals as a means
of transport. It advises that one should prepare himself for travelling and slow down; he
must accept whatever the days bring for him.

2.5 God and religious life

Religion as part of the Sudanese cultural system is an important element that influences

Sudanese personalities and the word religious is frequently used to describe Sudanese

character. People use some phrases from the Quran as proverbs. Al-Suyuti (1983) has

already mentioned that the wide circulation of religious sayings among the people has

given them the characteristics of proverbial wisdom.

Many of the Prophet’s sayings are used as proverbs as well. Al-Gharawi has dealt with

the Prophetic proverbs in detailed comments in his work, The Prophetic Proverbs (1981).

61
People believe in Allah or God as the one creator of the world and life provider for

people and all things. Therefore, He arranges death, life and means of living, so no matter

how many children parents have, Allah will look after them and no one needs to worry

about how to arrange their living. Business, daily behaviour, relationships between

individuals and the society are governed by religious rules.

Religion gives great comfort in Sudanese life. Trust in God and praising God are essential

rules for living a comfortable satisfactory life. The following proverbs illustrate this

belief:

0N. 4ً I@R ٌOK

َ 4' o‫ا‬
Allah ma shagga h'ankan d'aia'u
God never made a mouth and left it (88)

This proverb is an expression of belief that God provides means of living for needy
people and never blocks their source of livelihood. It is used to console the poor not to
worry about their difficulties in staying alive, especially when they have a new baby in
the family. It might also act as a green light for parents to have as many children as they
want, as they believe that God will look after them.

People in Sudan believe that man has only to think about his personal matters and God
will arrange for them to be fulfilled. They use the following proverb to express this value:

,3LVVVVVVVVVA+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVVVVH ‫ب‬,VVVVVVVVV+‫ وا‬,VVVVVVVVVIPA+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVVVVH LVVVVVVVVV;N+‫ا‬

Al-a'abd fi al-tafkeer wa al-rab fi al-tadbeer
Man has only to think and God will care of him (89)

0VVVVVVVVV3E9‫ ذ‬o‫ ا‬,VVVVVVVVVPb 0VVVVVVVVV3EN3 ,VVVVVVVVVa+‫ا‬

Al-garra ba'iyoabu ghafar Allah dinubu
He who confesses his faults, God will forgive his sins (90)

The above proverb is used to encourage people to repent or to turn from sin.

62
 \ VVVVVVVVV]H Z9:VVVVVVVVV+43 ‫اف‬,AVVVVVVVVVXh‫ا‬
Al-ia'traf bil danbi fad’ila
Confessing one's guilt is a virtue (96)

This proverb comments that the person who confesses is brave and honest, and will learn
from his mistake instead of denying and persisting in his guilt.

)I9LVVVVVVVVVV2‫ز‬Y )D,IVVVVVVVVVVK ‫{ن‬

lain shakartum lazedanakum.
If you thank me, I will give you more (93)
Derived from the Quran, Surah 14, ‘Ibrahim, verse 7, which reads:

"L2LU+ G3‫ا‬:X ‫) إن‬D,Pَ‫ آ‬B+‫ُ) و‬I9َ Lَ 2‫ز‬Y )ُD,َIK

َ B+ )ُI3ُ ‫>ذن َر‬D ‫"وإذ‬
“And [remember] when your Lord proclaimed, ‘If you are grateful, I will surely
increase you [in favour]; but if you deny, indeed, My punishment is severe’.”

This is a Quranic verse, but people use it as a proverb to teach and to comfort. People are
content with a very simple life and limited resources as they believe if they praise what
they have, God will give them more. It is common to hear women saying to each other:
‘God said Oh man if you praised my little giving, I will provide you with more’. Illiterate
people in particular sometimes relate traditional sayings to the Quran or the Prophet's
sayings.

2LVVVVV+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH ‫ا‬,VVVVV‫ إآ‬h

La ikraha fi al-dean.
There is no compulsion in religion (94)

Originally derived from the Quran, Surah 2, Al Baqara, verse 256 which reads:
"ٌِk[َ +‫ ا‬
َ 'ِ Lُ Kٌُ,+‫ َ;ٌَ ا‬Dٌَ LَM 
ِ 2ٌِL+‫ ا‬kِH َ ‫َا‬,‫ إِآ‬h ..."
“There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion”.)
(Also in Adam and Tum No. 1231 P. 148)
This proverb means that religion or belief is a private matter. People use it to encourage
people to leave others to choose what they think is good for them.

O2LVVVVq 'yVVVV5+‫ا‬
Al-mu'min s'iddeeg
The believer is trustful of others (97)

The extreme importance of trusting others is emphasised in Sudanese culture. However,

the more the economic and political situation gets worse, the less trustful of others people
become.

63
 ‫ء‬EVVVVVVVVW+43 ,VVVVVVVV*J+‫ ا‬o‫ ا‬ZVVVVVVVV`2 h
La yuh'ib Allah al-jahr bil sua.
Allah does not like evil to be uttered in public (102)

(Derived from the Quran, Surah 4, An-Nisa’ verse 148)

This proverb warns people against declaring their mistakes publicly.

TVVVVVVAa+‫ ا‬VVVVVV' LVVVVVVK‫ أ‬0VVVVVV@AP+‫ا‬

Al-fitnah ashadda min al-qatl
Causing discord is worse than killing (91)

(Derived from the Quran: Surah 2, Al-Baqarah, verse 191; which reads:
''... TAa+‫ٌ ' ا‬Lُ K َ ‫@\ َأ‬AP+‫ وا‬...''… and fitnah is worse than killing”. Verse 217 in the same
chapter reads:
“ٌِTAِa+‫ ا‬
َ 'ِ ,ُ ;َ ‫ َ@ ُ\ أَآ‬AِP+‫ وَا‬.." “And fitnah is greater than killing …” Among the meanings of fitnah
are disbelief, discord, dissension, civil strife, persecution, oppression, injustice, seduction,
trial and torment.)

Since strong relationships are one of the main characteristics of Sudanese social structure,
deliberate provocation of discord is strongly disapproved of, as this proverb makes clear.

)*VVVVVVVWP9>3 4VVVVVVV' ‫وا‬,VVVVVVV[2 kAVVVVVVVR ‫م‬EVVVVVVVa3 4VVVVVVV' o‫ ا‬,VVVVVVV[2 h

la yaghear Allah ma bi qawm h’ata yigheero ma bi anfusihim
Allah never changes the grace He hath bestowed on people until
they first change that which is in their hearts (104)
(Derived from the Quran, Surah 8, “Al-Anfal, verse 53”) , which reads:

"‫م‬‫وا‬,VVVVV[2 kAVVVVR ‫م‬EVVVVM kVVVV X 4VVVV*5N9‫*)أ‬VVVVVVVVVVVVWP9>3 ‫\ ا‬VVVV5N9 ‫ا‬,VVVV[' =VVVV2 )VVVV+ o‫ن ا‬4VVVV3 =VVVV+‫" ذ‬
dalika ban Allah lam yaku mughearan nia’matan ana'mha a'la qawmin h’ata
yighero ma bi anfsihim

This proverb is used to pass judgement, commenting that people will never improve their
life without changing their attitude and their intentions.

‫ت‬4@+43 ‫ل‬
ُ 45XY‫ا‬
al-a'malu bil-niyyat
Deeds are by good intention (104)

Both God and people judge deeds by intentions; if you have good intentions, people
should judge you by them when you do anything. People use this proverb to emphasise
the fact that what you do by mistake is unintentional, but your deeds are intentional.

64
 ,l‫ا‬En+‫ ا‬,;" ' ,A‫آ‬43 o‫ ا‬L;ُX 4'
Ma a'ubid Allah biakthar min jabr al-khawatir
Allah has not been worshiped with anything better than comforting people (106)

Although there are many different ways to worship God, the best one is through
consoling and helping the needy. People use this proverb to encourage the powerful and
wealthy to help the poor and advise all people to be considerate to each other.

0VVVVVVVVVA;M,+ VVVVVVVVVK ‫ي‬EVVVVVVVVVW;+‫ وا‬0VVVVVVVVVA;M,+ _5VVVVVVVVV7 ‫ي‬EVVVVVVVVVW;+‫ا‬

Al-bisawi sameh' leragabto wa al-bisawi shean leragabto
The good that one does is for him just as the bad is (44)

Regardless of one’s relationship with God or people, this proverb expresses the point that
if you do good things your reward will be good and if you behave in evil ways you will
reap what you sow. It is used as a warning against evildoing. The meaning of this proverb
is derived from the Quran Sura 4, Al-nisaa, verse 123, which reads:

"...‫ا‬,Q9 hَ‫ و‬4ً+َ‫ و‬o‫ 'ِ دُون ا‬0ُ +َ LِJ2َ hَ‫ و‬0ِ3 tJُ2 ‫ًا‬Eُ7 Tْ5Nَ 2َ َ'‫" َو‬
Menn ya’mal suwan yujeza bihi wala yajid lahu minn dooni Allah walean wala
nas’eera
“… Whoever does a wrong will be recompensed for it, and he will not find besides Allah
a protector or a helper”
And in the same Sura, verse 124 reads:

"ً‫ا‬,ِa9َ ‫ن‬
َ Eُ5ًv
ْ 2ُ h
َ ‫ٌ@ َ\ َو‬J
َ +‫ن ا‬
َ EُF
ُ Lَ2 =
َ Bِ َ+‫>ُو‬Hَ 
ُ 'ِ yُ' Eَ ‫ َو ُه‬kَ&9ُ‫ أَو أ‬,ٍ ‫ 'ِ َذ َآ‬8
ِ `
َ ِQ
َ +‫ ا‬
َ 'ِ Tَ5Nْ 2َ َ'‫" َو‬
“And whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while being a believer, they
will enter Paradise and will not be wronged, [even as much as] the speck on a date seed”.

‫ج‬,VVVH )VVV‫ ه‬TVVVI+

Likuli hamin faraj
From every setback there is a way out (107)

The point of this proverb is that there is an end to every trouble. People use it to comfort
each other in bad times.

‫ى‬,VVVVF‫ر وازرة وزر أ‬tVVVD h

La tazir waziratan wizr ukhra
No troubled person should bear the troubles of another (98)

(Derived from the Quran, Surah 53, “An-Najm, verse 38”, which reads:

65
 " ‫ى‬,Fُ‫ر وازرة وزر أ‬tD h‫"أ‬
wala tazr waziratan wizr ukhra;

Also, Surah 6 "Al-An'am, verse 164, which reads:

"‫ى‬,VVVVF‫ر وازرة وزر أ‬tVVVVD h‫أ‬
wa la tazr waziratan wizr ukhra
(Also in Adam and Tum, No. 1241 P 149)

This means that each person will face the consequences of his behaviour as no one will
be punished on behalf of another. This proverb is used to teach that when a person does
something wrong, he should not blame other people or expect anyone else to bear the
consequences with him.

‫ج‬,VVVVR |2,VVVV5+‫ ا‬kVVVV X rVVVV+

Laysa a'la al-maread' h'araj
There is no criticism of a sick person (110)

This proverb advises that people should not blame a sick person for being incapable of
doing things. Islam does not hold a sick person responsible. This proverb is used to
comfort sick people that they are not being blamed for their defect.

,VVVVVb \;VVVVVQ' 0VVVVV X 8VVVVV94‫ ه‬0A;VVVVVQ' ‫ف‬4VVVVVK VVVVV'

Mann shaf mus'ebtu hanat a'liyhu mus'eabat ghayru
He who sees others’ misfortune finds his own disaster lighter (111)

This proverb comments that as much as you feel that you have heavy burdens, someone
else has more difficulties than you. People use this proverb to counsel people not to let
themselves be overcome by difficulties.

‫ش‬EVVV`A3 4VVV' =VVVM‫ رز‬,VVVb ‫ش‬EVVVRE+‫ى ا‬,VVV" ‫ى‬,VVVJD ‫ن‬4VVV‫آ‬

Kan tajri jari al-wuhosh ghear rizqak ma bthush
Even if you run around like wild animals you will never earn more than the
fortune you are destined for (112)

To explain this proverb, one of my informants said to me:

Allah arranges poverty and wealth. You can work all day, but you cannot gain
more than what was already arranged by Allah. You know how many children I
have and how many dependants I look after? It is true that they do not work,
either because they are still young or very old. I work to look after them, but I am
only a means to gain their sustenance.
People use this proverb either to discourage a person from working more than usual or to
console one, advising not to regret a hard life.

66
Another informant who was listening to the previous one said: '' This does not mean that
people become lazy and do not work hard. Arabs say:

,b ZQ@3 = P+‫ك ا‬,`D ‫ن‬4W9h‫ ا‬I7 ‫إذا‬

Ida sakana al-insann tah'arak al-fulkk bi nas'eeb ghayrihi
If one subsides (calms down), his orbit moves with others’ fate (835)

This proverb comments that if you become lazy and do not work Allah will give to the
ones who try to help themselves.

,nُ' 4' ,Wُ' ‫م‬La+‫ا‬

Al-gadam mussiyear ma mukhiyear
The foot has no power of free choice (113)

The point of this proverb is that man has no power to choose his movements or the type
of his life as God has already arranged everything for him. It is used to comfort a person
when he faces misfortune, saying that what has happened is out of his hands.

‫وا
   ء‬ ‫أ ء وأ أ ء‬
Anta tasha wa ana asha wa Allah yafa'l ma yasha
I wish and you wish, but God does His will (116)

People use this proverb to comfort each other, urging not to feel sorrow about what they
cannot achieve. It states that God is the doer of everything. It is used as a comfort when
matters go against people's plans.

GVVVVn+‫ا‬o‫ر ا‬4VVVVVVVVVAF‫ إ‬4VVVVVVVVV5H ‫ر‬

Al-khiyeer fima ikhtarhu Allah
The best for us is what God chooses for us (118)

This proverb advises that anything arranged for man by God is for his benefit. People use
it to comfort a person who is in a crisis, meaning that he cannot do anything to avoid
what has happened.

‫زك‬4VVVVVJR ZVVVVVJ3 =VVVVV+4AM ‫ب‬4VVVVV" ‫ن‬4VVVVV‫ آ‬o‫ا‬

Allah kan jabb katalak bijeeb h'ajjazak
If God brings your murderer, He will bring your defender (119)

This proverb is about human solidarity. It consoles that you will never be alone in
difficult situations because you will find supporters. It is used when someone desperately

67
needs support and feels that there is no hope or help and suddenly finds help.

\MLVVVq VVV' ‫ل‬4VVV' }VVVaA9 ‫ ا‬4VVV'

Ma intaqas'a malun minn s'adaqa
Alms do not diminish wealth (120)

This proverb is used to encourage people to give to the poor without considering giving
as a loss of wealth.

LVVVVV2Y‫ ا‬GVVVVVP+‫ ا‬VVVVV' ‫ب‬,VVVVVM‫ أ‬LVVVVVW+‫ ا‬LVVVVV@N+‫ا‬

Al-a'indd al-siyead agrab min al-fi al-iyead
What is in God's hand is nearer to you than what you have in your hands (121)

This proverb is widely used in the Sudan, especially by poor women. People use it to
comfort each other not to lose hope that they might be blessed by wealth some day.

‫ان‬tVVVVV5+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH ‫وح‬,VVVVV3 4VVVVV' ‫ان‬tVVVVVa+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH ‫اح‬,VVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-rah fi el-gizan, ma broah fi el-mizanan
That which is lost in the deserts' sand will not be lost on the scales (on Judgement
Day) (122)

This proverb means that anything you lose now because of human injustice, you should
not consider as a great loss, as God will pay it back to you on Judgement Day. People use
it to warn against being discouraged by injustice, as people will face justice later.

VVVVVV;5+‫غ ا‬%VVVVVV;+‫ ا‬h‫ل إ‬EVVVVVV7,+‫ ا‬kVVVVVV X 4VVVVV'

M a'la al- rasool ila al balagh al mubean
The duty of the prophet is only to convey the message (124)
Derived from the Quran, Surah 5, “Al-Ma’dah, verse 99”

)Un+‫ ' ا‬caD ‫ِزق‬,+‫ ا‬GH 45+‫ا‬

Al-mafi al-riziq taqa' min al-khashum
What is not your fate will drop from your mouth (125)

This proverb implies that anything you get in your life has already being arranged by
God, even your food. It is used to comfort people when they lose fortune or wealth.

68
 o‫ ا‬kVVVVVV X ‫زق‬,VVVVVV+‫ا‬
Al-riziq a'la Allah
God bestows livelihood (126)

This proverb is in common use in Sudanese daily life, for people to comfort each other
when they do not want to complain about difficult economic situations. Businesspersons
who are trading in the same kind of goods might also use this proverb, as they believe
many people trading the same goods will not affect the market.

0VVVVVVV+t' o‫ ا‬,VVVVVVV[+ ‫ى‬EIVVVVVVVU+‫ا‬

Al-shakwa lighiyear Allah madala
Complaining to any one other than God is humiliation (127)

This proverb counsels that one should not express his sadness to anybody, as he might
not find suitable comfort, or people might even hurt him by the way they deal with his
sorrow. People use this proverb to discourage each other from complaining to ones who
do not help them.

‫د‬4VVVVVV;X ‫ر‬4VVVVVVQAF{‫ا‬
Al-ikhtis'ar a'ibada
Frugality is worship (128)

This is a classical proverb used by ordinary Sudanese without any changes. It describes
economising as a kind of devotion, as it is praised by God and tradition. Squandering is
discouraged by religion and culture. This proverb is used to encourage people to avoid
waste and to be moderate in their living. Any person can quote this proverb when
appropriate, regardless of age.

LVVVVVVVVVf4aN+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVVVVH LVVVVVVVVf‫ا‬EP+‫ا‬

Al-fawaid fi al-al-a'qaid
The benefit is in the belief (129)

This proverb comments that unless you believe in a thing it will not benefit you. For
example, if you do not believe that a given medicine will cure you, it is better not to take
it, as it will not cure you. This proverb is used to encourage people not to hesitate in such
matters.

69
 ,Q;+‫ ا‬Gٍ5X
َ ‫ر‬La+‫ء ا‬4" ‫إذا‬
Ida jaa al-qaddar a'amiy al-bas'ar
If fate comes, it blinds the vision (130)

One can describe the majority of Sudanese as fatalists. They believe that most of what
occurs in their life is out of their hands because Allah (God) arranged it even before their
creation. Therefore, there is always a cautious question whether people have free will to
plan for their lives or not. Bearing this idea in mind, people always apologize for making
unavoidable mistakes using this proverb. One might use it directly to justify his mistake,
or others might quote it to console a person for a fault.

=`VVVV]2 TVVVV"Y‫= وا‬VVVV*@2 TVVVV'Y‫ا‬

Al-amal yanhik wa al-ajal yad'h'ak
Hope fatigues you and death laughs at you! (131)

This proverb comments ironically that you keep hoping in your life and work hard to
achieve your goals or to make your wishes come true until you get tired. At the same
time, death is laughing at you for it knows that you will not live to achieve what you are
hoping for. It is clear that the words ‘fatigue’ and ‘laugh’ here are used as metaphors.
This proverb might be used to draw a person’s attention to the fact that he should prepare
for the day after.

0VVVV52‫ دا‬4VVVV' 49LVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-duniya ma daima
The world is impermanent (133)

This proverb expresses an outlook, emphasising the fact that nothing will last forever and
all people are subject to death.

,ِFz 0+ jK Tُ‫آ‬

Kulu shayi layhu akhir
Everything has an end (134)

This is used to console a sad person who has lost a dear one that all of us will eventually
die.

‫ب‬4VVVVVVJR o‫ ا‬VVVVVV3‫ و‬4VVVVVV*@3 rVVVVVV+ 4VVVVVV*9~H ‫م‬EVVVVVV v5+‫ة ا‬EVVVVVVX‫ د‬OVVVVVVD‫إ‬
Itaqi da'wat al-mat’elum fainha liysa beanha wa bean Allah h'jab
Avoid bringing on yourself the complaint of one you have wronged, as there is no
separation between him and God (135)

70
The proverb assures us that God is against all injustice. If you did wrong to an innocent
person and he complains against you, God will respond to him. Therefore, you have to
avoid hurting people.

=VVVVV X ‫م‬EVVVVV2‫= و‬VVVVV+ ‫م‬EVVVVV2

Yawm leak wa yawm a'leak
One day is for you, and another is against you (136)

The point of this proverb is that life changes between happiness and sadness. People use
it for social control in a situation when a person uses his power against the poor, to
remind him that his power will not last long and he might be in the same situation one
day.

3.5 Family, blood relationships and relatives

The family is considered the cornerstone of the Sudanese social structure. A household is

usually headed by a male, and based on the Sudanese cultural system of extended

families with members from different generations living in one house. In poor families,

other members who are connected by kinship or marriage might help the householder to

look after his dependents. Thus youngsters witness their nation’s history as they live their

daily life, communicating with their grandparents and observing how their parents treat

them to learn their future responsibilities at an early stage of their life. They are

encouraged to take responsibility for looking after their parents and relatives in future:

_2,AVVVVVVW2 LVVVVVV+‫ر ان و‬4VVVVVV5`+‫ا‬

Al- humar kan wilid yistreah
(B. NO. 957, p. 222), and from my informants
Even a donkey will have rest if she/he has a child (151)

People use this proverb to blame those who do not look after their old parents, and they
also use it to criticize parents for leading a tough life without giving their children a
chance to look after them.

71
Children hear their mothers praising them by using such proverbs as these:

GVVVVVVVV 5R TVVVVVVVVUD ,;VVVVVVVVID VVVVVVVVA'

Metean takbar tasheel h'imli
When you will grow up to carry my burdens! (139)

k VVVVVK TVVVVV5"
Jamal sheali
A carrier camel! (140)

Parents, relatives and old people are highly respected by children and young people. This

respect is accepted as a cultural and religious value that should not be questioned. The

following proverbs express Sudanese views about this relationship.

‫ت‬4VVV*'Y‫ام ا‬LVVVM‫ أ‬8VVV`D \VVV@J+‫ا‬

Al-janah tih't aqdam al-umahat
Paradise is under the feet of mothers (142)

This proverb promises that mothers will go to paradise or Heaven for the great work that
they do in this life. It is used to encourage people to respect their mothers and to
appreciate what they do for them.

EVVV5*3 4VVV' E'4VVV;+‫ا‬

A-bi umo ma bihimo (A&T N0. 152, p. 19)
He who has a mother around does not worry (178)

This proverb says that mothers support their children regardless of their age; if one has
any problem and his mother is still alive she will definitely be there for his help.

As Sudanese have great respect for their relatives on the maternal side, they are very kind

to them. Islam has emphasised the importance of this relationship and warns the one who

breaks off the relationship with his relatives that he will never go to paradise or even

smell it.

72
  ‫ اا ون اب‬
Ghad'ab al-walid maqroon bi ghd'ab al- rab
Parents' irritation is connected with God's anger (156)

This proverb warns that if one does not respect his parents, he will face God's curse.

People use the following proverb to emphasize the importance of cognate relationships.

‫ك‬EVV3‫= أ‬VV'‫ أ‬TVV"‫ك ورا‬EVVF‫ك أ‬EF‫ أ‬EF‫أ‬

Akhu akhuk akhuk, wa rajil umak abuk
Your brother's brother is your brother and your mother's husband is your father
(144)

The first part of this proverb is used more often than the second part. People use it to
encourage good relationships between half brothers or stepfathers and to show respect to
stepfathers. In spite of the use of this proverb, it is known that when a mother marries, her
children often hate their stepfather whether he is kind to them or not.

EA+4VVVVVF GVVVVVWI3 4VVVVV' 0VVVV942,X EVVVV'h‫ا‬

Al umo a’irynah ma biksi khalto
He whose mother is naked will not clothe/dress his aunt (145)

This proverb comments that one has to arrange his priorities and to start with important
matters, using the metaphor of the closest relative.

\2,VVVVV]+‫\ ا‬VVVVV34[+‫ ا‬TVVVVV‫ه‬h‫ا‬

Al- ahal alghabah al d’areah
Relatives are a dense forest (147)

This proverb affirms that one who has many relatives will be respected for their sake,
making it hard for others to talk about his mistakes. People use it to boast of their
families.

EVVVV@<3 kVVVV X ‫ب‬,VVVV]@2 4VVVV' ,*VVVV. LVVVV@N+‫ا‬

Al-a’indo d’ahr ma bind’arib a'la batno (B. No. 713, p. 107)
Who has a back will not be kicked in his stomach (154)

Anyone surrounded by strong relatives is defended from injustice or humiliation. The

word ‘back’ is used as a metonym, which means power in this context. This proverb is
widely in use for social comment now in Sudan; people use it to criticize those who are in

73
power, saying that they and their relatives are beyond criticism.

Z@. =+ ‫ي‬E7 ‫ب‬%‫ن آ‬4‫أه = آ‬

Ahlak kan kilab sawi leek d’anab
If your relatives are dogs, make a tail for yourself (149)

This proverb advises that if you are born among a group you are one of them and you
should be like them. This proverb is used to encourage people to behave according to
their own customs and traditions.

Many proverbs stress the importance of family loyalty, including the following.

07‫ق را‬EH 4*NH,2 \+%ٌ. ٌL@N+‫ا‬

Al-a’indo d’ulalah yarfaa'a fuq raso (B. NO.712, p. 106)
He who has a shade, let him put it over his head (152)

This proverb uses imagery to teach that you should help yourself and your own family
before you help other people.

=VVVVV *D ‫ل‬4VVVVV;M =VVVVV ‫اه‬

Ahlak qubal tahlak (B. NO. 448 p. 111)
(Go to) your relatives before you are destroyed (148)

This proverb urges that you rush to join your relative if you are in a disaster or troubles.
People use this proverb to encourage those who leave their countries for a long time to go
back to join their own people.

8VVVVVV;+‫ ا‬0VVVVVV X LVVVVVV7 =VVVVVV +‫ ا‬2LVVVVVVR

Hadeath al-leak sid a'leho al-beat
Keep talk of your own relative behind closed doors (150)

This proverb advises that you should hide disgraceful or shameful matters about your kin,
and not talk about them to strangers; keep them as secrets.

‫و‬LVVVX ZVVVJ3 4VVV' LVVV+‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬,*VVV.

D'ahar al-walid ma bijeab a'adou
Your father's back will not bring you an enemy (174)

Sudanese say ‘He is from my father's back’ and mean that ‘He is my brother’, or ‘We are
from one man's back meaning that they are from the same father (i.e. brothers). This
proverb insists that your brother will never turn against you and become your enemy. It is
used to advise people to maintain a good relationship with their family and try to solve

74
family problems, for whatever the cause of their disagreement it will never turn to hatred.

0VVV9EX4' GVVV<[2 ‫ول‬tVVV+‫ ا‬kVVV+‫او‬

A wla al-zul yaghtI maa’uno
Better to cover one’s own pot before those of other people (175)

In Sudan, parents often encourage their children to choose their partners from their own
relatives, especially between cousins. This proverb refers to girls as pots and to their
cousins as covers. It is very important for a woman to find a good husband; her cousins
are the ones who are supposed to solve this problem. Before he thinks of marrying a
woman from outside the family to solve her problem it is considered better to marry one
from within the family. The underlying teaching is that care and protection should be
given to the family and relatives before looking after other people.

kVVV+‫) أو‬R,VVV+‫ا ا‬EVVV+‫ا‬

Ulo al-rih'em awla
Relatives are more entitled to your kindness (153)

Favours should go to people connected by blood. This didactic proverb is derived

from the Quran; Surah 33; "Al-Ahzab”, Verse 6 , which reads:

(‫ر‬4Q9Y‫ وا‬2,"4*5+‫ ' ا‬o‫ب ا‬4A‫ آ‬GH |N;3 k+‫]*) أو‬N3 ‫م‬4R‫ر‬h‫ ا‬E+‫)وأ‬
Wa ulu al-arh’am ba’d’ahum awla biba’d’ fi kitabi Allah min al-muaminean wa al-
muhajirean
(And blood relations among each other have closer personal ties in the Decree of Allah
than the believers and the Muhajirean)2

0VVVVVVVV+ ,FLVVVVVVVV@D ZVVVVVVVV2,[+‫ وا‬E;2,VVVVVVVVa+ ZVVVVVVVV2,a+‫ا‬

Al gareeb lagareabo wa al-ghareab tindakhirlo
Each relative to his relative, but a stranger’s mistakes are not forgiven (161)

Sudanese pay great respect to the blood relationship. In this proverb they appear to be
condemning anyone who does not maintain close relations with his relatives. This view is
applicable to close family as well as extended family. The advice of the proverb is that
relatives should forgive each other and condone their mistakes, but they should not forget
any mistake committed by a stranger. They should monitor his mistake in order to punish
him.

2
Muhajirean: immigrant from Mekkah

75
 05R‫ ر‬0+ ‫ك‬L@ِX 4' 05`+ 0H ‫ك‬L@ِX 45+‫ا‬
Al-ma-a'indak fihu lah'ama, ma aindak liahu rah'ma
You do not show mercy to one who is not your kin (143)

This proverb criticises some people who do not have any mercy towards those who do
not have kinship with them.

ZVVV2,[+‫ ا‬kVVV X GVVV5X VVV3‫ وا‬4VVV9‫ ا‬GVVV5X VVV3‫ ا‬kVVV X GVVVF‫ وا‬4VVV9‫ا‬
Anna wa akhi a'la ibn a'mi wa ana wa ibn a’mi a'la al ghareb
My brother and I are against our cousin and my cousin and I are against the
stranger (146)

This proverb expresses the fact that Sudanese stress the importance of membership and
the closeness of relationship in a kinship group and community.

A similar proverb comments on blood relationships and loyalty:

EVVVV3‫ ر‬E2,VVVV" ‫ن‬4VVVV‫ آ‬pVVVV+‫ا‬E3 4VVVV' NH,VVVV' ، EVVVV3‫ل ا‬EVVVVa3 4VVVV' ‫ك‬LVVVV+‫ و‬4VVVV' ‫ا‬LVVVV+‫و‬
Wileadan ma wileadak ma bigool abu, marfa'in ma biwalif kan jeario rabo
A boy who is not your son will not call you daddy and a hyena cub can never be
tamed even if it is reared since its babyhood (180)

This proverb is from western Sudan, Darfur region. People in Sudan have great respect
for those who have children. They encourage the youth to marry early and have their own
children. The metaphor that a hyena cub can never be tamed even if it is reared since
babyhood is used to emphasise that whatever you do for other people’s children, you will
never be closer to them than their own families. The same argument also means that
others' children will never be like your own in terms of loyalty and strong relationship.

GVVVV9‫= دا‬VVVV+ ‫ك‬4VVVV@" GVVVVH

Fi janak leak dani
You have a closer one even among your own children
(Also in B. P2, NO.1007, p. 151) (155)

People use this proverb to comment that it is impossible to treat all people alike; even
among your children one might be closer to you than the rest of them.

76
 0VVVVV3,b ‫ان‬EVVVVFh‫ ا‬LVVVVaH
Faqd al-akhwan ghurbah
Loss of brothers is estrangement (158)
(B.2nd ed. P. 144)

Brothers are a sign of strength as they support each other on all occasions. When a person
loses brothers by death he will be lonely and helpless, as this proverb points out. The
following story shows this:
They said to Luqman: Your father has passed away. He said I have separated my
own affairs. They said: Your wife has died. He said: I have renewed my bed.
They said: Your mother has passed away, he said: My worries are cleared away.
They said: Your brother has died. He said: Now my back has been broken.

EVVVVF‫ ا‬VVVVX TVVVVW3 4VVVV' ‫اب‬,VVVV[+‫ا‬

Al-ghurab ma bsil a'in akhiu
A crow never pecks the eye of its brother (179)

There is an application of metaphor in this proverb, as people consider that crows have a
type of unity. The image in this proverb affirms that brothers never stand against each
other.

Children inherit their fathers' morals whether genetically or in terms of behaviour.

Youngsters might imitate their parents and try to be like them. However, later when they

may try to be have a separate identity as result of their education, the influence of parents

is still important in children’s characters and manners. The following proverb might be

used to emphasise the fact that a child will become like his father:

LVVV7Y‫ ذاك ا‬VVV' T;VVVU+‫ا ا‬:VVV‫ه‬

Hada al-shibl minn daka al-asad
This cub is from that lion (160)

But relationships with children and relatives are not always smooth, as the following

proverbs complain.

77
 ,JR k X ‫ي‬L+‫ و‬Z M‫ي و‬L+‫ و‬k X G; M
Galbi a'la waldi wa qalb waladi a'la hajar
My heart goes to my son but my son's heart is like a stone (162)

A parent always treats a child with great kindness, worries when he is sick or away, but
this impious child‘s heart is hard as a stone. He treats parents with coldness.

=VVVVVV@X GVVVVVH 02EVVVVV7 ,VVVVVUX VVVVV;+ ‫ن‬4VVVVV‫= آ‬VVVVV+ =VVVVV +‫ا‬

Al-leak leak kan labn a'ushar sawi fi a'eaneak
Yours (relative) is yours; even if he is a'ushr milk put it in your eyes (164)

(A’ushar: a name of a plant with toxic liquid, which causes blindness if it is dropped in
eyes.)
The proverb tends to be quoted to urge family loyalty to those who disavow their kinship
of relatives who have a bad reputation. It also reveals another message; that you pay for
others’ stupidity simply because they are your relatives.

‫رب‬4VVVVaX ‫رب‬4VVVVMh‫ا‬
al-agarib a'garib
Relatives are scorpions (177)

This proverb is using the poisonous scorpion as a metaphor to criticise relatives who
cause problems and poison your life or turn it to hell.

0VV2L*2 ‫ل‬4VVF LVV@X 4VV'

Ma a’indu khal yahdie
He does not have a maternal uncle to advise him (165)

Khal in Arabic means the mother's brother. People in Sudan believe that the mother’s
brother is always kind and sincere because there are no causes of alienation like
inheritance. They also say the mother's brother shares in the child’s parenting. This
proverb reveals preference for the kin on the mother's side.

=VVVVV3,3 VVVVVI+ ‫ك‬EVVVVV3‫ ا‬TVVVVV&' 4VVVVV'

Ma mithil abuk lakin berabeak
He is not like your father, but he will bring you up (166)

He is not the same as your father in his natural parental kindness, but he will look after
you and do whatever he can to bring you up. In Sudan, eldest brothers, stepfathers or
uncles take responsibility of bringing up children if they have lost their fathers. People
use this proverb to reassure fatherless children and give them confidence.

78
 24VVVF LVVV+‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬VVV' VVVR‫أ‬
Ah'anna minn al-walid khayin
More soft-hearted than a parent is a deceiver (167)

This proverb warns that if someone pretends that he loves you more than one of your
parents, he deceives you, as the natural kindness in parents’ hearts is God's gift and no
one can love you more than they do.

rVVVVVV7 LVVVVVV+‫ا‬E+‫ا‬
Al-walid sayis
The father is a diplomat (168)
(B. NO.928, p. 151, vol.3)

This proverb implies that the father is more aware of his own children than anybody else
is. He knows about their behaviour, intentions and their instincts, for he is the closest
person to his children. It tends to be quoted to those who think that parents do not
understand their children's needs or the way they think, especially when children are
more educated than their parents are.

‫ر‬EVVVVVVX VVVVVVN3‫ وار‬0VVVVVVN3‫ ار‬,AVVVVVVW2 LVVVVVV+‫ا‬E+‫ا‬

Al walid yastur arba' wa arba’in a'ora
The father covers forty-four mistakes for his children (169)

This proverb comments that due to natural parental instincts, a parent always forgives his
children, unlike children, who do their duty towards their parents for reasons of religion
or social beliefs.

‫ام‬EVVX ‫ز‬EVV+‫ ا‬LVV+‫و‬

Wadd al-wiz a'wam
The son of a duck is floater (170)

The proverb notes the influence of parents on their children either by inheritance or by
education, on their character or their occupation.

LVVVVV+‫ و‬LVVVVV 3 TVVVVV‫ آ‬GVVVVVH o‫ء ا‬4VVVVVK ‫ان‬

In shaa Allah fi kuli balad leak walad
With God's will, may one have a son in every country! (176)

Sudanese social structure is build of extended families and very wide social relationships
with neighbours and others. When a Sudanese leaves his country, he tries to make good
social relationships in his new home. People use this proverb to comment approvingly
when they get help from a relative or someone they know, even if he lives far away.

79
 ‫ر‬EVVVa`' ‫ور‬LVVV+‫ود ا‬
Wad d al-dour mah'goor
A son in his homeland will not be respected (181)

I have heard this proverb repeatedly during tribal conflict in Darfur region. It is believed
that an officer from another region will be more respected by ordinary people and they
will listen to him more than they do to an officer from their own region or a similar tribe.
This belief is widespread, but I personally could not understand the reason for this
attitude towards local officers, perhaps familiarity breeds contempt.

8VVVVV;+‫ل ا‬%VVVVV‫ ه‬LVVVVV+E+‫ا‬

Al-walad hilal al-beat
The son is the crescent of the house (173)

People in Sudan as well as many other Arab and African countries believe that male
children are more supportive than girls are. Beside males’ economic role, they consider
sons as an extension of their fathers as they keep their names alive, for only their sons’
children will have the same family name. Sudanese overwhelmingingly prefer men to
women even if a man is helpless in his family.

A proverb expresses this attitude:

05R‫ ر‬8;+‫ام ا‬LM 05F‫ ر‬ka3 ‫ إن‬T"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al rajal inn bigga rakhma gidam al beat rah’ma
A man is a blessing in front of the house even if he is a vulture (183)

This proverb means that even if a man is like a greedy scavenger in comparison to other
birds, he will bless the family as the women (daughters, sisters, mother and wife) will
have a man in the house. However, nowadays whether they are vultures or not some
women are taking more responsibilities than men are.

‫ك‬LVVV+‫ و‬VVV*D 4VVV' ‫ك‬LVVV " VVV‫ه‬

Heen jildak ma teheen wildak
Humiliate your skin; do not humiliate your off spring (184)

This proverb counsels that it is better for you to work hard even if you face difficulties, to
make a good living for your children rather than letting them be humiliated or lead a
difficult life.

80
 0VV'‫ام ا‬tVVR LVV+E+‫ا‬
Al-walad h'izam umo
A son is a belt for his mother (185)

The simple image of this proverb expresses the idea that as girls follow their husbands,
boys take responsibility for looking after their mother. Often they do not leave their
family's house, and bring their wives to live with them.

=5VVVV]X ,VVVVWI3 4VVVV' =VVVV5`+ TVVVV‫ن أآ‬4VVVV‫= آ‬VVVV;2,M

Gareebak kan akal lah’amak ma bikesir a'd'mak
If your relative eats your meat, he will never break your bone (186)

The proverb remarks that when a person is hurt by a relative the hurt will not be a severe
one. Because a relative should be kind to you by nature, whatever the problem between
you and your relative the blood relationship will prevent big damage. I have heard this
proverb on many different occasions, especially when parents want to encourage their
daughters to marry from their own families. It is believed that husbands who are relatives
are a safe choice for they respect the blood relationship and never hurt their wives.

Another proverb contradicts this one:

‫ور‬4VVVVVVVVJD h ‫= زاورو‬VVVVVVVV;2,M

Gareabak zawro la tejawro
Visit your relative but don’t be his neighbour (187)
(Also in Badri NO. 1143, p. 171)

Let your house to be far from your relatives and visit them from time to time when you
miss them, but do not live with them as neighbours, as daily association with them may
cause conflicts or problems. However, it is very common in Sudan for people from
extended families to live in one house and rely for their living on the head of that family.

‫ك‬EVVV3‫ ا‬EVVV ‫= آ‬VVV'‫ أ‬LVVVFh‫ا‬

Al-akhadd ummak kulo abook
Whoever marries your mother becomes your father (189)

In Sudanese culture respect is a very important element, especially towards older people,
either because they are considered wiser or for their age. Those who treat old people with
disrespect will be isolated by their community or treated as odd people.
As this proverb might be used even if you dislike the person, it would often be used
indirectly to a third person. It reminds that you should treat your stepfather like your own
father, as he is your mother’s husband.

81
4. 5 Company and Friendship

Sudanese have a strong belief in the proverb that says, "As a man is, so is his company".

One can say that Sudanese have very strong opinions about this area in their social life.

Therefore, they teach their children to be careful about the company they keep as friends.

Disasters and difficult events are the time when a man knows his true friend, so people

treat those friends who were there for them in bad times like their own brothers. Older

people and parents advise that one should forgive friends and not blame them for simple

mistakes. Taking advantage of friends is unacceptable behaviour; one should be

considerate to his friends at all times.

The following proverbs reflect Sudanese ' views about company and relationship:

r94VV" r+4VV" VV'

Mann jalass janass
He who sits with people becomes one of them (190)

People use this proverb as advice to choose good friends.

ED,VVVVWF ,l4VVVVF kVVVV X 0VVVVA" 4VVVV' ‫;= إن‬R4VVVVq

S'ah'bak in ma jitu a'la khatru t’alamtu
If you do not agree with your friend, you will lose him (192)

This proverb comments that you should try to avoid disagreeing with a friend for
unnecessary reasons.

LVVR‫و وا‬LVVX h‫ و‬ZR4VVq pVV+‫أ‬

Alff s'ah'ib wa la a'adoo wah'id
A thousand friends but not one enemy (193)

This proverb suggests that a thousand friends will not hurt you as one enemy does. It
assumes that all friends are good people and honour the meaning of friendship.

82
 TVV‫ه‬4" O2LVVq VV' ,VVF TVVM4X ‫و‬LVVX
A'adon a'aqil khayyrun minn s'adiqqin jahil
A wise enemy is better than an ignorant friend (194)

A wise enemy might not hurt you with his wisdom but an ignorant friend does not know
the consequences of his behaviour. The latter kind of friend might harm you or put you in
troubles when he thinks he is helping you. People might use this proverb to criticise when
someone finds himself in trouble due to a friend’s behaviour, especially if he meant well.

VVVVV;+‫و ا‬LVVVVVN+‫ ا‬EVVVVV‫ ه‬,VVVVVWn5+‫ ا‬ZR4VVVVVQ+‫ا‬

Al-s'ah'ib al-mukhsir hu al-a'du al-biyean
The friend who spoils your life is a clear enemy (195)

This proverb bluntly states that if a friend causes damage to your life, manners, or
reputation, you should consider him an enemy and not a friend.

0VVVV7L' )VVVV* X 4VVVV' =;R4VVVVq‫= و‬VVVV3‫ر‬

Rabak wa s'ah'bak ma a'leahum madassa
There are no secrets from your God and your friend (197)

This proverb says that your God knows every thing about you and you should not hide
any secrets from your friend. People use this proverb to describe friendship as a very
close relationship.

‫م‬EVVVVV`+‫ ا‬0VVVVV X TVVVVV M ‫ك‬4VVVVV3‫;= إن أ‬R4VVVVVq

S'ah'bak inn abak galil a'liahu al-h’oam
If your friend is not happy to see you, do not visit him (198)

This proverb advises that if your friend becomes weary or bored with you, you should not
pay him frequent visits, but still try to keep him as a friend. People use this proverb as
advice to keep a good friendship.

0VVVV`@' ZR4VVVVQ+‫ا‬
Al-s'ah'ib minh'a
A friend is God’s gift (199)

The meaning of the proverb is clear. People use it to emphasize the importance of
friendship.

83
 EVVVVV 5ID 4VVVVV' TVVVVVWX kVVVVVa3 ‫;= إن‬R4VVVVVq
S'ahbak inn biga a'ssal ma takmilu
If your friend becomes honey, do not finish it (eat it all) (200)

This proverb advises that people should not take advantage of good friends or misuse
their generosity.

‫ش‬,a+‫ن زي ا‬%H \;`ُq

S'uhbat fulan zai al-girish
His friendship is like a penny (201)

This proverb describes someone's friendship as wealth that does not last long.
People use it to condemn a person as an unfaithful friend.

OaVVVVVVVVVU+‫ ا‬TVVVVVVVVV;M O2LVVVVVVVVVQ+‫ا‬

Al-s'adeeg gabel al-shageeg
A loyal friend is before a real brother (204)

The proverb comments that friendship may bring people closer than the closest blood
relationship.

OH,VVVVVVV+‫ف ا‬,VVVVVVVN@2 OVVVVVVV]+‫ ا‬LVVVVVVV@X

A'indd al-d'eag yina'arif al-s'adeeg
You know your friend when you are in need (205)

This proverb is used to express admiration for true friendship in difficulties or bad times.

=749 ‫ِف‬,X‫= وأ‬7‫) را‬M

Qaiyeam rasak wa a-a'rif nasak
Use your mind and know your people (206)

The point of this proverb is to counsel that one should use his mind and think carefully
about people around him in order to know his enemy and test his friend.

The following is used to sum up an experience. It ridicules two friends as useless failures:

4VVVVVV",+‫ ا‬ZVVVVVV24F kVVVVVV X rVVVVVVNA+‫) ا‬VVVVVV D‫إ‬

Itlama al-ta'eas a'la khaib al-raja
The unlucky and hopeless got together (207)

84
 cVVVVVVaD 4*+4IVVVVVVK‫ ا‬kVVVVVV X ‫ر‬EVVVVVV<+‫ا‬
Al-ttyoar a'la ashkaaliha taqa'
Birds of the same features flock together (208)

The figurative use of the word alttyoar (birds) implies people. The above proverb
comments that people who have similar manners suit each other as friends. People also
use this proverb to condemn bad company.

O2LVVVVVq =VVVVW52 4VVVV' OVVVV2‫ ر‬kVVVV X OVVVV2‫ ر‬cVVVV ;2 4VVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-ma yabla' reag a'la reag ma yamsik s'adeag
He who does not swallow spittle after spittle will not keep a friend (209)

Swallowing spittle in this proverb means being patient enough to tolerate friends'
mistakes. People use this proverb to encourage forgiveness between friends.

‫ف‬4VVF '4VVD 4' T`'

Mah’al ma tamin khaf
Wherever you trust you need to fear (210)

This proverb advises that the more you trust your friend the more you need to be
cautious; he could hurt you at any time, because he knows everything about you. People
use this proverb to warn against unlimited trust in others.

0@.Y‫ ا‬T"‫ا‬,+‫ُ`;\ ا‬q h‫ و‬,I]+‫ ا‬T",+‫م ا‬4QF

Khis'am al-rajil al-d'akar wala s’uh’bat al-raji al-ud'eyna
Dispute with a wise man is better than friendship with an ignorant and weak one
(211)

People use the above proverb to advise the choice of good friends.

5.5 Neighbourhood Relationships:

Some Sudanese proverbs view neighbourhood relationships as more important than blood

relationships. Both religion and cultural values encourage people to establish good

relationships with neighbours and even to think about the type of neighbour before you

build or buy a house. It is common in Sudan that a neighbour might look after his

neighbour's children and property when needed, shares pains and gains with neighbours,

who borrow and lend from each other and exchange advice.

85
The following proverbs represent neighbours’ relationships in Sudan:

‫ار‬LVVVV+‫ ا‬TVVVV;M ‫ر‬4VVVVJ+‫ا‬

Al-jar gabel al-dar
Seek the neighbour before you get a house (213)

This proverb urges that before you buy a house you have to think about the type of
neighbours you will have in your new place, as they will be the people who will live with
you. People use it to emphasise the importance of neighbours' relationships.

LVVVVVVN;+‫= ا‬VVVVVV'‫ ود أ‬h‫ و‬ZVVVVVV2,a+‫رك ا‬4VVVVVV"

Jarak al-gareab wa la wad umak al-ba'id
Better your close neighbour than your distant brother (214)

This proverb emphasises that you should establish good relationships with neighbours as
neighbours will be there for you when you need them more quickly than your brother
who lives far way.

‫رك‬4VVVV" ‫ن‬EVVVVnD h‫= و‬VVVV+4' ƒVVVVPR‫أ‬

Ah'fat’ malak wa la takhoin jarak
Keep your possessions and do not accuse your neighbours (215)

This proverb gives advice that one should keep his money in a safe place for the sake of
good relationships with neighbours, warning people not to leave their valuable things out
and accuse their neighbours of taking them.

‫ دارك‬0ُ + ‫ٌل‬ER ‫رك‬4" = X ‫ر‬4" ‫إن‬

Inn jar a'leak jarak h'awil lo darak
If your neighbour oppresses you, move your house (216)

This proverb says that if your neighbour tyrannizes you and you fail to make peace with
him, it is better to sell your house and to move to another place.
It is mainly used to encourage people to work to the best of their ability to establish good
relationships with neighbours.

‫ن‬4VV't+‫ ا‬EVV* X ‫ر‬4VV" 4VV' ‫ر‬4VVJ+‫ا‬

Al-jar ma jar a'laihu al-alzaman
Let no neighbour be oppressed by life (217)

This proverb is in a form of a prayer for a neighbour not to be tyrannized and face
difficulties in his life.

86
 ‫ر‬4VVVV2‫ د‬o‫ ا‬0VVVVm‫رو ور‬4VVVV" ‫ أذى‬kVVVV X ,;VVVVq VVVV'
Mann s'abar a'la ada jaru warthu Allah daru
He that is patient in tolerating his neighbour's harm, God will bequeath him his
neighbour's house (218)

The counsel of this proverb is that even if neighbours hurt you, God will reward you for
your patience.

6. 5 Marriage and Women

Marriage is the only legal relationship for having children or establishing a family in

Sudan. A relationship between couples prior to their marriage is absolutely forbidden by

both custom and religion. Therefore, the idea of single mothers does not exist as the birth

of children before marriage is a crime. It is important for a man to choose a woman of

good values from a good family. A divorced woman has a limited chance for marriage, as

she is the one who is often blamed for the break up of her marriage.

Sudanese society is very diverse in how it sees women in society. This diversity arises

mainly from the diverse cultures in Sudan and the changes that Sudanese society is going

through. Women undoubtedly have a vital role in shaping the society, either by keeping

traditions going or by putting a brake on some of the traditions that are outdated. The

society is also busy shaping the role women play and the appearance of women in

society. However, the Sudanese society's traditions are firmly linked to its religions. The

three main religions are Islam, Christianity and the animist and these three come with

differences in practices. Often women's position in Islam is misinterpreted. Women in

Sudan play the traditional role of bearing the family domestic duties and any other duties

that a woman might qualify herself to do. They have the role of keeping the cultural

traditions alive through the generations. This is mainly passed on by grandmothers

87
through their relations to their daughters and hence their grandchildren. Women in

Sudanese culture are also responsible for maintaining the pride of men and vice versa.

The man is deemed to be the provider for the family and hence has a privileged position

in decision-making for all the family. Normally the family trains its male children to take

up this family provider position together with its privileges.

However, the man is the decision-maker even in rural areas where women are providers

for the whole family including the husband himself. There is a rigid structure in the

Sudanese society in which family members are trained to take up roles and positions

depending on their gender and age. Normally with this structure comes the comfort of

feeling that one fits in exactly the right place, by keeping up his responsibilities and

duties.

Modernity is posing a challenge to this structure, especially when it comes to how women

see themselves fitting in. The education system in Sudan does not differentiate a great

deal between boys and girls. This in itself poses the question in women's minds that since

intellectually they are equal, there should be no difference in opportunities either of

leading the family or deciding to take charge of their own lives without the aid of a male

figure. Hence the traditional division of labour is called into question. This fact, coupled

with other modernity-related facts including economic ones, enable women with some

degree of education to see their role in society as different to their grandmothers’.

Although Islam grants complete rights to women as mentioned in "Al-Nisa verses",

Sudanese often look at women with a suspicious eye, describing them as ignorant and

mentally deficient persons. According to men’s commonly-held opinion about women,

they are weak on the one hand and evil on the other. As a result they are dominated by

88
men at all stages of their lives. As a child and adult a girl is controlled by her brother or

her father; later when she marries, she moves under her husband's domination. Parents,

brothers and other relatives have the right to interfere in girls' decisions about marriage.

Some families can even make other choices for their daughters without consulting them.

One should mention here that Islam has highly honoured women, and strictly warns men

against the consequences of bad treatment or humiliation of women. The woman has full

rights as a human being under Islam’s rules and it is strongly forbidden to force her to

marry according to her parents' choice. However, (mis) treatment of women is governed

by customs and tradition, not by Islam's view. Nevertheless, Sudanese women in general

are in a state of continuous struggle for emancipation. This has resulted in keeping

women in a place that they have to fight their way out of, morally, socially and

economically.

The proverbs in this section reflect marriage and women as seen through Sudanese eyes.

2LVVVVV+‫ ا‬pVVVVVQ9 ‫واج‬tVVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-zawaj nis'f al-dean
Marriage is half of religion (219)

This proverb is from the Prophet’s speech. It emphasises that marriage is an important
part of Muslims’ life. This proverb is used to encourage early marriage, as Muslim
religion will not be complete without marriage.

People use the following proverb for the same purpose:

,Aُ7 ‫واج‬t+‫ا‬
Al-zawaj sutra
Marriage is protection (220)

Marriage protects the youth from engaging in unhealthy relationships.

The following proverb advises to avoid marrying a woman who has had a child before,
even if it is dead.

89
 ‫ن‬EHLVVVVV' EVVVVV+‫ن و‬EH‫ر‬LVVVVV+‫أم ا‬
Umm al-darfun wa lao madfun
Avoid a mother of a child even if it is dead (221)

The word darfun means a child. It is known in Sudanese society that men prefer to marry
virgin women. They avoid a divorced woman especially if she has children. A widow is
preferred to a divorced one, as it is often assumed that a divorced woman is to blame for
failing to keep her first marriage.

LVVVV+‫ ام و‬,VVVV' h‫ و‬LVVVV2LM ‫ل أم‬4VVVVN9

Na'al um geidead wa la mara um welead
Old shoes with holes are better than a woman who has a son (262)

This similar proverb jokes that it is better for a man to have old shoes with holes in them
than to marry a woman who has been married before and got a son. People use this
proverb to encourage men to marry virgin women.

ZVVVVVVQ9 ‫ب‬,VVVVVV]+‫ وا‬LVVVVVV2L`+‫ ا‬ZVVVVVVl

Taib al-h’adeadah wa al-d’arib nas’eeb (B.NO. 437, p. 62)
Choose a good wife from a good family, and having children is a matter of luck
(222)

This proverb insists that a man must choose a wife with good manners and should not
worry about having children from her as this matter has already been arranged by God.
This proverb is used to encourage the youth to marry from respectable families, who
bring up their daughters according to good ethics.

‫ل‬4VVV<3 GVVV`2 ‫ن‬4VVV‫ف آ‬EVVVK ‫ل‬4VVVn+‫ل ا‬4VVVF‫ل و‬4VVVn+‫ ا‬ZVVVl

Taib al khal wa khal al-khal shoof kan yaji batal
Let the maternal uncle and his maternal uncle be good and see if you will get a
bad child (223)

This proverb is used to comment that if you chose a wife from a good family, you will
never get a bad child, for your child will be like his maternal uncles.

\VVVVVVR h‫\ إ‬VVVVVV`+‫ ا‬LVVVVVV D h

La talid al-h'ayia ila haiya
A snake will have snake children (224)

This proverb advises that parents usually get a child with their features and behaviours.
This proverb is used to encourage people to choose a good partner; it is also used to
condemn bad parents whose children inherited bad morals from them.

90
 ‫د‬h‫و‬h ‫وج‬tAVVVVVVVVV2 TVVVVVVVVVM4N+‫ا‬
al-a’qil yitzawj li awlado
He who is wise marries for his children (225)

It is urged that the wise man should think about his children’s future by choosing a good
wife to enable them to have a good mother.
The proverb implies the importance of having a wife from a good family in terms of
ethics and respectfulness. Sudanese believe that even if a girl is modest and polite she
should be avoided if she comes from an immodest family. It is derived from the Prophet’s
speech:

(‫س‬47‫ق د‬
َ ,ِN+‫~نْ ا‬H َ'Lِ +‫اء ا‬,]F‫آ) و‬42‫)إ‬
''Iyakum wa khad'ra al-dimen, qaloo wa ma khd’ra al-dimen? Qala: al-h'asna fi manbati
al-suo''.
This means: Be aware of 'khadhra al-dimen'. They said and what is khadhra al-dimen?’
He said: ‘A pretty woman of evil origin’ (226)

VVVV* X ‫ا‬EVVVV@X‫ أ‬VVVV‫ادوه‬

Adohin wa a'aeno a'leahin
Let your daughters get married and help their husbands (227)

This proverb urges families to help their daughters to get married and help their
husbands, whether they are poor or rich, by educating and disciplining them when they
are young.

4VVVVV*+ ‫ر‬4VVVVVAF‫= ا‬VVVVVA3‫و و‬,VVVVVF ‫ك‬LVVVVV+‫و‬

Waladak khauro wa bitak ikhtar liyha
Let your son choose his own wife but choose a husband for your daughter (228)
(Also in A&T NO. 1418 p. 171)

This proverb expresses the fact that parents have a major say in their daughters’
marriages. Some Sudanese believe that a husband chosen by the parents will be a right
choice, for they know better than their daughters, who have limited contact with men
outside their families. Some parents force their daughters to marry men they know
nothing about, or sometimes whom they have never even seen, believing that it is best for
their daughters.

91
 ْ=+ ka;َA3ْ ‫ ا‬4َ' ْ=ِ+ ْ=ِF‫ت َأ‬LFَ‫أ‬
A khddat akhiyak leak ma betabga leak
A marriage based on your brother's opinion will not be compatible (229)

On the other hand this proverb says that to marry someone according to your brother's
opinion will not be a successful marriage. In spite of this fact, large numbers of Sudanese
families still prefer arranged marriages. People use this proverb to encourage the youth to
take their decisions by themselves in this matter.

‫ح‬4VVV@" ‫رة‬EVVVWI' ,VVV5+‫ا‬

Al-mara maksurat janah'
Woman has broken wings (230)

This proverb represents women as being as weak as birds that cannot fly. Some Sudanese
believe that women are weak and helpless. Therefore, they should be protected by men
all their lives, first by their parents, then their brothers, then their husbands and by their
sons when they become old.

FLVVVVV+‫\ ا‬VVVVV;R TVVVVVA' 4VVVVV*; M ‫ان‬EVVVVVW@+‫\ ا‬VVVVV M4X

A'aqlat al-niswan a’glaha zi h'abat al-dukhun
The brain of the wisest women is like durra seed in its size (231)
(durra is millet, a very small seed)

This proverb exaggerates to state that women are narrow-minded. Men use it to humiliate
women and to say that they are unwise creatures, mentally unequal to men.

‫ء‬4VVVVVI3 *R%VVVVV7‫ و‬LVVVVV2‫ر‬4b‫* ز‬XtVVVVVH ‫ان‬EVVVVVW@+43 ‫م‬tVVVVV`AD 4VVVVV'

Ma tith'azam bil-niswan, faza'in zagharead wa silah'in buka
Do not depend on women; their support is trilling and their weapon is crying
(233)
The point of this proverb is to describe women as useless in good times as well as bad
times, and urge therefore that people should not rely on them at all.

‫ن‬4<VVVVVVVVU+‫ ا‬TVVVVVVVVf4;R ‫ء‬4VVVVVVVVW@+‫ا‬

Al-nissa h'bail al-shiytan
Women are pregnant by Satan (234)

This proverb claims that women are responsible for all evils, even if men commit them.

92
 0ُ D‫ر‬4WF 42 0ُ D‫ر‬4JD ‫اه‬E7 '
Mann sawahin tijartu ya khasartu
How great is his loss that he made women his business (235)

This proverb advises that a man who keeps company with women will lose everything;
whether it is innocent company or not, he will waste his time and an adulterous
relationship will damage his reputation. It is used to warn those who make unnecessary
relationships with women.

‫ي‬EWA3 K ‫ر‬E;5M ‫أم‬

Um gambur shin bitsawi
A woman, what does she do? (236)

The point of this proverb is to express the idea that women are useless and helpless.
Therefore, people should not rely on them.

0;َM‫ َر‬c34D ,NK ,َ5+‫ا‬

Al-mara sha'ar tabia' ragaba
A woman is hair that follows the neck (254)

This proverb represents the woman as being a person without will; she follows what the
man says as the hair moves only when the neck moves.

‫ن‬4VVVVVVV2,X ‫ان‬EVVVVVVVW@+43 ‫م‬tVVVVVVV`A5+‫ا‬

Al muth'azim bil el-niswan a'riyan
He that dresses himself with women is a naked man (237)

This proverb means that the one who depends on women is the same as a naked person.
People use this proverb to warn against relying on women in making decisions or any
other matters.

024@‫ه‬L+‫`\ ا‬W' ‫ زي‬024A9{‫\ ا‬3,.

D'arbat al-intaya zai mash'at al-dihnaya
Punishing a female is like rubbing butter over the body (238)

This proverb states that to punish a woman is as easy and enjoyable as rubbing butter
over your body. It reflects the fact that some men enjoy punishing their wives physically.

93
 0 VVVVVVVq‫ أ‬kVVVVVVVVa;D ‫ل‬4VVVVVVVV;M 0 VVVVVVVQ;+‫„ ا‬VVVVVVVVJH‫أ‬
Afjakh al-bas'ala gubal tabga as'ala
Crush the onion before it becomes a cobra (239)

This proverb emphasises physical punishment as a means to discipline a woman. It

advises to crush her when she is young when it is easy to shape her; not to wait until she
becomes a mature person and will not obey you. People use this proverb to support the
view that physical force is the best way to discipline women.

8ٌX‫ٌت وإن و‬,F 4*A K ‫\ دم إن‬3,M ,5+‫ ا‬4VVVVVVVVV*A F

Al-mara girbat damm inn shiltaha kharat wa inn khalyta waa’at
A woman is a leather bag full of blood; if you carry it, it pours out and if you
leave it, it becomes pus. (240)

The words used in this proverb reflect the negative image of women in their society.
Large numbers of Sudanese consider women as troublemakers or problems in
themselves. Men use this proverb to represent women as not only passive members of
society, but also as a problematic issue that needs to be sorted out.

‫اس‬,+‫ ا‬,WIA3 4' ‫س‬4H 8a3 ‫ إن‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara inn bigat fass ma bitaksir ar-ras
Even if the woman were an axe she would not break the head (241)

This proverb states that however great the importance of a woman, she remains
powerless.

8;+‫ ا‬GH 0P. ,M4N+‫ ا‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara al-a'agir d'eafa fi al-beat
A barren woman is a guest in the house (243)

Procreation is the most important role of women; the failure to have children will lead to
divorce, or else the husband will marry another woman to have children by her.
Therefore, a woman without children is considered as a guest, for she might either leave
the house or stay without having any authority there.

8 V VVq‫ و‬8'4VVVVq EVVVV+‫ و‬,VVVV5+‫' ا‬4VVVVD h‫ و‬8 V VV. EVVVV+‫ و‬034`VVVVW+‫' ا‬4VVVVD 4VVVV'
Ma tamin al-sih'aba wa lao d'alat wa la tamin al-marah wa lao s'amat wa s'alat
Do not trust the cloud even if it has darkened and do not trust a woman even if she
has fasted and prayed (244)

This proverb comments that there is no guarantee that a cloud will rain even if it is heavy
and dark; it may leave your land and rain somewhere else. In the same way, it asserts, if
you saw a woman fasting and praying you should not believe that she is a good person.

94
Although Islam encourages people not to assume that a person is bad or guilty unless they
see evidence, Sudanese say the opposite thing about women. Men also use this proverb to
tell women that however well they behave they remain evil.

,VVV5+‫ ا‬GVVV+‫ و‬0VVV ‫ آ‬TVVV"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rajil kulu wali al-mara
Whoever a man is, he is the woman’s guardian (caretaker) (245)

This proverb advises that any man, regardless of his age, knowledge or mentality, is
considered responsible for women. This proverb is used to emphasise the fact that the
male is preferred by the society in terms of protection and responsibility.

)‫= ه‬A3 GH ‫ت‬LNM ‫ن‬4‫ ه) وآ‬T"‫ت را‬LF‫ن أ‬4‫ آ‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara kan akhadat rajil hamm wa kan ga'dat fi biyeatak hamm
A woman is a burden whether she is married or stays at her parents’ home (246)

This proverb describes women as a burden both in their husband's houses and with their
families.

People emphasise that their worries about women last a long time by uttering the
following proverb:

‫ت‬4VVVV55 + )َ‫ت ه‬4VVVVVVVVV@;+‫ا‬

Hamm al-banat lilmamat
Worries about girls last to death (247)

4*AF>3 4*َM‫ ُد‬4*3‫ أد‬8َMَ ‫ن‬4‫َ آ‬,5َ +‫ا‬

Al-mara kan galat adabah dugaha bi ukhutah
If a woman shows disrespect, punish her with another woman (248)

The above proverb urges that if a wife is disobedient her husband should punish her by
marrying another woman. As Islam allows men to marry more than one wife under some
restrictions, some men totally abuse this law by marrying just to insult the first wife.

8; + ,aR ‫دن‬4NM‫ و‬8;+‫ر ا‬E9 ‫ت‬4@;+‫ ا‬LN7

Saa’ad al-banat noor al-beat wa gua’ad al-banat h’ugra lilbeat
Girls' marriage is a light in the house and their staying in their parents' house is
oppression to the house (249)

95
When a girl gets a husband that means she is a good girl so she brings honour to her
family, but staying at her father's house is an offence to them as it may be evidence that
she is not a good woman. The proverb describes this attitude.

‫ر‬4;ُ[+‫ا ا‬E 2t2 ‫ل‬4",+‫ا‬

Al-rijal yizeelu al-ghubar
Men remove the dust (250)

This proverb implies that men are capable of solving any problem. It is used to emphasise
that men are strong and have the power and the authority to remove any obstacles.

‫رد‬43 4*94.‫ر أ‬EI]+‫أُم ا‬

Umm al-d’ukur ad’anah bardah
The mother of male babies has peace of mind (252)

The wife who gives birth to male babies is preferred to one who has female babies only.
She has peace of mind as her husband will love her and will not threaten to marry another
woman. In addition, her husband’s family and the members of her community will
respect her. The proverb expresses these facts.

‫ار‬L+‫ ا‬G ID‫ر و‬4JُR G;"

Jeabi h’ujjar wa takli al-dar
Give birth to male babies to support your house (253)

This proverb advises that if you want your marriage to continue for a long time, giving
birth to male babies is the only method that helps you to stay with your husband.

‫\ ِرزِق‬Nl4M‫ل و‬4' \Nl4M 0M4@a@+‫َ ا‬,5َ +‫ا‬

Al-mara al-nagnaga gata’at mal wa gata’at riziq
A nagging woman is a money loser and livelihood stopper (255)

It is warned that God will bring loss of wealth and prevent the means of living to a family
that has this kind of woman.

َ7‫ َر‬4‫وه‬L34' َ,5َ +‫ا‬

Al-mara ma bidawha rasan
A woman will not be given a leash (256)

This proverb is used to emphasise that women should not be allowed to become leaders
in their society, as they are considered as unwise and mentally deficient

96
 4VV‫ه‬EX‫اد‬E3 4VV' ,VV5+‫ا‬
Al-mara ma biwada'oha
A consignment will not be given to a woman (259)

The point of this proverb is to advise that women should not be trusted as they are either
dishonest or have weak memories.

‫ر‬45`+‫ر وا‬4a@+‫ وا‬,5+‫ ا‬,4QX )*@' cH,D 4' 0D%D

Talata ma tarfa' minahum a's'a : almara wa alnugara waal h’umara
Do not take your stick away from three things: a woman, a drum and a female
donkey (257)

Although violence and physical abuse towards women are serious criminal offences in
Sudan, a considerable number of women suffer from physical punishment by their
husbands. This proverb urges men to use a stick to discipline their wives, as they do to
beat drums or to lead a donkey. Ironically it refers to a female donkey, not donkeys or
animals in general.

‫ا‬,J' k<ِF G5+‫ان ا‬EW@ + 4ً@2‫ وز‬ka D ‫ل‬4", + 4ً @2‫ز‬

Zeanan lilrijal talga wa zeanan lilniswan almi khita majra
Doing a favour to men brings you a good turn and doing a favour to women is
water that has missed its stream (258)

This proverb argues that good deeds towards women are wasted work for women will not
return the good deeds when you need them. Some men in the Western Sudan use this
proverb to discourage each other from treating women kindly.

‫ء‬%VVVVVn+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH ‫ت‬LVVVVVa9‫\ إ‬VVVVV3,M ,VVVVV5+‫رأي ا‬

Rai al-mara girba ingadat fil khala
Woman's opinion is like a leather bag full of water that has been punctured in the
desert (260)

The view expressed here is that a woman’s views are wasted like water spilled on the
sand; her opinion is considered to be wrong even before she speaks.

,[VVq )‫ه‬LVV@X 4VV' ,VV'‫ر و‬4VV9

Nar wa mara ma a'indahum s'aghear
Fire and women never have a small stage (263)

This proverb comments that both fire and women cause damage however small they are;
so do not ignore a small fire as it might burn your house; and do not say of any woman
that she is still too young to harm you or to marry you.

97
 0VVVVVVNA5D ,VVVVVV5N + 4VVVVVV* ‫ آ‬0VVVVVVN<5+‫ ا‬,VVVVVV5+‫ ا‬LVVVVVVFz‫ و‬0N2,VVVVVVW+‫ ا‬0VVVVVV3‫ا‬L+‫ ا‬kNVVVVVV7‫أ‬
.Asa'a al-daba al-sarea-a' wa akhud al-mara al-mutiya' kulha lila'umur tamtiya'
Keep a fast animal and marry an obedient woman, as they are the enjoyment of
your life (264)

Animals are means of transportation in small villages, so the proverb advises men to keep
a fast animal to facilitate their travelling. As women undertake heavy burdens inside and
outside the house, it advises them to choose an obedient woman to play the double role
without any complaints.

The following proverb warns men against marrying a frowning woman:

0VVVVVV94*' ,VVVVVV5N + 4VVVVVV* ‫ آ‬09‫ا‬,VVVVVVUI+‫ ا‬,VVVVVV5+‫ وا‬09%VVVVVVWI+‫ ا‬0VVVVVV3‫ا‬L+‫ وا‬0VVVVVV94NJ+‫ ا‬LVVVVVV ;+‫ر ا‬:VVVVVVR‫إ‬
Ah’dar al-balad al-jia'ana wa al-daba al-kaslana wa al-mara al-kashrana kulha
lila'umur mahana
Avoid living in a famished land, keeping a lazy animal and marrying a frowning
woman as they cause humiliation (265)

4*94VVVVVW+ GVVVVVH 4VVVVV*DEM ,VVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-mara gowata fi lisanah
Woman's power is in her tongue (266)

This proverb comments that women are physically weak, but their power is concentrated
in their tongues, as they are very talkative.

A few proverbs praise women although they imply messages of hegemony and misuse.

Let us examine the following proverbs:

8VVVVVVV;+‫ ا‬L@VVVVVVV7 8VVVVVVV@;+‫ وا‬8VVVVVVV;+‫ ا‬VVVVVVVX TVVVVVVV"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rajil a'in al-bait wa al-bint sanad al-bait
The man is the eye of the house and the girl is the support of the house (267)

This proverb observes that the man is the eye who looks after the house and controls it,
and the girl acts as the support of the house by looking after the family with domestic
work (cleaning, cooking , looking after children, helping guests.)

0+4ِX ‫>م‬3 )2,I+‫ وا‬0+4",3 T"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rajil birijalu wa al-karim bi um a'iyalu
The brave man is with his men and the generous one is with his wife (268)

This proverb comments that a man becomes strong and brave when he has good men
around him and becomes generous if he has a good wife. The patient woman who takes

98
responsibility for cooking for large numbers of guests on a daily basis and looks after
them as well as her children without any complaint is preferred to any other woman.

T24P9 ‫ان‬EW@+‫ وا‬T24;M ‫ل‬4",+‫ا‬

Al-rijal gabail wa al-niswan nafayil
Men are with their tribes and women are with their good deeds (269)

This proverb advises that it is important for a man to belong to a good tribe as people
judge men by their tribes. On the other hand the tribe is not a major factor in judging a
woman as her children will not belong to her tribe but take their fathers' name. Therefore,
it is important for the woman to have a good nature and values, as they are the measures
by which her society judges her.

‫راء‬E+‫ و‬0;AN+‫ ' ا‬,' ‫ا‬E+Ea;+‫ ا‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara al-bigoalo mara minn al-a'taba li wara
The woman that they can call a real woman is behind her doorstep (270)

This proverb urges that a good woman should stay in her house all the time and not leave
it, so people will respect her. It is used to encourage women to stay at home to show that
they are respectable. However, seclusion is one of men's ways to control women whether
they are their mothers, sisters or wives.

‫ﺇﻣﺴﺎﻙ ﲟﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺈﺣﺴﺎﻥ‬

Imsak bima'roof ao tasreeh' bi-ih'san
Retained in honour, or released in kindness (95)
It is also derived from the Quran: Surah 2, Al-Baqara, verse 229, which reads:

"‫ﺎﻥ‬‫ﺢ ﺑِﺈﺣﺴ‬ ‫ﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺮﻳ‬

ٍ ‫ﺮﻭ‬‫ﲟﻌ‬ ‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺎﻥ ﻓﹶﺈ‬‫ﺮﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻕ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻄﹶﻼ‬..."

(Divorce is twice. Then [after that], either keep [her] in an acceptable manner or release
[her] with good treatment.”

The proverb addresses those who abuse their wives and try to compel them to live with
them under threat and harassment, urging respectful behaviour. It is also quoted if
husbands become aggressive and abusive when they divorce their wives.

99
7.5 Sudanese experiences and wisdom

This section includes proverbs that examine human circumstances and conditions in

many different ways, especially in terms of good and evil, people’s nature and attitude

towards their surroundings, their experiences and wisdom that is drawn from their

observation and practice in daily life.

Through their proverbs the Sudanese express their character and mentality, enabling an

outsider to know how people in their environment deal with their life.

a). Adversity and misfortune

‫ر‬4VVVVVP+‫ ا‬ZVVVVVN+ r2LVVVVVI+‫ب ا‬4VVVVVb ‫إن‬

Inn ghab al-kadees la'ib al-far
When the cat is away, the mice will play (314)

People use this proverb to describe a situation when one who has authority goes away and
others do not do their work properly or do what they like without consideration for rules.

4VVVV*l‫ا‬E+‫ق ا‬,VVVV`D ,VVVV5J+‫ا‬

Al-jamra tah'rig al-watiyha
Firebrands burn the one who treads on them (388)

This proverb comments that only the one who is in pain or grief feels it. People use it to
express their frustration that others do not feel for them.

‫ء‬4Iُ3 ‫ل‬4",+‫ِ`= ا‬.

D'h'ikk al-rijal bukka
Men's laughter is crying (391)

Sudanese believe that a man should not cry and they relate crying to women and children.
If a man has to cry even if he has lost a dear one, he should not cry in public. A man
might laugh in a difficult situation, as he cannot express his sadness in crying. This
proverb reminds that if you see a Sudanese man laughing at a difficult time, you should
not assume that he is happy, as it might be an expression of sadness.

100
 0@‫آ‬4I7 ‫ت‬,Aِ‫ آ‬cM‫ر إن و‬EA+‫ا‬
Al-toar inn waga' taktar sakakeenu
If the ox falls knives will increase, (it will be easy to stab it) (313)

The word ox in this proverb is used to represent someone in authority like a governor or a
tribal leader who is unjust, but whom no one is allowed to criticize. When he falls people
start to talk freely about him and might create stories to describe him. The proverb uses
metaphors from farmers’ and hunters’ environment although it is in use in cities. The
kind of ox referred to in this proverb is a buffalo, which is very fierce.

‫ك‬E" h‫ك و‬E Aَ‫آ‬

Kataloak wa la joake
Killing you is better than scaring you (278)

This proverb advises it is better to kill than repeatedly threaten to kill. It is used to
encourage people to take actions quickly and not to delay doing things that they should
do anyway.

_VV2‫ ر‬4VV‫اه‬t‫ ه‬4VV' ‫ة‬,JVVK GH4VV'

Mafi shajrah ma hazaha reeh'
There is no tree that is not moved by wind (310)

This proverb notes that each human being has passed some difficulties in his life. The
meaning centres around two words, tree and wind. They are metaphors to represent
human beings and their disasters. The proverb might be used to console a person that this
is the nature of life and all people go through similar difficulties.

)ُ]X ka 2 L3t+‫ ا‬GH GaU+‫ا‬

Al-shaqi fi al-zibdda yalqa a'ad'um
An unfortunate one finds a bone in the butter (420)

This proverb vividly describes a person who finds misfortunes in unexpected places.

Gaَ3 GaU+‫ ا‬,5ُX

A'umer al-shagi bagi
The miserable person has a long life (421)

When a poor or sad person escapes danger, people use this proverb to observe that people
who suffer live longer.

101
 ‫ت‬E5+‫ات ا‬,I7 ِ' ٌ,R‫دي أ‬4XY‫\ ا‬D45K
Shamatat al-a-a'adi ah'ara min sakarat al-moat
Enemies' gloating over your grief is hard to bear than the agony of death (423)

This proverb states that one would prefer to die rather than see his enemies' glee at his
misfortune

‫ر‬42ِ‫اب د‬,F‫\ و‬Aِ'

Meatah wa kharab diyar
Death and the ruination of homes (548)

People use this proverb to describe adversity when many problems happen at one time.

,a;+‫) ا‬UF _AP2 ‫دِر‬E5+‫ا‬

Al-moadir biftah' khashm al-bagarra
He who has lost a valuable thing, might open the cow's mouth (321)

This proverb is related to rural areas where cattle are kept. It says that if a person has lost
a valuable thing, he might even search for it in the mouth of a cow. The point of this
proverb is that the one who has lost something will never lose hope of finding it, so
people should not blame him for his hard search.

b). Advice

=َWPْ 9 *D 4' =َK,ِM ِ‫ه‬

Heen girshak ma tiheen nafssak
Humiliate your penny, do not humiliate yourself (292)

This proverb means that you can use money to buy peace of mind and live a comfortable
life. People use the proverb to encourage a person not to show his need to people if he
can use his money to avoid that.

‫س‬4@+‫ب ا‬EX ‫ل‬4;ُM =;X ,ُv9‫أ‬

Ant’ur a'iubak gabul a'iuob al-nass
Know your own mistakes before you follow others' mistakes (303)

This proverb is used to advise people to correct and counsel themselves before they think
about advising others.

102
 ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺘﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﻭﻡ ﺃﺭﻗﺩ ﻨﻭﻡ‬
Kann kitrat a'leak al-himoom, argudd noom
When pressure proves difficult to handle, lie down and sleep (274)

This proverb means that if you have too many problems to be solved, it is better to try to
ignore them. Although people use this proverb to comfort each other, it also sends a
negative message as it encourages escaping problems instead of facing them.

‫ح‬4<ِ@+‫ ا‬ZJD ‫اح‬tِ5+‫ت ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat al-mizah' tajeab al-nitah'
Too much joking causes fighting (276)

This proverb warns people against the consequences of excessive joking.

o‫ ا‬O F „ٌW5D 0 <+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat al-talla temasikh khalq Allah
Too frequent visits make one boring (277)

If you do not visit people frequently, they miss you and become eager to meet you. But if
you meet them frequently they might not feel happy to meet you as they saw you recently
or they know they will meet you soon. Therefore frequent visits are not advisable.

,ِF 4*+ ,[َD Tُ‫آ‬

Kullu taghyeera laiha khiera
Every change has its goodness (281)

This proverb means that every change in life has its positive sides. It is used to encourage
change, especially for those who hesitate fearing that change might lead to negative
consequences.

=VVVV 3 _2,VVVV2 4VVVV' =VVVV "‫_ ر‬VVVV2‫ل إن ر‬4VVVV7,5+‫ا‬

Al-mursal in raih' rijlak ma yareah' balak
If the courier gives rest to your legs, he does not give peace to your mind (285)

This proverb means that when you ask another person to do work on your behalf, you
might get rest for your body, but you may not be happy for the work might not be done
properly.

103
 \VV'‫ا‬L9 4VV*+ \'4*VVK TVV‫آ‬
Kullu shahama laiha nadama
Any magnanimity has some regret following it (286)

This proverb implies that when one does good things for others they may be ungrateful.
One should not expect that people will praise good work at all times.

c). Ostentation

ٌْ;َ Dْ ‫ْ وِإ‬2ٌَ ٌَ‫ِإد‬

Iddaiyann wa ittbaiyann
Borrow to show off (315)

This proverb encourages as well as criticises the Sudanese’ bad habit of spending more
than they can afford either out of good will, to honour their guests or to show off. Both
habits are criticised although people in general fail to avoid the habit of spending for the
sake of honouring their guests. One of my informants said:
Although the current economic situation does not allow the majority of this nation
(Sudanese) to be generous as the old generations used to be, still you find people
ready to spend what they have saved in a year in one day to honour a guest. The
Sudanese should rethink their inheritance and some of their values as it seems
they were made for a time very different from this difficult time.

The following proverb contradicts the previous one and encourages people to avoid debt:

2LVVVVVn+‫د ا‬EVVVVVW2 VVVVV5‫ دره‬EVVVVV+‫ و‬2LVVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-dean wa lao derhamean yasoad al-khadean
Debt darkens the face even if it is only two dirhams (316)

GK4ND h ‫ح‬%ُ' =@' k R‫ وأ‬GK45D h ‫ع‬43 =@' ‫ل‬El‫أ‬

Atwal minnak ba-a' ma tamashi wa ah'la minnak mulah' la ta'ashi
Do not walk someone one who walks faster than you, and do not eat dinner with
one whose food is more delicious than yours (317)

The point of the above proverb is to advise the poor not to follow or try to keep pace with
the rich for they might get tired or insulted by their rich partners.

104
d) Information

VVVVVVVVN+‫ ا‬TVVVVVVVV;M ‫ف‬EVVVVVVVVU2 ZVVVVVVVV P+‫ا‬

Al- galib yashoof gabl al-a'iyan
The heart sees before the eyes (272)

It is believed that wise people sense disasters before they occur. People usually use this
proverb when a person has an unusual feeling that something wrong is going to happen to
him or to a member of his family and his feeling comes true.

‫د‬EVVVVVN3 )VVVVV` +‫د ا‬EVVVVVN+‫ ) ا‬VVVV7 ‫ن‬4VVVVV‫آ‬

Kan silm al-a'udd al-lah'am bia'oad
If the wood (bone) is safe, the flesh will be restored (273)

This proverb states that if the skeleton is fit and healthy, restoration of flesh is a matter of
time and one can achieve it easily. This proverb is widely used by both old and young
people. They use it to comfort a sick person that as his bones are not broken, he/she will
get well to live a normal life again.

‫ت‬EVVVVVV5 + ‫ض‬,VVVVVV5+‫ة ا‬,AVVVVVV‫ق وآ‬%VVVVVV< + \VVVVVVa@+‫ة ا‬,AVVVVVV‫آ‬

Katarat al-nigga lil talag wa katarat al-marad' lil-moat
Too much nagging leads to divorce and too much sickness leads to death (275)

The point of this proverb is that unnecessary arguments will spoil any relationship. If a
husband and his wife are arguing all the time, it will lead to their divorce. The second part
of the proverb says that being sick all the time will lead to death. However, people
usually use only the first part of this proverb, applying it to any relationship, not only
marriage.

ZVVVV`2 4VVVV' ZVVVV a+‫ ا‬TVVVV`' ‫ب‬LVVVVD ‫اع‬,VVVVI+‫ا‬

Al-kuraa' tadib makan al-galib ma yah'ib
The foot goes where the heart likes (279)

One of my informants told me that he always feels that it is very difficult to go to places
where he does not feel comfortable with some people. He also feels that the place is far
away although in reality it is not. When he wants to visit friends or loved ones, he never
counts the distance between his place and where they live, for he feels happy to visit
them.

105
 T2LX 03‫ج ودر‬EX‫ أ‬E‫ ه‬T&' 0+ 4' ‫د‬E2,5+‫ا‬
Al-marud ma lio matheal, huo aa'waj wa darbu a'adeal
No one is like the beloved, he is not straight, but his way is straight (280)

This proverb means that if you love a person and he does unacceptable things, you ignore
it as you do not feel that he has done something wrong. People use this proverb to
emphasize the fact that lovers forgive each other's mistakes.

4‫ه‬4HL2 4‫ه‬LM‫و‬h‫ر ُ ا‬49

Naru al-ugda yadfaha
Let him get warm with the fire that he lighted (283)

The point of this proverb is that a person must face the consequences of anything that he
does. People use this proverb to emphasize the fact that whether a person does good or
evil, he will face the consequences.

0ُ@5A3 jK Tُ‫آ‬
Kulu shayi bi-tamanu
Everything has its price (287)

This proverb means that one cannot get anything without hard work. It might also be used
when negative consequences occur, to remind the person that what has happened to him
is a result of what he did.

‫ل‬4ٌR 4*+ ‫ة‬LaX T‫آ‬

Kullu a'ugdah laiha h'lllal
Every knot has someone to undo it (109)

The point of this proverb is that there is a solution for any problem. It encourages people
not to lose hope and to seek help when they are in trouble. People use it to comfort
someone who feels helpless due to critical problems.

=`]2 4ً 5‫ وه‬GٌI;2 4ً 5‫ه‬

Haman yibakki wa haman yid'd’ah'ik
Some worries make you cry and some make you laugh (288)

People use this proverb often in an ironical way to express their grief and sorrow.

106
 ‫ل‬4VV"‫ ر‬0VV+ VV'‫ ز‬T‫آ‬
Kullu zaman leho rijal
Every time has its men (289)

This proverb states that each era has its famous people, whether they are scholars,
governors or courageous people or for any other reasons. People use this proverb to
emphasize that each era has its good men who leave their mark on people's lives.

‫ت‬4VVVVVVVV;‫ل ه‬4VVVVVVVV", + ‫ت‬4VVVVVVVV;[+‫ا‬

Al-ghiybat lilrijal haibat
Absence is dignity for men (290)

This proverb means that travelling gives men knowledge and wealth. It is used to
encourage people to travel in search of a better life.

0X‫ واد‬0X‫اد‬ED h
ً 4'
Malan tiwadia'u wadia'uu
Money that you consign, say farewell to it (291)

This proverb means that if you give money to anyone to trade with it or to keep it, you
have to say good-bye to it, as nobody will look after it as well as you do. This proverb
advises people not to leave others to deal with their business.

kVVVVVV [2 ,AVVVVVV‫ آ‬4VVVVVV5 ‫دم آ‬z VVVVVV3‫ إ‬h‫} إ‬F,VVVVVV2 ,VVVVVVA‫ آ‬TVVVVVV‫آ‬
Kullu katear yarkhas's' ila ibn adam kullma kitir yaghla
Too much of anything makes it cheap, except for people, who become more
valuable (293)

People become stronger when they are united in large groups. The message of this
proverb is that unity makes people more worthy and effective.

kVVVVV5`2 ‫ر‬4VVVVV*@+‫ن ا‬4VVVVV5+ c5VVVVVWA3 4VVVVV' ,VVVVVQa+‫م ا‬%VVVVV‫آ‬

Klam al-gis'ear ma bitsamia' laminn al-nihar yahma
The words of a short person are never heard until the day gets hot (294)

A short person in this proverb means a poor person. Sometimes, people measure a person
by his appearance and consider a well-built man rather than a wise one who is short or
thin. The proverb says that people do not consider a poor man’s words as good advice
until they get into trouble and find out that what he has said was right. The message of
this proverb is that people should not judge each other by appearances.

107
 ‫ر‬E*VVVVU' )+4VVVVN+‫\ ا‬VVV+‫ر وز‬EAVVVW' TVVV‫ه‬4J+‫\ ا‬VVV+‫ز‬
Zalat al-jahil mastoara wa zalat al-a'alim mash-hura
The ignorant one’s mistake is hidden and the scholar's mistake is famous (295)

This proverb notes that when ignorant people do things wrong, no one talks about their
mistakes, but if a scholar makes one mistake all the people talk about it.

TWX OHL9‫ إ‬h‫از و‬tِM ‫ت‬,WI9‫ ا‬h

La inkassarat gizaza wa la indafaq a'asal
The bottle is neither broken nor its honey spilt (296)

When people argue with each other and one of them gets angry, the other party in the
argument or a third party might use this proverb to calm the angry one down. It means
that every thing is fine in spite of the argument.

‫ق‬%VVVVVFY‫ ا‬LVVVVV7 )VVVVV `+‫ا‬

Al-hilm sayeed al-akhlaq
Tolerance is the master of good manners (297)

The point of this proverb is that forbearance is the most important aspect of good
manners. People quote this proverb to an angry person to calm him down and to
encourage him to forgive the one who has annoyed him.

‫ق‬%VVVVVF‫ ا‬h‫ و‬0VVVVVa F h

La khilga la akhlag
Neither beauty nor good manners (298)

All humankind praises good manners. If a person is not good looking but has good
manners, people do not think about his appearance as he has an important kind of beauty.
People consider the one who is not handsome and behaves badly as a combination of all
the negative properties.

‫ر‬EQ‫ ه‬Lُ 7‫ أ‬03‫ا‬Em‫ أ‬GH‫ و‬02‫در‬tAH T2t*+‫ ا‬T",+‫ى ا‬,D

Tara al-rajul al-hazeala fatazdreahi wa fi athwabihi asdun has'oar
You see a weak person and condemn him, but he has a lion under his clothes
(301)

The following proverb, like the foregoing one, might be used to describe a person as
quiet, but very effective and strong. It might also be used to describe a harmful person:

108
 GVVV‫ دواه‬G‫اه‬EVVVW+‫ ا‬8VVV`D
Tih't al-sawahi dawahi
There are great disasters beneath silence (302)

LVVVVV+‫ و‬ZVVVVVJA3 0VVVVV‫آ‬,3 EVVVVV ‫ آ‬4VVVVV'

Ma kullu barka bitjeeb walad
Not every labour is rewarded with a baby boy (305)

The above proverb reflects the mentality of Sudanese in discriminating between their
own children on the basis of their sex. Parents prefer a male child, as he is the one who
keeps his father's name. His children will take their grandfather's name as their family
name, unlike a female child whose children will take their father’s name. The one who
has a male child will not be considered as a dead person after his death as his son will
keep his name. On the other hand, the one who has only female children may be
considered as a dead person even before his death as his name will not be taken by any
other generation.
However, the main point of this proverb is to warn people to be cautious about what they
are doing, as the consequences will not be positive all the time.

EVVVV; a3 4VVVV' ‫ا‬,VVVVJR GVVVV n3 4VVVV'

Ma yakhali h'ajaran ma yaglibu
Leave no stone unturned (306)

People use this proverb in two different situations. It can be used to describe a person
who has lost something and who makes an intensive search, to the point that he turns over
everything that he thinks his thing might be under. In this case, they mean that he is at a
great loss. In the other situation, people might use it to describe a person as very curious
to know about others, or even to get general knowledge.

‫ﻻ ﻳﺮﺣﻢ ﻭﻻ ﳜﻠﻲ ﺭﲪﺔ ﺭﺑﻨﺎ ﺗﱰﻝ‬

La yarh'am wa la yakhli rah'mat rabanna tanzil
He neither gives mercy to others, nor allows God to have mercy on them (308)

This proverb is used to condemn those who do not help and put obstacles to prevent other
people from helping.

‫اد‬,VVJ+‫ ا‬VV' ‫ب‬,F‫أ‬

Akhrab min al-jarad
He causes more havoc than grasshoppers (309)

To illustrate this proverb one of my informants said:

Do you remember the year 1984 and what happened in that year? Grasshoppers attacked
all the fields in the country. There was a great lack of crops, so famine attacked the

109
country. If a person can cause more havoc than grasshoppers that means he is a real devil.
This proverb is used to disparage someone who harms others or takes revenge.

‫| ج‬VVVVVVVV3‫احأ‬,VV' ‫د‬EVV7‫ح وأ‬4VV9

Abead' ganah' wa aswad murah'
Having a white wing and a black pasture (311)

This proverb describes a person who looks very rich in the way he dresses, but in reality,
he is poor. The phrase ‘black pasture’ means that he has no animals whereas the one who
has a large number of animals is considered a rich man. The proverb is used to mock a
person who struggles to appear rich.

,VVVVV5`+‫ق ا‬EVVVVVW3 VVVVV' ,VVVV'‫ك أ‬EVVVV3‫ وا‬,VVVV'‫ي أ‬EVVVV3‫أ‬

Aboi ameer wa abook ameer mean bisoq al-h'ameer
My father is a prince and your father is a prince; who will look after the donkeys!
(312)

This proverb is entirely decontexualized. It is directed at over-proud people who are

unwilling to follow each other’s advice or help each other in any way.

=A`'4VVVVV7 =VVVVV+4' GVVVVVH =VVVVVD4" ‫إن‬

Inn jattak fi malak samah’atak
If it struck your wealth, it is mercyful (319)

This proverb means that if life has struck you through any loss of your wealth or money
at least it forgave you in regard to health or your children. People use the proverb to
console a person in such a situation, that it would be worse if this disaster happened to
your health or your family.

k`VVVV]+‫ ا‬TVVVV. ‫ل‬4VVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-mall d'ull d'uh'a
Wealth is a forenoon shadow (320)

From their daily experience, people have observed that shadows of things like trees,
mountains or buildings appear for a short time in the forenoon, and then disappear due to
the sun’s movement. They represent the short life of the forenoon shadow as a metaphor
for the quick change in human circumstances from wealth to poverty. The message of this
proverb is that one should not be too proud of his fortune as he might lose it quickly and
be left only with his relationships with others. Therefore, people should establish good
relationships with others and not rely on their wealth.

110
 ,VVVVVVVVQM LVVVVVVVV2Y‫ وا‬,VVVVVVVVQ3 VVVVVVVVN+‫ا‬
Al-a'in bas'eara wa al-aid gas'eara
The eye is perceptive, but the hand is short (323)

This proverb says that I can see your problem and understand it clearly, but
unfortunately, I am powerless to help.

GF,AVVVVV2 4VVVVV3‫و‬,I' TVVVVV‫آ‬

Kulu makroaban yitrakhi
Every tie will be loosened (324)

This proverb means that every difficult situation will end and good times will return. It is
used to encourage people to be patient as their difficulties will not last long.

VVVVVV<F TVVVVVVUD 4VVVVVV' 0VVVVVVD,3‫إ‬

Ibrato ma tasheel khetean
His needle never carries two threads (325)

When Sudanese recite this proverb about a person, they mean that he is impatient and
nervous. In addition, it may be used to describe a person as narrow-minded. It is mostly
used to describe a third party.

‫ك‬LVVVVV2,D ‫س‬4VVVVV@+‫اى ا‬EVVVVV‫اي وآ‬EVVVVV7 kVVVVVa3‫أ‬

Abga sawai wa kawai al-nas tareadak
Be open-handed and revengeful; people will like you (326)

The proverb says that if you are generous in solving others' problems, but at the same
time you take revenge when necessary, people will like you for your generosity and
respect you for your power.

kPVVVVVQ2‫ و‬,VVVVVIN2 VVVVVl VVVVV' ‫دم‬z VVVVV3‫إ‬

Ibn adam minn teen ya'kar wa yas'fa
Man comes from mud; he becomes turbid and then clears (327)

This proverb says that as man is created out of mud, he has the same nature as mud. He
becomes muddy if shaken and pure if he is left calm. It implies that a man gets angry if
there are reasons for anger and very clear or quiet in normal circumstances. People use
this proverb to apologize after they get angry, or they quote it to another person to calm
him down.

111
 E94VVVVVVVW+ kVVVVVVV X EVVVVVVV; M GVVVVVVVP+‫ا‬
Al-fi galbo a'la lisanu
What is in his heart is on his tongue (328)

What he thinks in his mind he speaks directly without hesitation or fear of any person.

‫اع‬,. ‫ى‬E7 ,;K ْ‫َأدٌُو‬

Addo shibir sawa d'ura'
They gave him a span and he made it a cubit (330)

This proverb says that they gave a man a size or a distance of one span and he
exaggerated and made it a cubit. If people allow a person to do a thing in a limited way,
and he exceeds that limit, people may quote this proverb to describe him as gluttonous or
greedy. Usually the proverb is used to describe a third party, but not to speak directly.

‫اب‬,AVVVV+‫ ا‬h‫ إ‬4VVVV‫ه‬%52 4VVVV' ‫دم‬z VVVV3‫ ا‬VVVVX

A'in abin Adam ma yamlaha ila al-turab
Only sand fills Adam's son's eye (331)

This proverb means that man is greedy by nature. In Sudan, people say that a contented
person has filled eyes. Human beings always want more than they have.

,VVVVV[A3 4VVVVV' ,VVVVV5@+‫ ا‬LVVVVV "

Jild animir ma bitgheyyar
The leopard's skin never changes (332)

This proverb says that the leopard's skin stays the same regardless of its age. The proverb
represents humans’ negative behaviour. If one’s behaviour is evil he will never change
whatever you do to change him.

OHLVVVVV3 E+4VVVVV‫ن إن آ‬EX4VVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-ma-a'oan inn kalou bidaffiq
The container will overflow when it is overfilled (333)

If you try to put in a vessel more than it can take, the excess will flow out of the
container. This proverb is used to advise people not to exaggerate in any matter, and to be
moderate.

112
 0 NH 0 +‫ د‬0 q‫ف أ‬,ND 4' G +‫ا‬
Al-ma ta'rif as'lu dalealu fia'lu
If you do not know a man’s origins, his deed is the indication (334)

The point of this proverb is that people can be judged by their actions or deeds.

TVVVVVVVV;" \VVVVVVVVN;<+‫ا‬
Al-tabaia' jabal
Human nature is a mountain (335)

This proverb describes human nature as firm and as difficult to change as a mountain.
People in Sudan use the word human nature to mean morals and sometimes customs.
They use this proverb to criticize those who repeatedly make the same mistakes and
promise to change their behaviour.

cُ;<A+‫ ا‬Z [2 c;<+‫ا‬

Al-tabia' yaghlib al-tatabua'
Nature conquers pretence (336)

This proverb means that habits are stronger than learning and if one tries to behave
differently from his own nature, he will not be able to continue pretending as his natural
behaviour will appear very soon. It is used to advise people to avoid pretence.

‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻲ ﻃﺒﻌﻪ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﻴ‬

Al-tabau jayead yabqa sayead
He who has good manners becomes a master (337)

A person with good manners avoids problems with others and tries to solve them with
wisdom. Therefore, people will like him and might choose him to become their leader.

\VVVVVV5N@+‫ ا‬TVVVVVV2t2 kVVVVVV[<+‫ا‬

Al-tagha yazeal al-nia'ma
Pride eliminates blessing (338)

This proverb states that if a person becomes proud of what he has, God will remove the
causes of his pride from him. It is used to advise people to praise God's gifts instead of
becoming proud of their property.

113
 0VVR VV' )VV x‫أ‬
At’lam min h'aiya
More oppressive than a cobra (339)

As snakes generally cannot dig their own holes to hide in, they find other animals’ holes
and hide in them. Any animal is afraid to enter its hole when a cobra is inside; it has to
make another hole for itself. This proverb is used to describe a person as extremely
unjust.

k'4VVVVVVVA+‫ ا‬VVVVVVV7‫ رو‬GVVVVVVVH 0VVVVVVV942t+‫) ا‬VVVVVVV ND‫إ‬

Ita'alm al-ziyana fi rosean al-yatama
Learn haircutting on orphans ' heads (505)
This proverb observes that if you hurt an orphan, you do not need to worry about the
consequences, as they have no parents to complain to you or punish you. The point of the
proverb is that people deem weak those who do not have anyone to protect them.

0VVVV+ ‫ر‬:VVVVAX‫ وا‬0VVVVM‫ د‬0@VVVV.{‫ا‬

Al-id'iynah dugoo wa a'tadir loo
Punish the weak man and apologize to him (348)

This proverb suggests that a weak man cannot take any action against you in any
situation. People use it when one person humiliated by another, especially if the latter is
in a strong position and then apologizes for what he did. It is used to condemn those who
do not mind hurting people and are not embarrassed to apologize for their behaviour
without being really sorry.

‫ر‬4VVVVVP + r2LVVVVVI+‫ن ا‬4VVVVV'‫ أ‬GVVVVV9‫أدا‬

Addani amann al-kadees lilfarr
He gave me the kind of peace that the cat gave to the rat (340)

Cats are known as rats' hunters, and if a person had an agreement with someone who later
betrayed him, he might use this proverb to express his frustration about the relationship.
This proverb is commonly used nowadays as people do not trust each other as the old
generations used to do.

‫اث‬LVVR 4VV' ‫اى‬EVVW+‫ا‬

As-sawai ma h'addath
A doer is never a great talker (341)

This proverb means that a practical person does not talk too much as he puts his work
first. One of my informants commented that ''our politicians did not hear about this
proverb. They kept preaching to us for years about what they would do, but we have seen
nothing in reality. People who work never talk too much.''

114
 GVVVVVVV 5AA3 4VVVVVVV' EVVVVVVVD‫ر‬E‫د آ‬4`VVVVVVU+‫ا‬
Al-shah'add korto ma bititmali
The bowl of the beggar never fills up (342)

This proverb says that whatever you give a beggar; you will never satisfy him; he will
carry on begging because he begs from greed more than need. The proverb might be used
to condemn greediness and the habit of begging if a person does not desperately need to
do it.

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﻜﻮﺭﻩ‬
Al-sheana mankoora
A dishonourable thing is denied (343)

This proverb says that people are always denying what they think might bring them
shame. It is used if a person has tried to escape others’ criticism. Some people also may
use it if one tries to hide his relationship with a relative who has a bad reputation.

‫ب‬Eb,VV' ‫ع‬EVV@55+‫ا‬
Al-mamnua' marghoob
Everything that is forbidden is desired (344)

This proverb states that it is human nature to desire forbidden things.

‫ر‬4JR ZJ3 h ‫ٌع‬LJ3h

La bijadia' la bijeeb h'ujar
He neither throws stones nor brings them (to the one who uses them) (345)

This proverb describes a person as useless. It is used in a situation when a group of

people are doing some work or discussing a matter and one of them does not join in, so
they use this proverb to encourage him to take part.

‫ب‬EVVVM VVV' ‫ف‬4VVVn3 4VVV' c VVq‫أ‬

As'la' ma bikhaff min goob
A bald-headed man is not scared of scabies (347)

If he has already lost his hair, a man will not be afraid of a disease that damages people's
hair. This proverb might be quoted to a person who is careless about his behaviour due to
his past.

115
 0+ TAH‫ وأ‬0@Mِ‫' د‬
Minn dignu wa aftil lu
Give him twine from his own beard (349)

This proverb describes people who use your own money or property to give pretending
that they help you. People use this proverb when they make a fool of a person. They also
use it to express their disagreement with the way that a person pays a debt or solves a
problem.

‫ل‬E5A2 LN3 ‫ي‬,aP+‫ ' ا‬Z <AD h‫ و‬T]P+‫ ا‬T‫ ' أه‬T]P+‫ ا‬Z l‫أ‬
Atlub al-fad'el minn ahal al-fad’el wa la tatlub al-fagri ba'dd yitmawal
Ask a favour from those who have favour and do not ask a poor man after he
becomes rich (350)

One of my informants explained this proverb as follows:

A noble man is generous by his origin and you can ask his favour at any time for
he will never turn you down. But the one who became rich after poverty might
think twice before he tries to help you. He feels that by spending his money, he
will become poor again or he might even insult you.
However, the proverb is also used to encourage people to seek help from high minded
and respectable people.

EVVVV"E+‫ ا‬VVVV74R‫ أ‬VVVV' )IJf‫ا‬EVVVVR ‫ا‬EVVVV; l‫أ‬

Atlibu h'awaijkum min ah'asin al-wajoh
Ask your needs from those who have pretty faces (351)

The phrase "pretty faces" in this proverbs means noble people. The proverb says that if
you have to ask someone to do you a favour, you should ask a noble person for he will do
it for you without reminding you from time to time that he did you a favour. People use
this proverb as advice to ask for help from the right people.

‫ﺍﻷﻋﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﻝ‬

Al-a-a'war fi balad al-a'imi yagdil
In the land of the blind the one-eyed man is swaggering (352)

If a person has only limited knowledge about a thing and he is found advising those who
are more ignorant than him, people quote this proverb to him. In addition, if a person
hides an ethical problem and condemns someone who speaks publicly about the same
problem, people may use this proverb to criticize him.

116
 ‫ف‬EVVVVVK GVVVVV5N+‫ ا‬LVVVVV 3 GVVVVVH ‫ش‬4VVVVVU<+‫ا‬
Al-tashash fi balad al-a'imi shoaf
Half blind is seeing in the land of blindness (354)

This proverb means that one who cannot see properly is considered as endowed with
eyesight in comparison with the blind. People might quote this proverb when someone
with a limited level of knowledge or wealth becomes proud of it among those who have
less than he has.

iVVVVVX ‫ن‬4VVVVVNJ+‫) ا‬VVVVV R

H’ilem al-jiya'an a'eash
A hungry man dreams of bread (355)

This proverb means that you dream of what you worry about. People might quote it to a
person who talks about something out of reach or beyond his ability. They remind him
that he cannot achieve it.

,VVVVVVa9 ZVVVVVV a+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVH‫ة و‬,VVVVVVaR VVVVVVN+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVH

Fi al-a'in h'ugra wa fi al-galib nugra
He is contemptible to the eye but leaves his mark on the heart (356)

This proverb means that people might despise a person when they see him, but when he
takes actions they might be impressed by him. It advises people not to judge others by
their appearance.

,VVVVVV' 0VVVVVVaa`+‫ا‬
Al h’agiyga murrah
Truth is bitter (357)

The meaning of this proverb is that it is difficult for people to accept the truth if it will
affect their interests. People might also quote this proverb if a person faces trouble
because he has spoken the truth. The brave one who dares to speak the truth before
anyone might get into trouble.

‫ي‬L7 42 0ُ +EM Z I+‫ ا‬L@X \"4R =+ ‫ن‬4‫آ‬

Kan leak h'ajah a'indd al-kalib goolo ya sidi
If you need something from a dog, call it my lord! (358)

The point of this proverb is that if you require something from any person regardless of
his status you can flatter him to get what you want. Although flattery is criticised by
religion and tradition, this proverb encourages people to use it to get what they want.

117
 _2,A7‫ وأ‬Lِ7 _2,+‫ ا‬ZJ;+‫ب ا‬4;+‫ا‬
Al-bab al-bijeab al-reah' sidu wa istreeh'
If a door brings wind shut it and relax (359)

This proverb means that one should solve the causes of his troubles. People use it to
encourage others to put an end to their troubles.

0 V VVVV. GVVVVVVH VVVVVVN<2 TVVVVVVP+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVH 0VVVVVV@X

A'ino fi al-feel yata'an fi d'ulu
He looks at the elephant and stabs its shadow (360)

A hunter wanted to hunt an elephant. When he saw it, he got scared and stabbed the
elephant's shadow. This proverb comments that although you know the person who
causes trouble, you avoid talking to him directly. This proverb is quoted to someone who
pretends to have bravery and power but when he faces the danger he is scared and fails to
do anything.

0VVVVVV+4' 0; VVVVVVq VVVVVV' E<3,VVVVVV3 EA;M,VVVVVV3 ‫ى‬%VVVVVV3‫ا‬

Abalai biragabtu barbotu minn s'ulbu malu
A monkey has a neck, why has it been tied by its waist? (361)

This proverb is common in use in Darfur region. People use it as criticism that one does
not do things directly.

‫ﺃﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻴﺶ ﻭﻣﻠﺢ‬

Akalnna a'eash wa millih'
We ate bread and salt together (362)

This proverb says that we have shared our food in bad and good times. It is known in
Sudanese culture that when you share food with some one or exchange food with him that
means you have made an agreement with him for loyalty. Both sides should stand by the
unwritten contract that each of them should protect the other and avoid betrayal or any
other action against one another. People use this proverb to express fidelity towards each
other. They believe that if you have betrayed this kind of relationship you will face the
consequences of death or other losses either of souls or of wealth.

Sudanese describe their pain when they have been betrayed by someone with whom they
have had a close relationship, by using the following proverb:

118
 ‫ح‬%VVW+‫ح ا‬,VV" VV' kVV]'‫ح أ‬%VV5+‫ح ا‬,VV"
Jarh' al-mulah' amd'a min jarh' al-silah’
The wound inflicted by trusted associates is deeper than a weapon's wound (368)

‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻳﺮ‬

Inn gumtta saiyear kattir al-a'wayir
If you want to move away, make more scandals (366)

The person who created the above proverb is from a nomadic area in the Western Sudan
as the word saiyear means to move with your animals to another place. In Sudan, herders
stay in a place for a short time and when the place runs out of grass and water they move
with their animals to another place. This type of living is a cycle for life. They build their
social life with those who share their grass and water, and when they move to another
place, they establish new relationships.

4‫ره‬4;‫ ' آ‬4‫ه‬LِX 4‫ره‬4[q ' =D4" ‫إن‬

Inn jattak minn s'ugharah a'iddaha minn kibbara
If you are offended by children, count the offence as coming from their parents
(367)

This is because children imitate their parents and if they hear them talking about a person
in a respectful way they respect that person as well; if they hear them talking negatively
about him, they show disrespect or repeat what they have heard from their parents.

,VVVV5+‫ وا‬EVVVV `+‫ ا‬TVVVV5`3 ‫س‬,VVVV. TVVVV"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rajil d'urrus' bih'mal al-h'iloo wa al-murr
A man is a molar tooth; he tolerates the sweet and the bitter (368)

This proverb is intended to reflect men as the patient and strong gender. It means that
whether the situation is good or hard men are capable of dealing with it. The proverb
might be quoted to a person if he showed impatience in difficulties and hard times.

‫ان‬tVVVVV' VVVVVN+‫ا‬
Al-a'ain meazan
The eye (sight) is scales (369)

This proverb suggests that the expert in his craft measures things by eye without using
any tools. People use this proverb to encourage good observation and strong perception
of things.

119
 ‫ر‬45`+‫ ) ا‬N2 ‫ار‬,IA+‫ا‬
Al-tikrar yia'lim al-h'imar
Repetition teaches a donkey (370)

This proverb might be used in two different situations. The first is to encourage repetition
to make people understand, and the other is to mock the one who does not understand
after many explanations.

0VVVV2E' ‫ب‬4VVVV‫ه‬,+‫ف ا‬EVVVVU2 ‫ن‬4VVVVU<N+‫ا‬

Al-a'tshan yashoof al-rihabb moaya
A thirsty person sees a mirage as water (371)
The meaning of this proverb is that a person in a desperate situation holds on to anything
thinking that he might find hope in it. People use this proverb to describe those who
helplessly seek remedies or solutions for their problems.

‫ب‬4‫ِه‬,+‫ ا‬k X =A2E' OHLD 4'

Ma tedafiq muiytak a'la al-rihab
Do not pour out your water because you saw a mirage (372)

This proverb advises that one should not lose what he has because he has seen a sign that
he might get something else. It is used to warn people not to give up what they have, and
rely on a promise.

‫اب‬,n+4VVVVV3 0VVVVVAJ+‫ب ا‬4VVVVVb ‫ن‬4VVVVV‫ آ‬ZVVVVV a+‫ا‬

Al-galib inn ghabb al-jitta belkharab
If the heart has gone, the body will be ruined (373)

Sudanese use the word ‘heart’ as an equivalent to the word ‘mind’. They might say that a
person has no heart and they mean that he does not concentrate when he works. This
proverb describes a mad person as one whose heart has gone. It means if one has lost his
mind or become mad, his body is useless although it is fit and healthy. The proverb might
be used to advise people not to blame a mad person regardless of his healthy appearance.

GaVVVVVVK EVVVVVVWP9 ZVVVVVVAI3 4VVVVVV' )VVVVVV a+‫ ا‬LVVVVVV2‫ ا‬GVVVVVVP+‫ا‬

Al-fi ieduo al-galam ma biktib a'umro shagi
He who has a pen in his hand will never write of himself as an unfortunate (374)

This proverb emphasises human selfishness. One of my informants explained it as

follows:
People in authority usually start changing things beginning with their own
circumstances. They build good houses, buy expensive cars and try to get
everything for themselves before the end of their regime. Then they try to find
good jobs for their relatives and the concerns of their nation come late on the list
of their agenda. In fact, they misuse the meaning of this proverb.

120
People use this proverb to criticize people in similar positions to those mentioned by my
informant.

Z9:VVV+‫ ا‬VVV' _VVV;M‫ر أ‬:VVVX

A'udr agbah' minn al-danb
His excuse is worse than his sin (375)

This proverb might be quoted to a person who gives an unacceptable excuse to justify his
misdeed.
‫ن‬45JVVVVVW+‫ ا‬kVVVVV X LVVVVVR‫ وا‬,IVVVVVU+‫م وا‬EVVVVV +‫ن وا‬4VVVVV5N+‫ ا‬kVVVVV X LVVVVVR‫ر وا‬4VVVVV*@+‫ وا‬TVVVVV +‫ا‬
Al-leil wan-nahar wah'id a'la al-a'miyan wa-loam washukur wah'id a'la as-
sajman
Day and night are the same to a blind person, as are blame and praise to an idle
one (376)

In a discussion one of my informants insisted that there is no use in advising an idle

person, thanking him or blaming him, as he is senseless by nature and no one can change
human nature. I argued that whatever a person's nature is he can change, but my
informant used the first part of the proverb to ask me if daylight makes a difference in a
blind person's life. People might quote this proverb to say that some people will not
improve.

cVVVVVVVVV"E+‫ ا‬h‫ و‬cVVVVVVVVVJ@+‫ا‬

Al-najeea' wala al-wajeea’
Leaving home is better than staying and being miserable (377)

If one is continuously offended in his own place, it is better for him to leave it. People use
this proverb to encourage others not to accept humiliation even if it is from their own
people. Those who leave their countries because governors persecuted them for their
political activities also might use this proverb to express their frustration.

TVVVVVVVP+‫د ا‬EVVVVVVVaD ‫ن‬4< V VVVVVW+‫ ا‬ZVVVVVVV9‫أر‬

Arnab al-sultan tagoad al-feel
The Sultan's rabbit leads the elephant (378)

Although a rabbit is a weak animal this rabbit can lead the elephant because it is the
rabbit of the sultan. People use it to emphasise the fact that the one who is close to power
and authority can do what he likes.

121
 ,VVVV<+‫ ا‬4VVVV‫ه‬43‫ أ‬4VVVV' ,VVVVF 4VVVV*HE+
Law fiyha khear ma abaha al-tayear
If there were any good in it, birds would not have rejected it (379)

People use this proverb to express their desperation about a matter.

‫م‬EVVVVVVJ*+‫ع ا‬4HLVVVVVV + \ VVVVVV7‫ و‬,VVVVVVF

Khear waseela lildifa' al-hujoom
Attack is the best means of defence (380)

The above proverb is used to encourage those who are wronged to defend themselves.

‫ج‬4VVVVVVVJX G@VVVVVVVA ' =VVVVVVV+ ‫ل‬EVVVVVVVa2 ,VVVVVVV`;+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVVH ‫ك‬4VVVVVVV34;+‫ا‬

Al-babak fi al-bah'ar yigul leak maleatni a'ajaj
He who hates you will say that you threw dust at him even if you were in the
middle of the sea (381)

Someone who hates you tries to finds any excuse to make trouble for you.

VVVVVVVI5AD VVVVVVV5+ IVVVVVVVW5D‫إ‬

Itmaskan lamman titmakkan
Pretend to be humble until you have power (382)

This proverb says that if you want to get what you want you have to pretend that you are
a weak person. People use it to condemn those who hide their power and show it only
after they achieve their aims.

‫ﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻒ ﻛﺘ‬
Al-wilif kattal
Close attachments kills (383)

This proverb means that familiarity creates a strong relationship between people.
Sudanese usually use the word ‘al wilif’ as equivalent in its meaning to the word ‘love’.
In this proverb, they mean that strong attachment or love might cause great pain to a
person. One can quote this proverb to a distressed or grieving person who has left his
place or dear ones.

 N9 ka;3 h‫ و‬X,I+‫ ا‬GH <+‫ ا‬OِQ

ٌ Dِ
Tilis'iq al-tean fi al-kira'ean wala bibga na'elean
Mud stuck on the feet will not become shoes (384)

People use this proverb to emphasise that any type of relationship will not replace
relatives or family relationships. They use it to condemn one who prefers to belong to
other people rather than their own relatives.

122
 ,VVVVVVVVK4I' \`;VVVVVVVV. h‫ و‬,VVVVVVVVK4;' \VVVVVVVV  3
Balilat mubashir wala d'abih'at mukashir
It is better to offer boiled millet with a smile than a slaughtered animal with a
frown (385)

A simple meal with a hearty reception is better than an elaborate meal to show
hospitality, if the host is not glad to see you.

=VVVVVV; M VVVVVVX LVVVVVVN3 =VVVVVV@X VVVVVVX LVVVVVVN3

Ba’eed a'n a'eynak ba'eed a'n galbak
Far from your eyes, far from your heart (386)

The meaning of this proverb is that you hardly remember those who stay far away from
you. People use it to blame each other or a third party if they forget a person because he
is absent.

‫ك‬EVVVU+‫ ا‬0VVVH ,VVV" ‫ك‬LVVV " 4VVV' ‫ا‬LVVV "

Jildan ma jildak jur fiho ashoak
Skin that is not yours, stick thorns into it (387)

This proverb condemns human selfishness. It says that if a skin is not yours you can hurt
it with thorns, as you do not feel the pain. The proverb is used to rebuke those who do not
care how they use others’ belongings when they borrow them or those who do not worry
about others' problems.

=2‫>ذ‬2 E+‫ و‬0@' ,ِAٌ‫ش َآ‬%;+‫ل ا‬4'

Mal al-balash katir minu wa lao ya-adeak
Take as much as you can that is free, even if it harms you (389)

This proverb says that if you get a chance to have things for free, you take more than you
need even it might harm you. This proverb criticises greedy people in an ironical way.

‫ال‬tVVVb 0VVV'‫ ا‬VVVX GVVVH ‫د‬,VVVa+‫ا‬

Al-girid fi a'ain umu ghazal
The monkey is a deer in his mother's eyes (390)

A monkey represents ugliness from the Sudanese point of view and a deer is a symbol of
beauty. The point of this proverb is that a mother never sees her child as ugly. If a person
expresses his admiration of his own things, people might use this proverb to tell him that
they do not agree.

123
 LVVVVf‫ا‬EH ‫م‬EVVVVM LVVVV@X ‫م‬EVVVVM Zf4VVVVQ'
Mas'aib qaweman a'inda qawemin fawaid
Misfortune for some is advantage for others (392)

This proverb means that some people might benefit from others’ disasters, for example,
when one dies and others get his money.

EVVV'E‫ آ‬E‫ه‬4VVV" 0VVV'E9 GVVVH )24VVV9

Naim fi noamu jahu komu
He was asleep when he received his share (393)

This proverb comments that a person got his portion without striving for it. People use it
in a situation when a person gets things without any effort. It might also be used when a
bad event occurs without any expectation.

EIVVVVW' ‫ن و‬45X4VVVVVQX
A'miyan wa masakoho a'as'a
He is blind and they gave him a stick (394)

A blind person never leaves his stick behind him for any reason as he relies on it. If a
person is given a thing or advice and he holds it all the time, people might use this
proverb to remind him that he needs to be flexible and to make some changes in his ways.

r 3‫ إ‬EWP9 ‫ر‬4ٌIK
Shakkar nafso iblees
The one who praises himself is a devil (395)

As the Quran stated that the devil said he was better than Adam, people condemn one
who praises himself publicly. This proverb might be quoted to advise people to avoid this
habit and to give others a chance to praise them.

0VVVVVV@J+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVH rVVVVVV 3‫) إ‬VVVVVVUX

A'sham iblees fi al-janna
Devil's hope in Paradise (396)

It is believed that the devil will never see Paradise, so people use this proverb to confirm
that what a person asks for will never come true.

‫ت‬EVVq 4VV‫ وادوه‬,24VVX

A’ayra wa addoha s'oat
Racing and being lashed (397)

A herder may quote this proverb. It describes an animal running and still being lashed, as
a concequences it increases its speed. If a person is cautious about building a relationship
with people and sees in them something he does not like, people might quote this proverb
to explain that the person has been alienated by what he has seen.

124
 ‫اس‬,VVVVV+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH ‫س‬4VVVVVP+‫ ا‬cVVVVVM‫و‬
Waga' al-fass fi al-ras
The axe has fallen upon the head (398)

This proverb means that a problem has already occurred so it is difficult to find a way out
of it. It is used in a situation where a negative action has taken place and people try to
solve the problem when it is too late.

LVVVVVV]+ ZVVVVVV a@2 LVVVVVVR ‫ت‬4VVVVVVP+‫ا‬

Al-fatt h'adu yingalib lid'idu
That which goes beyond its limit will turn to its opposite (399)

Moderation is required whether in human relationships or in individuals' lives. Exceeding

the boundaries between people or being extreme in daily life might spoil relationships or
turn individuals' lives to hell. This proverb is used to discourage exaggeration in
anything.

4‫ه‬LVVVM cVVV7‫ و‬4‫ه‬LVVV7 =VVV; b ‫ن‬4VVV‫آ‬

Kan ghalabak sadha wassa' gadaha
If you failed to patch a puncture, enlarge it (400)

This proverb says that if you have failed to solve a problem you should make it worse.
People quote it to a person who tries to help to solve a problem, but causes more
difficulties instead.

)VVVVVVUb ‫) اد‬2,VVVVVV‫آ‬
Karim adda ghasheem
A generous person has offered a gift to an undeserving one (401)

If a generous person offers a wicked person a gift, the latter hardly appreciates it and his
reward to the generous one might be to harm him. Sudanese do not encourage honouring
a villainous person for he will humiliate you. People use this proverb to discourage others
from giving to the undeserving.

125
 GVVVV5N2 =VVVV94F‫= ود‬VVVV@' ‫ا‬,VVVVF h
La khairan minnak wa dukhanak ya'mmi
No benefit comes from you, and yet the smoke you make causes blindness (403)

This proverb describes someone who creates problems and hurts others. It is used to
condemn those who do not help others or even live as burdens on their society and yet
become troublemakers.

G@VVVVVVVVK4ND 4VVVVVVVV' G@VVVVVVVVM h

Lageeni ma ta'asheeni
Better to meet me with a warm heart than offer me dinner (404)

It is better to receive a person graciously and to show him that you are happy to see him
than to offer him food when you are displeased about his arrival. This proverb is used to
advise people that a warm welcome is the most important element in making good
relationships, not offering food.

EVVVXE'‫ل د‬t@VVVD 4VVV' EVVVXE‫ آ‬GVVVH EVVVal EVVV+

Laoo tagoo fi kua'o ma tanzil dimoa'o
Even if they hit him on the elbow, he will never shed tears (405)

This proverb describes a stingy person by saying that he even keeps his tears when he is
in pain, because he feels that he will lose them. It is used to exaggerate in describing
stinginess.

ZR4VVVVVQ+‫ ا‬VVVVV' kVVVVV+‫ او‬rVVVVVP@+‫ا‬

Al-naffss awla min al-s'ah'ib
One’s own self is worthier than a friend is (406)

Although this proverb implies selfishness, it declares the fact that people prefer
themselves to their friends especially in difficult situations. In a situation where a person
has to save himself first before he thinks about others, people may use this proverb to
apologize that it is natural that they have to consider themselves first.

‫ن‬4< 7 0WP9 GH ‫ن‬4W9‫ إ‬Tُ‫آ‬

Kulu innsan fi nafsu s'ultan
Everybody is a sultan to himself (407)

This proverb indicates that everybody has dignity and values himself as a free man;
nobody can compel him to do what he does not want to do.

126
 0VVVVVV74H ,VVVVVV<ND ‫ل‬L@VVVVVVQ+‫ة ا‬,JVVVVVK
Shajarat al-s’andal ta'ttir fasa
A sandalwood tree perfumes its axe (408)

In this proverb, a noble person is metaphorised as a sandalwood tree because he does

good even to his enemies. When an axe is used to cut a sandalwood tree, the perfume will
stay on the axe; it never gets a bad smell for being the enemy of the tree. When people
hurt a noble person, he still remains noble and does not react to his enemy's actions.

‫ا‬,VVVP‫ آ‬OVVV<9‫ا و‬,VVV‫ ده‬85VVVq

S'amat dahran wa nataq kufran
Paused for a year and then spoke nonsense (409)

This proverb is used to ridicule those who do not talk much, but when they do they either
cause trouble by their talk or say unacceptable things.

,N;+‫ ا‬,*x 85QM GA+‫ ا‬0Ua+‫ا‬

Al-qasha alti qas'amat t’ahar al-ba'ear
The straw that broke the camel's back (410)

This proverb is used when there are many causes behind a given problem so when the last
is added it creates a crisis.

0 nW+‫ ا‬TaX 0 aX‫ و‬0 n@+‫ل ا‬El 0+El

Tolu tool an-nakhala wa a'glu a'gl as-sakhala
As tall as a palm tree with a mind of a baby goat (411)

The proverb describes a person who is tall and well built, but silly with a small mind. It is
used to condemn adults who behave in a stupid way.

cVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ;A3 h ‫ت‬EVVVVVVVVVVP3 h‫ت و‬EVVR )VV]X

A'd'um h'utt la bitbalia' wala bifutt
A fish bone in the throat can neither be swallowed nor expelled (412)

This proverb describes a person who is very difficult to deal with as a fish bone
swallowed by mistake. People use this proverb to express their frustration about such
people.

127
 VVVVVVVJN3 ‫ ودي‬VVVVVVV<3 ‫دي دي‬4VVVVVV7
Sadi di biteen wa di ba'jeen
He blocks one ear with mud and the other with paste (413)

This proverb is used in a situation when a person completely ignores what is going on
around him and pretends that he does not hear or know about a given situation.

G94VVVVV'‫ ر‬LX4VVVVV7 LAVVVVVK‫ ا‬4VVVVV5 H \VVVVV24',+‫ ا‬0VVVVVA5 X

A'lamtahu al-rimaya fa-lama ishtadda sa'idahoo ramani
I taught him to shoot, but when his arm got stronger, he shot me down (414)

This proverb represents negative human nature, betrayal and perfidy. It is used when a
person uses his knowledge against one who taught him or looked after him. The proverb
is based on an excerpt from an old Arabic poem. A poet who was first satirized and later
shot dead by his son said:

G94VVVVVVJ‫ ه‬0VVVVVVAH4M ‫ل‬4VVVVVVM 4VVVVVV5 H GVVVVVVH‫ا‬Ea+‫) ا‬VVVVVVv9 0VVVVVVA5 X

G94'‫ ر‬LX47 LAK‫ أ‬45 H ‫ ٍم‬E2 T‫\ آ‬24',+‫ ا‬05 X‫وأ‬
A'lamtahu nat’em al-qawafi falma qal qafitahu hajani
Wa ua'limahu al-rimayati kula yawmin falama ishtadda sa'idahu ramani
I taught him how to write poetry, when wrote his poem he lampooned me,
And taught him to shoot, but when his arm got stronger, he shot me down

Describing the betrayal by his son he said that he taught him how to write poetry, and in
his poem he lampooned his father; he taught him how to shoot and then he shot his father
dead. According to Arabic literature, the father died immediately after he said these
words. People repeat these words or part of them to describe similar situations.

‫اب‬EVVVVVVV3h‫ ا‬kVVVVVVV X G@a;VVVVVVV7 L`VVVVVVVU+‫ ا‬0VVVVVVVA5 X

A'lamtu al-shah'ida, s’abagni a'la al-abwab
I taught him begging and he gets to the doors before me (416)

This proverb criticizes those who learn negative behaviour and become worse than the
one who taught them.

VVVVV`l %VVVVV3 8VV‫آ‬0VVVNJN" ‫رة‬

Katarat ja'ja'h bala tah'een
Much noise and no flour (417)

This proverb is used to condemn a person who talks too much but does no fruitful work.

128
 _;VVVVVVV]2 TVVVVVVV+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVVH‫;_ و‬VVVVVVVW2 ‫ر‬4VVVVVVV*@+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVVH
Fi al-nahar yisabbih' wa fi-leil yid'abbih’
He prays all the day, but he slaughters (people) at night (418)

This proverb describes a person who pretends to be good by trying to show others good
behaviour, but in secret he is evil. It might be used to describe a person as a hypocrite as
well.

,<5+‫\ ا‬2E5+ 05UF _D4H‫ و‬,`;+‫ ا‬GM 0X,‫آ‬

Kira'eaho fi al-bah'ar wa fatih' khashmoo limoayat al-matar
His feet are in the sea and he opens his mouth for the raindrops (419)

The Sudanese use the word sea when they mean the Nile river. The proverb says that
although he stands in the Nile, he seeks raindrops in case the Nile runs dry. People use
this proverb to exaggerate in describing a person as greedy.

ْ8`
َ @ْ Dِ ‫اء‬,PQ+‫ا‬
Al-s'afra tinh'att
The yellow leaf will fall down (424)

A yellow leaf will fall from the tree; a green leaf will stay on the tree as it is strong and
healthy. People use this metaphor to describe an evil person or leader as a yellow leaf
bound to fall from a high place.

,VVVVVVJ`3 2‫ر‬EPVVVVVVQX ‫ب‬,VVVVVV.

D'arab a'us'forean bih'ajar
He hit two birds with one stone (425)

This proverb is used when a person aims to do one thing and gains two benefits.

4@+Eqُ‫ت أ‬LUُ9 4' 4@+EaX '

Min a'ugoalna ma nushidat us'oalna
Because of our wisdom nobody asked about our origins (426)

The proverb comments that if we always behave with wisdom and we do not make any
mistakes, we do not give people any reason to search for our origins and question from
which tribe we come. This proverb is used to emphasize the fact that a person should be
judged by his manners and morals, not by his origins.

129
 ‫ل‬45Xh43 ,Fh‫ وا‬cH4@5+43 49L+‫ا‬
Al-duniya bil-manafia' wa al-akhra bi-ala a'mal
Life's benefit is in its opportunities, but the afterlife's benefit is gained with good
deeds (427)

This proverb means that you can take any opportunity to make a good living, but for the
sake of the day after you need to do good and to avoid evil.

TVVV3h‫رد ا‬EVVVD ‫ا‬:VVVI‫ ه‬4VVV'

Ma hakada tordu al-ibil
That is not the way to take camels to the water pool (428)

As the environment affects metaphor, the people of the Sudan use their surroundings like
animals or trees in figurative speech. Camels are common animals in the Sudan,
considered as patient animals. This proverb is quoted to one who uses a bad approach.

=VVVVH4`+ ‫ر‬LVVVVM =VVVV "‫ ر‬LVVVV'

Mid rijleak a'la gadur lih'affak
Stretch your legs according to your mattress (429)

The point of this proverb is to advise that one should live within his income and spend
according to his means.

4VV5‫ت ه‬4VV' ‫س‬4VV@+‫ ا‬c34VVD VV'

Mann tabba' an-nass mata hammann
Whoever chases people's affairs is bound to die of solitude (430)

The explanation of this proverb is straightforward. It encourages people not to interfere in

others’ affairs, and not to do things just in order to please others.

4VVVV*H cVVVVM‫ و‬0VVVVFh ‫ة‬,VVVVPR ,VVVVPR VVVV'

Munn h'afar h'ufratan liakhiyihi waqaa' fiyaha
He who digs a hole for his brother falls in it (431)

The word brother in this proverb refers to any person that is not your enemy. The
teaching of this proverb is that if you harm others you will be punished with your own
weapons. Both the Quran and the H'adith emphasise the consequences of harming others.

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 ‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﺸﺭ ﻗﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﺼﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‬
Munn a'ashara qawman arba'ean yawman s'ar mithlahum
He who lives with a group for forty days becomes one of them (432)

The point of this proverb is that it is human to socialize with people you live with.
Whether you take bad companions or good ones, eventually you will behave like them. It
encourages people to keep good company and to avoid evil people.

iVVVVVVVU3 GVVVVVVVM‫ درد‬4VVVVVVVa@3‫ د‬4VVVVVVV9‫د‬

Duniya dabanga dardigi bishaish
Life is brittle as dabanga (a clay pot); roll it slowly (433)

This proverb is commonly used all over the country although it is a Darfurian proverb.
The word dabanga is known among people of the western Sudan as a big cylindrical seed
store made of clay and used to store corn or other seeds for the dry season. As the
material used to build this type of store is only clay, people must move it by rolling it
very slowly, otherwise it will be broken. Metaphors from people's surroundings are used
with great effect to express their wisdom in handling daily problems.
The message of this proverb is that diplomacy is needed in life to solve problems.

0VVVVVV@" kVVVVVVa;A3 4VVVVVV' 49LVVVVVV+‫ا‬

Al duniya ma bitabaga jannah
Life will never be paradise (434)

This proverb emphasises the fact that life will not last long. People use this proverb as a
reminder that both bodies and circumstances will change and end, so one should be
patient in facing this painful truth.

4VVVH‫ر اد‬4VVV9 ‫د‬EVVVX ‫ن‬4VVV‫ آ‬EVVV+ 4VVVPJD 4VVV' =52LVVVM

Gadeemak ma tajaffa lao a'udd narr adaffa
Do not abandon your old belongings; even if it is only firewood use it to get
warm (435)

The point of this proverb is to encourage people to preserve their heritage and traditions.

LVVVVVVRh‫ ا‬kVVVVVVa D 8;VVVVVVW+‫م ا‬LVVVVVVM

Gaddim al-sabit talga al-ah'ad
Offer on Saturday and you will find on Sunday (436)

As Sudanese are often vouching for each other and united in solidarity, each individual
has to take part in this responsibility by being co-operative. The one who is irresponsible
and does not stand with the community will be isolated and will not find others' support
when he needs it.

131
 '4VV<D VV'h '4VVD 4VV'
Ma taamin lamin tit'amin
Do not feel safe until you are buried (437)

The meaning of this proverb is that life changes between good times and hard times. If
you live a very comfortable life, do not think that you will never suffer for no one knows
what will happen tomorrow. The lesson of this proverb is that one can have difficulties at
any time.

=VVVV7‫ را‬TVVVV3 EVVVV@2‫= ز‬VVVVF‫ن ا‬4VVVV‫آ‬

Kan akhiyak zayyano bil rasak
If your brother has his hair cut, wet yours (438)

The point of this proverb is that if your brother has been punished as a consequence of
bad behaviour you have to expect the same treatment if you do what he has done.
Sometimes people use it as a political gesture when the government arrests opposition
politicians, as the arrests might include all opposition parties.

‫ر‬:9ُ‫ْ أ‬5ِ+ ‫ َر‬:X h

La a'udra limann undir
No excuse for one who has been warned (439)

The point of this proverb is that the person who knows the consequences of his actions
has no excuse for doing them, as he is aware of the outcome.

T5" h‫ و‬4*H G+ \M49 h

La naqat li fiyha wa la jamal
I have neither a she-camel nor a he- camel in this matter (441)

This proverb means that ‘I have nothing to do with it’. People use it when they do not
want to involve themselves in others’ affairs.

TM4X ‫ن‬EI2 8@<Q5+4H ‫ن‬E@J' ) IA5+‫ن ا‬4‫إذا آ‬

Ida kann al-mutakalim majnoon fa-al-mustamia' yakoon a'agil
If the speaker is mad, the hearer should be wise (442)

If some one exaggerates in his talk the listener should not believe whatever he hears, but
use his own mind to judge it. People quote this proverb to notify the speaker that they do
not believe all they have heard from him.

132
 c57 ْ5‫ ' راى آ‬r+
Laiysa mann raa kamann sama'a
The one who saw is not like the one who heard (443)

This proverb is used to advise people not to believe all they hear and to rely on what they
see more than what they hear.

‫ن‬4VVVV2,X 4VVVV*H iVVVV'‫ك ا‬LVVVV 3 4VVVV' ‫ا‬LVVVV 3

Baladan ma baladak amshi fiha a'rian
Walk naked in a country that is not yours (444)

Although this proverb is commonly used throughout the country, it has a negative
message: that you can do whatever you want if you are not in your own country. People
also use it when they want to criticise a stranger's behaviour. For example if a person
comes from another town or village and behaved in an unacceptable manner people
would quote this proverb at him or about him.

‫ار‬La' ٌTM ‫ دار‬k F '

Mann khala daru galla migdaru
He who leaves his home (country) loses his dignity (445)

The point of this proverb is that every one is honoured in his country. People use it to
encourage a person to stay in his own country and to warn him against emigration.

LVVVVVVVV+E+43 LVVVVVVVV ;+‫ ا‬TVVVVVVVVAM‫أ‬

Aqtul al-balad bilwalad
Kill the country with its own sons! (446)

This proverb means that if you want to destroy a place, you could have eyes or spies in
that place to advise you about the weakness of their people. This proverb calls for
betrayal and treachery, it is considered as a diplomatic proverb that people use in wars.

‫ﺃﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺠﺒﻚ ﻭﺃﻟﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬

Ukkl al-bia'jbak wa albas al-bia'ajb an-nas
Eat whatever you like and wear what other people like (447)

The point of this proverb is that one should consider the general taste in the way one
dresses, but food or nutrition is a personal matter as it affects only the person himself.
Therefore, if you are among other people try not to wear strange clothes; at the same time
do not eat with them something that you do not like just to please them.

133
 ,VVVV5N+‫\ ا‬VVVV+El h‫ و‬0N5VVVVW+‫ا‬
Al suma’a wala tolat ala’umer
Good reputation is better than long life (448)

The meaning of this proverb is that it is better to live for only a short time behaving with
good manners and having a good reputation, rather than having a long life without good
values. My father used to quote this proverb on many different occasions. Especially
when a relative or a friend hurt him, he used to respond in a wise way. I used to talk to
him about his way of life, but he used to tell me that life is short and what will remain
behind us is what we did for people. Then he quoted this proverb.

4VVVVVa D 4VVVVV' }VVVVV@a+‫ ا‬LVVVVV@X 0X4VVVVV7 4VVVVV' 4VVVVV; ‫آ‬

Kalban ma saa'iyho a'indd al-ganeas' ma talgaho
If you did not bring up a dog you will not find it when hunting (449)

Although this proverb is related to rural areas where people use dogs for hunting, it is
often used in urban areas as well. One informant explained it as follows:
If you have not brought up your own dog and trained it how to hunt you will not
find it when you need it for hunting. It is the same thing in other occupations: you
need your own tools to rely on. For example, you are a student now; if you did not
study hard, you cannot find anything in your memory to write on your exam day.
This proverb may be quoted to any person who is not well prepared for his work, whether
inside or outside the family.

NVVVVVVV7 GVVVVVVVH \VVVVVVVN3

Biya'a fi sia'yyan
Sale in a sack (450)

This proverb is used when a person buys a thing without having full details about it. One
day I bought a small piece of land in the town where we live. I did not see the land, but I
completed the official procedure with a lawyer and the property owner. My mother was
very angry, because we did not see the land ourselves. She then recited this proverb,
insisting that something might be wrong with it. Two years later, I found that the land is
on the edge of a wadi (valley). People usually avoid building housing or doing any
business near valleys in that area because it is sandy and subject to erosion.

A Sudanese folklorist’s view

Although I have heard the following proverbs in their natural context in my daily life as

an insider in my community, they were described to me by Dr. Malik Al-Zaki, a well-

known folklorist who has had radio and TV programs about folklore for many years. I

134
used to visit him in his house in Omdurman town during my fieldwork to record some of

my data. I have translated and summarised the exact meaning of his words. Most of the

proverbs discussed here are originally from western Sudan although many of them are

known throughout the country.

VVVVVV3 ‫وا‬,M‫ا‬EVVVVVVK VVVVVV' VVVVVV +‫ ا‬p2,VVVVVVn+‫ا‬

Al-kharif al-liyyin min shawageeru biyyin
A wet autumn is known by its signs (451)

Dr. Al-Zaki said:

Farmers can predict from the very beginning whether they will have a good rainy
season or not by means of certain signs. In fact, this proverb is used as a metaphor
in any situation where you can know the endings by signs and give a conclusion.

He continued: When you say:

=VVVVVPI2 EVVVVV9‫ا‬E@X VVVVV' ‫اب‬EVVVVVJ+‫ا‬

al-jawab min a'nwano yakfeek
A letter's address satisfies you
(The address of a letter reveals its contents) (453)

That means you know about the content of a matter from initial signs.

‫اذ‬EVVVVK LVVVVX4M TVVVVI+

Likuli qa-a'da shawad
Every rule has its exceptions (453)

This proverb is a classical proverb used without any changes in its form. People use it to
justify their attitude towards the law or to treat a given situation as an exceptional case.

=VVVV+4' ‫ راس‬GVVVVH 0;VVVVW`D 4VVVV' =VVVV ' 4VVVV5+‫ل ا‬4VVVV5+‫ا‬

Almal al-ma malak ma tah'sibo fi rass malak
Wealth is not yours; do not count it as your capital (454)

Dr. Al-Zaki said this proverb means that one should not rely on what others have,
especially in business. He gave me another proverb to explain further:

135
 E'4VVVV2‫ ا‬LVVVVND 4VVVV' \VVVVaP9 0VVVVH ‫ك‬LVVVV@X 4VVVV5+‫ ا‬,*VVVVU+‫ا‬
Al-shahar alma a'indak fiyho nafaga ma tia’id ayyamu
Do not count the days of a month for which you have no pay (455)

There is no use in counting the days of a month if you will not be paid in that month.

4VVVVVV*+ GR4VVVVVV`3 o‫ ا‬Z@VVVVVV. 4VVVVVV*+ 4VVVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-ma leyha d'anabb Allah bih'ah'I leyaha
That which has no tail, Allah will drive insects away from it (456)

This proverb reflects the pastoral environment and it seems it was first quoted by cattle-
herders. Usually animals use their tails to drive flies and insects from their bodies. If an
animal has no tail for any reason, God will look after it by protecting it from flies or give
it an idea that it can use to defend itself when insects attack it.
Dr. Al-Zaki said this proverb is used in a situation when a person is poor or of a low
status, and people think that he/she has nobody to protect him/her. One can quote this
proverb to explain God’s justice.
I have always heard this proverb in Darfur region.

‫ﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻜﹲﺭ ﻝﻲ ﺭﺍﻜﻭﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻑ‬

Ma teshakkir laiya rakoba fi al-khareef
Never recommend a thatched hut in the rainy season (458)

To explain the meaning of this proverb Dr Al-Zaki said:

Thatched huts are found in rural areas in Sudan. They are very useful in summer,
but in winter when it rains nobody can rely on them. Therefore, you cannot advise
anyone to have a thatched hut as a shelter in the rainy season.

The following proverb is used when someone praises a person in front of people who
know about his faults. People recite it to show that the praise is undeserved.

‫ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺶ ﺑﺪﺳﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺱ ﺣﺴﻚ‬

Biyat al-gash bidissak ma bidiss h'ssak
A thatched hut will hide you, but not your voice (459)

Dr Al-Zaki illustrated this proverb as follows:

If you live in a thatched hut, it will hide you from others’ eyes. But when you talk
any passer-by can hear what you say. Therefore, those who live in such houses
should be careful about what they say, especially about other people.

136
 2,VVVV" TVVVVU3 4VVVV' ‫اس‬,VVVV+‫ا‬
Alras ma bisheel jarrean
The head cannot carry two pots (460)

In rural areas, women use pots to carry water from wells or wadis (valleys) to their
homes. A woman cannot carry two pots of water on her head at the same time. This
proverb means that you can do only one task at a time. It may be directed at a person who
wants to do many things at the same time and fails to finish any of them well.

‫م‬4VVVVVN@+‫ ا‬ZVVVVV b ‫ان‬,VVVVV<+‫ي و ا‬,VVVJ+‫ا‬

Al-jari wa al-tayran ghalab al-na'am
Running and flying at the same time proved impossible for the ostrich (461)

The ostrich tried to fly and run at the same time, but it found it was an impossible thing to
do. This proverb implies that one cannot join two contrary things or reverse situations.

EVVVVV; R‫ل أ‬4VVVVVM ‫ر‬EVVVVVD 8VVVVV M

Qulta toar qal ah'libu
I told him that it is an ox, but he said milk it (462)

This proverb is used to criticise unacceptable stubbornness when a person is determined

on foolish ideas.

4VVVV",X GVVVVU' h‫ و‬EVVVV a"

Jageloo wa la mashi a'urruja
An unpaved or muddy road is not a path for lame people to walk (464)

Dr. Al-Zaki illustrated this proverb as follows:

This proverb is originally from the western Sudan. The word 'jagloo' refers to
muddy roads. Usually it is difficult for truck drivers and animals' herders to use
unpaved roads during the rainy season, especially in Darfur region where the
nature of the ground is very muddy. In the dry season, unpaved roads become
bumpy and rough because animals and trucks were using them when they were
wet. Therefore, it is very difficult for a crippled person to use them.

Any person may address this proverb to a person who tries to do some work beyond
her/his ability, to warn against the consequences.

137
 ,VVVVJ`+‫ ا‬8VVVV3," 0VVVV.‫ر‬h‫ا‬
Al-ard'a jarrabat al-h'ajar
The termite tried the rock (465)

This proverb means that although the termite is a small and weak insect it tries to dig into
rocks to live in them or eat them. The message of this proverb is that however poor or
weak one is he/she should try any possible means to achieve goals. The proverb may be
applied to any person who avoids doing what he/she wants because he believes that he
might not be able to do it.

Z;l ‫>ل‬WD h‫ِب و‬,Jُ' ‫>ل‬7‫أ‬

Asal mujarib wala tasal tabeeb
Ask an expert, do not ask a doctor (466)

This proverb means that people prefer knowledge gained by experience.

0VVVVVQ9 TVVVVV‫آ‬42 EVVVVV+‫زو و‬4VVVVV;n+ VVVVVJN+‫أدي ا‬

Adi al-a'jeen likhabazu wa-lau yaku nus'u

Give the dough to a baker even though he may eat half of it (467)

This proverb advises that you should let your work be done by experts whatever the cost,
as you will pay more in the end by asking unprofessional people to do work for you.

‫ﺍﳌﹸﻀﻄﺮ ﻳﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ‬

Al-mud'tar yarkab al-s'a'ab
The desperate will take the difficult path (468)

This proverb comments on the fact that a desperate person might do anything, as he/she
has no choice. The message of the proverb is that we should not blame a person who does
anything out of necessity as that might be the only way left for her/him.

‫ط‬EVVVVV7 ‫ب‬,VVVVV. 0`VVVVVQ@+‫ا‬

Al-nas'eaha d'arib s'oat
Advice is as painful as lashing (469)

The meaning is that it is difficult to tell someone directly that what he is doing is wrong.
The word advice in this proverb means truth (people in Sudan sometimes use the word
advice when they mean telling the truth).

138
 ‫ر‬EVVVVVVV9 \`VVVVVVQ@+‫ا‬
Al-nas'eaha noor
Advice is light (470)

The metaphor in this proverb suggests that advice, like light, shows you the right way to
take.

‫ر‬4VVVVV@ + ‫ع‬E",VVVVV' G@VVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-nai marjoa' lilnar
The raw food goes back to the fire (471)

If food is not well cooked, it has to be re-cooked. This proverb is quoted to encourage
people to settle matters and not to leave them unresolved.

‫ء‬4VVVVVVI;+‫ ا‬kVVVVVV X EVVVVVVqE3 4VVVVVV' )VVVVVVA+‫ا‬

Al-yateem ma biwas'oho a'la al-bukka
An orphan will not be advised to cry (472)

Consolation and support to orphans are very important to help them to overcome their
grief. No one should advise them to cry for they are already in a situation that compels
them to do so. The application of this proverb is determined by the situation of the
person. Dr. Al Zaki said that one meaning is, if you know that a person will be very good
at doing a thing, you do not need to give him advice in how to do it.

4VVVVVV@J+‫\ ا‬VVVVVV;M‫ن ر‬,VVVVVVWI3 ‫دات‬hEVVVVVV+‫ة ا‬,AVVVVVV‫آ‬

Katarat al-waladdat biksiran ragabat al-jana
Too many midwives will break the child's neck (473)

The meaning of this proverb is that when too many people try to do one thing at the same
time, they will spoil it.

However, this proverb contradicts many other Sudanese proverbs, like this one:

LVVVVVN3 ‫ع‬LVVVVVJD LVVVVV2‫ إ‬kVVVVV X LVVVVV2‫إ‬

Eied a’la eied tajdau’ ba’eid
A hand on a hand throws faraway
(gets work done quickly) (690)

This proverb means that a group of people can make the work lighter.

139
 GVVVVV]N3 4VVVVV' ‫اد‬,VVVVV" E5VVVVVUF GVVVVVP+‫ ا‬Z3LVVVVV+‫ا‬
Ad-dabeeb al-fi khashmo jarada ma baa'dd'i
A snake that has a locust in its mouth does not bite (475)

The meaning of this proverb is that if you have bribed someone to do work for you, he
will not be able to harm you or to say anything against you as you have paid him for his
silence. In my discussion about this proverb with one of my informants, he explained that
in the past one could not recite this proverb publicly as bribes were considered a criminal
offence and the community would reject anyone who gave or took them. Nowadays as
the economic situation is extremely confused, people simply give or take bribes under
many different names.
Unfortunately, this kind of behaviour has penetrated Sudanese life and ethics during the
last decade due to the severe decrease in the standard of living. Some people have been
compelled by poverty and heavy family responsibilities to accept such things. Now
people actually use this proverb or others with similar meanings to encourage each other
to pay officials to finish their business.

\VVVV2E ' 4VVVV*;R 4‫ره‬LVVVVaD 4VVVV5+‫ ا‬LVVVVV2Y‫ا‬

Al-eiad al-ma taqdara h'ibaha malwiya
A hand if you cannot oppose it, kiss it even if it is turned against you (476)

This proverb says that if you cannot resist a very strong force, it is better to accept it even
if it is turned to insult you. It means that one has to be fraudulent and use tricks to save
oneself.

‫ي‬4VVVV3E;‫ ه‬4VVVV2 ‫ي‬%VVVV3‫ ا‬4VVVV2 ‫وا‬LVVVVR‫ و‬h‫ززت و‬EVVVV‫ن ه‬4VVVV‫ آ‬,JVVVVK

Shajara kan hozazat wala weh’eado ya habobai ya ablai
A tree cannot shake by itself; if a tree shakes, either a monkey or the wind shakes
it (477)

This proverb is from Darfur region. My informant said it means that there is no reaction
without action. This proverb is often used when people find proof against one who denies
an accusation.

The following proverb is similar in its meaning and use to the above one:

OVVVl ‫ت‬EVVVa3 4VVV' OVVVK 0VVVM 4VVV' EVVV+ ‫د‬EVVVN+‫ا‬

Al-a'uoad lao ma fiyho shaq ma biqool taq
A stick without a crack in it will not creak (479)

This proverb means that it is unlikely a person will be accused without reason. People use
it to express their suspicions about other people.

140
 =VVVVV[ 3 GVVVVV +‫ ا‬h‫= إ‬5AVVVVVK 4VVVVV'
Ma shatamak ila ali balaghak
The one who reported to you was the one who insulted you (480)

This proverb means that the one who reports gossip to you also wants to insult you. This
proverb is used to advise people not to inform others about negative things said about
them.

OVVVVVVM‫ ر‬TVVVVVV`' cVVVVVV<a@3 TVVVVVV;`+‫ا‬

Al-h’abil bingatia' mah'al rigayeag
A rope will break where it is thin (481)

The situation in which this proverb might be used is when a person has something and
desperately needs it, but for some reason it gets damaged or lost. In addition, people use it
if someone has only one child and this child dies or becomes handicapped.

0VVVVA;M‫\ ر‬VVVV"EX ‫ف‬,VVVVN3 4VVVV' TVVVV5J+‫ا‬

Al-jamal ma bia'rif a'wajat ragabtu
The camel does not know the crookedness of its neck (482)

This proverb might be used in a situation when a person criticises others while he himself
has similar defects or may make the same mistakes.

)VVVVV5A+‫ ا‬TVVVVV<3 ‫ء‬4VVVVV5+‫ ا‬,VVVVV]R ‫إذا‬

Ida h'ad'ar al-ma batla la-tayammum
If water is available, one cannot use sand for ablution (483)

Muslims wash with clean sand or earth where water is unavailable. This proverb says that
there is no need to use sand when water is available. People use the proverb when they
have been using an alternative thing and suddenly they find the original one. They might
also use it for example, when they are talking to a person in charge and suddenly his boss
enters the place.

‫ن‬4VVVV'‫) ا‬VVVV*@' 4VVV' ‫ن‬4< VVV7 ‫ي‬4VVV3E3‫ وادي و‬LVVVM,'‫ و‬GVVV3‫ دا‬LVVV+‫و‬
Welwead dabi wa margadd wadi wa bobai s'ultan ma minahum amann
One cannot feel secure with a baby snake, a riverbed and a sultan's fallow land
(484)

A baby snake may hurt you although it is small. If one builds a house or grows plants in a
riverbed, they will be at risk of flooding all the time. In rural areas in the Sudan, some
people abandon their lands for a long time, and others can use that land in a peaceful way.
But if the fallow land belongs to the Sultan or the king, one should avoid it because he

141
might take it back at any time. The proverb points out that governors can use their
authority at any time.

OVVVVVVH‫ ر‬kVVVVVVa 3 ‫رب‬LVVVVVV+‫= ا‬VVVVVV745+‫ا‬

Al-masik al-darib bilga rafeeg
He who takes the road will find a companion (485)

This proverb means that one should not hesitate for fear of travelling alone. The word
road in this proverb implies the beginning of any enterprise. If a person begins any type
of work, he will find someone to help him to finish it. For example, my mother uses it
when my sisters or I want to travel. As Sudanese always prefer that women should have
company when travelling, she hopes that we find a good companion on our journey. The
use of this proverb is to encourage people’s initiative. Anyone may use this proverb
regardless of age or status.

0A2‫ا‬La3 ‫ا‬E W3 ‫ي‬4‫آ‬EK 0 ‫آ‬

Kulo shokai bisilo bigadayato
Each thorn is withdrawn through its own hole (486)

This proverb implies an interesting metaphor, where the one who first said it reflected his
environment and his own surroundings to express his wisdom. In it there is an inner
meaning and an outer meaning for the word thorn (shuka). In my discussion of this
proverb, my informant gave many different interesting examples about the importance of
disconnecting different problems. To illustrate this proverb, he said:
If a thorn pricked you, you would use the same hole where it entered your body to
pull it out. If you tried to pull it out by a different way, you would hurt your skin
and suffer pain. One should address problems with the same logic and solve each
problem individually. For example, if you have a misunderstanding with any
person, you should not treat his family in an unacceptable manner.
The proverb is used to advise people not to confuse different issues at one time.

‫ن‬4',Q+‫ ا‬c' c3‫ن و‬4NJ+‫ ا‬c' T‫أآ‬

Ukul ma' al-jia'ann wa biya' ma' al-s'arrman
Eat with the hungry and buy from the needy (487)

This proverb means that a hungry person will eat much food, so he will encourage you to
eat as well; and if you want to buy something, try to find someone who a desperately
needs money and buy from him, as he might sell his goods very cheaply.

142
 ,24VVVVV3 EVVVVV+‫ و‬0VVVV `+‫ ا‬8VVVV3 ‫وج‬tVVVVD‫ و‬,24VVVVX ‫ن‬4VVVV‫ آ‬EVVVV+‫رب و‬LVVVV+‫ ا‬cVVVV;D‫ا‬
Atbaba' al-darib wa lao a’yir wa itezawj bit al-h’ila wa lao bayir
Follow the road even if it is winding and marry a woman from your area even if
she is old (488)

This proverb consists of two parts of advice. The first part means that one should follow a
known road even if it is rugged or rough, to reach one’s destination safely instead of
risking an easy short road without knowing about it; it might be dangerous and put your
life at risk. The word road in this proverb also means a manner or way of life. One should
behave in a way that leads to good consequences. This part of the proverb bears a positive
message and good advice.
The second part of this proverb encourages a man to marry from his own district even if
the one he wants to marry is an old woman. Either the one who quotes this proverb wants
the hearer to help to solve unmarried women's problem in his own community, or he
prefers his community and does not like marriages to be outside his small community.
Old people may use this proverb in advising young ones. People of the same age might
use it to each other, but it is unlikely to be used by the young to old people.

49‫ا‬E D 4' )*@' ‫ي‬,"‫ أ‬T2‫ د‬09%WI+‫ ا‬03‫ا‬L+‫ وا‬094U<N+‫ار ا‬L+‫ وا‬09‫ا‬LI@+‫ ا‬tJ+‫ا‬
Al-jeeza al-nakedana wa al-dar al-a'tshana wa al-dabah al-kaslana, deal ajri
minahum ma talwana
An unhappy marriage, a thirsty land and a lazy pack animal, escape all these (489)

A happy marriage is the cornerstone of a successful family. A miserable husband or wife

will make family life unbearable. Therefore, it is not advisable to continue in such a
marriage. Water is a historic problem in the rural areas in the Sudan. As in most of the
Sudan people depend on very primitive ways to get water, they try to build their villages
near natural sources of water or at least far from dry lands. The proverb advises to avoid
living in a dry land. Animals are easiest means of transportation, so one should not keep a
lazy animal. This proverb is related to farmers and villagers and it is not in use in urban
regions.

‫ف‬EVVVVVU3 GVVVVV`+‫ا‬
Al-h'ai bishoof
One who lives will see (what will happen) (491)

This proverb means that any person will see what is going on in life and what the days
are hiding. People usually use this proverb when sad events happen. They comfort
themselves that as long as we live our lives we have to see difficult or strange things
happen to us.

143
 GVVVR EVVVM‫ رز‬GVVV`+‫ا‬
Al-h'ai rizgo h'ai
Whoever is alive, his sustenance is alive (492)

This proverb means that daily bread is a boon from God arranged for one’s life. It is
believed by the Sudanese that whatever the number of the family their living is arranged
by God. Even when they have guests, they believe that Allah has arranged their food and
the owner of the house is only a means for delivering this sustenance. Some people might
use this proverb if they are criticized by others for having many children. However, with
the severe drop in the standard of living some people in urban areas do not seem to
believe in this proverb any more.

=VVVVVVVVV; [2 =VVVVVVVVV; M GVVVVVVVVVP+‫ا‬

Al-fi galbak yaghalbak
What is in your heart will defeat you. (493)

This proverb means that however you try to hide your intentions by your behaviour they
will come out. Therefore, one should not hide his true feelings about a given situation.
This proverb may be used when a person talks about an issue and suddenly says
something different. When people hear that, they will understand that what he said as a
slip of the tongue is his real opinion or his desire, so they may quote this proverb to him.

0VVVVV+‫ او‬c34VVVVVD ‫اد‬,VVVVVJ+‫ا‬

Al-jarad tabia' awalo
The locust will follow its leaders (495)

Locusts usually attack crops in large groups. When the first ones in the flock fly in one
direction all the rest follow. This proverb is an outcome of observation of a natural
phenomenon. People use it to say that children will behave like their fathers or big
brothers. The proverb also contains an insult to a third party. For example, if one
criticized another’s behaviour, a hearer who knows about the person criticized might use
this proverb to say that the ancestors of the person had the same bad habit or reputation.

pِAI+‫ ا‬GH caD ،‫اس‬,+‫ ' ا‬8NM‫ن و‬4‫ آ‬0M4l

Tagiyyaa kan waga’aat min ar-as taga’ fil al-katif
When a hat falls from the head, it falls on the shoulder (498)

This proverb is widely used in areas where tribal authority is still effective. A tribal
leader, known as nat’ir, has many duties to surrounding villages under his authority. He
has assistants known as a'umad singular au'mda. In the absence of the leader usually
because of death or sickness, one of his assistants takes his place, usually a brother, a son,
cousin or close relative. This proverb is used to emphasise the fact that tribal leadership
has to be inherited within the same family.

144
 ,VVVVVVVaN+‫ ا‬LVVVVVVV+ED 0VVVVVVVN"E+‫ا‬
Al-wajea’a tawlid al-a’uqar
Prejudice makes the barren give birth to babies (498)

The proverb says that prejudice compels people to do impossible things to get rid of the
causes of their troubles. In addition, they may work hard to achieve their goals in spite of
any obstacles. This proverb may be used in a situation where someone achieves good
results despite bad treatment.

‫و‬LVVVVVVV7 c34VVVVVVVD ZVVVVVVV ‫ آ‬0VVVVVVV@J+‫ا‬

Al-janiya kalib tabia' sido
A crime is a dog that follows its owner (499)

This proverb states that if someone commits a crime, his wrongdoing will follow him:
either people remember his crime or he himself lives with a sense of guilt for the rest of
his life. Therefore, people should mind their behaviour and avoid wrongdoing.

‫ع‬4VVVVM‫" و‬,VVVV7 ‫ب‬4VVVV‫رآ‬

Rakkab sarjean waqaa’
Who rides on two saddles will fall (501)

This proverb is quoted when a person does not keep to his principles. It may also be used
if one tries to do two different things at a time. It encourages people to finish one thing at
a time before they start another.

=VVVVVV nD 4VVVVVV' ‫س‬4VVVVVV@+‫= وا‬VVVVVVJD 49LVVVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-duniya tajeak wa al-nas ma takhaleak
Life oppresses you and people blame you (502)

This proverb means that even when you face difficulties in your life people do not leave
you alone as they hurt you too. People use this proverb to express their frustration when
they face different difficulties all at once.

‫ك‬LVVVVVR‫ و‬GVVVVVI;D GVVVVVI3‫= أ‬VVVVVN' 49LVVVVV+‫`= ا‬VVVVV]D =`VVVVV.‫أ‬

Ad'h’ak tad'h'ak al-duniya ma'k abki tabki wah'dak
Laugh and the world will laugh with you: cry and you will cry alone (503)

This proverb means that when you are in good times you will find people around, and
you have to be happy to keep them around you. However, if you are miserable and want
to forget your sadness, you must cry by yourself, as nobody will share that with you.
People use this proverb either to encourage laughter or to complain that at hard times they
do not find friends to support them.

145
 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻌﻪ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﹸﻜﻢ ﺑﻘﻄﻌﻪ‬
Al-s'ultan kan s'ubaaa'o sharako fi al-h'ukum biqata'o
The sultan would cut off his finger if it shared his power (504)

This proverb emphasizes the love of authority and lack of confidence of governors. It
says that however close a person is to the sultan, he will get rid of him whenever he fears
that he might emulate him. The message of this proverb is that no one, even relatives,
should trust those who are in power. One might use it to comfort a person who has been
hurt by someone in power.

ZVVVVV24F k",VVVVVD 4VVVV' 0PVVVV7 kVVVV"‫ار‬

Arja safeeh ma tarja khayib
Rely on a prodigal person rather than on a hopeless person

Sudanese consider one who spends his money on unnecessary things and does not look
after his family and relatives as imprudent and prodigal. In spite of the fact that such
behaviour is extremely unacceptable, this proverb says that you can rely on him rather
than an idle person. A man who stays at home without a job is considered as hopeless.
The proverb condemns idleness, describing the unemployed as worse than the prodigal.

GH4VVVVVVVNA' ‫م‬EVVVVVVVaD GHLVVVVVVVA' LVVVVVVVM‫ار‬

Argud mudaffi tagoom muta'affi
Sleep warm and you will get up healthy (507)

This proverb is considered as health advice especially in winter. One may quote it to a
person who complains of cold or stomach problems in winter.

,JU+‫ ا‬8`D ‫ت‬E5D ,UN+‫أم ا‬

Umm al-a'shara tamut tih't al-shajara
The mother of ten (children) dies under a tree (508)

This proverb means that having too many children will not guarantee that one will live
and die in honour. A mother of ten might die lonely and poor in spite of the fact that she
has people who are supposed to look after her. The proverb is used to comfort those who
have no children and think that they might not find someone to help them when they are
getting old.

146
 ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺘﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺎﺴﺒﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﻪ‬
Al-bitreedo la-teh'asbo la tinasbo
Neither share a business, nor enter into marriage alliance with the person you love
dearly (509)

As Sudanese are very keen to keep a good relationship with their loved ones, they do not
encourage establishing business relationships with them. The reason is that they affect
either their work or their relationship for they cannot call them to account. If they did, or
the other called them to account it might be misunderstood.

‫ﻤﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻛﲑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺨﺎﻑ ﻃﻠﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﻋ‬

Al-bikhaf tulooa' al-jibal bigad'I a'umro fi al-karakeer
Whoever fears climbing mountains will live forever in caves (510)

This proverb means that if a person is afraid to improve his life by taking a step forward,
he will remain all his life at the same stage. The proverb encourages people not to fear or
hesitate to improve their lives.

‫غ‬4VVVVVVV; " 02EVVVVVVVK EVVVVVVVA2E5+‫ ا‬NVVVVVVVW+‫ا‬

Assia'in al-moytu shawayya jalbagh
A leather bag with a little water in it shakes frequently (512)

This proverb means that one without knowledge talks too much about unnecessary things.
In contrast a wise person talks about useful things when it is necessary.This proverb
condemns ignorant talkative people. People use it to criticize them.

‫ﺍﳊﺴﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎ ﺑﻴﺴﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻐﺼﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﻫﺎ‬

Al-h'asana fi elma biswaha maghas'a lilsawaha
A favour to the one who does not deserve it, is an annoyance to the doer (513)

If one does a favour to a person who does not deserve it he will regret doing it. The
undeserving one will pay the giver back according to his ungrateful nature.

=VVVVVVVA9‫ا‬En3 ‫ن‬EVVVVVVVnD h‫= و‬VVVVVVV94'43 '4VVVVVVVD h

La ta-amin biamanak wala takhwain bikhwantak
Do not trust others to have your honesty and do not accuse them because you are
dishonest (515)

If you assume others are as honest as you are you might regret it later. On the other hand,
if you are traitorous do not assume that all people are like you. This proverb is used to
encourage people to examine each other’s character before they make judgements.

147
 ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺸﻜﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﻳﻨﺒﺬﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺬﺏ‬
Al-yashkurak bi-al-kadib yinabizak bi-al-kadib
He who lies to praise you will lie to criticise you (516)

This proverb is used to advise people not to trust a liar.

‫وح‬,VVVV3 VVVV2‫وح و‬,VVVV+‫ ا‬TVVVVD4‫آ‬

Katil al-roah wean biroah
The soul killer has nowhere to go (517)

Anyone who kills a person can not hide forever. It is known that a murderer always
leaves some sign that leads to him, or he might confess out of the pricking of his
conscience. This proverb is used to warn that no criminal can hide from justice.

kIAVVVVVVVVVK‫ إ‬G@a;VVVVVVVVV7‫ و‬kVVVVVVVVVI3 G94VVVVVVM‫د‬

Daqani baka wa sabaqni ishtaka
He slapped me and wept; he went before me and complained
(He wept to victimise himself) (519)

People use this proverb in a situation when a person hurts someone and complains about
him at the same time.

‫ﺍﳊﻀﺮ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺟﺪﻩ‬

Al-h'id'ir abu ba'rif kalam jidu
Whoever lives to know his father, knows the wisdom of his grandfather (520)

This proverb implies that each father has a great effect on his son. A father teaches his
son wisdom that he learnt from his father.

HLVVVVVVV@A3 4VVVVVVV' TVVVVVVV]+‫ ا‬TVVVVVVV&' \VVVVVVVaa`+‫ا‬

Al-h'ageega mithal al-d'd'ull ma bitindafin
Truth, like a shadow, cannot be buried (521)

If one tries to bury a shadow, he will fail whatever amount of sand he uses. Similarly,
truth will always come out. The message of this proverb is that no one can hide the truth,
so people should speak the truth always regardless of the consequences.

148
 ُ ,b O
َ D ,F ٌTM ' ‫ك‬,D‫أ‬
Atruk munn gala khiyro talga ghearo
Abandon the one whose benefit decreases and you will find some one better (522)

This proverb means that if you have a close friend or relative and you find that he is not
good enough for your company, you should leave him and you will find someone who
deserves to be your friend. The word benefit in the proverb means good (rather than evil).
People use it to encourage a person to leave bad companions, or it might be used to
comfort someone who abandons a bad friend and feels sad that he did so.

=VVVVVaH‫ ر‬kVVVVVa;3 4VVVVV' ‫ك‬LVVVVV2‫ق إ‬4VVVVV. 4VVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-ma d'aq iedak ma bibqa rafeaqak
He who does not suffer from your hand will not become your friend (523)

This proverb states that good friendship comes after a fight or an argument.

}M,+‫ ' ا‬0H ‫ن‬4;Q+‫ ا‬k X ‫>س‬3 %H 43‫ر‬4. T;< + 8;+‫ن رب ا‬4‫إذا آ‬
Ida kana rab al-beati liltabl d'arban fela bas a'la als'biyani fiyhi minn al-raqas'i
If the head of the house is a drummer, the boys are allowed to dance (524)

This proverb is a classical proverb used by ordinary people in its standard form. It means
that youngsters behave as adults do. A child imitates his father or mother, so one should
mind his behaviour for his children might do the same when they grow up. If a person
makes a mistake that has already been made by his parents or a relative, people might use
this proverb to blame his parents or his family by showing that older people have a great
effect on their children's behaviour.

‫ر‬4@+43 ‫ ِء‬4]',+‫ ' ا‬,JAW5+4‫آ‬

Kalmustajeari minn al-ramd'ai bilnar
Like one who seeks protection from scorching heat with fire (526)

This is a classical Arabic proverb used by ordinary people without changes in its form. It
is used when a person tries to get away from a difficult situation and finds himself in a
worse one.

\qED h‫ و‬4ً 5IR T7‫أر‬

Arsil h'akeeman wa la taws'ihi
Send a wise man and do not advise him (528)

This proverb is a classical proverb used by ordinary people in its standard form. It says
that if you want to send a person to do something on your behalf, you should choose a
wise man but not tell him what to do or to say, for he does not need your advice. The

149
proverb is used to advise people to be careful when they want to rely on others to
represent them or to do work for them.

,VVV`;+‫ ا‬GVVVH GVVV'‫وف وار‬,VVVN' TVVV5X‫أ‬

A-a'mal ma'roof wa armi fi al-bah'ar
Do a favour and throw it into the sea (529)

This proverb advises people to do favours even for those who do not deserve them. It is
used to encourage people not to expect rewards for their good deeds.

VVVVVV+ 8VVVVVV‫ وآ‬E3,VVVVVVI3 pNVVVVVVW+‫ا‬

As-sa'af bekriboo wakit layyinn
Palm leaves are plaited when wet (530)

The meaning of this proverb is that it is easy for you to tie palm leaves immediately after
you cut them. If you delay in plaiting them, they will get dry and break into pieces. The
message of the proverb is that one should settle matters immediately as they might be
complicated to resolve later.

‫ل‬4;J+‫ ا‬k<b ‫م‬%]+‫ا‬

Al-d'alam ghata al-jibal
Darkness covers the mountains (531)

People consider the dark as a shelter. Therefore, if they want to do something out of
observers' eyes, they prefer to do it at night. Nomadic tribes prefer to travel during the
night for their safety and to avoid the heat of the desert. Some extremists also allow their
wives to go out or to visit their families only at night, so that strangers do not see them.
This proverb might be used to encourage working at night for the above reasons.
Otherwise, it might be a proverb of highway robbers.

‫ع‬4VVVVVV"‫و‬h‫ ا‬LVVVVVV D 4;9LVVVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-duniya talid al-awja'
Life gives birth to pain (532)

One should be aware that it is the nature of life that one faces difficulties and different
types of pain.

150
 ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻴﺏ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻗﻪ‬
Al-mal al-saib ya'lim al-sariga
Unattended money teaches theft (533)

The point of this proverb is clear. If you are an employer and you do not supervise your
work properly, your business will suffer because you will give a chance for dishonest
people to take advantage of you. The proverb encourages people to look after their money
and not to depend on others to deal with their business without supervision.

4VVVVN' 0VVVVAJR ZVVVV24[+‫ا‬

Al-ghaib h'jtu ma'ahu
The absentee might have his reasons (534)

This proverb means that you should not judge or blame an absent person for you do not
know why he is absent. He may have strong reasons that prevent him from attending.

034`q‫ أ‬kW9 034;R‫ أ‬ka +‫ا‬

Al-liga ah'babu nisa as'h'abu
The one who met his beloved ones forgot his friends (535)

People use this proverb to blame their friends for being too busy with their families and
dear ones to visit them.

,‫ه‬L+‫دِب ا‬y5+‫) ا‬N9

Nia'm al-muadib al-dahar
Time is the best discipliner (536)

A person who has no manners and does not accept discipline from others will be
disciplined by time, because he will eventually face difficulties that compel him to
respect others, or because he is getting older and has to learn as he matures.

pNVVVVVVV]+‫ ا‬TVVVVVVV‫آ‬42 ‫ي‬EVVVVVVVa+‫ا‬

Al-gawi yakul al-d'a'eef
The strong one eats the weak one (537)

The meaning of this proverb is clear. It describes human nature as unjust as there is no
place for the poor or weak.

151
 03‫ در‬kW@3 4' ‫ادي‬E+‫ا‬
Al-wadi ma bansa darbo
The wadi does not forget its pathway (541)

One of my informants explained this as a geographical proverb that concerns a natural

phenomenon. When riverbeds disappear due to natural changes such as desertification,
people sometimes try to build houses or to cultivate in these areas. In rainy seasons, they
may be flooded if nature re-activates the riverbed. For this reason, people say that a wadi
will never forget its passage even if it disappears for years.
People use this proverb to advise others not to settle in such areas. The proverb may also
be used if a person abandons his people for a long time for any reason, and later comes
back to live with them.

‫ن‬4VVVVVU<N+‫ ا‬cVVVVVP@3 4VVVVV' ‫ب‬4VVVVV‫ه‬,+‫ف ا‬EVVVVK

Shoaf al-rihab ma binfa' al-a'tshan
Looking at a mirage will not benefit a thirsty person (542)

People use this proverb to warn against depending on unknown hopes.

‫ال‬tVVVVb TVVVVAa3 4VVVV' VVVVN+‫ف ا‬EVVVVK

Shoaf al-a'ain ma bigtul ghazal
You cannot kill a deer by looking at it (543)

This proverb condemns those who build hopes without actions and encourages people to
prepare themselves for any work they want to do.

\VVVVVV3,a+‫ ا‬TVVVVVV5‫ط آ‬4VVVVVVa@+‫ا‬

Al-naggat kammal al-girba
Constant dripping has emptied the water bag (544)

One of my informants explained this proverb as follows:

If you have a big water bag with a small hole in it, the water will keep dripping
through the hole until it becomes empty. The same thing will happen if you have
some money and you spend it little by little, one day you will find yourself
without a penny. In daily life, if you make small problems with your friends and
people around you, even if the disagreement is small in time it will accumulate
and become a big problem. In this case, your friends will become exasperated and
feel that you are a troublemaker as you criticise them all the time and create

152
 problems, so they will leave and you will find yourself without any friend around
you.
The point of this proverb is that people should not ignore small things for they might
cause great damage or big loss in the long run.

‫ش‬,P+‫ ا‬L 3 ‫ش‬,a+‫ا‬

Al-girish bilid al-girish
Money breeds money (545)

The point of this proverb is that if one has money and does some business, he will get
more money. It is used to encourage people to put their money into business instead of
keeping it, as it will finish if it is spent.

cVVVV n' ‫ر‬4VVVVJ@+‫ب ا‬4VVVV3

Bab al-najar mukhllaa'
The carpenter's door is falling apart (547)

This proverb is used to describe any person who owns a thing or knows a craft or
vocation, but does not himself benefit from his knowledge even though he uses his
knowledge to help others.

0VVVVV+ ‫ر‬LVVVVVQAD 4VVVVV' =VVVVV+ 4VVVVV5+‫م ا‬%VVVVVI+‫ا‬

Al-kalam al-ma leak ma tits'adar leyaho
Do not stand up for words that are not yours (440)

The meaning of this proverb is that you should not make any confrontation with people
over others' affairs. The message is that one should not adopt others' problems.

0VVVVVVVV3 kVVVVVVVV ;D 8VVVVVVVV' ‫ راس‬TVVVVVVVVUD h

La tasheel rass meit tabla biyho
Do not carry a dead head for you may entangle yourself (494)

Caution is very important in some situations and places especially where tribal conflicts
are dominant. If you carried a dead head, people might accuse you of killing a person.
The proverb says that one should not get involved in a matter without knowing its details
or consequences. For example, a person may try to mediate to solve a problem or even
take sides in a conflict and might bring big troubles upon himself. People use this proverb
to warn against interfering in others’ affairs out of good will without knowing the
consequences.

153
 0H,ِa+‫ وا‬4QN+‫ ا‬3 TFL2 0H,ِN+‫ ا‬T M
Galeal al-a'irfa yadkhul bean al-a's'a wa al-girfa
He who has little knowledge interferes between the stick and its bark (550)

This proverb means that it is unwise to intervene in close relationships between friends,
married couples or relatives.

)VVVVVA2 ‫ل‬4VVVVV' ‫ل‬EVVVVVaD ‫ر‬4VVVVVR

H'ar tagoal mal yateem
As hot as an orphan's wealth (551)

One of my informants explained this proverb in this way:

It is known in Sudanese culture that after a child's father dies the child's next of
kin will look after her/him. The dead father's money or any other wealth should be
kept safe until the child becomes an adult, who can deal with his own affairs. The
person who misuses orphans' money will be criticised by his people and it is
believed that he might lose his health and wealth as consequences.
Islam forbids misusing orphans' wealth as well. People use this proverb to describe
difficulties that they might face when they are doing a task. Usually when a meal is too
hot to eat, people also quote this proverb.

,F 4*H ,R>D Tُ‫آ‬

Kul ta-akhiyrah fiyha khiyrah
In everything that is late, there is good (553)

This proverb advises that things that come late are good. It is used in a situation when a
person delays in doing something because he cannot find time or for a reason beyond his
control. He or a second party might quote this proverb for comfort.

People may use the following proverb to express the same meaning. They might also use
it to emphasise that God has arranged a time for everything and no one can change the
time when things have to happen.

09‫>وا‬3 jK Tُ‫آ‬
Kuli shayi bi-awanu
Everything has its time (554)

154
 ZVVVVVVV‫آ‬,5+‫ا ا‬EM,VVVVVVV[2 VVVVVVVW2‫ر‬
Reyisean ghargoo al-murkab
Two captains in a boat will sink it (556)

They will sink it as they might disagree with each other. People use the above proverb to
encourage unity around one authority.

‫\ دود‬VVVVVVV94 ' 4VVVVVVV*@<;+‫\ ا‬3L@VVVVVVV]+‫\ ا‬R45VVVVVVV7

Samah’at al-d'undubah al-batuna malyana dud
The beauty of the tund'uba (tropical fruits) that are full of worms (557)

This kind of tropical fruit is red and looks very beautiful from outside, but usually it is
full of worms as it is very soft and easy for insects to get inside. People use this proverb
to describe a good-looking person with bad behaviour.

‫و‬LVVVV7 VVVV' VVVV<;+‫ض ا‬,VVVV' h‫ ا‬o‫ ا‬VVVV' ‫ض‬,VVVV5+‫ ا‬TVVVV‫آ‬

Kul-al-marad' min Allah illa marad' al baton min siydu
All diseases are from God except the disease of the stomach, which is from the
patient (560)

As a person is free to choose his food, he has to take the right food to avoid being sick.
This proverb is used to warn people against bad nutrition habits.

)VVVV@*" VVVV' \VVVVN<M ,PVVVVW+‫ا‬

Al-safar gita'a minn jahnam
Travelling is a piece of hellfire (562)

In rural areas and distant villages, people still use animals as means of transportation.
They take days or months in the baking summer or rainy seasons to reach their
destinations. People use this proverb to comfort those who show their annoyance or
discontent when they become tired during their long journeys.

‫ر‬4VVV@+‫ ا‬ZVVVaX 45VVV7 GVVVH 4VVV'

Mafi siman a’qab al-nar
No poison survives fire (563)

The point of this proverb is that heat kills all germs. If a person feels disgust about eating
any kind of food, people might use this proverb to persuade him to eat without worrying.

155
 ‫ف‬EVVVVVVVU2 iVVVVVVVN2 GVVVVVVV +‫ا‬
Al-yea'eash yashuf
He who lives will see (565)

This proverb is used when unfamiliar things happen, to emphasise that we continuously
learn new things in life.

8VVVVV;+‫س ا‬4VVVVV9 GVVVVV]N2 4VVVVV' ‫ اول‬,NVVVVVW2 4VVVVV5+ ZVVVVV I+‫ا‬

Al-kalib lama yasa'ar awal ma ya'd'i nas al-beat
When a dog has rabies, he starts to bite his owners (566)

A rabid dog bites the people who live with it in the same house; there is no chance to
avoid it if they do not realize that it is affected by the disease. This proverb is used to
explain that those who are close to you might harm you more than others might.

0VVVVVVVa94F LVVVVVVV2,3 ZVVVVVVV I+‫ا‬

Al-kalib biread khangu
The dog likes his throttling (567)

Although a dog represents faithfulness in many people's view, many think that a dog likes
a person who harms it. However, people use this proverb to describe a wicked person
who respects only those who are very rude to him.

= "‫ ر‬8ُF =7‫ را‬8ُnD 4' T`'

Mah'al ma tukhut rasak khut rijleak
Where you put your head, put your feet (568)

This proverb states, ‘whatever you do I do not care‘. People use it to express their
indifference to threats.

TVVVVVV;`+‫ ا‬VVVVVV' ‫ف‬4VVVVVVn2 Z3LVVVVVV+‫\ ا‬VVVVVVq,M O24VVVVVV]+‫ا‬

Al-d'aiq gars'at al-dabeab yakhaf min al-h'abil
He who has been bitten by a snake is scared of ropes (569)

The point of this proverb is to advise people not to blame someone who is frightened of
those who hurt him or anyone similar to those who hurt him. It might also be used to
criticise people for being afraid where there is nothing to be afraid of.

156
 l4VVVVVVU+‫ ا‬8VVVVVV;‫\ ذه‬VVVVVVIf%5+‫ت ا‬,VVVVVV]R ‫إذا‬
Ida h'ad'ratt al-malaika dabat al-shayateen
If the angels come, the devils will leave (570)

This is a classical proverb used by ordinary people in its standard form. If a person tries
to leave a place because someone he hates arrives, people use this proverb to discourage
him from leaving by showing that they have understood his intention. It is an indirect
admonition not to show hatred or bad feelings publicly.

‫داء‬EVVVVVVVVW+‫ ا‬ZVVVVVVVV [D ‫ء‬4VVVVVVVV];+‫\ ا‬VVVVVVVV@+‫ا‬

An-niyya al-bid'a taghlib al-soda
White intentions conquer black ones (571)

Good and bad are described in this proverb as black and white. The proverb praises
people who do not have ill will and advises against bearing a grudge toward others. A
good intention leads to a good ending and a bad one has bad consequences.

k PVVVVVVW+‫ ا‬LVVVVVV+‫ ا‬VVVVVV' ,VVVVVVF 4VVVVVV N+‫ ا‬LVVVVVV+‫ا‬

Al-yad al a'uliya khaerun min al-yad al-sufla
The upper hand is better than the lower hand (574)

This is a classical proverb, used without any change. It teaches that it is better to give
than to take.

pF‫ زار‬VVVVVVVVV5H o‫رك ا‬4VVVVVVVVV3 ‫و‬

Bark Allah fi mann zara wa khaffa
God blesses the one whose visit is short (575)

This is a classical proverb used in its original form. It encourages visitors not to stay for a
long time with their hosts. Nevertheless, as it is not polite for hosts to express desires for
visitors to leave, visitors themselves commonly use it.

cVVVVVVVVVPA9‫ وأ‬cVVVVVVVVVP9 VVVVVVVVV5H o‫رك ا‬4VVVVVVVVV3

Barak Allah fi mann nafa' wa antafa'
God bless the one who helps himself and others (575)

The lesson of this proverb is that it is beneficial to help others and to help yourself at the
same time rather than waiting for others to help you, or spending your money and time
helping other people without considering yourself.

157
 ‫و‬,VVVVVq4ND 4VVVVV' ‫و‬,VVVVVq43
Bas’ro ma ta'as'ro
Deliver it gently, do not force it through (579)

The advice of this proverb is that people should deal with any matter with gentleness and
flexibility, not with force and severity.

‫س‬4@+‫ت اول ا‬E52 ‫ز‬4ٌJ`+‫ا‬

Al-h'ajjaz yamut awal al-nas
The peacemaker dies before others (580)

This proverb warns that the one who tries to make peace and stop fighting, might die first
as both sides might attack him. People use this proverb to discourage people from rushing
to stop fighting when the parties are very aggressive.

‫ر‬4َN+ْ ‫ ا‬kِP@ْ 2َ ‫ٌَر‬4A+‫ ا‬Lَ F

ْ ‫َأ‬
Akhadd al-tarr yanffi al-a'arr
Taking revenge wipes out dishonour (582)

This proverb represents the worst custom that Arab Sudanese tribes inherited from their
Bedouin ancestors. Those who live in rural Sudan take revenge by themselves. They
consider the one who does not do so a coward and in some tribes, they even avoid any
relationship with him. Conflicts often occur because of grazing land and water. People in
towns solve their problems through courts, but those who live in towns also have
connections with rural areas. Therefore, I cannot assert that this chronic problem does not
affect those who live in towns. I have lived all my life in towns, but ironically, my
parents come from two of the biggest tribes in the Sudan, which are known for their
historical conflicts. People in rural areas use this proverb to encourage each other to
revenge themselves.

0aR ‫ ادو‬Z24b Tُ‫آ‬

Kullu ghaib adoo h'agoo
Give every absentee his right (583)

The meaning of this proverb is that one should not judge a dispute by listening to one
party while the other is absent. One of my informants told me that he would never make a
judgement even if a man came to him with a broken leg before he had heard from the
person who broke his leg, as he might have done it in self-defence. This proverb is used
to warn people to be very cautious when they render their judgement against people.

158
8.5 Contentment and Patience

Sudanese value contentment in their lives. Many proverbs have praised contentment,

because with it one will not feel the bitterness of poverty.

Patience is encouraged by religion and tradition. It is believed that a patient person will

be rewarded either sooner, in this life, or later, in the afterlife. This message is a comfort

for those who are in pain as well as the poor. The following selected proverbs reflect

contentment and patience as seen by Sudanese proverbs.

‫ ال‬GVVVVVH\VVVVVX4@M k@VVVVVVV[+‫ا‬
Al-ghina fi al-qana-a'a
Wealth is in contentment (585)

This proverb counsels that it is not necessary to have money to be rich as the rich person
is the contented one. Some people are very rich, but they are not satisfied with what they
have and feel that they still need more.

,24VVVVl pVVVV+‫ ا‬h‫ و‬LVVVV+‫ ا‬GVVVVH ‫اد‬,VVVV"

Jarada fi al-kaff wala alif tayira
A locust in the hand is better than a thousand flying (587)

This proverb advises that if you have one small thing in your hand it is better than the
promise of thousands of things when you cannot guarantee that you will get them. One
might lose what he had, thinking that he will get more. The proverb is used to condemn
greediness and to encourage people to be satisfied with what they have.

0' TU2 Z2,a@N+‫ ا‬0@+‫ ا‬8Pq ‫ن‬4‫آ‬

Kan s'ifat al-niyah al-a'ngreab yisheel miyeah
If people's intention is sincere towards each other, one bed is enough for hundreds
of them. (588)

The message of this proverb is that with loyalty people can be united in solidarity and
solve each other's problems. People use the proverb to resolve a situation in which a large
number of people share limited resources.

159
 ‫ زول‬,VVVVVVV5D h‫ و‬GA2‫ا‬LVVVVVVV J‫ه‬
Hajildaiti wala tamur zoal
My balanite fruit is worth more to me than others’ dates (592)

Balanites are a kind of trees that grow in deserts or tropical areas. Dates are considered as
rich fruit in comparison with balanite fruits. The proverb says that our poor simple things
are worth more to us than others' valuable things that do not belong to us. People quote
this proverb in the western Sudan, mainly Darfur, to express contentment with what they
have.

o‫ ا‬4VVVVVVV‫ه‬%52 0VVVVVVVb‫ر‬4P+‫ا‬
Al-fargha yamlaha Allah
God will fill that which is empty (595)

The Sudanese believe that only God arranges their means of living. A poor person should
not feel sad because he has limited means of subsistence for that is his fate in life. People
use this proverb to comfort the poor, or to show their own contentment with what they
have.

iVVVVVVVND ,VVVVVVV3‫دا‬
Dabir ta'eash
Work in your own way and you will live (596)

This proverb advises that you have to make your own arrangements, whether regarding
means of living or your social relationships, so you can live without any problems. It is
used to encourage people to make their own way of organizing their lives and avoid
conflicts with others.

‫ع‬4VVVVV. 0VVVVV  a3 ,VVVVVaR VVVVV'

Mann h'agar bigalealu daa’'
He who disparages the little that he has will lose it (598)

This proverb states that if one does not value the small amount that he has and develop it,
it will finish and he and his family will get poorer. It is used to encourage people to be
thankful for what they have and to work hard to increase it, rather than ignore it hoping
that they might get more.

‫ش‬4X 0ُ  a3 k.‫' ر‬
Mann rid'a bigalealu a'ash
He who he is satisfied with the little that he has will live (600)

This proverb counsels that if a person is content he will live happily, as he will not think

160
 about other luxuries that others enjoy. People use this proverb to encourage the value of
contentment in their society.

‫ح‬4VVVVV5M VVVVVJ2 EVVVVV+‫_ و‬VVVVV3‫ات روا‬,34VVVVVQ+‫ا‬

Al-s'abrat rawabih' wa lao yajin gumah'
Patient souls are winners even if they come back with empty hands (604)

In this proverb people prefer patience to concrete profit as a reward for endurance.

,34VVVVVVV" ,34VVVVVVVQ+‫ا‬
(Badri p. 113)
Al-s'abir jabir
Who is patient is a settler (605)

This proverb predicts that a patient person will get a place to live.

,]ُ3 4' ,ُ' E+‫ و‬,;Q+‫ا‬

Al-s'abur wa lao mur ma bed’ur
Patience will not harm you even if it is bitter (612)

This proverb teaches that although there is bitterness in patience, patience will not cause
damage.

(See Appendix B for other proverbs related to this section)

9.5 Silence, speech and the tongue as represented by Sudanese proverbs

In Sudanese culture, silence is preferred to speech and it is regarded as a virtue that is

difficult for many people to have. It is preferred to speech in many different ways in

Sudanese proverbs. Silence is also praised by religion and there are many Quranic verses

and prophetic speeches that praise silence.

161
a). Silence and Speech

\5I`+‫ ا‬a 2 09>H 0@' ‫ا‬E9‫>د‬H ‫رَا‬EM‫ و‬4َ DE5q 'y5+‫) ا‬A2‫إذا رأ‬
Ida raitum al-mumin s’amutan waqoran fa-adnu minho fa-inhu yulaqin al-h'ikma
If you see a sedate, silent believer, approach him as he teaches wisdom (615)

A silent man is considered a wise man and the proverb advises respect for him.

EVVVVVA M 4VVVVV' kVVVVV +‫ ا‬kVVVVV X ‫م‬LVVVVV@D 4VVVVV' EVVVVVA M kVVVVV +‫ ا‬kVVVVV X ‫م‬LVVVVV9‫أ‬
Andam a'la al-gultu ma tandem a'la al-magultu
Regret what you said, but do not regret what you did not say (616)

It is advised by this proverb that it is better to regret not saying certain things to a person
than to regret having said something that might harm others or cause problems.

‫ﻜﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻫﺐ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﺴ‬

Ida kan al-kalam minn fid'ah fa-al-sukoot minn dahabb
If speech is made of silver, silence is of gold (618)

This proverb is used to advise people that silence is a sign of respect. Silence is
encouraged by Sudanese proverbs to avoid problems and unnecessary arguments with
fools.

‫ا‬EVVVV 5‫ ه‬EVVVV 5ID ,VVVV2‫ دا‬EVVVV+ ‫م‬%VVVVI+‫ا‬

Al-kalam lao dair tikamlu hamilu
If you want to put an end to talk, ignore it (619)

This proverb urges that to end unnecessary conversations you should not respond to the
person who is speaking with you. It encourages people not to indulge in fruitless
arguments.

Silence may be considered as a type of communication, especially when parents consult

girls about their marriage. If parents do not hear any response from their girls, they
consider that as a positive sign that their daughters have no objection. The following
proverb notes this meaning of silence.

162
 4VVVV.,+‫\ ا‬VVVV'%X ‫ت‬EIVVVVW+‫ا‬
Al-sukut a'lamat al-rid'a
Silence is a sign of consent (620)

0VVVVVVVA M GVVVVVVVH 0VVVVVVVA‫آ‬,3 ‫م‬%VVVVVVVI+‫ا‬

Al-kalam barakkto fi gilato
The blessing of a conversation is in its shortness (621)

Speech is the cause of many problems as viewed by Sudanese proverbs. It is considered

better for the speaker to be brief. One of my informants quoted the above proverb to me
when he realized that I wanted to talk to him; then he asked me what I wanted. The
proverb may be used by an older person to a younger person, or by a person to a group of
people in a discussion to make it short.

Many proverbs deal with the effect of soft words on people's relationships:

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﲔ ﳝﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺤﺮﻩ‬

Al-kalam al-liyyean yamrug al-thua'ban min juh'ro
Soft words get the snake out of its hole (622)

This proverb advises that harshness and severity are not effective policy. Whether you are
of higher status or lower status, you cannot gain others' trust by strength or force.
Therefore, lenience and kindness are required in dealing with some matters.

‫ل‬EVVVV`A3 4VVVV' ‫م اول‬%VVVV‫آ‬

Kalam awal ma bith'aowal
The first word uttered cannot be changed (623)

The teaching of this proverb is that one should stand by one’s word. It encourages people
to be honest and not to change what they first said under any circumstances.

‫ات‬,IH ُ ,F‫ات وأ‬,I7 0+‫م أو‬%I+‫ا‬

Al-kalam aowlo sakkarat wa akhro fakkarat
Talk is inebriety at the beginning and thought at the end (624)

The point of this proverb is to warn that a person should think about his words before he
talks and about to whom he is talking and why. You might talk to someone without
thinking about the consequences and regret it in the end. According to many informants,
it is possible for any person to use this proverb to any other person regardless of age.

163
 l4VVVVVV;+‫ر ا‬EVVVVVVn3 EVVVVVV `+‫م ا‬%VVVVVVI+‫ا‬
Al-kalam al-h'ilo bakhoor al-bat'inn
Sweet talk is incense for one's inside (625)

The lesson of this proverb is that soft talk relieves and comforts the hearer. One of my
informants described it as a message to people to consider their words and correct them
before they utter them. It is usually used when a person talks in a harsh way; an old
person might quote it to a young person, but it is difficult for a young person to say it to
the elderly.

,VVV5N+‫ ا‬VVV' ‫ل‬EVVVl‫\ ا‬VVV5 I+‫ا‬

Al-kalma at'wal min al-u'mar
One's word lasts longer than one’s life (626)

Reminiscences remain after one's death, whether they are praise or criticism. It is
believed by the people of the Sudan that when people praise you after your death God
and his angels will confirm it. The purpose of this proverb is to remind people memories
of the good and bad things one said will remain after their death.

b). The Tongue

The tongue is viewed in Sudanese proverbs as an organ that strongly affects human

relationships. It is used as a metaphor for speech. The following proverbs show how the

tongue causes trouble and harms others:

=VVVVV94‫ ه‬0VVVVVA@‫= وان ه‬94VVVVVq 0A@VVVVVq ‫= ان‬94VVVVVQR =94VVVVVW+

Lisanak h'us’anak inn s'unto s'anak wa inn hinto hannak
Your tongue is your guard, if you preserve it, it preserves you and if you humiliate
it, it will humiliate you (629)

This proverb comments that if you mind your words before you utter them; people will
respect you and be careful when they talk to you; if you harm people by using hard
words, they will do the same to you. This proverb is a classical proverb used by Sudanese
without any changes in its standard form. It is used to encourage people not to talk about
unnecessary matters or to cause troubles through what they say.

164
 ‫و‬LVVVVVV7 \VVVVVVHz ‫ن‬4VVVVVVW +‫ا‬
Al-lisan affatt siddo
The tongue is an epidemic to its owner (630)

Your tongue might cause you big problems, like an epidemic disease that you cannot
control. This proverb is used to warn people against the negative situations caused by the
use of their tongues. It advises them to be aware of this when they talk to each other.

}VVVVVVa5+‫ زي ا‬094VVVVVVW+
Lisano zai al-magass
(His) tongue is like scissors (632)

The metaphor of the tongue as sharp scissors embodies its potential as a dangerous tool
that can be used to harm people's feelings. This proverb criticises by metaphor, as the
following one does.

TVVVVV2El 094VVVVVW+
Lisano taweel
(He) has a long tongue (634)

‘Long tongue’ is a metonymical expression to describe a person who harms others for
simple reasons or even without any reason.

0VVVVVV;+4b 094VVVVVVW+
Lisano ghalbo
(He) is controlled by his tongue (635)

This proverb is used to describe a person who talks too much about others' affairs without
being asked, or cannot keep secrets. It is believed that a wise person is controlled by his
mind, unlike the ignorant one who is controlled by his tongue.

)VVVVvX 0VVVVH 4VVVV' 0VVV5`+ ‫ن‬4VVVW +‫ا‬

Al-lisan lah’mah ma fiho a'd’um
The tongue is a piece of meat: it has no bone (636)

This proverb vividly comments that it is easy for a person to move his tongue, so it is up
to him to use it for good or evil.

ZVVUF VV' LVV2‫ و‬ZVVl‫ ر‬VVV' ‫ن‬4VVVW+

Lisano min rotab wa ieado min khashab
(He) has a tongue of mist and a hand of wood (637)

165
The proverb describes a greedy person who talks softly, but never gives or spends when
help is needed.

‫ا‬,;VVVVV3 4VVVVV' ‫ن‬4VVVVVW +‫ح ا‬,VVVVV" VVVVVI+ ‫ا‬,;VVVVV3 pVVVVVW+‫ح ا‬,VVVVV"

Jarih' al-seaf bibra lakin jarih' al-lisan ma bibra
The wound of a sword will heal, but not one caused by a tongue (638)

The point of this proverb is that the harm caused by words lasts long. Words can be more
painful than the wound from a sword.

=94VVVVVVVW 3 ,AVVVVVVVND 4VVVVVVV' =VVVVVV ",3 ,AVVVVVVX‫أ‬

Aa'tar birijlak ma ta'tar bilisanak
Stumble with your foot; do not stumble with your tongue (640)

The teaching of this proverb is to be careful about your words. Stumbling with your foot
may cause personal pain, but stumbling with the tongue will cause pain to someone else.

10.5 Solidarity as seen in Sudanese proverbs:

The social structure in Sudan, where beliefs and values are shared among family

members, a village, a tribe, and the whole nation, is supposed to create cohesion.

Although Sudanese are known to their neighbours as a nation of strong solidarity, an

insider or a close observer may find that is not always the reality. Sudanese try to call for

social solidarity through their proverbs. Social solidarity also is expressed in Sudanese

institutions like The Ministry of Welfare, almsgiving authorities, churches, and mosques,

local and tribal organizations.

In this section I will try to examine some of the proverbs that deal with this important

value, which reminds us of ideals to live by, by showing how the society should protect

its individuals and how the individual should be loyal to his society. Concepts like co-

operation, respect and consultation are strongly recommended by Sudanese proverbs.

166
 ‫ﺷﺠﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺘﻜﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺧﻴﻮ‬
Shajara kan malat bitaki fi akhiyo
When a tree sags, it leans on its sister (the nearest tree) (642)

This proverb is originally from Darfur and has been adopted by all Sudanese. It illustrates
the solidarity of the people of the Sudan. The rich should support the poor and the strong
support the weak. The proverb may be recited to any person to encourage her/him to seek
help from family or relatives without embarrassment.

0"E+‫ ا‬G<[3 4' LR‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬c;qY‫ا‬

Al-as'bba' al-wah'id ma bighati al-wajih
One finger will not cover the face (643)

This proverb comments on the importance of solidarity and cooperation. A relative

commenting on this proverb said that if you put one finger on your face to cover it, you
will cover only a small part of it, but with your five fingers, you can cover your face. She
continued that one cannot live without the help of others.

0VVVVVV5 +‫ ا‬GVVVVVVH 0VVVVVV‫آ‬,;+‫ا‬

Al-barraka fi elamma
Blessing is in being many (645)

The value expressed by this proverb is that unity is good. People use it to encourage
being together.

5+4VVVVVVN+‫ب ا‬,VVVVVV3 TVVVVVVI+‫س وا‬4VVVVVV@+43 ‫س‬4VVVVVV@+‫ا‬

An-nas ben-nas wal-kul berab al-a'lameen
People support one another, but all together are supported by God (646)

In spite of their social differences, people need each other. The proverb remarks on the
need for support between individuals or among group members no matter what their
status or capability, as God will support all of them together.

‫س‬4VVV@"‫ أ‬4VVV' ‫ف‬h‫س او‬4VVV@+‫ا‬

Al-nass awlaff ma ajnass
People are companions not relatives (647)

This proverb is used to assert the value of relationships based on love and friendship,
compared to the relationship between relatives. It is used to encourage people not to limit
their companionship to their relatives.

167
 VVVVVX pVVVVV+‫م ا‬,VVVVVID ‫ة‬LVVVVVR‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬VVVVVN+‫ا‬
Al-a'yn al-wah'da takrim alf a'yin.
One eye respects a thousand eyes (648)

This proverb throws light upon Sudanese social life. It comments that if you have a good
relationship with one member of a family, you must respect anyone who is related to
her/him. Moreover, you should perform all the social duties towards the members of that
family.
My mother usually uses this proverb. Recently, I talked to her about her hard work to
help a person who once behaved badly towards her. She advised me that we should not
blame a person or his behaviour at a time when he needs us. In addition, she was acting
for the sake of his family as they have good morals. She then quoted the proverb.

pa+‫م ا‬,Iُ2 ,`;+‫ن ا‬4K k X

A'la shan al-bah'ar yukram al-geaf
For the sea's sake, the beach is honoured (649)

Because people are afraid of falling into the sea, they walk carefully on the beach. The
proverb uses this metaphor to comment that people respect the relative of a respected
person for his sake, even if the relative does not himself deserve respect.

ZVVVVV"4`+‫ ا‬kVVVVV X kVVVVV NA3 4VVVVV' VVVVVN+‫ا‬

Al-a'yin ma bita'la a'la al-h'ajib
The eye never stands higher than its eyebrow (650)

It is natural that the eyebrow is above the eye. The metaphor is used to express the social
relationship between higher and lower positions, observing that those who are of low
status will never be higher than those who are of higher status. However, currently this
type of hierarchical relationship no longer exists. Some people sometimes use this
proverb in family relationships to show respect to parents or the elderly

0VVVVVV ‫ه‬43 †VVVVV`2 ‫ء‬kVVVVVW+‫ ا‬,VVVVVI5+‫ا‬

Al-makr al- sayyio yah'itu bi-ahlihi
Malice surrounds its perpetrators (651)

This classical proverb is derived from the Quran, Surah 35, (Fat'ir), verse 43 and has the
same meaning. The word OVVVVVVV`2 (surrounds) in the Quranic verse is substituted by the
word †`2 (surrounds) in the proverb. The proverb teaches that malice has bad
consequences for those who use it against others.

168
 EVVVVV"E+‫ ا‬kVVVVVa;D‫وح و‬,VVVVV3 ‫ل‬4VVVVV5+‫ا‬
Al-mal biroah' watabqa al-wojoh
Wealth will go and faces remain (652)

This proverb counsels that fortune and money do not last long, but relationships between
people remain. People use this proverb to condemn those who change according to their
wealth and to encourage good relationships with others regardless of their social status.

ZVVVVV I+‫ ا‬h‫ إ‬0VVVVV94I' GVVVVVH _VVVVV;@2 4VVVVV'

Ma yanbah' fi makanu ila al-kalib
Only the dog barks in its home (653)

The point of this proverb is that one should respect visitors and not do anything that
might harm them. It is used to encourage people to show a warm welcome to their guests.

)*+EVVVVVV5R  24VVVVVVK )‫ره‬EVVVVVV;M GVVVVVVH

Fi quborum shailean h'umoalum
Even in their graves, they take their responsibilities (656)

This proverb observes that some people continue to be responsible for their families even
after death. It refers to those who are or were responsible for large extended families and
have wealth; they leave it for their families. The members of such families continue to
look after themselves using the money left for them by their dead relative. People use this
proverb to praise their responsible and kind relatives.

0@VVVVV7‫ب و‬4VVVVVA‫رى آ‬EVVVVVU+‫ا‬

Al-shura kitab wa sunna
The Quran and the Sunna prefer consultation (657)

As both the Quran and the Sunna (of the Prophet Mohammad) emphasize consultation,
Muslims prefer to consult each other before they take decisions. People use this proverb
as a reminder that this advice is not given only by people but by their religion as well.

‫ب‬,VVVVVn3 4VVVVV' ‫رى‬EVVVVVU+‫ ا‬8VVVVV3

Bait ashura ma khirib
A house of consensus never falls apart (658)

As the extended family is a cornerstone in the Sudanese social structure, matters of what
other societies might consider as individual privacy are considered to be family concerns
in Sudan. Issues like marriage, divorce, buying or selling are not considered individual
matters, so discussions about them might reach beyond the extended family to distant
relatives, family friends or even the elderly and those considered as wise in a village or

169
small town. Therefore, a group decision is considered to be a right decision, which the
one who consults others’ opinion will never regret. This proverb is used to advise people
not to take individual decisions.

On the other hand, people might contradict this proverb by saying that each person should
find the solution to his own problems. In such a situation, they use the following proverb:

0VVVq%F ‫ف‬,VVVN2 0VVV7‫ را‬GVVVH 0VVV aX LVVVR‫ وا‬TVVV‫آ‬

Kulu wah’id a'glu fi rasu ya'rif khalas'u
Every one has his brain in his head, so he ought to be able to get out of his
troubles (660)

‫ك‬EVVVV]+ ‫ي‬EVVVV. TVVVVAI3 4VVVV'

Ma baktul d'awi lid'awak
I will not put out my light for your light (661)

The above proverb comments that both of us are capable of generosity; therefore, I will
not put my light out, so that when guests come to town they go only to your house. The
proverb is used to explain that a person is happy to take the initiative in generosity.

‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﱪ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺮ‬

Ma a'ubid Allah bi aktar min jabr al-khatir
God has not been worshiped with anything greater than comforting others (662)

This proverb counsels that one of the best ways to worship is to treat people with
kindness, conciliate them and help them when they are in need. It is used to encourage
solidarity.

‫ء‬45VVVW+‫ ا‬GVVVH VVV' )I5R,VVV2 ‫رض‬Y‫ ا‬GVVVH VVV' ‫ا‬EVVV5R‫أر‬

Arh'amo mann fi al-ard' yarh'mekum mann fi al-sama
Show mercy to those who are on earth: He who is in heaven will have mercy upon
you (663)

The lesson of this proverb is that God will be merciful towards people if they pity those
who need help. People use this proverb to encourage kind treatment and solidarity in their
community.

170
 ZVVVVVVWR ZVVVVVW@+‫ا‬
Al-nasab h'asab
Where one marries determines one's honour (665)

Relationship by marriage is highly respected by Sudanese. One should to the best of

one’s ability show respect to relatives by marriage. The teaching of this proverb is that
whatever family you married from, you have to respect its members.

‫ﺍﳌﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻻﻣﻚ‬

Al-ma darak ma lamak
He who does not like you, would not blame you (666)

The one who blames you in a friendly way probably wants you to correct a mistake or to
establish good relationship with you. This proverb is used to encourage people to accept
admonition by friends, for they do it for a friend's benefit and out of good will.

EVVVVVN"EA;+‫ ا‬LVVVVV2‫ أ‬VVVVV' 0IVVVVVW5D 4VVVVV'

Ma tamsiku min eidu al-bitawja'u
Do not hold him by the hand that pains him (667)

You should not put pressure on a person when he is in a weak position and cannot deal
with a situation. This proverb emphasises the importance of indulgence in human
relationship, especially in business and paying debts.

‫ك‬E '4VVVN2 ZVVV`D 4VVV' ‫س زي‬4VVV@+‫ ا‬TVVV'4X

A'amil al-nas zay matih'ib yaa'milook
Treat people in the way you want to be treated (668)

The proverb is used to encourage people to establish fair relationships.

E3‫ر‬4VVVVVVV]2 VVVVVVV<;+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVVH 2‫ر‬4VVVVVVVQ5+‫ا‬

Al-mas'areen fi al-batun yid'arbu
The entrails in one's belly quarrel with each other (669)

The proverb tends to be quoted to calm those who overreact when they have a
confrontation with others. It implies that people cannot avoid some misunderstandings if
they live together in one community. Therefore, one should not be aggressive or end
relationships with others because of disagreements.

171
 EVVVVVW5+‫ ا‬GH4VVVVV' =VVVVV7‫= را‬VVVVV+ E+4VVVVVM VVVVV@D‫ن ا‬4VVVVV‫آ‬
Kan itnean galoo leak rasak mafi almasoo
If two people tell you that your head is not there, touch it (to make sure that it is
there) (670)

The meaning of this proverb is that if you are criticized or advised more than once about
the same thing, you should listen or at least rethink what you are doing. The proverb is
used to encourage people to listen to each other's advice.

4A;VVVVVVVQN3 0VVVVVVVa N' 4D4VVVVVVVK TVVVVVVV‫آ‬

Kullu shatan moa'llaqa bi a's'abata
Every sheep is hung from its own gut (671)

This proverb advises that each person is responsible for his own mistake and no one is
punished for someone else's mistake.

0VVVVV "4X ,;VVVV+‫ ا‬,VVVVF

Khiyear al-birri a'ajulho
The best charity is the quickest charity (672)

This proverb counsels that performance of good deeds should be quick and timely.
People use it to encourage helping the needy at the earliest time.

0VVVVVVVH,l GVVVVVVH ‫ا‬EVVVVVVUa2‫ا و‬E ‫آ‬4VVVVVV2

Yaklu wa yigushu fi tarfu
They eat and clean their hands on his clothes (673)

This proverb describes a tolerant person who forgives his enemies as well as his friends
by saying that people eat his food and clean their hands on his clothes. It exaggerates in
order to praise.

‫وم‬LVVVVVVVVN53 pVVVVVVVV IAD h‫د و‬EVVVVVVVV"E53 TVVVVVVVVn;D h

La tabekhal bimawjoad wa la titkalaf bima'doam
Do not be stingy with what you have and do not burden yourself with what you do
not have (674)

This proverb advises that you should spend within your means and not become greedy.
You should not spend so much that you put yourself in financial problems. This proverb
is used to encourage people to be moderate in spending their money.

172
 p VVVVV7 4VVVVV5X o‫ ا‬4VVVVVPX
A'afa Allah a'ama salaf
God has condoned the past (675)

The point of this proverb is that God forgives people for what they do, so people should
forgive each other. People use this proverb to praise forgiveness and to encourage people
not to remind each other of their mistakes.

4VVVVVVP" ‫ب‬4VVVVVVAN+‫ة ا‬,AVVVVVV‫آ‬

Katarat al-a'itab jaffa
Too much admonition is counter-productive (676)

The point of this proverb is that one should avoid blaming others unnecessarily, as people
will consider it rudeness. The proverb is used to encourage people not to exaggerate in
blaming each other.

ZJN+‫ ا‬T<3 Z;W+‫ف ا‬,ُX ‫إذا‬

Ida a'urifa al-sabab batala al-a'jab
When the reason is known, wonder ends (44)

This proverb is used to encourage people to know the cause of any problem before they
make their judgement.

0l4nُ'‫ و‬0N'‫ل د‬4'

Mall dama'a wa mukhata
(His) wealth is made from tears and snot (678)

This proverb describes the wealth of the unjust as money made from tears and snot,
collected from helpless and weak people who can only cry, being unable to defend
themselves. It is used to condemn a person who makes his wealth by oppressing and
tyrannising others.

‫ت‬4VVVVVV94'Y43 r+4VVVVVVJ5+‫ا‬
Al-majjaliss bil-amanat
Councils are based on trust (679)

People in villages and small towns choose a group of people whom they consider wise to
be responsible for solving their problems. Usually they gather in one place, either a house
or a mosque, to discuss matters. Before they leave the place, they remind each other not
to talk about the matter in public or to their families as it is considered as private. People

173
use this proverb to advise each other not to betray others' privacy.

0ُ A@2L' ‫ت‬L*9‫ إ‬0ُ A@;b ٌiH '

Mann fasha ghabeantu inhadat madeantu
He who avenges himself destroys his land (680)

This proverb warns that if a person tries to punish everyone that hurts him, he will
destroy his land if he is a governor, and if he is a common person he will lose God's
reward. It is used to encourage forgiveness.

0ُ PW3 ‫ب‬,]@2 GD‫ا‬,Q@+‫ل ا‬4' T‫آ‬4+‫ا‬

Al-yakul mall al-nas'rani yend'arib biseafu
He who betrays an unbeliever will be punished with his own sword (681)

This proverb teaches that if a person has made an agreement with anybody regardless of
his religion, he should fulfil all his promises. It is used to encourage honesty in all
circumstances.

ْ‫ن‬4‫)ٌ ه‬X
َ ‫ ) إن‬v+‫ا‬
Al-t’ulum inn a'ama hann
If injustice prevails, it becomes easy (to tolerate) (683)

If those in authority are unfair to all people it is easier for them to tolerate, but if the
injustice is towards only a specific group of people, they will find it difficult to cope with.
People use this proverb to console each other in crisis situations like natural disasters,
famine or wars, when everybody becomes needy.

,aAH‫ٌ إ‬G
ُ @b ‫ ٍم ُذلٌَ أو‬EM t2tX ‫ا‬E',‫أآ‬
Akrimo a'zeez qawmin dalla awo ghaniyun iftaqarr
Honour a noble who has become low or a rich man who has become poor (684)

This is a classical proverb used in its standard form by ordinary people and its meaning is
very clear. If someone behaves in an unacceptable way towards a noble or a rich man
who has lost his status, people use this proverb to advise him to treat them in a respectful
manner.

=VVVV94F =`VVVVQ9 4VVV5+‫ا‬

Al-ma nas'ah'ak khanak
He who does not advise you has betrayed you (685)

Advice is considered good among the people of the Sudan. Elders are expected to advise
youths and children. Relatives and community members should advise each other and
share the responsibilities of disciplining children and young people. Your family or
people around you might be blamed for not advising you or allowing you to do whatever
you like when it is against the social rules, as this proverb emphasises.

174
 \VVVVVV'4a+‫م ا‬EVVVVVV2 o‫ ا‬,AVVVVVV7 ) V VVVVW' ,AVVVVVV7 VVVVVV'
Munn satar musliman satarhu Allah yaom al-qiyama
Whoever guards a Muslim will be guarded by God on the day of Judgement (686)

The proverb encourages people not to expose others' affairs or let them be publicly
known. In the Sudanese culture, individual's mistakes are considered personal matters
and other people should not talk about them to insult or disgrace the person.

‫ن‬4'LVVVVVV9 _ VVVVVQ+‫ ا‬G34VVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-mabi al-s'uloh' nadman
He who rejects reconciliation will regret it (687)

This proverb is commonly used to advise peacemaking in the Sudan, especially where
tribal conflicts are dominant. In rural areas where people share grazing ground and water
resources, conflicts are part of daily life. Tribal leaders or local authorities always try to
solve such problems in peaceful ways. Any party that refuses help to find solutions will
be blamed or even isolated by others, as peacemaking is essential to the rural community.

)2,VVVVV‫'_ آ‬4VVVVVW5+‫ا‬
Al-musamih' kaream
The tolerant one is generous (688)

Tolerance is encouraged by culture and religion. This proverb is used to encourage

peaceful relationships within the community.

11.5 Poverty and Wealth

Although money is a dividing line that shapes society, wealth and poverty are represented

by Sudanese proverbs as changeable situations. A rich man should not rely on his wealth

and forget to establish good relationships with others. A poor man should not be ashamed

of his poverty although he is represented by some proverbs as an isolated person. It is not

advisable for a woman to marry a poor man or for a man to marry a poor man's daughter.

On the other hand, a rich person has many friends and people respect him for his money.

175
When he utters nonsense, it may be considered as wisdom and people listen to him.

Money is thus an important means to make friends and to gain power.

This section views poverty and wealth as seen by Sudanese proverbs.

G5َH T;MٌG5ُ‫ آ‬42 Tُ‫آ‬

kul ya kumi gabul fami
Eat, my dress, before my mouth (365)

In Sudanese traditional stories, people accredit this proverb to Sheihk Farah wad Taktok,
one of the famous historical characters known for his wisdom. The story says that Sheikh
Farah was invited for a feast. When he went wearing the normal clothes of a poor man,
the owner of the house who had invited him paid him no attention. He sat with poor
people and ate with them. He then returned to his home, put on valuable clothes, and
came back to the same place. When the owner of the house saw him this time he
welcomed him and honoured him. He invited him to sit where the rich people sat and
ordered rich food for him. The man himself was standing to serve the Sheikh. The Sheikh
then put his sleeve in the food, and quoted this proverb speaking to his own dress to
explain to his host that he . His aim was to encourage him to treat all people equally.
People quote this proverb to criticize those who honour the rich and disrespect poor
people.
I have found a similar story in Aesop's fables. It seems that many different nations claim
that this story belongs to them. This is explained by the fact that people’s attitude toward
similar situations could be the same.

)VVVV2‫ دا‬4VVVV' k@VVVV[+‫) وا‬VVVV2‫ دا‬4VVVV' ,VVVVaP+‫ا‬

Al-faqur ma daim wa al-ghina ma daim
Neither poverty nor wealth last long (692)

People use this proverb to comfort the poor and to warn the rich not to count on their
wealth, as conditions might change at any time.

ZVVVVVX 4VVVVV' ,VVVVVaP+‫ا‬

Al-faqur ma a'eab
Poverty is not shame (693)

This proverb is used to comfort poor people.

k@VVVVV[+‫ ا‬TVVVVV5`3 4VVVVV' ,VVVVVaP+‫ ا‬TVVVVV5`3 4VVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-ma bih'mal al-faqur ma bih'mal al-ghina
He who does not endure poverty will not endure wealth (695)

176
The proverb observes that a person who cannot be patient in difficulties will not tolerate
wealth, as he might change quickly and become too proud of his new life.

VVVVVl‫\ و‬VVVVV3,[+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH k@VVVVV[+‫ا‬

Al-ghina fi al-ghurba watan
Wealth is a home abroad (696)

This proverb notes that if a person has a fortune and has to live away from his home
country, his wealth compensates him as he might not need others' help.

4VVVVVVV342 E5VVVVVVVW" ‫ن‬4;VVVVVVV. ‫ى‬,VVVVVVVaP+‫ا‬

Al-faqri d'uban jismoo yaba
A poor man is rejected even by his body's flies (697)

This proverb claims that no one likes the poor. There is some exaggeration in it.

‫م‬E@+43 ُ 4UX )A2

Yatim a'ashau bi-al-noam
He finishes his dinner by sleeping (700)

This proverb describes the situation of a poor person who does not have enough food for
himself and his children. Therefore, he tells stories to his children to get them sleep. This
proverb is used to describe extreme poverty.

\VVVVVV3,b lEVVVVVV+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH ,VVVVVaP+‫ا‬

Al-faqur fi al-watan ghurba
Poverty at home is estrangement (694)

This proverb observes that a poor person might feel like a stranger in his own homeland,
as most of the time poor people do not have so many friends as rich ones.

LVVV+‫ و‬0"EُX 894‫ آ‬E+‫ و‬G@[+‫ ا‬83 ْLF

ٌ z‫ و‬0َ<+ُ ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬E+‫رب و‬L+‫= ا‬VVVW'‫ا‬
Amsik walad al-darib wa lao kan luta wa akhud bit al-ghani wa lao kanat a'uja
Keep to the safe road even if it is winding and marry a rich man's daughter even if
she is imperfect (698)

A secure winding road is better than a short dangerous one and marrying a woman from a
rich family will economically secure your life. People use this proverb to encourage
marriage from rich families even if their daughters are not perfectly healthy and polite
women.

177
 T` 3 †@2 4' TR ‫و‬L@ِX 45+‫ا‬
Al-ma-a'indu h'aeal ma yanut bilh'eal
He who does not have power should not jump high (701)

This proverb advises that a weak person should not jump very high for he does not have
the strength to do so. The word power is used in this proverb to emphasize health on the
one hand and wealth on the other hand. The one who does not have wealth should not
pretend to have powers to help others or do other things. The proverb might be used to
mock a poor person for pretending to be rich.

G@VVVVVb 2LVVVVV+‫ ا‬VVVVV' 4VVVVV2,aH

Fagrean min al-dayan ghani
A poor man without debts is rich (703)

If a poor person is content with what he has and nobody asks him to pay a debt, he has to
consider himself a rich person.

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﻳﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﻌﻴﻮﻧﻪ‬

Al-faqri yakul ba'yanu
The poor man eats with his eyes (704)

A poor person sees people enjoy themselves with good food and other pleasures of life,
but he is not able to have the same things because of his poverty. This proverb describes
how the destitute enjoys himself only by looking at things.

‫ﺍﳌﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻔﻦ ﺃﺑﻮﻩ‬

Al-ma-a'indu ma kaffan abu
He who has nothing does not enshroud his father (705)

A person who does not have money will not be able to prepare ceremonies or grave-
clothes for his father. This proverb is used to excuse poor people when they fail to do
things for lack of money.

‫ك‬LVVVVVI2 ‫ك‬LVVVVV2‫ إ‬GVVVVVH 4VVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-maffi ieadak yikeadak
What is out of your hands plots against you (706)

Anything that is out of your reach (money or wealth) acts against you, for you might be
compelled to ask other people for it even if they are your enemies. This proverb is used to

178
show the bitterness of need.

0@U+‫_ ا‬5ٌW2 ‫ل‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mall yisamih al-sheana
Money makes ugly things look beautiful (708)

If a person is rich people consider his bad deeds as good ones. This proverb is used to
emphasize that money is more valuable than people are.

‫و‬LVVV7 VVV' ,VVVF‫ل أ‬4VVV5+‫ا‬

Al-mall akhear min siydu
Wealth is better than its owner (709)

The point of this proverb is that if a person has money, he will find many people around
him even if he does not give them anything. If the circumstances of the same person
change and he becomes poor, people scatter away from him and he will not find them
when he needs them. People use this proverb to emphasize the fact that people attracted
by wealth rather than by the person’s character.

pVVVVV7 ‫م‬4VVVVVM ‫ل‬4VVVVV5+‫ا‬

Al-mall giyamm seaff
Money is a sword's prop (710)

This proverb means that as the sword can stand up only with the help of a prop, money
also enables a person to stand by himself and supports him to do what he wants. Just as a
person can protect himself with his weapon, he can use his money to protect himself for
money will make this defense more effective.

=VVV+4' ‫ر‬LVVVM ‫رك‬4VVVM‫و‬

Waqarak gadur malak
Your respect is according to your wealth (711)

This proverb means that people respect you according to the amount of money that you
have. It is used to point out that most people measure others by their material assets.

,Fٌ‫ إد‬4' ‫ة‬,F‡+‫ و‬,nAH‫ أ‬4' 49L+‫ ا‬GH

Fi al- duniya ma iftakhar wa lil akhra ma iddakhar
He was neither proud of his life nor preserved anything for the day after (712)

People quote this proverb to describe a person as one who has wasted his life in this
world and has done no good to be rewarded for in his life after death.

179
 ‫ﻗﺤﺒﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﻩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﺖ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﺭﻩ‬
Gah'bat al-a'iz mastoara kan jannat yagoolu mash'oara
An adulteress from a wealthy family is sheltered and if she goes mad, they say she
is bewitched (714)

As rich families are respected in their community, no one dares to talk negatively about
them. People might hash up their mistakes and address it as misfortune. This proverb
reflects in an ironic way rich people's mistakes. It says that if a woman from a rich family
happened to commit adultery, people would try to cover the mistake unlike a woman
from a poor family, who would be punished and all her family would have to be named
and shamed for her mistake. Moreover, madness in a wealthy family would be concealed
as bewitchment. This proverb is used to criticize favouritism toward the rich and to
condemn injustice towards the poor.

‫ء‬4VVVVVVVW 5+‫اع ا‬,VVVVVVVI+‫ ا‬ZVVVVVVVJD 4VVVVVVVU;[+‫اع ا‬,VVVVVVVI+‫ا‬

Al-kura' al-ghabsha tajeab al-kura' al-malsa
A dusty leg brings a clean soft one (715)

This proverb means that when a poor person visits a rich one, the latter will come to visit
him as well. It is used to remind people not to limit their social relationships within their
own social status.

= X ,WN2 ‫ك‬L@ِX 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma-a'indak ya'sar a'leak
What you do not have oppresses you (717)

This proverb means that anything whatever its value becomes a problem for you if you do
not have the means to possess it. People use this proverb to apologize for their inability to
do something because of poverty.

12.5 Casteism, class polarization and social injustice:

Although Sudanese social life embodies solidarity in economic terms, as the rich are

required to help the poor, it is undoubtedly the case that caste, if not racism, remains a

reality in Sudan. It is deeply rooted in Sudan's history, which is outside the scope of this

research, but one has to say it has a great impact on the current political situation in

180
Sudan.

It is ironic that it has been claimed that Islam’s values are practised in Sudanese society.

Islam rejects any type of class polarization and social injustice, as they are essential

causes of violence, wars, and hatred. The Quran states clearly that there is no difference

between Arabs and non-Arabs except in taqwa (God-fearingness) (Sura 49, No.13).

Prophet Mohammed said that people are the same like the teeth of a comb. Although

Islam calls for social equality and humanitarian treatment between social groups,

Sudanese divide themselves according to social classes and tribal status. For example,

they have very strict rules forbidding intermarriage and concerning family formation. The

word a’bed (slave) has very high frequency of usage in Sudan. In this section, I will

present a few Sudanese proverbs that reflect this claim.

0VVVVVVVVVA3,D h‫ و‬LVVVVVVVVV;N+‫اء ا‬,VVVVVVVVVK

Shira al-a'bd wala tarbiytu
Buying a slave is better than bringing him up (718)

This proverb advises that it is better for you to buy a slave than to waste your time and
money feeding and fostering him. Slavery existed in some parts of Africa until early in
the twentieth century and Sudan was active in the slave trade during the Turkiyah,
(Turkish regime 1821-1885).

‫ي‬4ٌW9 L;N+‫ا‬, LVVVVVVV;N+‫وي ا‬4VVVVVVVnD h

La takhawi al-a'bd, al-a'bd nassai
Do not associate as a brother with a slave, as the slave is forgetful (719)

This proverb asserts that a slave has no manners and he always forgets your kindness and
good treatment.

‫ﻦ ﻟﻪ‬‫ﳊﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺑﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﻴ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﹼ‬
Al-a'rabi lahhin lu wa al-nubawi bain lu
For an Arab use a gesture and for a non-Arab explain in detail (720)

181
People who use this proverb mean that it is difficult to communicate with non-Arabs as
they do not speak Arabic. In fact sometimes they use it as an insult claiming that non-
Arabs are not as intelligent as Arabs, or even stupid.

L;X EA+t@' ,ٌ[+‫ا‬

Al-ghayear manziltu a’bed
He who changes his host is a slave (731)

Some Sudanese prefer to stay with relatives or friends when they travel from one place to
another inside the country; they must stay in one place as it is unacceptable that one
moves from one host to another. People who use this proverb mean that one who does not
understand the tradition of staying with one host is not a noble person.

L2L9 L@X 4' 4ً;24K‫ و‬LN3 ' ‫ي‬4" h

ً ‫ وزو‬L7 0+ 4' ً‫ا‬L;X: \VVVVVVVVVVD%D ZVVVVVVVVVV.4]I+‫ا‬
Al- kad’adeeb talata: A’bdan ma a’indu seed, wa zolan jai min ba’eed, wa shaiban ma
a’indu nadead
Liars are three: A slave without an owner, a man coming from a far land and an old man
without a peer (732)

This proverb suggests that those who have no coevals and the ones who are not known by
their origins can easily tell lies as they do not have any witnesses to challenge them.
People who use this proverb explicitly refer to slavery by using the word owner.

GVVVVVIH LVVVVV;N+‫ت ا‬EVVVVV7 \VVVVV 5*+‫ا‬

Al-hamala sawat al-a’bid faki
Inadvertence has made the slave a jurist (733)

People who use this proverb mean that firmness is required in all situations and suggest
that carelessness might give slaves a chance to become ambitious.

‫ﺒﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺭ ﺠﺒﺩ‬‫ﺠِﻨﺱ ﻋ‬

Jins a’bid mino al-khear jabad
Goodness is far from the nature of slaves (734)

This proverb says that goodness should not be expected from slaves as good values do
not exist in their race.

‫ﻁﺎﻨﻲ‬‫ﺴﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺤِﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺠﻤﻲ ﻭﻓﺼﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺭ‬

Sajam al-h’ila al-daleela a’ajami wa fas’eyh’a ratani
What a disaster in a district if its leader is non-Arab and its eloquence is
jargonized (735)

182
People who use this proverb warn that leadership should not be given to those who are
non-Arab and speak colloquial Arabic.

0@;b %3 0APID ‫ًا‬L;X

A’bdan takafitu bala ghabeena
A slave whom you slap without prejudice
(You can slap a slave without any reason) (736)

This proverb implies that a slave as an ugly person that you can slap not because he did
something wrong or annoyed you, but just for his ugliness.

‫دم‬4VVVVVn+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH 4VVVVV‫وه‬EI3 ‫م‬,VVVVV5+‫ة ا‬,VVVVV3‫د‬

Dabarat amearam bikoha fi al-khadim
The wound of the princess is cauterized on the maid (725)

This proverb means that if a princess needs a treatment which causes pain, she should not
have to endure that pain, so her servant must take it on her behalf. People use the proverb
when a person of high status deserves to be punished, but cannot be punished due to their
status; others in a lower status take the blame instead.

EVVVV‫ر اآ‬4VVVV5R ‫ا‬EVVVV;" E+4VVVVM ‫ن‬4VVVVQ`+‫ ا‬GVVVVM ‫ة‬,VVVV3‫د‬

Dabarat al-h’us’an bikoha fi al-h’umar
A horse has a wound, but they ordered a donkey to be cauterized in its place (726)

This proverb means same as the above one. One of my informants visited me one
evening; she was very angry when she quoted this proverb. I asked the reason for her
anger and why she was quoting that proverb, so she said to me:
There was assassination attempt on the Egyptian leader Hussni Mubarak in
Ethiopia and the criminals were from the Egyptian opposition party, but
America imposed sanctions against Sudan because of this incident.

\2,VVVVVVVVVW+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVVVVH 4‫ه‬EVVVVVVVVVUP3 \VVVVVVVVV3,N+‫\ ا‬VVVVVVVVV@;b

Ghabeenat al-a’rabeah befishoha fi al-sireah
The anger with the wife from a noble origin is let out on the maid (727)

This proverb similarly comments that if a man has two wives, the one of lower status will
be blamed for the mistakes of the one of higher status.

‫وم‬LM ‫دم أَم‬4n + ‫وم‬LA3 4' \2‫ر‬4Xِ

A’areeya ma bedoom lil-khadim um gadoom
A borrowed cloth will not last for the servant with a big mouth (728)

183
This proverb says that because a maid is poor she does not have good clothes, so she
might borrow some, but soon she will return them and keep her ragged clothes.

G7‫ ' را‬,NK ‫ى‬EW3 4'

Ma biswa sha’rah min rasi
Not worth a strand of my hair (730)

People who use this proverbial phrase mean that some people are so worthless in terms of
their origins that they are inferior even to a strand of their hair.

0VVVVR‫ا‬,' 4VVVV5‫ا آ‬tVVVVNA3 4VVVV' G3,VVVVN+‫ا‬

Al-a’arbi ma bita’aza kama murah’u
A nomad would not be respected were it not for his herd (722)

Nomads are referred to as Arabs; they are considered as uncivilised by urbanites or those
who live in cities and towns. People who use this proverb suggest that they respect a
nomad only because of the large number of animals that he owns.

‫ن‬E34VVVVq ‫ب‬,VVVVN+‫ ا‬LVVVV@X 0VVVV ‫آ‬

Kulu a’ind al-a’rab s’aboon
Everything in the eyes of Arabs is only soap (729)

This proverb comments that nomads do not value anything and see all things as equal.

‫و‬LVVVVVVVVVVW3 ‫ي‬LVVVVVV7‫ي و‬LVVVVVVW3 4VVVVVV9‫أ‬

Ana be seadi wa seadi baseadu
I have a master, but my master has one too (724)

This proverb might reflect a class system in showing that everyone has someone who
oversees his actions.

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺩﺳﺎﺱ‬
Al-a’ireq dasas
The root is hidden (723)

Blood and upbringing are believed to influence character. This proverb suggests that no
matter how good you are you should be judged by your origins, which might come to the
surface even if you try to hide it. People also use it to refer to a bad reputation that
ancestors might have.

The above proverbs bear witness to various kinds of social inequality in the Sudan.

184
 Chapter Six

The role of Sudanese proverbs as they are applied in daily life

The focus of the analysis of data in this section is on the role and use of Sudanese

proverbs and how they are applied in daily life. A comparison based on the analytical

findings will then be made with English proverbs in Chapter 7. The methodologies used

consist of experts’ recorded comments on proverb role and usage, followed by ten

examples.

1.6 Comments by experts on the role and use of Sudanese proverbs

The following are excerpts from interviews with Sudanese experts who are known in the

society for their knowledge and ability to understand and use proverbs. To illustrate the

role of proverbs, I will also discuss some examples of their use in everyday

conversations.

Interview with Dr. Malik Al Zaki:

Researcher: Are proverbs still in use in Sudanese daily life or are they considered to be
old norms that do not suit modern life?

Dr. Al Zaki: Proverbs have high frequency among the Sudanese people; they are still in
use in our daily life; only the environment that surrounds the people who use them has
changed.

Researcher: How is that?

Dr. Al-Zaki: Proverbs are a continuous human experience; they develop according to

social changes. Let us examine these proverbs:

185
 LVVV2L" LVVV@X 4VVV' )2LVVVM LVVV@X 4VVV' GVVV +‫ا‬
Al maa’indu qadeam ma a’indu jadead
(He who has no old has no new) (741)

We cannot build the present or the future without the past, we always build on the basis

of the past; we just need to develop our views according to modern life.

Researcher: Can you give some examples of that?

Dr. Al-Zaki: In the past the people were surrounded by a primitive environment; they
were surrounded by their animals, farms and primitive houses. Examine this proverb:

,*. T;3 ‫ود‬La' N7 TU;+‫ا‬

Al bisheal sia’in maqdud bibel d’ahru
(He who carries a pierced water bag wets his back.)(742)

In the past people used this proverb when they depended on primitive means like wells or
rains to collect water; nowadays we quote the same proverb to those who use cheques
without credit to do their business. They may end up in prison as a consequence of their
behaviour.

Let us examine some proverbs that emphasise social values. For example Sudanese
solidarity is an everlasting social value. When there were no machines and our ancestors
used to do all their work manually, they used to gather to build a house or to collect
money for the poor. They used a proverb to encourage this value:

LVVVVVN3 ‫ع‬LVVVVVJD LVVVVV2‫ إ‬kVVVVV X LVVVVV2‫إ‬

Eid a’la eid tajda’ ba’eed
(A hand on a hand throws far). (696)

Nowadays we emphasise this value in our official institutions: we have the Ministry of
Welfare that ensures social security.

Respecting others is an unquestioned value in our society, no matter whether inside the
country or abroad. It is important to adapt yourself and to interact with the culture of the
society that you live in or else you will have to leave that place. It is unacceptable to
criticize others’ culture or to expect them to behave according to your culture.

186
 EFَ ‫ت‬EH 42Eٌ+‫ د‬TK 42 E A" ‫ًا‬L 3
Baladan jeetlu ya sheal dalu ya fout khalu

(In a country you have come to, either do as its people do or leave it). (743)

Contentment is an important value that is emphasised at all times as shown by this

proverb:

,24l p+‫ أ‬h‫ و‬L+‫ ا‬GH ‫اد‬,"

Jarada fi al-kaff wala aliff taira
(One locust in the hand is better than a thousand flying.) (592)

The message of the proverb implies the importance of being content with the little you
have in your hand. One should not lose the small thing that he has hoping that he may get
more in the future.

People are warned about their deeds, and this applies to our society in the past as well as
the present. Like the proverb that tells us that one reaps what he sows:

kVVVVVVVVVVa D ‫ي‬EVVVVVVVVVVWA+‫ا‬
Al-tisawi talqa
(Whatever you do you will find) (554)

Researcher: What is the general view of one who uses proverbs? I mean what are
people’s attitudes towards proverb users?

Dr. Al-Zaki: People consider a proverb user as a learned person who is acquainted with
the matter that he talks about. They also consider most proverb users as wise people.

Researcher: Do proverbs have a role in solving daily conflicts?

Dr. Al-Zaki: Yes. Problems that people try to solve by holding conferences or
negotiations nowadays, we used to solve in small meetings between tribal leaders and
wise men from the conflicting parties. By using proverbs and discussing a given matter
wisely we could come to an agreement that suited the two parties. Today many people
travel to different countries to discuss their internal problems and they do not succeed all
the time.

Researcher: What are the educational roles of proverbs?

Dr. Al-Zaki: Proverbs are used to control social behaviour. They are effective means for
inculcating educational principles and values that are needed for the development of
children and youth.

Researcher: Do proverbs reflect social values in a given society?

187
Dr. Al-Zaki: Proverbs are reflections of our morals, values, customs and traditions. They
are the exact images of our lives and measurements of our development.

Researcher: Do proverbs reflect people’s wisdom?

Dr. Al-Zaki: They reflect the way that we view things positively or negatively, therefore,
you can measure the level of nations’ civilization by their proverbs.

Researcher: Some proverbs are universal; they are used by many nations. How do you
explain this point?

Dr. Al-Zaki: It is very difficult to classify proverbs by nationality. Although people are
classified as having different origins and races and they vary according to their
surroundings, there is oneness in their feelings.

The following proverbs for example are results of people’s daily experiences.

‫ٌاث‬LR 4' ‫اي‬EَW+‫ا‬

Al sawai ma h’addath
(He who takes serious actions never talks.) (346)

A person who threatens others publicly often does not take any action.

Patience is an important value, but it is not easy to be patient, so people consider it as an

attribute of the Prophet.

G;@+‫ ا‬Tُ. ,Q+‫ا‬

Al s’abur d’ul al-nabi
(Patience is the prophet’s shadow) (615)

Livelihood is considered as a matter of fate sent by God.

G;VVVVVV@+‫ح ا‬LVVVVVVM ‫ق‬EVVVVVVW+‫ا‬

Al-suq qadah’ al-nabi
(Market is the prophet’s vessel) (695)

That is to say, all the people who come to market get enough for their living regardless of
their number; as His message is for all people, the market place is for everyone as well.

Farmers draw their proverbs from their daily observations. In Darfur region for example,
where people depend on farming and grazing, they say:

VVVVV‫ ه‬,VVVVVaP+‫ ا‬VVVVV+ VVVVV<+‫ن ا‬4VVVVV‫آ‬

Kan al-teen lain al-faqur haiyeen
(If mud is soft, it is easy to deal with poverty) (602)

188
That is to say, if farmers can grow their crops and herd their animals, they can be
economically secure.

Early initiatives to resolve problems are considered a good policy in Sudanese proverbs:

0VVVVVVV@+ 8VVVVVVVM‫ و‬4VVVVVVV‫ه‬E3,I3 0PNVVVVVVVW+‫ا‬

Al sa’afa bikroboha wakit liyna
(Palm leaves are plaited when they are wet) (535)

This proverb is used to encourage people to solve their problems at an early stage before
they accumulate and become difficult.

People often judge things by first impressions. This proverb explains that sometimes we
can predict endings from their first signs.

VVVVVV3 ,M‫ا‬EVVVVVVK VVVVVV' VVVVVV +‫ ا‬p2,VVVVVVn+‫ا‬

Al-khareef al-lean min shawagiru bayain
(A wet autumn is known by its signs) (456)

0VVVVVVV9‫ا‬E@X =VVVVVVVPI2 ‫اب‬EVVVVVVVJ+‫ا‬

Al-jawab yakfeek a’inwanu
(A letter’s address satisfies you) (457)

That means you will understand its contents from the address. Another proverb has a
similar meaning:

_VVVVVVVVVVQ3 0VVVVVVVVVV];+‫ ا‬VVVVVVVVVV' _VVVVVVVVVVQ@+‫ ا‬EVVVVVVVVVV7EW+‫ا‬

Al-siwsiyo al-nas’iyh min al-biyd’a bis’iyh
(A healthy nestling cries as soon as it is hatched.) (543)

From daily experience people have learnt that they can stay safe when they keep their
enemies busy. Examine this proverb:

GVVV]N3 4VVV' ‫اد‬,VVV" 05VVVUF GVVVM ‫ن‬4VVV‫ آ‬G3‫ا‬LVVV+‫ا‬

Al-dabib kan fi khashmu jarada ma bea’d’i
(A snake that has a locust in its mouth will not bite) (480)

They also learn to avoid things that cause them troubles:

pVVVVVVVVP +‫ ا‬8VVVVVVVV3 ‫ة‬tVVVVVVVV"‫ و‬pD4VVVVVVVVaA+‫ ا‬TVVVVVVVV‫ وأآ‬p2,VVVVVVVVn+‫ ا‬,PVVVVVVVV7 :\VVVVVD%D ‫ر‬:VVVVVR‫أ‬

Ah’dar talata: Safar khareef, akil tafateef wa jezat bit al-lafeaf
(Beware three things: travelling in the rainy season, eating unhealthy food and
marrying the daughter of a light-headed man.) (744)

189
Because outside big cities the roads are unpaved, one should avoid travelling during rainy
seasons. Unhealthy food damages your health, and a silly or irresponsible man causes you
troubles by interfering in your personal life.

If you have any problems you should examine the causes first, so you can solve them
quickly:

4*3‫ا‬,A3 4‫ه‬E@HL3 ,P`+‫ا‬

Al-h’ufra bidfunoha betraba
(A hole will be buried (filled) with its own sand.) (566)

Another has the same meaning:

0VVVVVVVVVVUa3 EVVVVVVVVVV@;3 8VVVVVVVVVV;+‫ا‬

Al-beat bibnu begashu
(A hut will be made with its own straw) (600)

The facts or the truth are considered to be like one’s shadow; it is impossible for us to
ignore them:

HLVVVVVVV@A3 4VVVVVVV' TVVVVVVV]+‫ ا‬TVVVVVVV&' \VVVVVVVaa`+‫ا‬

Al-h’aqiqa mithl ald’ull ma bitendafin
(Truth is like a shadow, it cannot be buried.) (526)

Researcher: I have noticed that many of the proverbs that we have discussed have their
equivalents in English; how do you explain that?

Dr. Al-Zaki: People share many things in daily life patterns. They may vary in the ways
that they practice these patterns according to their surroundings. For example, the
environment that surrounds a British farmer is different from that of a Sudanese farmer
and they draw their metaphors, similes and rhetoric accordingly. That is to say they have
similar experiences, ideas and wisdom although they live in different cultures. Hence the
world is like a small village in the way that people share ideas and experiences.

Let us examine the forgoing interview to find how and why the people of the Sudan use

their proverbs and value them. Never absent from Sudanese daily life, they are of

immense value in reflecting the Sudanese culture and tradition, as explained by Dr. Al-

Zaki. Proverb users depend on the environment to create their proverbs. Therefore, the

listener can easily identify the cultural background of the one who created a given

190
proverb. A filly is a beautiful animal, symbol of prettiness, and the name is applied

metaphorically to a beautiful young woman. And a lion is a symbol of strength, so one

animal cannot kill a lion, but two can do this job:

LVVVVVVVVV7‫ا أ‬EVVVVVVVVV AM @NH,VVVVVVVVV' Marfa’eenean qatalu assad (Two hyenas killed a lion) (745).

This proverb is said to be used in a context where unity is needed. It tells us weak people

can achieve victory when they unite. From these two examples the listener can easily

identify that the metaphors are drawn from a pastoral environment.

Other proverbs, like Al-khareef al-lean min shawaqeeru bain (A wet autumn (rainy

season) is known by its signs) (456), and the proverb VVVVV‫ ه‬,VVVVVaP+‫ ا‬VVVVV+ VVVVV<+‫ن ا‬4VVVVV‫ آ‬Kan al-

t’een lain al-faqur haiyeen (If mud is wet, it is easy to deal with poverty) (602) clearly

reflect their environment and cultural background as being from rural areas dominated by

Sudanese farmers. These terms are applied metaphorically to situations where you can

judge their endings from the beginning.

Dr. Al-Zaki told me that we can learn about any society through its proverbs. He

explained how African and Arab traditions are reflected in Sudanese proverbs. As a

mixture of Africans and Arabs, the Sudanese reflect the combinations of their origins in

their proverbs.

From analysis of this interview, the roles of proverbs in Sudanese society can be clearly

identified. We notice that the Sudanese use proverbs mainly to transmit messages. Dr Al-

Zaki stated that they use them metaphorically to praise or to criticize people. He tells us

that proverbs could be used to transmit moral and cultural values to youth and youngsters.

Some Sudanese principles are considered as very sensitive matters. For example, a

191
generous man should look cheerful and warm when he helps others. A needy person

should not feel that he is the one who needs help, as help should be offered without being

asked for. Solidarity is a vital principle held by the people of Sudan. The proverb ‫ة إن‬,JU+‫ا‬

4*AFُ‫ أ‬k X GIAD 8+4' Al-shajara inn malat bitaki fi ukhtaha (When a tree leans it will rest

on its sister) (648), explains that people vouch for and support each other.

Proverbs can also be used simply to state a bare fact. One proverb, 4*3‫ا‬,A3 4‫ه‬E@HL3 ,Pُ`+‫ ا‬Al-

h’ufra bidfunoha betraba (A hole will be filled with its sand) (566), states a fact but may

be metaphorically applied to other situations where internal solutions are needed to solve

problems.

Proverbs are also used to evaluate situations, like \VVVVVVVVV];+‫ ا‬VVVVVVVVV' _VVVVVVVVVQ@+‫ ا‬EVVVVVVVVV7EW+‫ا‬

_VVVVVVVVVVVVVQ3 Al-siwsiyo al-nas’iyh min al-biyad’a bis’iyh (A healthy nestling cries as soon

as it is hatched) (543). One addresses this proverb to people to say that he knows about

the consequences of a given situation from its first signs.

One has to mention that Sudanese proverbs do not transmit positive messages all the

time. Sometimes they convey negative attitudes and encourage bad behaviour. The

proverb GVVVV]N3 4VVVV' ‫اد‬,VVVV" 05VVVVUF GVVVVP+‫ ا‬G3‫ا‬LVVVV+‫ ا‬Al-dabi kan fi khashmu jarada ma ba’di (A

snake that has a locust in its mouth will never bite) (480) encourages bribes, which have

become a phenomenon in governmental institutions nowadays. This proverb incites

people to give hush money, so they can get away with illegal activities or even to get

their normal business done quickly.

Proverbs are used as cautionary devices, for example, the proverb

192
pP +‫ ا‬83 ‫ة‬t"‫ و‬pD4PD T‫ واآ‬p2,F ,P7 :0D%D ‫ر‬:R‫ إ‬ahdar talata:safar khareef, akil tafateef wa

jezat but al-lafeaf (Beware of three things: travelling during rainy seasons, eating

unhealthy food and marrying the daughter of a light-headed man). (744)

They are also used to help in passing on educational principles. For example they present

the cultural value of being considerate to others and respecting other cultures that are

different from yours: E F ‫ت‬EH 42 E+‫ د‬TK 42 E A" ‫ًا‬L 3 baladan jeetlu ya sheel dalu ya fout

khalu (In a country you have come to live in either do as its people do or leave it) (743).

This proverb is calling on us to respect each other’s culture. And the proverb GVVVH ‫اد‬,VVV"

,24VVVVVl pVVVVV+‫ أ‬h‫ و‬LVVVVV+‫ ا‬jarada fi al-yadd wa alif tayira (one locust in the hand is better than a

thousand flying) (592) is an appeal for us to be content with what we have and not to lose

it hoping that we may get more later on.

Dr. Al-Zaki additionally discussed the function, meaning and use of 50 other proverbs,

which I will mention when I discuss the corpus of Sudanese proverbs on which this study

is based. The discussion occurred during another interview together with Mr. Al-Taib

Mohammed Al-Taib, held in Mr. Al-Taib’s house in Omdurman on Tuesday 5th March

2002.

Interview with Professor Awn Al-Shareef Qasim:

This interview was held in Professors Awn’s office at the University of Africa in

Khartoum on 8 February 2002

Researcher: Where do proverbs stand in relation to Sudanese concerns in daily life?

Professor Awn: Proverbs express people’s life in all societies. They summarize their
experiences and reflect their customs, traditions and the way they look at their
surroundings. Any attempt to study proverbs, whether in respect of educational
principles, family and social relationships, economical views or beliefs and religion, is an

193
attempt to reflect the customs and traditions in a given society. For example, in the
Sudanese society we say 0VVVVV+4X kVVVV3‫اف ر‬EVVVVn+‫ ا‬al-khawaf raba a’iyalu (A coward brought
up his children) (743). This proverb explains that caution is important and people should
not put themselves in danger. This means that impetuousness is not acceptable in
Sudanese society. The conflict in this proverb is that it is not acceptable to be cowardly
either; bravery is praiseworthy among the Sudanese, but not at all times.
By studying proverbs, we can understand the mentality of a given society. For example,
from people’s proverbs we can learn their attitude towards women, their joint
responsibilities, the situations when they need solidarity or any other beliefs and values in
their society. By analysing proverbs we will be able to know the real characteristics and
morals of any society, and what we sometimes try to hide, proverbs usually reveal.

Researcher: Do proverbs have any educational roles?

Professor Awn: Proverbs have very important roles in the educational process. Some
proverbs convey specific values; it is essential to go back to the reality of life and include
proverbs in our educational curriculum and books. Proverbs are more effective than any
other educational means as they are outcomes of people’s experiences and related to their
daily life. The strength of proverbs is derived from the fact that they are considered as a
corner stone of the Sudanese society.

Researcher: From where do people in the Sudan draw their proverbs?

Professor Awn: Most proverbs are drawn from culture, environment and people’s
experiences. Sudanese proverbs are drawn either from Arab or African cultures.

Researcher: What is the effect of a proverb on the hearer? Does he/she change their
behaviour when they hear a proverb quoted to them?

Professor Awn: As I mentioned earlier, proverbs represent nations’ wisdom. They

comment on deep human experiences in a discursive form that gives a wider perspective
in a given matter. Their effect is that they give a remarkable exposition of complex ideas
and values in a concise elaborated way to the hearer.

Researcher: Are proverbs still in use to resolve conflicts in Sudanese courts?

Professor Awn: Yes. We use proverbs to solve problems or diminish the level of conflicts
or to come to an agreement between conflicting parties. We also use them to console
people and support them. Proverbs are people’s experiences and they reflect their history;
they are even connected to their religion.

Researcher: When do people use proverbs in their conversations?

Professor Awn: Proverbs are used to conclude or summarise a given problem. For
example, instead of giving a detailed explanation, you can give a conclusion by using a
proverb. When we say 0N. 4ًI@R Oَ K 4' 0ٌ+‫ ا‬Allah ma shaqa h’ankan d’ayia’u (God never

194
made a mouth and left it) (88), we interpret the long debate about poverty and economic
problems, their causes and solutions. That is to say livelihood is arranged by God.
Proverbs’ occurrence in conversations depends on situations. For example, situations may
require that the speaker advise the hearer, apologize to him, console him or even warn
him against a danger or a given behaviour.

Prof. Awn’s explanation and discussion shows that proverbs reflect all aspects of human

life. In examining the first proverb used by him, we notice that there is a conflict of

opinions among Sudanese. Although cowardice is said to be an unacceptable attribute in

Sudanese society, it is recommended by this proverb.

The discussion suggests that proverbs are considered by Sudanese as effective means of

education, especially in matters concerning people’s beliefs and values. Educational

principles conveyed by proverbs have more power and effect. Proverbs are also

considered as reflections of wisdom that summarise the Sudanese ideas and values and

simplify them to the hearer.

According to Prof. Awn, proverbs are in use even in courts to solve problems or to

reconcile litigants. The Sudanese use proverbs whenever a situation calls for them, to

advise, apologize, console, or warn.

Interview with Dr. Ahmed Abdelgadir Arbab

I also interviewed another expert who is considered as one of the living libraries on

cultural matters in Sudan, Dr. Ahmed Abdelgadir Arbaba. The interview was held at his

house in Omdurman city on Saturday 16 March 2002. Dr. Ahmed supports my claim that

proverbs are a cultural heritage that reflects all aspects of social life in a given culture.

He emphasizes that proverbs are effective and useful tools for peacemaking in the Sudan.

195
Some people become very unreasonable during conflicts and they find it difficult to admit

their mistakes, as they believe that the other party may think they are weak. A tribal

leader or a judge can easily convince disputants to forgive, come to an agreement to solve

their problems, or even accept a judgment provided by the proverb user himself.

In Sudanese society, it is unusual to take conflicts between neighbours or tribal groups to

formal courts. People resolve their problems in a traditional way without interference by

court authorities. Taking simple matters to courts always damages relationships between

groups in the Sudanese society. By using the proverb ‫ف‬EVVVVVVU9 TVVVVVVP + ZVVVVVV9‫ر‬Y‫ادة ا‬EVVVVVVM

nashoof goadat al-arnab lilfeel (let us see a rabbit that leads an elephant) (747), the

speaker means that his big respectable society is capable of solving such problems and

taking them to court is overstepping their social norms. That is to say social justice is

considered as more effective than justice done by formal courts. Reconciliation made by

courts causes stress and other types of conflicts. Disputants have to live with the memory

that they stood against each other in courts.

Hence, members of Sudanese society tend to avoid pursuing solutions through courts

unless matters are very recalcitrant. I attribute the resolving power that is latent in

Sudanese proverbs to the great respect that the Sudanese have for their customs and

traditions. There is high awareness at all levels of the society that proverbs promote

problem solving more efficiently than courts.

Functions of proverbs are not limited to conflict reconciliation and educational goals.

Proverbs have the power to function as devices for advice. EVVVVV 3 EVVVVV+‫ن و‬4VVVVV'Y‫ ا‬O2,VVVVVl cVVVVV;D‫أ‬

Atba’ tareeg al-aman wa lao bilo (Take a safe road even if it is long and winding) (18),

is advice to guarantee a safe ending whether in a journey or the consequences of actions.

196
Proverbs have roles as warning devices; u9EVVVVVVNM ZVVVVVVN+ h‫ر و‬4VVR GVV5+‫ أ‬almi h’arr wa la lia’ib

gha’oonj (Hot water is not a playground for frogs) (60) is a warning for a person not to

interfere in matters that he is incapable of dealing with. The proverb ,'>H ‫ع‬4<ُD ْ‫ت أن‬
َ ‫إذا أرد‬

‫ع‬4<AVVVVVVVVVVVVW5+43 ida ardta ann tutaa’ fa-amur bilmustataa’ (If you want to be obeyed, ask for

feasible matters to be done for you) (85) is advice for people to be reasonable when they

request anything if they expect people to respond to them. A proverb like ‫ع‬4ٌM‫" و‬,7 ‫ب‬4ٌ‫َرآ‬

rakkab sarjean wagga’ (A rider on two saddles will fall) (506) warns people not to

engage in two actions at a time as they will fail to achieve either of them.

And =َH4َ`+ِ ‫ُر‬LMَ = "ِ‫ ر‬Lِ' midd rijlak gader lih’afak (Stretch your legs according to your

cover or your bed) (434) is a message that calls on people to be content with what they

have and not to strain themselves by trying to do what they cannot afford.

Proverbs have authority in criticizing human behaviour.

‫ع‬E5VVW' 4VVVVV' ,VVVVVK4P+‫ ا‬GVVVVVH ‫ر‬Ea94VVVVV" EVVVVV3‫م أ‬%VVVVV‫ آ‬Kalama abu jangoor fi al fashir ma masmooa’

(The speech of one with ragged clothes can’t be heard) (683) is a criticism of people’s

attitude towards poor. The proverb means that people do not accept advice from a poor

person; they value others’ views according to their status in society.

Dr. Ahmed explains the proverb 4VVVVVPJD 4VVVVV' =52LVVVVVM gadeemak ma tajfa (Do not abandon

your old belongings) (440) as a call for the observance of heritage, customs and

traditions. In spite of the rapid changes in Sudanese society, we notice that the Sudanese

have emotional attachments to their traditions; they think that they cannot stand without

their traditions, as there is no future or present without the past.

197
2.6 Examples of the roles of proverbs

The three experts quoted above all emphasise the role of proverbs in the Sudanese society

in educational and social matters, as well as legislative roles in formal and informal

institutions.

a) Educational roles

Proverbs function as educational tools to convey messages and transmit cultural and

social heritage. They imply social norms and values; therefore, they are more effective

devices to teach good manners than books. Proverbs encourage people to be concerned

about their children and start teaching them good morals at an early age. An example is

the proverb GVVVVVVH )VVVVVV N+‫ ا‬,VVVVVVJ`+‫ ا‬GVVVVVVH ia@+4VVVVVV‫ آ‬,[VVVVVVQ+‫ ا‬Al-a’ilm fi al-s’ighar kelnaqshi fi al-

h’ajar (Learning in youth is like sculpting stone) (3), which means that if a child learns

social values when he is very young, when he grows up he will not forget these values.

Another proverb is used to express this idea: 0 X ‫ب‬

َ 4K jK k X ٌَZK
َ ْ'َ Mann shaba a’la shai

shaba a’leahi (He who used to do a thing when he was young, will do it when he is old)

(735). Parents are also encouraged: 02‫و‬4F ,ِ;‫ وإن ِآ‬03‫ ر‬,[q E‫ك وه‬Lَ+‫ َو‬. Waladak wahu

s’agheer rabbi wa inn kibir khawi (Discipline your child when he is young, and fraternize

with him when is old). (736)

Proverbs are also used to teach children to respect their parents and their elders. For

example, =VVVV ;M r5VVVVU+‫ف ا‬4VVVVK VVVV' ‫م‬,AVVVVR‫ إ‬ih’tarim mann shaff al-shamss qablak (Respect

those who saw the sun before you) (25) and \@Wِ3 =@ِ' ‫ف‬,X‫م أ‬E3 =@'ِ ,;‫ أآ‬al-akbar minak

198
biyum aa’raf minak bisana (He who is one day older than you is one year wiser than

you). (737)

Proverbs that deal with educational matters are discussed in detail in Chapter 5.

b) Social roles:

Family and relatives:

The analysis of this data reveals that proverbs are used to control social behaviour as well

as being tools to strengthen social relationships. Some proverbs are used to strengthen

family relationships. Within the nuclear family, proverbs are used to advise parents to

value their children. As an example, the proverb ‫ك‬L+ِ‫* و‬D 4' ‫ك‬
َ L"
ِ ِ‫ ه‬heen jildak ma

taheen wildak (Humiliate your skin, but not your child) (189) calls on parents to work

hard to secure their children’s lives and not to let them down by poverty and neglect. In

the framework of the extended family, the Sudanese have great respect for kinship and

relatives. For example, 4VVV*R‫ا‬,5+ ‫ء‬4VVV",N+‫ ا‬LVVV24X a’yida al-a’rja li murah’a (A lame animal

will go back to its herd) (738) is used to encourage people to keep close to their families

and to return to them especially when support is needed. And 0;QَX ِ' E<3,3 ‫ال‬t[+‫ ا‬al-

ghazal birbotoo minn a’s’abo (a gazelle will be tied with its nerve) (739) calls for

solidarity with family members; the word nerve is used metaphorically to indicate strong

unity. The proverbG5‫ ' ه‬k n3 4' G'‫ ' د‬G +‫ ا‬alli-minn dami ma bikhla min hami (He that is

of my blood will worry about me) (148), explains the emotional attachments the

Sudanese have for their blood relationships.

These proverbs state that one has to be more forceful in relations with his relatives as he

undoubtedly needs them. However, some kinds of relatives’ collaboration may have

199
negative impacts in respect of justice and equity. The proverb 3‫ وإ‬49‫ وأ‬G5َX 3 k X GF‫ وأ‬49‫أ‬

Z2,[+‫ ا‬k X G5َX ana wa akhai a’la ibin a’mmi wa ana wa ibin a’ami a’la al-ghareeb (I and

my brother against my cousin and me and my cousin against the stranger) (148), shows a

blind prejudice among relatives against outsiders. This prejudice is very prevalent

nowadays in areas where conflicts have led to serious damage to the Sudan economic and

social structure.

Nevertheless, the Sudanese have contradictory views about relatives, because some of

them are vicious. They say ‫رب‬4VVVVaX ‫رب‬4VVVVMY‫ ا‬al-aqarib a’qarib (Relatives are scorpions)

(181), referring to the kind of relatives who cause harm and trouble. The word scorpion is

used metaphorically to describe relatives as harmful; they conduct plots to hurt their own

blood.

c) Marriage and children:

The marriage relationship receives a great deal of attention in connection with the social

roles of the Sudanese proverbs. Some Sudanese, like their Arab fellows, divest women of

their natural right to choose their husbands. The proverb ُ,ٌِ F ‫َك‬L+‫= وو‬A@;+ ‫ر‬4AF‫ إ‬Ikhtar

lebintak wa waladak khairo (Choose a husband for your daughter and let your son choose

his wife) (234), for example, shows that girls are looked at as incompetent. They are

looked upon as incompetent to make decisions even in personal matters. An unmarried

woman has to stay in her father’s house to preserve the family’s honour: kVVVVVVV+‫ أو‬,24VVVVVVV;+‫ا‬

4VVVVVV‫ه‬E3‫ أ‬8VVVVVV3 4VVVVVV*3 Al-baira awla beyha beat abuha (It is appropriate for a spinster to remain

in her father’s house). (740)

200
In line with the focus on marriage, ancestry is always highlighted when it comes to

affinity. For example, ‫رت‬43 E+‫ \ و‬qY‫ ا‬LُF‫ ُأ‬ukhud al-as’eela wa lao barat (Marry a woman

of noble origin even if she is an old maid) (741) explains that the Sudanese prefer to build

their marriage relationships with good families. There is also a preference for marriage

between relatives: 0ُ9EX4' G<[2 ‫ول‬t+‫ ا‬T]H‫ أ‬afd’al al-zoul yighati maa’oonu (it is better for a

person to cover his own pot.) (179) The word pot metaphorically refers to the blood

relationship. The proverb, Tُ]+‫ ا‬GH ‫ِك‬,Jُ2 ,َ`+‫ ا‬GH ‫ك‬4M‫ن د‬4‫ِ= آ‬5X
َ ‫ ود‬wad a’mik kan dakak fi al-

h’ar yujorik fi al-d’ul (If your cousin punches you in the heat (hot weather), he will move

you to the shade) (742), refers to preference of marriage between cousins. Similarly, ‫ود‬

=ِ5]َX ,WI3 4' =ِ5`+ T‫ أآ‬E+ =ِ5X

َ wad a’mik lao akal lah’amik ma biksir a’d’mik (if your

cousin eats your flesh, he will not break your bones) (191), implies the belief that a

cousin husband will be more considerate to his wife and will sympathize with her when

problems arise.

Having children is considered as an important factor for family stability. Sudanese

society places great stress on the importance of having children, as children perpetuate

their parents’ name, especially that of the father. The proverb ‫ت‬4' 4' pٌF
َ G +‫ ا‬al-khallaf ma

mat (He who leaves children never dies) (743), is a common and very well known

proverb. People use it specifically to console someone who has lost a dear one who left

young children behind.

Having children also strengthens the relationship between a husband and wife. It is

important for a wife to have children to secure her marriage so that her husband will not

divorce her or marry another woman to have children. For example, GAVVVVVVV;m‫ر و‬4VVVVVVVJR G;VVVVVVV"

201
‫ار‬LVVV+‫ ا‬jibi h’ijar wa thabiti al-dar (Oh, bring stones to settle your house) (744) is often

quoted to a women who do does not want to get pregnant as soon as she gets married.

On the other hand a woman might suffer because of her children. Children may compel

their mother to endure an intolerable relationship with her husband because she cannot

ask for divorce for the sake of her children. The proverb ‫ان‬EVVVVV*+‫ ا‬LVVVVVM 4VVVVV@J+‫ ا‬al-jana gead al-

hawan (The child is a shackle of humiliation) (745) means that some matters are not

tolerated outside the marriage relationship, but within marriage a mother may tolerate

them in order to stay with her children.

The gender of the child is another dilemma in the marriage relationship. A wife who

gives birth to girls all the time is under threat either of divorce or of her husband

marrying another woman. Sudanese express their preference for a male child by using

this proverb: ,2EِH E+‫ و‬,Iِ]+‫ ا‬al-d’ikear wa lao feywair (A male is better even if it is a small

rat) (187). That is to say that a man is better even if he is small and weak.

d) Friends and neighbours:

Proverbs also have a role in defining the duties and responsibilities towards friends and

neighbours. For example, 0 ‫ ُآ‬0W` D 4' TWX kaِ3 ‫`;= إن‬q S’ah’bak in biqa a’sal ma talh’su

kulu (If your friend becomes like honey, do not eat it all) (21) advises people not to take

advantage of good friends. Neighbours are considered as closer than relatives. TVVVVV;M ‫ر‬4VVVVVJ+‫ا‬

‫ا‬LVVV+‫ را‬Al-jar gabl al-dar (Find the neighbour before the house) (219) states that it is

important that you buy or build your house where you can find good neighbours, and

LN;+‫ ود ُأ'َ= ا‬h‫ و‬Z2,a+‫رك ا‬4" jarak al-gareab wa la wad umak al-ba’eed (Your close

202
neighbour is better than your far brother) (220) emphasises the respect that Sudanese

have for their neighbours.

e) Solidarity:

In supporting social relationships, solidarity and joint responsibility are the cornerstones

of Sudanese social structure. The people of the Sudan successfully use their proverbs to

achieve this goal. 4*AُF‫ ُأ‬GH GIAD 8+4' ‫ة إن‬,JU+‫ ا‬Al-shajara inn malat titaki fi ukhtaha (When a

tree leans it rests on its sister (649) implies that one should seek help from family or

relatives when crises arise without any embarrassment. Collective effort is more effective

than individual work. OPVVVVVVQA3 4VVVVVV' LVVVVVVR‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬LVVVVVV+‫ ا‬Al-yadd al-wah’da ma bits’afig (One hand

cannot clap) (651) shows the collectivist nature of Sudanese society, especially in rural

areas where help in farming is needed.

f) Statutory roles:

The statutory role of proverbs can occur in formal or informal conversations. For

example, the proverb ُLِ7 c34D Z ‫ آ‬0ٌ@J+‫ ا‬al-janeah kalib tabia’sidu (Crime is a dog that

follows its owner) (505) means that whoever commits a crime, cannot escape no matter

how long he hides. After he admits his wrongdoing and is punished for that he remains in

people’s memories as a wrongdoer. The proverb ‫وح‬,VVVV3 VVVV2‫وح و‬,VVVV+‫ ا‬TVVVVD4‫ آ‬katil al-rooh’

wean biroh’ (The soul killer, where will he go) (523). The word soul is used as

metonymy, the proverb means that whoever kills a person and hides, one day will be

brought to justice. And ‫َر‬:9ُ‫ أ‬5ِ+ ‫ َر‬:ُX h la a’udra liman undir (There is no excuse for the

one who has been given notice) (445) is used to prevent further mistakes from one who

has already been forewarned.

203
Proverbs are used as accusatory tools: ‫ر‬49 ‫ون‬Lِ3 ‫ن‬4َF‫ ُد‬GH4' mafi dukhan bedoon nar (There is

no smoke without fire) (484) and Ol ‫ل‬Ea3 4' OK 0H 4' E+ ‫د‬EُN+‫ ا‬ala’ood lao ma fiehu shaq ma

begul taq (A stick without a crack in it will not make a sound) (485) are used to

strengthen accusations.

Proverbs are also used to regulate business relationships within the framework of

statutory roles. For example the proverb‫ان‬EF‫ا أ‬E;74`D‫ر وأ‬4JD ‫ا‬E ‫ أآ‬Uklu akhwan wa ith’asbu

tujar (Eat as brothers and settle your accounts as businessmen) (36) calls for people not to

mix business and personal relationships.

Indulgence is regarded as the best policy to resolve conflicts. Self-defense is more

efficient when it is conducted in a polite and soft way. ,`ُ" ِ' ‫ن‬4;N&+‫ق ا‬,52 E `+‫م ا‬%VVVVVVI+‫ ا‬Al-

kalam al-h’ilu yamrug al-thua’ban min juh’ru (soft talk removes a snake from its hole)

(629). A snake is known as a dangerous creature; in this proverb, softness affects even

snakes. That is to say no matter how strong your enemy is, it is better to settle matters in a

soft way, so you can achieve positive results.

g) Advice and Advisory roles:

Proverbs are used as tools for advice in Sudanese society. For example,8VVVVVVV' ‫ رأس‬TVVVVVVVUD h

0VVVVVVVVV3 kVVVVVVVVV ;D La tesheel rass mait tabla beho (Do not carry the head of a dead person, or

you will be entangled) (500). This proverb advises that one should not get involved in

matters if he cannot deal with their consequences. And the proverb ‫ز‬4VVVVVVV;n+ VVVVVVVJN+‫أدي ا‬

0VVVVQ9 TVVVV‫>آ‬2 EVVVV+‫ و‬Addi al-a’jean lakhabazoo wa lao yakul nus’o (Give the dough to a baker

even if he eats half of it) (511) means that one should give work to a specialist, because

even if he takes half of it he will finish it in a perfect way. ‫ك‬,VVVVVb ZVVVVVX TVVVVV;M =VVVVV;X ,VVVVVv9‫أ‬

204
Ant’ur a’eabak qabel a’eab ghearak (know your own faults before you find fault with

others) (309) condemns those who point at others’ lapses and overlook their own

mistakes.

h) Consultation

Consultation is highly recommended by members of the Sudanese society. Individuals

are expected to consult their families, friends and elderly before they take major decisions

in their lives. The proverb ‫ِب‬,F

ِ 4' ‫رى‬EU+‫ ا‬83 bait al-shora ma khirib (A house of

consensus will never fall apart) (665), is always used to encourage this attitude even

when it concerns personal matters like marriage. As the extended family is a cornerstone

in the Sudanese social structure, many matters that other societies consider as individual

business are considered as family concerns in the Sudan. Issues like marriage, divorce,

buying or selling are not individual matters, so discussions might even extend beyond the

extended family to distant relatives, family friends or even the elderly and those who are

considered as wise in the village or small town. Therefore, the group’s decision is

considered as a right decision and a person who tries to take a decision individually, may

find himself isolated and he may stand by himself when a crisis arises. People often use

this proverb to warn against taking individual action: \q4a+‫[@) ا‬+‫ 'ِ ا‬Zf:+‫ ا‬T‫>آ‬2 459‫ إ‬inama

yaekul al-deib min al-ghanam al-ghas’iya (The hyena eats the goat that stands by itself)

(746).

i) Other roles of proverbs:

Proverbs play many other roles in Sudanese society. As there are proverbs for any

situation, it is impossible to include all their roles in this section. However, I will deal

205
with some examples to explain other functions that proverbs play. They are used as tools

to criticize people or situations. 0A;M‫"\ ر‬EَX ‫ِف‬,Nِ3 4' T5J+‫ ا‬Al- jamal ma ba’rif a’wajat

ragabtu (The camel is not aware of the crookedness of his neck) (488) is used in a

situation when a person criticizes others although he has the same problem or may make

the same mistakes.

Proverbs are also used as warning tools. The proverb =َ7‫ رَا‬Tِ3 E@2‫ن ز‬4‫ك آ‬EF‫ أ‬akhuk kan

zaino bill rasak (If your brother has had a haircut, wet your own head) (444) warns a

person to prepare himself for bad news when another one in a similar situation gets into

trouble.

Some proverbs are used to encourage people to stop being lazy and look for work. An

example is =@*ُ9 LُM,D 4' =@Nُ9 )ُM qumm na’eanak ma targud naheanak (Get moving so we

can help you; do not sit down or we will humiliate you) (83). This proverb calls for

people to try to help themselves by seeking work, to ensure a good level of living as

laziness causes poverty.

Proverbs are also used as tools for sarcasm or mockery, for example ‫َال‬tb
َ 0'ُ‫ِ أ‬X GH ‫ِد‬,aِ +‫ا‬

Al-qirid fi a’ean umu ghazal (A monkey is a gazelle in his mother’s eyes) (396). They

may be used to express helplessness as result of fate and predestination, for example,

E3‫_ أ‬2,3 4' ‫ر‬45ِ`+‫ ا‬Al-himar ma breah’ ubohu (The donkey will not release his father from

work) (747) as both of them have to work for all of their lives.

Proverbs have therapeutic roles as well. The proverb GPَNAُ' ‫م‬EaD GِHLَ 'ُ ‫م‬Eُ9 Noom mudafi

teqoom muta’afi (Sleep warm and you will get up healthy) (513) is a remedial proverb.

And the proverb L7 ' <;+‫ض ا‬,' h‫ ا‬o4@' ‫ض‬,5+‫ ا‬T‫ آ‬Kull al-marad’ min Allah ila

marad’ al-batun min sidu (All diseases are from God, only stomach pain is caused by the

206
sick person) (566), emphasises the fact that unhealthy food causes health problems. It

encourages people to watch out what they eat.

j) Patience

Proverbs also encourage people to be patient in crisis and difficult situations or when they

deal with conflicts in daily life. For example, ‫ج‬,َP+‫ح ا‬4APُ' ,;Q+‫ ا‬als’aber muftah al-faraj

(patience is the key to relief) (748) is a promise that comfort will come after difficulties,

‫ل‬4;J+‫ٌ ا‬L*ِ 2 ,;Q+‫ ا‬and al-s’abr yihid al-jibal (patience demolishes mountains) (621) is a

consolation for those in difficulties, that they will overcome their problems by being

patient.

3. 6 Some examples of the use of proverbs in daily life

This section discusses some examples of proverbs as they are used by some members of

Sudanese society. As a member of this society, it is normal for me to hear proverbs in

natural conversations in my daily life. In this section, I will illustrate some situations that

I have witnessed using the exact literary translations for the words as they were spoken

by the people. All the people in these cases are known to me, and some of them have

agreed that their names could be mentioned in this research. However, I have immunized

the names because of the sensitivity of some situations.

207
 Situation 1

َD,َ 'َ ,ٍ `ُ" ُ' 'yُ5+‫َغ ا‬L 2ُ h

La yuldagh al-moamin min juhrin maratean
(A believer will never be bitten twice from the same snake hole) (107)

A. is a young lady who came to her aunt to complain about her husband, who treated her

very badly. She asked her aunt to advise her how to deal with her husband. Her aunt told

her this proverb.

I know that it was not the first time that A. complained about her husband. She had

approached her aunt before and told her aunt that she did not want to leave her husband,

because she had young children and was worrying about her status in society if she

became a divorced woman. She also did not want to return to her father’s household with

a number of children. At the same time, she could not tolerate her husband's behaviour.

She then asked her aunt for advice. The aunt had told her what she should do when she

went back to her husband's house. The husband noticed that his wife’s behaviour had

changed. He tried to find out the reasons behind her changed attitude towards him. She

then told him that her aunt had advised her to behave differently. Consequently, the

relationship between the husband and the aunt was damaged. When she came to complain

for the second time, the aunt quoted this proverb to her. She meant, ‘Stop asking me; I

gave you my advice before, but you put me into trouble’.

208
 Situation 2 (the previous proverb)

َD,َ 'َ ,ٍ `ُ" ُ' 'yُ5+‫َغ ا‬L 2ُ h

La yuldagh al-moamin min juhrin maratean
(A believer will never be bitten twice from the same snake hole) (107)

I and A were partners in a small business. They bought and sold coffee and wood

between Sudan and the Central Republic of Africa. A settled in a big town and relied on I

to do the travelling between the two countries as a trader. A engaged in another business,

using all the money without consulting I, and he lost everything, as he was not

experienced in that field. I was not happy about what A had done as he expected him to

discuss the matter with him beforehand. A wanted to engage in the same business again

and this time he asked I to trust him in using his money. I told A that “la yuldagh al-

moamin min juhrin maratean”.

That is, he told his partner that ‘You used my money before and engaged in the same

business, but you failed, therefore, I will not accept that you use my money again to risk

another lose’.

Situation 3

‫ش‬EVVV`D 4VVV' =VVVM‫ رز‬,VVVb ‫ش‬EVVVRE+‫ي ا‬,VVV" ‫ي‬,VVVJD ‫ن‬4VVV‫آ‬

Kan tajri jari al-wh’osh hgear rizgak ma tah’oosh
(Even if you run like a wild animal, you will never get more than your fate) (114)

One of my relatives has quoted this proverb to me on many different occasions. I used to

work in one of the Gulf countries and the relative used to try to persuade me to leave that

country and go back to the Sudan to live with my family. She told me that she could not

209
understand why I took the decision to live abroad. When I told her that I had a better job,

she said to me that I would waste all the money that I earned in that job. She said

livelihood is a matter of fate and it would come to me wherever I am without the need to

search for it anywhere. She then quoted this proverb. She said that my natural place is

with my family and that is where God arranged for my living. Therefore, according to

her, I will never gain abroad more than I would gain in my country.

Situation 4

kPQ2‫ و‬,IN2 ِl ' ‫دم‬z 3‫إ‬

Ibn Adam min teen ya’kar wa yas’fa
(The son of Adam comes from mud; he becomes turbid and then clears) (333)

Two women, K and A, were good friends. One day they had an argument and K verbally

abused her friend A. A decided to break off her friendship with K and stopped talking to

her. K realized that she had made a big mistake and wanted to apologize to A and to

explain to her that she did not mean what she said to her; she was just very angry and in a

bad mood. She then quoted this proverb to say what has happened was just a human error

and should not affect their friendship.

Situation 5

F
ٌ ‫ \أ‬JN+‫ ا‬G@Dَ,
Akharatni al-a’ajala
(It was the haste that delayed me) (335)

The scene was the wedding of a neighbour’s daughter. M was the bride’s aunt. She was

expected to come very early, but she arrived late. When she arrived many women started

to blame her for coming late. She said to them akhartni al-a’jala (it was the haste that

210
made me come late) She said she left her house in a rush and on her way she realized that

she had left the gas stove on, so she had to go back to switch it off and that took her extra

time.

Situation 6

‫ر‬4ٌPR c <2 ‫ر‬4P+‫ود ا‬

Wad al-far aytla’ h’affar
(The rat’s son is a digger) (174)

T is M’s grandmother. M’s father was a soldier although his mother had not wanted him

to work for the military. One day M’s told his grandmother that he did not want to finish

his studies as he wanted to fulfil his desire to become a soldier. His grandmother tried to

persuade him to change his mind, but he told her that he had already made his decision

and did not want to argue about it. The grandmother said to him that he wanted to be like

his father and then she quoted this proverb.

Situation 7

0@‫آ‬4IVVVVVVVV7 ,AVVVVVVVVID cVVVVVVVVM‫ر إن و‬EVVVVVVVVA+‫ا‬

Al-toor inn waqa’ takter sakakeenu
(When the ox falls, the number of his knives will increase) (319)

A group of visitors were gathering in front of the TV listening to the evening news. At

that time, a well-known politician had been arrested and news was spreading about his

activities and political history. The man had been blamed for many mistakes; one of the

visitors repeated the above proverb. He meant that if a strong man falls into a vulnerable

position, anyone can criticize him and people sometimes even create stories about him.

211
 Situation 8

,J`+‫ ا‬83," 0َ.‫ر‬Y‫ا‬

Al-ard’ah jarabat al-h’ajar
(The termite tried to dig the rock) (471)

S. had been sacked from his job. He was very worried that he had no other skills to

qualify him to do any other job. A, his friend, asked him to work with him in his shop. S.

said he had no idea about business and told S that he might fail. A encouraged him to try,

and quoted this proverb. He was reminding S. that it is not necessary to have all the skills

and strength to try to do difficult tasks as even a weak insect has tried to dig rocks.

Situation 9

‫اع‬,ُ. ‫ا‬E7 ,;ِK ‫أدو‬

Addo shibir sawahu d’ura’
(They gave him a span and he made it a cubit) (336)

O. was a farmer who had a big farm outside the town. He wanted to help I., one of his

relatives. He gave him a small piece of land, so he could use it to grow some crops for his

family. Then O. fell sick that season and stayed in the town. I. took advantage of O.’s

absence and expanded the small area; he grew crops on a very large area of O.’s farm.

When O. heard the news from other farmers, he said addo shibir sawahu d’ura’ to tell

people that I. had taken advantage of him.

212
 Situation 10

ZJN+‫ ا‬T
َ<
َ 2َ Z;W+‫ِف ا‬,X
ُ ‫إذا‬
Ida a’urif al-sabab batal al-a’jab (43)
(If the reason is known wonder will end)

N and B were good friends. They used to spend most of their time together. Suddenly B

stopped visiting N, even when she was sick. N then tried to criticise B for the sudden

change in her behaviour. B started to cry and implied that she did not feel comfortable to

visit N when N’s brother was around. One of our neighbours who was with us during the

conversation, quoted this proverb. She was saying that if you know the reason you would

not be surprised; B had been harassed by N’s brother. B had decided to break off her

friendship with N because her brother did not respect her friendship with his sister.

The above are only a few examples to illustrate the use of proverbs in everyday situations

in private life. The use of large numbers of proverbs is dealt with more briefly in

Chapter 5.

In summary, the Sudanese utilize their proverbs to play vital roles in their daily lives; in

controlling social behaviour, conveying cultural and educational values, or enabling

problem solving they are more effective than any written rules or institutional curriculum.

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 Chapter Seven

A Comparison of Sudanese and English Proverbs

1. 7 Proverbs as seen by British society

One of the main concerns of this study is to identify similarities and differences between

Sudanese and English proverbs as expressions that may differ in culture and wording but

can be used in equivalent situations to express similar or opposite ideas. To achieve this

goal, intensive investigations have been made during my fieldwork in the United

Kingdom.

Proverbs used in this section are drawn from different kinds of textual sources and from

British informants in London and Brighton through interviews and questionnaires. Some

interviews were tape-recorded; their transcripts were used for analysis. My informants

came from different age groups and academic backgrounds; I met them in various places

including churches, hostels, universities, and other public places, especially the Speakers’

Corner in the Hyde Park, London and the reading rooms in the British Library.

As it was very difficult if not impossible for me to hear proverbs used in daily

conversations in British culture, I utilized direct questionnaires to find out people’s

opinions about proverbs and their attitudes towards them. I also elicited proverbs from

214
my informants that are equivalent or opposite in their meaning to Sudanese proverbs,

either by face-to-face interviews or by using questionnaires completed in their own time.

Because my informants varied in their age and knowledge, they had different views about

proverbs as reflections of people’s values. Some young informants, among them

university students, consider proverbs as old-fashioned ‘ready-made’ expressions that old

people sometimes use to justify or encourage a given behaviour. One of my informants

described proverb users as lazy and uncreative people, who want to impose their old or

odd beliefs on young people living in a different time with different values. On the other

hand, they said they understood the meaning of proverbs although they never used them

in their daily conversations. Those young informants were interrupted by fellow students

who said that proverbs are part of normal life and should not be referred to as old-

fashioned, and a very objective discussion followed. C., a maths and history student, said

that proverbs keep the past alive; if people use proverbs in the right context, they can be

amusing and make people think about their behaviour. Ch. considered proverb users as

intelligent people, while M thought they are carriers of the folk wisdom and culture in a

given society.

One of my informants, a doctor of philosophy, thought that people who use proverbs are

mentally restricted and display extremely restricted imagination unless they use them

ironically.

Some other groups had different views, seeing proverbs as effective means of conveying

messages to advise, apologize, console or even warn without offending the one to whom

the message is addressed. Proverbs were also seen as effective tools in the educational

process. One of my informants was a teacher and he said that he uses proverbs effectively

215
to advise his students and to encourage them. He feels it is a pity that people do not

realize how these expressions can be utilized effectively to teach young people some

social principles.

In face-to-face interviews, some of my informants said that English society has more

proverbs than it is aware of. In a tape-recorded interview on 18 February 2002, L.C., the

Head of the Arabic Department, University of Westminster, told me:

Proverbs belong to everyone in the community; if a proverb has a message it

comes from the community not from the speaker. If you want to blame someone
without directly blaming them, you can use a proverb. For example, ‘The early
bird catches the worm’: suppose I got to work very early and because I was so
early the technician gave me a new computer, because there was only one left and
he wanted to give it to the first one who came to work. Then my colleague comes
and says ‘This is unfair; you got a new computer and I did not.’ Now I can say
‘The early bird catches the worm’…If you want to highlight a problem in a direct
way, you need evidence, but by using this proverb, he will accept the message.
Proverbs are not random in a conversation; they mark a complete end of a topic or
a complete end of the conversation.
People very regularly use proverbs when they are reporting something difficult, or
when they are moving from a negative topic to a positive one.

Further discussions with my informants and data collection via questionnaires revealed

that proverbs were highly appreciated by old people. Among them one of my informants,

who is from Oxford and resides in London, considered proverbs as timeless and suitable

at any time as tools to control social behaviours and to teach good morals. In intensive

discussions that lasted for many sessions at the Speakers’ Corner, my informants talked

about the British society in past times, when proverbs had high frequency in people’s

daily conversations, minds and thoughts, compared with the attitude towards proverbs

today. Many of these informants tended to believe that people were more conservative

and traditions and values were more respected when proverbs were dominant. One

woman informant said that when traditions were respected in her time and people

216
preferred the marriage relationship or had only one partner, diseases such as Aids were

not known in British society.

British people who have a strong commitment to the church also expressed a strong belief

in the effectiveness of proverbs as tools to teach good morals and values. My informants

from this category were able to draw many proverbs from their memories without

hesitation. They were also able to give many equivalent proverbs to the Sudanese

proverbs quoted by myself.

On the other hand, some informants thought that the vast majority of British people do

not have any knowledge of proverbs. For example, in an interview held on Friday 28

February 2003 in London with Captain E.B., the Coordinator of Marylebone Project and

the Minister of Religion of the Church Army, Churches of England, told me:

The majority of British people would have no understanding of proverbs at all,

but older people use them for teaching skills, like for example ‘A stitch in time
saves nine’. My mother used to tell us regularly, ‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’
to encourage us to make sure to wash daily, but I do not think they are surviving
today in the current generation. I cannot say that they are old-fashioned because
they are wisdom handed from generation to generation; I can say that people are
not aware of them.

Proverbs are personal experiences at the beginning; then people adopt them
through generations. From a Christian point of view, proverbs represent wisdom
and wisdom is knowledge of God. The Book of Proverbs is a collection of morals
and religious teachings that deal with everyday concerns, common sense and good
manners. It shows how a wise person should behave in different situations. It
deals with social relationships and the need for social control; and dealing morally
in business. However, the culture has changed, for example in the way we look at
women today. We used to teach women only how to be good housemaids, which
is not the case today. However, proverbs used to have important social roles when
communities used to live together; I think if society was closer and had more
community and people were more respectful to each other, proverbs would have
important roles, but now we have become more individualistic.

The following list shows the questions that I used in the questionnaires:

217
1. Are proverbs still in use in your society?

2. Do you remember any proverb now? Can you say it?

3. Do you know a proverb equivalent to this proverb? Say it please, or give a contrasting

one.

a. As you sow, so you will reap.

b. Inquire about the neighbours before you choose the house (before you buy a new

house, get some information about the people who live there).

c. Every man acts according to his own disposition.

d. Better to be alone than in bad company.

e. If you live with Arabs, either do as they do or leave them.

f. He that digs a hole for others falls in it himself.

g. All is not gold that glitters.

h. Many hands make light work.

i. Contentment is a treasure that never perishes.

j. He who finds faults with others does worse himself.

k. Cast no dirt into the well that gives you water.

l. If you try to straighten twigs, they will straighten.

4. Do you know any proverb connected with a story? Please say it.

5. How often do you use proverbs?

6. Do you hear people around you using proverbs?

7. What do you think about people who use proverbs today?

8. Are proverbs interesting or boring?

218
The proverbs used in the questionnaires are Sudanese proverbs; British informants were

asked to try to find equivalent or contrasting proverbs from their society.

My informants numbered a total of 180 people. At the beginning, I divided them into

three age groups; each group included 60 informants, both male and female. The first

group consisted of informants less than 30 years old, the second group were aged from

31-40 and the third group was above 41 years old. I did not find a significant difference

in the way the first two groups viewed proverbs. Therefore, I later decided to put the 180

informants into two age groups (from 18 –40, and above 41).

The majority of the informants in all groups agreed that proverbs are rarely used in daily

conversations in British society. Nonetheless, there was an amazing response when they

were asked to draw proverbs from their memories, especially when they compared or

contrasted Sudanese proverbs to English proverbs.

2.7 Tables

The following tables show the Sudanese proverbs used in the questionnaires and the

equivalent or contrasting ones given by my informants, together with the numbers and

percentages of responses by the study groups:

219
Table 1

Proverb A:

Sudanese: Kama tazra’ tah’s’id

(As you sow, you will reap)
English: As you sow, so you will reap

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 66 73.3%

Above 41 90 81 90 %

Total 180 147 81.6%

Table 2

Proverb B:

Sudanese: asal a’an al-jar gubal al-dar

Ask about your neighbours before you buy a house

English: Inquire about the neighbours before the house

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 31 34.4%

Above 41 90 46 51.1%

Total 180 77 42.7%

220
Table 3

Proverb C:

Sudanese: kulu wahid wa ma yahwa

(Everyone acts according to his own disposition)
English: Every man to his taste.

Age Total Number of Percentage

Number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 35 38.8%

Above 41 90 49 54.4%

Total 180 84 46.6%

Table 4

Proverb D:

Sudanese: A’raban tanzil janbaha ya sheel dalaha ya arh’al khalha

If you live with Arabs, either do as they do or leave them
English: When in Rome do as the Romans do

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 35 38.8%

Above 41 90 51 56.6%

Total 180 86 47.7%

221
Table 5

Proverb E:
Sudanese: mann h’afar h’ufratan liakhiyhi waqa’ fiyha
He who digs a hole for his brother falls in it
English: He who digs a hole for others falls in himself.

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 40 44.4%

Above 41 90 69 76.6%

Total 180 109 60.5%

Table 6

Proverb F:

Sudanese: laiysa kulu ma yalna’ thahan

All is not gold that glitters
English: Not all that glitters is gold

Age Total Number of Percentage

Number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 52 57.7%

Above 41 90 64 71.1%

Total 180 116 64.4%

222
Table 7

Proverb G

Sudanese: eid lieid tajda’ ba’eed

A hand on a hand throws far
English: Many hands make light work

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 23 25.5%

Above 41 90 52 57.7%

Total 180 75 41.6%

Table 8

Proverb H:

Sudanese: al qanaa’ khiyrun min al-ghina

Contentment is better than wealth
English: Contentment is better than riches.

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 33 36.6%

Above 41 90 40 44.4%

Total 180 73 40.5%

223
Table 9

Proverb I:
Sudanese: Yitabia’ a’ub al-nas wa yansa a’ib nafsu
He finds faults with others and forgets his faults.
English: Do not cast the first stone

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 29 32.2%

Above 41 90 41 45.5%

Total 180 70 38.8%

The two proverbs may not be equivalent in meaning but they base the same pragmatic

import.

Table 10

Proverb J:

Sudanese: Beeran tishrab minu ma tarmi fihu wasakh

Cast no dirt into the well that gives you water
English: Do not bite the hand that feeds you

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 40 44.4%

Above 41 90 61 67.7%

Total 180 101 56.1%

224
Table 11

Proverb K
Sudanese: Inna al-ghus’oon ida qawamtaha ia’tadalat
If you try to straighten twigs, they will straighten
English: Learn at a young age

Age Total Number of Percentage

number equivalent

answers

18-40 90 27 30%

Above 41 90 59 65%

Total 180 86 47%

Although I have left the above tables to express themselves, they make it clear that

proverbs are never absent from British people’s culture. Proverb use in one culture can be

understood by people in another culture either by providing one image for another image

or by supplying an abstract thought for a metaphorical expression. However those who

had knowledge of proverbs were mostly old people; the younger the age of my

informants, the less knowledge of proverbs they had. The informants who had knowledge

of proverbs had gained this knowledge by hearing people around them using proverbs.

That is to say, the informants’ knowledge of proverbs depended on their age and that of

the people around them, and whether they used proverbs in daily conversations.

225
3. 7 Proverbs that are used in similar situations to convey the same messages in

Sudanese and English societies:

There is a great difference between Sudanese society and English society in their ideas

about concepts like time keeping, family relationships and solidarity. Nevertheless

throughout the discussions with my informants, I was amazed to find remarkable

similarities in the way that ordinary people in Sudan and UK express their feelings and

ideas in similar circumstances and situations.

This section will show some proverbs that differ in their wording but have the same

meaning and use among the people of the United Kingdom and Sudan. The proverb use

was discussed with my informants throughout the fieldwork period. To enable the reader

to understand these similarities, I have written the Sudanese proverbs using English

transcription followed by a translation, and the correspondence English proverb under

each Sudanese proverb.

1. S. La yuldagh al-mumin min juh’arin martean

A believer will not be bitten twice from the same snake hole
E. A fox is not taken twice in the same snare

The above Sudanese proverb is drawn from a religious environment, the person who
quoted it used the word believer to refer to Islamic culture, while the English hunter used
his surroundings where fox hunting is dominant, to express a similar idea.

226
2. S. (1) Rakkab sarjean wagaa’
He who rides two saddles will fall
S. (2) A-rass ma besheel jarean
The head cannot carry two pots at the same time
E. A man cannot serve two masters

The Sudanese herder who is surrounded with his animals used his environment to convey
the same idea in the English proverbs that one cannot do two things at a time.

3. S. Al-kalam al-liyean yamruq al-dabi min juh’ro

Soft words get the snake out of its hole
E. A soft answer turns away wars

Proverb users in British and Sudanese society agree that diplomatic solutions are more
effective than power.

4. S. Ma tadafig moytak a’la al-rihab

Do not pour out your water because you saw a mirage
E. Do not count your chickens before they are hatched

The Sudanese herder who lives in the desert and the British farmer have successfully
used their environment and daily experiences to employ metaphors to warn people not to
rely on expectations.

5. S. Watani wa la mali batni

My home is better than a comfortable life abroad
E. East or west, home is best

Emotional attachment to one's homeland is expressed in both proverbs; home is described

as the best place by English and Sudanese proverbs.

6. S. Allahuma akfini shar al-sadeaq

God protects me from the evil of my friends

E. God defend me from my friends

The same idea is expressed in the form of a statement in the Sudanese proverb and in the
English proverb as a wish.

227
7. S. Akhartni al-a’jala
Haste made me late
E. Make haste slowly

The concept of haste is used in different ways, as an excuse in the Sudanese proverb and
as advice in the English proverb

8. S. A’us’for fi al-yad wa la alif tair

A bird in the hand is worth a thousand flying
E. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

In both proverbs the word bird is used to represent a small thing to express the meaning
that contentment with the little that one has is better than losing it because of expectations
that one might get more.

9. S. Al-a’ad’i al-dabeab bikhaf min al-h’abil

He who has been bitten by a snake is scared of a rope
E. A burnt child dreads the fire

Proverb users in Sudanese and British society have agreed that if a person has suffered
once, he will become continuously suspicious that he might suffer in similar situations.

10. S. Al-fagur ma a’eab

Poverty is not shame
E. Poverty is no sin

Although both Sudanese and English societies suggest a sharp contrast between the rich
and the poor through their proverbs, they agree that poverty is not shameful or sinful.

In spite of the striking similarity in some situations in the way the two societies express

themselves, there are differences in others. For example, one can claim that Sudanese do

not value time by saying that H’abl al-mahala yarbut wa yafd’ul (the rope of deliberation

will tie and remain) and they seem to enjoy this slowness in their daily life. In contrast,

the English proverb says ‘Time flies’, suggesting a different attitude toward timekeeping.

Similarly, Al nisa qadeemu tah (Whoever forgets his past goes astray), shows the

228
emotional attachment that Sudanese have for their past; while British people express

more openness to the wider world through the following proverbs:

Every one after his fashion

Out of the world out of fashion

(The Oxford op.cit, p.192)

However, it is remarkable to find that English proverbs describe the woman’s status as

similar to her status in Sudan or other Arab cultures in the way that men undermine her.

In English proverbs women are even connected with music and wine as a source of

pleasure; they also compared to geese, monkeys, and dogs.

Although evidence strongly suggests that proverbs reflect human cultures and traditions,

sometimes they fail to represent a single exact image of a given society. This is because

in many circumstances the positive proverbs call for ideals that we are supposed to live

by, rather than describing the reality.

Appendix A shows other Sudanese proverbs and their English counterparts. In many

cases there is only partial equivalent or correspondents.

229
 Chapter Eight

Conclusion

The aims of this research have been to examine the meaning, use, and purpose of Sudanese

Arabic proverbs in their natural context and compare them with English proverbs as a means of

expressing cultural and social values. It has revealed Sudanese and English proverbs as

expressions that may differ completely in their cultural derivation and wording but can be used in

similar situations to express similar or opposite ideas. Thus, my broad focus has been on

meanings and functions of proverbs. Proverbs are cultural signposts in given societies; people

express their beliefs, values and attitudes towards their surroundings through them.

Many of the proverbs in Sudanese and British cultures are didactic and their advice is

often harsh, painful, and even cruel. Yet they are accepted by people as social

interventions for control of behaviour and promotion of various personal values such as

resignation to fate, truthfulness, conformism, or opportunism in business. One reason

why the proverbs are so influential is that literary devices are used to sweeten the

medicine of advice, making it acceptable and even enjoyable for people to swallow.

Devices used in proverbs include humour; surprise and exaggeration; defamiliarisation3,

which may help the speaker to make a sensitive point to the listener by referring to

nature; metaphor and simile, especially in relation to familiar environments and

experiences.

230
For example the proverb Al girrba tukhur fi s'afh'at a-shayilla (The water bag leaks on its

carrier's back) may be cited by a Sudanese to warn against the consequences of people’s

actions. He has drawn a metaphor from the desert environment where people travel long

distances to collect water. On the other hand, his fellow, the British farmer, used his

surroundings and daily observations and experiences to warn against uncertain

expectations, saying ‘Do not count your chickens before they are hatched’. The Sudanese

herder says’ Ma tidafiq muiytak a'la al-rihab’ (Do not pour out your water because you

saw a mirage). Hence, people draw on their cultures and environments in depth when

they use proverbs to make points in daily conversations.

Repetition, rhyme and rhythm make proverbs easy to remember, for example the English

proverb ‘No pains no gains’ and its Sudanese equivalent, ‘mafi safar bala dabar’ (No

travel without a wound). In fact, Sudanese proverbs are rich in rhymes and rhythms that

show their literary depth and give them fluency and smoothness.

Brevity and condensation occur in both English and Sudanese proverbs, for example the

English ‘One hand does not clap’ and the Sudanese ‘al-itih’ad qooa’ (Unity is strength),

or ‘No haste no waste’ and ‘al-a’ajala nadama’ (Haste is regret).

Figurative language and imagery in English and Sudanese proverbs show similarities in

expressing people’s understanding of life’s vicissitudes and the worthlessness of earthy

gains. ‘Al-mutlafih' baih'a a'ryan’ (Whoever is covered by earthy gains is naked) uses

clothing as a metonym for wealth; it expresses the same idea as the metaphor in the

3
‘…the distinctive effect achieved by literary works in disrupting our habitual perception of the world,
enabling us to ‘see’ things afresh’ – Chris Baldick, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.

231
English proverb ‘Life is a shuttle’ to emphasise that one should not rely on what he has

in this life as it will not last for ever.

It appears from the investigation of the usage of proverbs in British and Sudanese culture

that both societies emphasise the importance of disciplining children at a young age, and

treating the elderly, friends, neighbours, parents and members of family with great

consideration. However, due to the collective nature of Sudanese society, Sudanese

proverbs show that these relationships are more close and tight than those in British

culture. From discussions with my British informants, they appear in reality to be more

individualistic than their proverbs suggest.

Behaviour that goes against customs, traditions and social rules is always confronted by

direct or indirect criticism among Sudanese; they seem to have a high adherence to their

traditions regardless of real social and economic conditions. Nevertheless, both cultures

have the same viewpoint on women; both underestimate them and compare them to

animals or inferior things.

Although contradictory messages occur in English and Sudanese proverbs, the

contradictions themselves have their own particular messages in given situations. In spite

of the various differences between the Sudanese society and the English society in their

cultures, environment, and geographical location and language characteristics, this study

shows similarities between their proverbs, especially on such concerns as education,

friends, neighbours, God, and human observations.

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Proverbs reveal much about people’s inner life and attitudes towards their surroundings,

reflecting various cultural values in given societies. Proverbs have high frequency and

play a leading role in Sudanese culture, but although less widely used they are never

absent from British culture either.

Further study of cultures through proverbs:

This research has revealed some major questions concerning proverbs and the cultural

and social values they express, so I would like to end this research with these questions..

1. Why do proverbs in British and Sudanese societies suggest a sharp contrast between

the rich and the poor?

2. Why do proverbs in both cultures describe women as evil and weak creatures and

inferior in mentality?

3. What is the meaning of the contradiction in Sudanese proverbs between the high social

ideals expressed in many proverbs, and evidence in others of class polarization and

egregious racism among Sudanese themselves?

These questions demonstrate the need for further study of the social context of the

realities they express.

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Appendix A:

Sudanese Proverbs and their equivalent English

1. S. Al-bua’ud jafa
Absence is alienation
E. Absence makes the heart grow fonder

2. S. Al-biyan bil al-a’mal

Deeds not words
E. Actions speak louder than words

3. S. Laiysa kulu ma yalma’ dahab

Not all that glitters is gold
E. All is not gold that glitters

4. S. Al-aolu shart akhru noor

All that starts with conditions ends well
E. All is well that ends well

5. S. Abui ameer wa abuk muno el-begood al-h’ameer

My father is a prince and your father is a prince, who
will lead the donkeys
E. All men can’t be masters

6. S. T'a'nn al-lisan anfad minn t'a'nn al-seaf

The stab of the tongue penetrates more than the stab of
the sword
E. An acute word cuts deeper than a sharp weapon

7. S. Al-wah’ada akhear min mujalsat al-sou

Loneliness is better than bad company
E. Alone is better than bad company

8. S. Shart al-murafaqa al-muwafaqa

The condition of companionship is agreement
E. As a man is, so is his company.

9. S. Al-tazra’u tah’s’du
What you sow, you will reap
E. As you sow, so will you reap

234
10. S. Al-tisawi talqa
What you do you find
E. As you sow, so will you reap

11. S. Al-khabar al-shean bitear

Bad news flies
E. Bad news travels fast

12. S. Al-kalib al-nabah’ ma bia’d’i

A barking dog does not bite
E. A barking dog seldom bites

13. S. Al-shah’ad korto ma bititemali

The beggar’s bowl never fills up
E. A beggar’s purse is bottomless

14. S. Ma tis’adiq kul ma tasma’

Do not believe all you hear
E. Believe not all that you see nor half what you hear

15. S. A’doan beain wala s’adiqan munafiq

Better an open enemy than a hypocritical friend
E. Better an open enemy than a false friend

16. S. Al-jinn al-bita’rifu akhear minn al-jinn

al-mabita’rfu
The devil you know is better than one that you do
not know
E. Better the devil you know than the devil you don’t
know

17. S. Al-tuor a’la ashkaliha taqa’

Birds of the same appearance flock together
E. Birds of a feather flock together

18. S. Al-dam a’umru ma bibga muyia

Blood will never become water
E. Blood is thicker than water

19. S. Kulu innain beima fieah yand’ah’

Each vessel pours what is in it
E. By their fruits ye shall know them

20. S. Ma tamin lamin titamin

Do not feel safe until you are buried
E. Call no man happy until he is dead (or dies)

235
21. S. Bearan tishrab minu ma tarmi fihu h’ajar
Do not drop a stone in the well that gives you
water
E. Cast no dirt into the well that gives you water
(Dictionary of European proverbs: volume II,
No. 733a)

22. S. Mata’d’i al-yadd al-timadd leak

Do not bite the hand that helps you
E. Cast no dirt into a well that you drink from

23. S. Al-kalib a’indu saba’a arwah’

A dog has seven lives
E. A cat has nine lives

24. S. Ma kaffa nass al-beat h’aram a’la al-jearan

What is not enough for home, is a sin for the neighbours
E. Charity begins at home

25. S. Inn jattak minn s'ugharah a'iddaha minn kubbara

If you receive an offence from children, count it from their parents
E. Children, drunkards and fools cannot lie

26. S. Al-nat’affa minn al-iemann

Cleanliness is from belief
E. Cleanliness is next to godliness

27. S. Katarat al-nagir kamalat al-h’ajar

Constant digging finishes the stone
E. Constant dripping wears away a stone

28. S. Al-naqatt kamal al-girba

Constant dribbling has emptied the water bag
E. Constant dropping wears the stone

29. S. Zidd ghiban tizdad h’uban

Make your absence frequent and you will be more welcomed
E. A constant guest is never welcome.

30. S. al-qina-a'a kanzun la yafna

Contentment is a treasure that does not perish
E. Content is better than riches

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31. S. Mann shaba a’la shai shab a’liyhi
He who grew up with a custom, becomes his nature in old age
E. Custom in infancy becomes nature in old age

32. S. Al-moat bisawi bean al-ghani wa al-faqear

Death makes the rich and the poor equal
E. Death is a great leveler

33. S. Mann h’afara h’ufratan li akhihi waqa’ fiyha

He who digs a hole for his brother will fall himself in it
E. Dig not a pit, you yourself may fall into it

34. S. Al-bas’arah ghalabt al-shatara

Shrewdness conquered bravery
E. Discretion is the better part of velour

35. S. A’amil al-nass zai ma tah’ib yia’mluk

Treat others the way you want to be treated
E. Do as you would like be done by

36. S. A’raban tanzil janbaha ya sheel dalaha ya arh’al khalha

Arabs that you live with them, either do as they do or leave them
E. Do at Rome as the Romans do

37. S. la tuajil a’mal al-yaom lilghad

Don't leave today’s work for tomorrow
E. Do not put off today’s work for tomorrow

38. S. Al-ghurab ma bisil a’in akhu

A crow does not peck out its brothers’ eyes
E. Dog does not eat dog

39. S. As-sawaiyy ma h'addath

A doer is never a great talker
E. A dog that intends to bite does not bear its teeth

40. S. Al-mt’ahir khadaa’a

Appearances are deceivers
E. Don't be deceived by appearances

41. S. Ma tidafiq muiytak a'la al-rihab

Do not pour out your water because you saw a mirage
E. Don't count your chickens before they are hatched

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42. S. Al-ghareaq yita'lag bigasha
A drowning man will hold on a straw
E. A drowning man will clutch at a straw

43. S. Hajildaiti wala tamur zoal

My balanite fruit is more worthy to me than others’ dates
E. Dry bread at home is better than roast meat abroad.

44. S. Al-girid fi a;ain umi ghazal

A monkey is a gazelle on his mother’s eyes
E. Each bird is well pleased with his own voice
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, No.890a)

45. S. Ukul ya kumi gbbal fami

Eat my dress before my mouth
E. Eat, my fur coat.

46. S. Al-birmeel al-fad'i a'iyato shaded

An empty barrel makes a loud sound
Or:
47. S. Assia'in al-moytu shawayya jalbagh
A leather bag with a little water in it shakes frequently
E. Empty vessels make the greatest sound

48. S. Al-h’asood la yasood

The envious will never thrive
E. Envy never enriched any man

49. S. Likuli hamin faraj

Every worry has relief
E. Every cloud has a silver lining

50. S. Kulu shatan mua’laqa min a’s’abata

Every goat is hung by its own gut
E. Every herring must hang by its own gill

51. S. Al-maru h’ayeath yad’a nafsahu

A man is where he puts himself
E. Every man is the architect of his own fortunes

52. S. Likuli hamin faraj

From every setback there is a way out
E. Every night has daylight

238
53. S. Kulu a’ugda layha h’alal
Every knot has one to undo it
E. Every problem has a solution

54. S. Al-s’abrat rawbih’ lao yajan gumah’

Patient people are winners even if they come with empty hands
E. Everything comes to him who waits

55. S. Al-jadeed shaded

What is new is vigorous
E. Everything new is fine

56. S. A’alimuhum ma tawrithohum

Teach them, do not bequeath them
E. Example is better than precept

57. S. Katarat al-mizah’ tazeal al-haiyba

Too much jesting removes dignity
E. Familiarity breeds contempt

58. S. Labbis al-khus’a tabgga a’roosa

Dress the khus’a and it becomes a bride
E. Fine feathers make fine birds.

59. S. Al-jamarah tah'rig al-watiyha

Fire burns the one who steps on it
E. Fire burns the place where it falls

60. S. Armi ba’dean akhnigo

Throw him down and then strangle him
E. First, catch your hare

61. S. Almamnoa’ marghoub

What is forbidden is desirable
E. Forbid it, and we will do it

62. S. Al-mamnoa’ marghub

What is forbidden is desirable
E. Forbidden fruit is sweet

63. S. Wagt al-d’eaq yana’arif al-s’adeag

In hard times, you know your real friend
E. A friend in need is a friend indeed

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64. S. Marfa’een ma bih’arsu ghanam
A hyena will not be given goats to protect
E. Give never a wolf the wether to keep

65. S. Gum na’eanak ma targud naheanak

Get up, we will help you; do not lie down for we will humiliate you
E. God help those who help themselves

66. S. Ma atlaf ila akhlaf

He never ruins except when he compensates
E. God never shuts one door but he opens another

67. S. Kul ya kumi qabel fami

Eat, my sleeve, before my mouth
E. Good clothes open all doors

68. S. Al-tama’ wadar ma jama’

Greed makes loss
E. Grasp all, lose all

69. S. Shai afd’al minn la shai

Something is better than nothing
E. Half a loaf is better than no bread

70. S. Al-mal tiltu wa la katiltu

One third of the wealth is better than total loss
E. Half of a loaf is better than none

71. S. Al-a’ajala min el-sheytan

Haste is from Satan
E. Haste is from the devil

72. S. Al-ghurab ma besil a’ein akhu

A crow will not pick out another crow’s eye
E. Hawk will not pick out hawk’s eyes

73. S. Al-a’ibra fi al-khawateam

Lessons are in the endings
E. He laughs best who laughs last

74. S. Na'al um gidead wa la mara um welead

Old shoes with holes are better than a woman who has a son
E. He that marries a widow and three children marries four thieves
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1189a.)

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75. S. Al-fagran ma a'indu s'ah'ib
The poor man has no friend
E. He who has no wealth has no friend

76. S. Al-ghina fi al-qana-a'a

Wealth is in contentment
E. He who is, content in his poverty, is wonderfully rich
(The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p. 108)

77. S. Al-bisawi sameh' leragabto wa al-bisawi shean leragabto

The good that one does is for oneself and so is the bad
E. He, who does evil to others, has done it to himself

78. S. Al- betu min gizaz ma yijada’ al-nass bel h’jara

He whose house is made of glass should not throw stones at people
E. He who lives in a glass house should not throw stones at his neighbours

79. S. Al-tareekh ya’eed nafsuh

History repeats itself
E. History repeats itself

80. S. Al-s’ah kan ma najjak al-kid’ib ma binajji

If telling the truth does not save you, lies will not save you
E. Honesty is the best policy

81. S. Ta’ib jissmak ma tata’ib balak

Let your body get tired, not your heart
E. If you want a thing well done, do it yourself

82. S. Al-mara ma biduha sirr

A secret will not be given to a woman
E. If you want the world to know, tell your wife.

83. S. Jaoya’ kalbak yatba’k

Leave your dog hungry; it will follow you
E. If you would like a dog to follow you, feed him

84. S. Al-h’aram mamh’ug

What comes by wrongdoing is not blessed
E. Ill gains never prosper

85. S. Darb al-salama lil h’ul gareab

A safe road is short even if it takes a year to walk it
E. It is better to be safe than sorry

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86. S. Al-yad al-a’uliya khaurun min al-yad al-sufla
The upper hand is better than the lower hand
E. It is better to give than to take

87. S. Al-kharab sahil, s’a’ab al-a’mmar

It is easy to destroy, but difficult to build
E. It is easer to pull down than to build.

88. S. Yis’tad fi al-ma el-a’iker

He fishes in troubled water
E. It is good fishing in troubled water

89. S. Yasbah’ a’kess el-tayar

He swims against the waves
E. It is ill striving against the stream

90. S. Al-faqur ma a’eab

Poverty is not a blemish
E. It is no sin to be poor
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1337a)

91. S. La tabki a’la ma fat

Do not cry for what has passed
E. It is no use crying over spilt milk

92. S. Al-a’ilm silah’

Knowledge is a weapon
E. Knowledge is power

93. S. Ad’ah’ak tad’ah’ak al-duniya ma’ak; abki tabki wah’dak

Laugh, and the world laughs with you; cry and you will cry alone
E. Laugh and others laugh with you, cry and you cry alone

94. S. A'limoahum wala tawrithohum

Teach them do not bequeath them
E. Learning is better than hidden treasure
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1371c)

95. S. Jild animir ma bitgheyyar

The leopard's skin never changes
E. A leopard does not change his spots

96. S. Al-fat mat wa al-mad’a la yua’ad

What is gone is dead and what has passed will never come
E. Let bygones be bygones

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97. S. Aba’id a’nn al-sharr wa ghani leu
Stay away from evil and sing for it
E. Let sleeping dogs lie

98. S. Al-fi waldak bigaldak

What is in your father will stick on you
E. Like father like son

99. S. Wad alwiz a’wam

The son of the duck is a floater
E. Like father like son

100. S. Shoaf wean takhut rijlak

Look where you put your foot
E. Look before you leap

101. S. Al-h’ub aa’ma

Love is blind
E. Love is blind

102. S. Ma tesheal al-hidim wa taba gamlu

Do not take a dress and reject its lice
E. Love me, love my dog

103. S. Al-marud ma laho matheal o aa'waj wa darbu a'adeal

No one is like the beloved: he is not straight, but his way is straight
E. Love turns a blind eye to every fault
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1429c)

104. S. Al-h’ayta al-gas’eera tula’ sahil

A short wall is easy to climb
E. A low hedge is easily leaped over

105. S. Azra’i badri wa ah’s’di badri shufi kan tinqadri

Cultivate early and harvest early; and see the result
E. Make hay while the sun shines

106. S. La kalaf Allah nafsan ila wosa’ha

God never asks you to do more than what you can do
E. A man can not do more than he can

107. S. Mann jalass janass

He who sits with people becomes one of them
E. A man is known by his company

243
108. S. Gul lai mean s’ah’bak agul leak mean inta
Tell me who is your friend and I will tell you
E. A man is known by his company

109. S. Anta turead wa ana uread wa Allah yafa’al ma yuread

You will, I will, and God does what He wills
E. Man proposes and God disposes

110. S. Al-suma’a wala tolat al-a’umur

Good reputation is better than long life
E. Manners often make fortunes

111. S. Al-rajil rajil bi akhlagu

Man is man by his manners
E. Manners make the man

112. S. Iead Iead li iead tajda’ baa’ead

A hand on a hand helps to throw far
E. Many hands make light work

113. S. Beat al-shura ma bikhrab

A house built by consultation will not fall down
E. Many heads are better than one

114. S. Inn al-mas’aib la ta-ati furada

Misfortune never comes alone
E. Misfortunes seldom come singly

115. S. Taj al-mara al-h’aya

Shyness is the crown of woman
E. Modesty is the beauty of women
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1257.a)

116. S. Al-girish biwlid al-girish

A penny begets a penny
E. Money begets money

117. S. Al-dunya d’eeqah

The world is small
E. Mountains do not meet but men do

118. S. Al-d’arorat tubeah al-mah’torat

Necessities permit the forbidden
E. Necessity has no law

244
119. S. Al-h’aja umm al-ikhtiraa’’
Necessity is the mother of invention
E. Necessity is the mother of invention

120. S. Al-ta’leam ma a’indu a’umur

There is no age for learning
E. Never too old to learn

121. S. Mafi saffar bala dabar

No travel without a wound
E. No mill, no meal

122. S. Ma fi warid min ghear shoak

There is no rose without a thorn
E. No pains no gains

123. S. A’adoan a’aqil khayrun minn s’adeeqin jahil

A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend.
E. Nothing worse than a familiar enemy

124. S. Qadar akhaf min qadar

One disaster is lighter than another disaster
E. Of two evils choose the lesser evil

125. S. Masik al-groon wa al-nass tah’lib

I catch the horns and others milk the cow
E. One man sows and the other reaps

126. S. Mas’aib qawm a’ind qawmin fawaid

What is disaster for some is advantage for others
E. One man’s meat is another man’s poison

127. S. Al-bas’ala al-wah’da ta’ffin al-shawal

One rotten onion spoils the whole sack
E. One rotten apple can spoil the whole barrel

128. S. Al-mal el-saib ya’lim al-sariqa

Unattended wealth teaches theft
E. Opportunity makes the thief

129. S. Faqriean bala dain ghani

A poor man without debt is rich
E. Out of debt, out of danger

245
130. S. Ba’id a’an al a’in ba’aid a’an al galib
Far from your eyes is far from your heart
E. Out of sight, out of mind

131. S. Al-s’aber taib

Patience is nice
E. Patience is virtue

132. S. Al-girsh al-abead’ yanfa’ fi al-yum al-asoad

A white penny for the black day
E. A penny saved is a penny gained

133. S. Afqar min far al- maseed

Poorer than a hermitage rat
E. Poor as a church rat

134. S. Yamroan al-nass bilbir wa yansoan anfusahum

They ask people to do well and forget to do it themselves
E. Practice what you preach

135. S. Al-wiqaya hkearun min al-a’ilaj

Prevention is better than cure
E. Prevention is better than cure

136. S. Wadd al-dour mah’qoar

A son in his homeland will not be respected
E. A prophet is not without honour save in his own country

137. S. Yad'a' siru fi ad'a'f khalgu

God put his secret in the weakest of his creatures
E. A ragged coat may cover an honest man

138. S. Al-tikrar ya’lim al-h’imar

Repetition teaches donkeys
E. Repetition is the mother of studies

139. S. Waqarak gadur malak

Your respect equals your wealth
E. Rich folk have many friends

140. S. Allah khalag al-dunya fi sita ayam

God made the earth in six days
E. Rome was not built in a day

246
141. S. Kul siran tajawaz al-ithnean shaa’
A secret between more than two will be circulated
E. A secret between more than two is no secret

142. S. Laysa mann ra-a kamann sama'a

The one who saw is not like the one who heard
E. Seeing is believing

143. S. Al-sikut a’lamat al-rid’a

Silence is a sign of consent
E. Silence gives consent

144. S. Fi al-s’att kalam

There is speech in silence
E. Silence speaks volumes

145. S. Waladak bakki wala tabekki a’lei

Make your son cry do not cry over him
E. Spare the rod and spoil the child

146. S. Tareana al-sharr li bua’du

We mention the devil so he will stay away
E. Speak of the devil and he will appear

147. S. Ida kan al-kalam min fid’a fa al-sikut min dahab

If speech is silver, silence is gold
E. Speech is silver, but silence is golden

148. S. Tihta al-sawahi dawahi

There are disasters under silence
E. Still water runs deep

149. S. La tuajil a’mal al-yum ila al-ghadd

Do not leave today’s work for tomorrow
E. A stitch in time saves nine

150. S. Midd rejleanak qadur lih’afak

Stretch your legs no further than your quilt
E. Stretch your arm no further than your sleeve will reach
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1443b)

151. S. Ad’rab al-h’adead wahu h’arr

Strike while the iron is hot
E. Strike while the iron is hot

247
152. S. Li kuli bidaya nihaya
There is an end for every beginning
E. The darkest hour is before the dawn

153. S. Al-kalib binbah wa al-jamal mashi

The dog is barking and the camel keeps walking
E. The dogs bark but the caravan goes on
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1657.a)

154. S. Wad al-badri sameen

The early one is fat
E. The early bird catches the worm

155. S. Likul qaa’ida shawad

There are exceptions to every rule
E. The exception proves the rule
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1659.a)

156. S. Al-jamal ma bia’rif a’wajat raqabtu

A camel does not see its crooked neck
E. The eye that sees all things else, sees not itself.

157. S. Al-sawai ma h’addath

The greatest doer never talks
E. The greatest talkers are the least doers

158. S. Ab sineana bidhak a’la absineantean

He who has one tooth laughs at the one with two teeth
E. The kettle calls the pot black

159. S. Allah beddi el-h’alaq lel-ma a’indu ad’an

God gives earrings to him, who has no ears
E. The proper man, the bad luck

160. S. Um s'alumboiti wala kidikai zoal

My small thin rat is better than others’ fat rats
E. The smoke of man’s own house is better than the fire
of another (Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1690c)

161. S. Al-a’in baseara wa al-aid gas’eara

The eye is sharp, but the hand is short
E. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak

248
162. S. A'indd al-d'eaq yina'arif al-s'adeeq
You know your friend when you are in need
E. The sun shines upon all alike

163. S. Al-muamin bimsku min lisanu

A believer is judged by his tongue
E. The tongue displays a man

164. S. Al-lisan a'd’um ma fiho a'dum

The tongue is a piece of meat; it has no bone
E. The tongue has no bones but it breaks bones

165. S. Mafi dukhan bala nar

There is no smoke without fire
E. There is no fire without smoke

166. S. Al-waqat min dahab

Time is made of gold
E. Time is money

167. S. Yakub al-zeat a’la al-nar

He pours oil in the fire
E. To add oil to the fire
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1746.a)

168. S. Yaqool lel a-a’war a-a’war

He calls the one eyed, one eyed
E. To call a spade a spade

169. S. Al-suma’a wala tul al-a’umur

Better a good name than long life
E. To die with honour is better than to live dishonest

170. S. (1) Jala mun la yakheta

Supreme He who is not liable to mistakes
S. (2) Al-ma ghilit ma ita’alam
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing
E. To err is human

171. S. Yad’rab a’us’forean beh’ajar

To kill two birds with one stone
E. To kill two birds at one shot
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1752a)

249
172. S. Ma bikhali h’ajaran ma beqlibu
He leaves no stone unturned
E. To leave no stone unturned

173. S. Al-toyur a'la ashkaaliha taqa'

Birds of the same features flock together
E. Birds of a feather flock together

174. S. Yeshur ghaseelu lelnass

He hangs his washing in public
E. To wash dirty linen in public

175. S. Yawm leak wa yawm a'leak

One day is for you, and another is against you
E. Today rich, tomorrow poor

176. S. Rayseen ghargu al-murkab

Two captains sink the boat
E. Too many cooks spoil the broth

177. S. Al jawab minn a’inwanu yakfeek

A letter is known by its address
E. A tree is known by its fruit

178. S. Al-h'ageega murra

Truth is bitter
E. Truth may be blamed, but cannot be shamed (The
The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p. 674)

179. S. Al-h’aqeeqa zai al-d’ul ma betindafin

Truth, like a shadow, cannot be buried
E. Truth needs no colors
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1763a)

180. S. Al-as'bba' al-wah'id ma bighat'i al-wajih

One finger will not cover the face
E. Two hands make light work.

181. S. Al-itih’ad qoa

Unity is strength
E. Two heads are better than one

182. S. Al-yadd al-wahdda ma bits'affiqq

One hand will not clap
E. Two heads are better than one

250
183. S. Abuwi ameer wa abuk ameer minu elbiqoos al-
h'ameer
My father is a prince and your father is a prince,
who will lead the donkeys?
E. Two Masters will not do

184. S. Al itih’ad qooah

Union is strength.
E. Union is strength

185. S. Al-haytan leyha adan

Walls have ears
E. Walls have ears

186. S. Al-Tabia’ yaghlib al-tatebua’

Nature conquers pretence
E. What belongs to nature lasts to the grave

187. S. Al-biqolu al-qalib insha-allah ma tashufu al-a’in

I wish the eye does not see what the heart says
E. What the eye does not see the heart does not grieve

188. S. Kul sirin tajawz al-athnean sha’

Any secret that goes beyond two will spread
E. What three people know the whole world knows
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1714h)

189. S. Mann shabba a'la shayai shaba a'liyehi

He who grows up with a habit will not forget it
when he is old
E. What youth has learned, age does not forget

190. S. Al-ghad’ab ya’mi

Anger blinds
E. When anger comes, wits flee

191. S. A’raban tanzil janbaha ya sheal taba’ha ya

arh'al khalaha
When you live with Arabs, either do as they do or
leave them
E. When in Rome do as the Romans do

192. S. Al-qirish yetkalam

Money talks
E. When money speaks the truth keeps silent
(Dictionary of European proverbs v. II, 1783 b)

251
193. S. Ghab abu shanab wa la’ib abu d’anab
When the one with the mustache is absent,
the one with the tail will play
E. When the cat is away the mice play

194. S. Al-sikut a’lamet al-rid’a

Silence is a sign of approval
E. When they are silent, they approve

195. S. al-feek badir behu

You suspect others of what you do
E. Who is guilty suspects everybody

196. S. Mann a’ashar qaoaman arba’eena yauman s’ar

mithlahum
Who associates with some for forty days behaves like them
E. Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl

197. S. Al-a’qel ma a’iz a’umor

Wisdom does not need age
E. Wisdom is not in age, it is in the mind

198. S. Al-mara ma biwada'oha siyerr

A consignment will not be given to a woman
E. Woman conceals what she knows
(The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p. 723)

199. S. Al-mara maksurat janah'

Woman has broken wings
E. Woman is the weaker vessel
(The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p. 734)

200. S. Al mara ma a’inda rai

Woman has no opinion
E. Woman will say nothing
(The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p.726)

201. S. Al-mara gowata fi lisanah

Woman's power is in her tongue
E. Woman’s tongue is the last thing about her that dies
(The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p. 724)

202. S. Al-nissa sharun la buda minhu

Women are an inevitable evil
E. Women are necessary evils

252
 (The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p. 725)
203. S. Al-nissa h'bail al-shiytan
Women are pregnant by Satan
E. Women are the devil’s nets
(The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p. 725)

204. S. Al- kalma al- ma tas'eab h'asrat s'ahiba

The word not uttered in the right situation, is a regret
to its speaker
E. A Word is yours while it is in your own mouth
(The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs, p. 728)

205. S. Al-labeab bil ishara yafham

A clever person understands by gesture
E. A word to a wise man is enough

206. S. Jarih' al-seaf bibra lakin jarih' al-lisan ma bibra

The wound of a sword will heal, but not one caused
by the tongue
E. Words cut more than swords

207. S. Al- kalma al- ma tas'eab h'asrat s'ahiba

The word uttered in the wrong situation, is a regret
to its speaker
E. Words have wings, and cannot be recalled.

208. S. Al-ta’leam ma a’indu a’umur

There is no age for learning
E. You are never too old to learn

209. S. Al-sa’af bukurbu wakit lain

Palm leaves are plaited when wet (green)
E. You cannot teach an old dog news tricks

253
Appendix B:

List of Sudanese proverbs

This list contains all Sudanese proverbs discussed in the thesis arranged by topics as
discussed in chapter 5.

1. Proverbs concerning Sudanese educational principles

1. \3,A+‫\ ا‬74M ، 074M 4' ‫د‬hِE+‫ا‬

Al-wilada ma gasiya, gasiya al-tarbiya
It is not difficult to give birth to a baby, but it is difficult to raise him.

2. )]N+‫ ا‬4@+‫ `) و‬+‫= ا‬+

Leak al-lah'am wa laina al-a'd'um
His flesh is for you and his bones are for us

3. ,J`+‫ ا‬GH ia@+4‫ آ‬,[ِQ+‫ ا‬GH ) N+‫ا‬

Al-a'ilm fi al-s'ighar kalnaqashi fi al-h'ajar
Learning at a young age is like sculpting a stone

4. 0 X ‫ب‬
َ 4K jK k X ٌَZK
َ ْ'َ
Mann shabba a'la shayai shaba a'liyehi
He who grows with a thing, grows old with it

5. 0ُ N;l‫ و‬0ُ N;K ‫ك‬L+‫و‬

Waladak shabia'u wa tabia'u
Feed your son properly and discipline him

6. )‫ه‬Em‫ر‬ED h‫ه) و‬E5 X

A'limoahum wala tawrithohum
Teach them, do not bequeath them

Proverbs that warn against lying and encourage the truth:

7. =Q n3 4' ‫ب‬:I+‫= ا‬QٌF 4' ‫ن‬4‫_ آ‬Q+‫ا‬

Al-s'ah' kan ma khalls'ak, alkidib ma bakhallis'ak
It is better to be punished, lies will not save you

8. Z2,M LR ‫ب‬:I+‫ا‬

Al-kidib h'adu gareab
A lie's end is near

254
9. ‫ق‬E` ' ‫ب‬:I+‫ا‬
Al-kidib malh'oag
Lying’s end is reachable

10. ‫زق‬,+‫ ا‬c<a2 ‫ب‬:I+‫ا‬

Al-kadib yagta al-rizig
Lying stops livelihood

11. ‫دب‬Y‫ ا‬0ُ 5 X‫ب و‬:‫ إن آ‬0Mُ‫د‬

Dugu inn kadab wa a'limu al-adab
Punish him if he lies and teach him good manners

12. ,QM ‫ب‬:I+‫ ا‬T;R

Habl al-kidib qas'ear
Lying’s rope is short

13. ‫ راس‬%3 0A" ‫م‬4M ‫ذب‬4‫ آ‬o43 p R '

Mann h'alaf bi Allah kadib gam jita bala rass
He who perjures himself will become a body without a head (on the Day of
Judgement)

14. = NِH = q‫أ‬

As'lak fia'lak
Your origin is your behaviour

15. ‫ر‬Eُ9 _Q+‫ا‬

As'ah' noor
Truth is light.

16. kAH‫ أ‬LaH ‫ِف‬,X‫ أ‬h ‫ل‬4M ْ'َ

Mann gala la a-a'rif faqd afta
He who says I do not know has given an advisory opinion

17. T5N+43 ‫ل‬Ea+‫ٌقْ ا‬Lِ q

َ
S'adiqq al-qaoal bi al-a'mal
Make your words true to your actions

18. E 3 E+‫ن و‬4'h‫ ا‬O2,l c;D‫ا‬

Atba’ tareag al-aman wa lao bilao
Take a safe road even if it is long and winding

19. =@X ‫ل‬4M =+ ‫ل‬4M G +‫ا‬

Al-ligal leak gal a'nnak
He who tells you (about other people) will tell others about you
(Also see 805)

255
Proverbs on various educational issues:

a) Not to use the good nature of others

20. ‫خ‬4A' 0+ ka;D 4' TWX =+ ka3 ‫ن‬4‫ك آ‬EF‫ا‬
Akhook kan biga leak a'sal ma tabga liho matakh
If your brother becomes honey for you, do not become greedy

21. 0 ‫ آ‬0W` D 4' TWX =;`q ‫ن‬4‫إذا آ‬

Ida kan s'ah’'bak a'ssal ma talh'asu kulu
If your friend is honey, do not lick him all at once

b) The importance of being honest:

22. =94F ' nD h‫@= و‬5Af‫ ' ا‬k+‫\ ا‬94'h‫اد ا‬

Addi al-amanata ila mun eitamanak wa la takhon mun khanak
Return trust to the person who trusts you and do not betray the person who betrays
you.

c) Listening to others' advice

23. =I`];+‫م ا‬%‫ آ‬c5WD 4' =I;;+‫م ا‬%‫ آ‬c57‫ا‬
Asmaa’ kalam al-bibakeek ma tasma’ kalam al-bid’h’ikak
Listen to the one whose advice makes you weep, not to the one whose advice
makes you laugh

d) Respect for others:

24. ,2EX ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬E+‫ و‬,;I+‫م ا‬%‫ آ‬c57‫ا‬
Asmaa’ kalam al-kabeer wa lao a'weer
Listen to an old person even if he is an idiot

25. = ;M r5U+‫م ' راى ا‬,AR‫ا‬

Ih’tarim mun raa al-shams qablak
Respect the one who saw the sun before you

26. ‫ًا‬L;X 0+ ‫ت‬,َq 4ًH,R G@5 X ْ'َ

Mann a'lamni h'arfan s'irta lahu a'bdan
He who taught me one letter, I have become his slave

27. ) `+‫ ا‬Z]b ‫ر‬:R‫إ‬

Ih’dar ghad'ab al-h'aleem
Avoid the anger of the tolerant

28. 4* F TR‫ أو أر‬4*N;l TK 4'‫ إ‬4*;@" ‫ل‬t@D 43,X

A'arban tanzil janbaha imam sheal taba'ha awo arh’al khalaha
When you live with Arabs, either do as they do or move away from them

256
29. ‫رك‬Lq =P3 =@'‫ر‬LM h‫ ا‬ZN+
Lea'ib al-ma gaddrak bifik s'addrak
Playing with someone that is not your size hurts your chest

30. ‫وم‬LD h \5N@+‫ن ا‬4H ‫ا‬E@KEUF‫ا‬

Ikhshawshanu fa-ina al-nia’mata la tadum
Be accustomed to hardship, for God’s endowment never lasts

e) Respect for the dead

31. )‫آ‬4DE' 74`' ‫وا‬,‫أذآ‬

Adekuro mah'asin motakum
Speak about the good qualities of your dead people

f) Hard work, non-interference in others' affairs:

32. L[+‫ ا‬k+‫م ا‬E+‫ ا‬T5X T"yD h

La tuajjil a’mal al-yawm ila al-ghad
Do not delay today's work for tomorrow

33. 0.,ُ2 h 4' c5K 0@Nُ2 h 4' GH TFLD ْ'َ

Mann tadakhal fi ma la yua'neahi samia' ma la yurd'eahi
He who intervenes in matters that do not concern him hears what does not please
him.

34. ‫ا‬Lb ‫ت‬E5D =9>‫= آ‬D,FY T5X‫ا وا‬L3‫ أ‬iND =9>‫ك آ‬49L+ T5X‫أ‬
A’mal li-doniaka ka-anaka ta’ieash abdan
wa a’amal li akhiratika ka-anaka tamootu ghadun
Live your life as though you may live for ever; and make ready for the
Hereafter as though you will die tomorrow

35. ‫ء‬4U2 4' TNP2 G`AW2 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma yistah’i yafa'l ma yasha
He who is not ashamed does what he wants

g) Dealing with official business:

36. ‫ر‬4JD ‫ا‬E;74`D‫ان وا‬EF‫ا ا‬E ‫اآ‬

Uklu akhwan wa ith'asbo tujjar
Eat as brothers, but settle your accounts as merchants

37. 4*3‫ا‬E3‫ت ' ا‬E;+‫ا ا‬E F‫أد‬

Adkholu al-biyoat minn abwabiha
Enter houses through their doors

257
h) Facing the consequences of actions:

38. 0 24U+‫`\ ا‬Pq GH ,nD \3,a+‫ا‬

Al-girrba tukhur fi s'afh'at a-shayilla
The water bag drips on its carrier's flank (waist)

1) Various issues:
39. 0+‫ إ‬8@WR‫ ' أ‬,K OD‫إ‬
Itaqi shara mann ah’santa ilyeehi
Beware of evil from him to whom you did a favour

40. 0H o‫ف ا‬4F L2,D 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma taridu khaf Allah fiyeh
The one whom you dislike, fear God towards him

41. ‫وا‬,AA74H )A 3 ‫اذا‬

Ida buleetum fastatiru
If you are destined by God to sin, hide it

42. l4;+‫ان ا‬E@X ,‫ه‬4v+‫ا‬

Al-t'ahir a'inwan al-batin
Appearance is the sign of what is inside

43. ZJN+‫ ا‬Tَ<

َ 2َ Z;W+‫ِف ا‬,X
ُ ‫إذا‬
Ida a’urif al-sabab batal al-a’jab
If the reason is known wonder ends

44. EA;M,+ K ‫ي‬EW;+‫ وا‬EA;M,+ _57 ‫ي‬EW;+‫ا‬

Al-bisawi sameh' leragabto wa al-bisawi shean leragabto
The good that one does is for him as the bad is.

45. 0ِ 3ِ tَ Jُ2 ‫ءًا‬Eُ7 Tَ5Nْ 2َ 'َ

Man ya'mal s'alihan yujza bihi
Whoever does a wrong will be recompensed for it
The Quran Surah, an-Nisaa, verse 123 which reads:
"... ‫ًا‬,ِQ9َ 4َ+‫ َو‬4ًٌ+ِ‫ َو‬o‫ن ا‬ ِ ‫ 'ِ ُدو‬0ُ +َ LِJ2َ 4َ+‫ َو‬0ِ 3ِ tَ Jُ2 ‫ءًا‬Eُ7 Tَ5Nَ2 َ'."
“Whoever does a wrong will be recompensed for it, and he will not find beside
Allah a
protector or a helper.” (The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

46. ‫وا‬tَ;9َ ‫ا‬E@X GH ‫وا‬,IU+‫ا‬

Al-shakkaro fi a'aino nabazoo
Whoever is praised in his presence has been offended

258
47. ‫و‬LN + \D45U+‫ا‬
Al-shamatah lila'du
Mockery is for the enemy

48. ZX 834A;+‫ ا‬,A‫ آ‬cM‫ن و‬4‫ آ‬,aQ+‫ا‬

Assagur kan waga' kutr albtabit a'aib
When the eagle falls, too much fluttering is shameful

49. ‫ \ ادب‬M ZJX %3 =`]+‫ا‬

Ad'h'ik bla a'jab gillat adab
Laughter without reason is indecent

50. Z a+‫ ا‬85ُD =`]+‫ة ا‬,&‫آ‬

Katharat al-d'ihik tumiyeat al-qalb
Too much laughing kills the heart

51. E+ G@b‫ و‬,U+‫ ا‬X LN3‫أ‬

Aba'id a'an al-sharr wa ghanilo
Keep away from evil and sing to it

52. ‫ب‬EN+‫ ا‬T`H c5<+‫ا‬

Al-t'ama' fah'al al-a'uyoob
Greed is the master of shame

53. ‫و‬t*3 4' ‫س‬4@+‫م ا‬%‫وا آ‬tX ‫رف‬4N+‫ا‬

Al-a'rif a'izzu, kalam an-nas ma bihzo
He who knows his honour will not be shaken by people's slander

54. GU5+‫ _ ا‬QA3 ,AN+‫ا‬

Al-a'tra bits'alih' al-masheah
A stumble improves the pace

55. ‫ن‬4<U+‫ \ ' ا‬JN+‫ا‬

Al-a'jala min al-shitan
Haste is from Satan

56. ) 3 T2t3 4' ) a+‫ا‬

Al-galam ma bizeel balam
Literacy does not conquer stupidity

57. 0U[D h‫ و‬0K‫ و‬GH 0+ ‫ل‬EM

Gool lu fi washo wa la teghshu
Speak to him to his face and do not deceive him

259
58. ‫ن‬4<K ‫ر‬:;5+‫ا‬
Al-mubadir sheatan
The prodigal is a devil
Derived from the Quran, Surah 17 al-Isra, verse 27 which reads:
"‫رًا‬EُP‫ َآ‬0ِ 3ِ ,َ +ِ َ<َU
ٌ +‫ن ا‬4َ‫ َ<ِ َوآ‬U
َُ +‫ َم ا‬Eَ F‫ا إ‬Eُ'4َ‫ آ‬
َ 2ِ‫ٌر‬:;َ 5ُ +‫"إنٌَ أ‬
Ina al-mubadereana kano ikhewan al-shayatean wa kan al-shaytan lirabihi
kafurah
"Indeed, the wasteful are brothers of the devils, and ever has Satan been to his
Lord ungrateful” (The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

59 ‫ن‬42,X 4*3 _P A5+‫ا‬

Al-mutlafih' baih'a aryan
Whoever is clothed by earthy gains is naked

60. u9ENM ZN+ h‫ر و‬4R G5+‫ا‬

Almay h'ar wala lei'b ga'ong
Hot water is not a playground for frogs

61. 4D E52LM kW@+‫ا‬

Al-nisa gadimo tah
Whoever forgets his past goes astray

62. ‫ت‬4H 4' k X ‫م‬L@D h

La tandem a'la ma fat
Do not regret what is gone

63. E;‫اد آ‬E" TI+

Likuli jawadin kaboah
Every horse is liable to stumble

64. caD 0 245+‫ا‬

Al-maiyla taga'
That which leans will fall down

65. ‫ك‬,Px T&' ‫ك‬L " =R 4'

Ma h'aka jildak mithil t’ofrak
Nothing scratches your skin like your own fingernail

66. i<X ‫ل‬4",+‫ ا‬L3 4ً3‫ا‬,K

Sharaban biyad al-rigal a'tash
Drinking what is in men's hands is thirst

67. G.4a+‫ ا‬rn9 K G.‫ را‬O`+‫ ا‬L7

Seed al-h'aq rad'I shinn nakhas al-qad'i
The owner is satisfied, so what is bothering the Judge!

260
68. ZND ‫ون‬L3 \R‫ را‬GH 4'
Ma fi rah'a bidoon ta'ab
No rest without hardship

69. G+4 +‫ ا‬,*7 %N+‫ ا‬Z l '

Munn talab al-a'ulaa sahira al-liyali
Whoever seeks exaltation spends his nights working

70. L"‫ و‬L‫' آ‬

Mann kadda wajjada
Whoever works hard will gain

71. ZQ9 Lِ *AJُ' T

ِ I+
Liku li mujtahidin nas'eab
Every hard working person has a reward

72. ‫ر‬49 ‫ون‬L3 ‫و‬%R GH 4'

Mafi h'alawa bidun narr
There is no sweet without fire

73. 03 T*J+‫ ا‬h‫ و‬jU+43 ) N+‫ا‬

Al-a'ilm bilshayai wa la al-jahl bihi
Learning a thing is better than ignoring it

74. ‫ن‬
َ Eُ5َNْ 2َ h 2:َ+ٌ‫ن وا‬Eُ5َNْ 2َ 2ٌ:+‫ي ا‬EَAW ْ 2َ ْT‫َه‬
Hal yastawi al-lathean ya'lamuwn wa al-lathean la ya'lamuwn
Are those who know and those who don't know equal?
Derived from the Quran Surah 39, az-Zumar verse 9 which reads:
"... Zَ;+Y‫ا ا‬Eُ+‫ ُأ‬,ُ ‫ ٌآ‬:َA2 4َ59ٌَ ‫ن إ‬
َ Eُ5َNَ2 4َ+ 
َ 2ٌِ:+‫ن وَا‬
َ Eُ5َNَ2 
ِ 2ِ:+ٌَ‫ِي ا‬EAَ W
ْ 2َ Tَ‫ ه‬TُM"
“… Say, Are those who know equal to those who do not know? Only they will
remember {who are} people of understanding.”
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

75. ,3‫ د‬%3 ,P7 GH 4'

Mafi saffar bala dabar
There is no travel without wounds

76. 57 ‫ري‬L;+‫ود ا‬

Wadd al-badri sameen
The early riser is fat

77. 0 X 2‫ د‬,`+‫ ا‬LX‫و‬

Wa'dd al-h’urr dayeanun a'leahi
An honourable person's promise is a debt

261
78. LR‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬L+‫ ا‬c3‫ا‬Eq ‫وى‬47 4' o‫ا‬
Allah ma sawa s'awabia' al-yadd al-wah’da
God did not make the fingers of the hand the same

79. ‫ب‬4a+Y43 ‫وا‬t34@D h‫و‬

La tanabazoo bi al-alqabb
Do not insult one another by nicknames
(derived from the Quran, Surah 49, al-H'ujurat, verse 11 which reads:
"... ‫ن‬
َ Eُ5ِv
ٌ +‫= ُه ُ) ا‬
َ Bَ +َ‫>ُو‬Hَ ZُA2َ )َ+ٌ َ'‫ َو‬
ِ 5َ 2{‫ ا‬Lَ Nَ3 ‫ق‬EُWPُ +‫) ا‬7ِh‫ ا‬r
َ Bِ2 Zَa+Y4ِ3 ‫ُوا‬t3َ 4َ@Dَ hَ‫"و‬
“… and do not call each other by [offensive] nicknames. Wretched is the
name[i.e., mention] of disobedience after [one’s] faith. And whoever does not
repent then it is those who are the wrongdoers.”
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

80. E ‫ آ‬,]`D 4' = َ‫ ه‬4' 4ً 3‫أرد‬

Ardaban ma hiylak ma tah'ad'ar kealo
Ardeb that is not yours do not be concerned with its measure
(Ardab: quantity, equivalent to 150 kg of wheat)

81. 0@ْN2َ h
َ 4َ' 0ُ‫ْآ‬,Dَ ‫ْ َء‬,5َ +‫َم ا‬%7
ْ ‫إ‬
َW
ْRُ ْ'ٍ
(Prophetic saying)
Min hussni islam al-mari tarkuho ma layua'neahi
Among good Islamic characteristics of a man is to ignore what does not concern
him.

82. =@*9 LM,D 4' =@N9 )M

Gumm na'eanak, ma targudd naheanak
Get up, we will help you; do not lie down or we will humiliate you.

83. ‫ك‬4N' kN7‫ ا‬49‫ي وأ‬L;X 42 kN7‫أ‬

Asa'a ya a'bdi wa ana asa'a ma'-ak
Try, my servant (servant of God), and I will try with you

84. 0 n@+‫ ودي ا‬T5J+‫د ا‬

Dah al-jamal wa di al-nakhala
This is the camel and this is the palm tree

85. ‫ع‬4<AW5+43 ,'>M ‫ع‬4<D ‫إذا أرِدت أن‬

Ida aridta an tuta' femur bil mustataa'
If you want to be obeyed, do not ask for the impossible (to be done for you)

86. 0'‫ا‬L@+‫ ا‬0 JN+‫ ا‬GH‫ و‬0'%W+‫ ا‬G9>A+‫ ا‬GH

Fi a-tani al-salama wa fi al-a'jala al-nadama
There is safety in slowness and regret in haste

262
87. ‫ت‬
ِ z ‫ًا‬,F 4َ'ٌ ‫ت وأ‬4H ‫ًا‬,K 4َ'ٌ ‫ إ‬kl4;D‫ و‬LِK
Shidd wa tabata ima sharan fatt wa ima khaeran att
Saddle your pack animal and slow down, either evil passed by or good comes
to you

2. God and Religious life

88. 0N. 4ً I@R 0+ 4aK 4' o‫ا‬

Allah ma shagga h'ankan d'aia'u
God never made a mouth and left it

89. ,3LA+‫ ا‬GH ‫ب‬,+‫ وا‬,IPA+‫ ا‬GH L;N+‫ا‬

Al-a'abd fi al-tafkeer wa al-rab fi al-tadbeer
Man has only to think and God will care for him

90. 03E9‫ ذ‬o‫ ا‬,Pb 03EN3 ,a+‫ا‬

Al-garra ba'iyoabu ghafar Allah dunubu
He who confesses his faults, God will forgive his sins

91. TAa+‫ ' ا‬LK‫@\ ا‬AP+‫ا‬

Al-fitnah ashadda min al-qatl
Causing discord is worse than killing
Derived from the Quran: Surah 2, Al-Baqarah,' verse 191which reads:
‘’… and fitnah is worse than killing.’’
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

92. TAa+‫ 'ِ ا‬,;‫@\ أآ‬AP+‫ا‬

Al-fitnah akbar min al-qatl
Derived from the Quran: Surah 2, ''Al-Baqarah,'' verse 217) which read:
‘’And fitnah is greater than killing’’
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

93. )‫آ‬L2‫ز‬Y )D,IK ‫{ن‬

Lain shakartum lazeedanakum
Derived from the Quran, Surah 14, ‘Ibrahim, verse 7 which reads:
“And [remember] when your Lord proclaimed, ‘If you are grateful, I will surely
increase you [in favour]; but if you deny, indeed, My punishment is severe’.”
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

263
94. 2L+‫ ا‬GH ‫ا‬,‫ إآ‬h
La ikraha fi al-dean
There is no compulsion in religion
Derived from the Quran, Surah 2, Al Baqara, verse 256 which reads:
There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion.
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)
Also in Adam & Tum No. 1231 P. 148)

95. ‫ن‬4WR~3 _2,WD ‫وف أو‬,N53 ‫ك‬

ُ 4W'‫إ‬
Imsak bima'roof ao tasreah' bi ih'san
Derived from the Quran: Surah 2, Al-Baqara,'verse 229, which reads:
''The divorce is twice. Then [after that], either keep [her] on an acceptable manner
or release [her] with good treatment”
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

96. \ ]H Z9:+43 ‫اف‬,AXh‫ا‬

Al-ia'traf bil danbi fadhila
Confessing one's guilt is a virtue

97. O2Lq 'y5+‫ا‬

Al-mu'amin s'iddeeg
The believer is trustful of others

98. ‫ى‬,Fُ‫ر وازرة وزر أ‬tD h

La tazir waziratun wizir ukhra
No troubled person should bear the troubles of another
Derived from the Quran Surah 53, Al-Najm, verse 38 which reads:
‫ى‬,Fُ‫ ُر وَازِر ُة وِزر أ‬tD 4َ+ٌ‫َأ‬
“That no bearer of burdens will bear the burden of another’’
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)
(Also in Adam and Tum, No. 1241 P 149)

99. LُN;+ ,U+‫ ا‬4@2,l

Tareana al-sharr li bya’udu
We mention the devil so he will stay away

100. L2,ُ2 4' T

ُ NP2 o‫ وا‬L2‫ أُر‬49‫ وأ‬L2,ُD 89‫إ‬
Anta turead wa ana uread wa Allah yafa’al ma yuread
You will, I will, and God does what He wills

264
101. )‫آ‬EWD )I+ L;D ‫ء إن‬4K‫ أ‬X ‫ا‬E+>WD h
La tasalu a’nn ashaya inn tubda lakum tasukum
Do not ask about things which, if made clear to you, may distress you
Derived from the Quran, Surah 5, A-Ma’idah, verse 101 which reads:
“O you who have believed, do not ask about things which, if they are shown to
you, will distress you”.
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

102. ‫ء‬EW+43 ,*J+‫ ا‬o‫ ا‬Z`2 h

La yuh'ib Allah al-jahr bil sua
Allah does not like for evil to be uttered in public
Derived from the Quran, Surah 4, An-Nisa, verse 148 which reads:
‘’Allah does not like the public mention of evil except by one who has been
wronged.’’
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

103. )*WP9>3 4' ‫وا‬,[2 kAR ‫م‬Ea3 4' o‫ ا‬,[2 h

La yughayeer Allah ma biqaomin h’ata yigheero ma bianfusihum
Allah never changes the grace He hath bestowed on any people until
they first change that which is in their hearts
Derived from the Quran, Surah 8, Al-Anfal, verse 53 which reads:
“That is because Allah would not change a favor which He had bestowed upon a
people until they change what is within themselves.’’
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

104. ‫ت‬4@+43 ‫ل‬

ُ 45XY‫ا‬
Al-a'malu bil-niyyat
Deeds are by good intention

105. D,' ,`" ' 'y5+‫غ ا‬L 2 h

La yuldagh al mu'amin min juh'rin martean
A believer is not bitten twice from the same snakehole.

106. ,l‫ا‬En+‫ ا‬,;" ' ,A‫آ‬43 o‫ ا‬L;ُX 4'

Ma a'ubid Allah biakthar min jabr al-khawatir
Allah has not been worshiped with anything better than comforting people.

107. ‫ج‬,H )‫ ه‬TI+

Likuli hamin faraj
From every setback there is a way out.

265
108. ‫ج‬,P+‫ٌ ا‬h‫ إ‬O]+‫ ا‬LN3 4'
Ma ba'dd al-d'eeq ila al-faraj
After difficulties comes relief

109. ‫ل‬4ٌR 4*+ LaُX Tُ‫آ‬

Kuli a'ugda layha h'allal1
Every knot has someone to undo it

110. ‫ج‬,R |2,5+‫ ا‬k X r+

Laysa a'la al-maread' h'araj
There is no criticism of a sick person

111. ,b \;Q' 0 X 894‫ ه‬0A;Q' ‫ف‬4K '

Mann shaf mus'ebtu hanat a'liyhu mus'eabat ghayru
He who sees others’ misfortune finds his own disaster lighter

112. ‫ش‬E`A3 4' =M‫ رز‬,b ‫ش‬ERE+‫ى ا‬," ‫ى‬,JD ‫ن‬4‫آ‬

K an tajri jari al-wuh'osh ghear rizqak ma bithoosh
Even if you run around like wild animals you will never earn more than the
fortune you are destined to.

113. ,nُ' 4' ,Wُ' ‫م‬La+‫ا‬

Al-gadam mussiyear ma mukhiyear
The foot has no power of free choice

114. cH‫ را‬0+ ‫م‬La+‫ا‬

A l-gadam layhu raffia
A foot has a force to make it move

115. ,nُ' 4' ,Wُ' ‫ن‬4W9{‫أ‬

A l-insan mussiyear ma mukhuyear
Man is propelled and does not have power of free will

116. ‫ء‬4U2 4' TNP2 o‫ء وا‬4K‫ أ‬49‫ء وأ‬4UD 89‫أ‬

Anta tasha wa ana asha wa Allah yafa'l ma yasha
I wish and you wish, but God makes what He wishes

117. o‫ ا‬L3 ‫ر‬45XY‫ا‬

Al-a-a'mar biyadd Allah
Lives are in the hands of God

118. o‫ر ا‬4AF‫ إ‬45H ,n+‫ا‬

Al-khiyeer fima ikhtarhu Allah
The best for us is what God chooses for us

266
119. ‫زك‬4JR ZJ3 =+4AM ‫ب‬4" ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬o‫ا‬
Allah kan jabb katalak bijeeb h'ajazak
If God brings your murderer, He will bring your defender

120. \MLq ' ‫ل‬4' }aA9 ‫ ا‬4'

Ma intagas'a malun minn s'adaqa
Alms do not diminish wealth

121. L2Y‫ ا‬GP+‫ب ' ا‬,M‫ أ‬LW+‫ ا‬L@N+‫ا‬

Al-a'indd al-siyead agrab min al-fi al-iyead
What is in God's hand is nearer to you than what you have in your hands

122. ‫ان‬t5+‫ ا‬GH ‫وح‬,3 4' ‫ان‬ta+‫ ا‬GH ‫اح‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rah fi al-qeazan ma broah fi al-meazan
That which is lost in deserts' sand will not be lost in the scales (on Judgement
Day)

123. jK ‫وح‬,3 4' o‫ ا‬L@X

A'ind Allah ma brah shayai
Nothing will be lost in God's consideration

124. ;5+‫غ ا‬%;+‫ ا‬h‫ل إ‬E7,+‫ ا‬k X 4'

Ma a’ala al-rasool ila al-balagh al-mubeen
The duty of the prophet is only to convey the message
Derived from the Quran, Surah 5, Al-Ma’idah, verse 99 which reads:
‘’Not upon the Messenger is [responsibility] except [for] notification.’’
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

125. )Un+‫ ' ا‬caD ‫ِزق‬,+‫ ا‬GH 45+‫ا‬

Al-mafi al-riziq yaqa' min al-khashum
What is not your fate will drop from your mouth

126. o‫ ا‬k X ‫زق‬,+‫ا‬

Al-riziq a'la Allah
God bestows livelihood

127. 0+t' o‫ ا‬,[+ ‫ى‬EIU+‫ا‬

Al-shakwa lighiyear Allah mazala
Complaining to any one other than God is humiliation

128. ‫د‬4;X ‫ر‬4QAF{‫ا‬

Al-ikhtis'ar a'ibada
Frugality is worship

267
129. L24aN+‫ ا‬GH L2‫ا‬EP+‫ا‬
Al-fawaid fi al-al-a'qaid
Benefit is in belief

130. ,َ Q
َ ;َ +ْ ‫ ا‬kِ5X
َ ْ‫ر‬Lَ aَ +ْ ‫ء ا‬4َ" ‫إذَا‬
Ida ja-aa al-qaddar a'ama al-bas'ar
If fate comes, it blinds the vision

131. =`]2 T"Y‫@*= وا‬2 T'Y‫ا‬

A l-amal yanhak wa al-ajal yad'h'ak
Hope fatigues you and death laughs at you!

132. 0+4@2 kAR 852 )+ 0+4R 49L+‫ ا‬GH 0+ '

Mann lahu fi al-dunya h'ala lam yamut h'ata yanalah
He who has livelihood in this world, will never die before he gets it

133. 052‫ دا‬4' 49L+‫ا‬

Al-duniya ma daima
The world is impermanent

134. ,ِFz 0+ jK Tُ‫آ‬

Kulu shayi layhu akhir
Everything has an end

135. ‫ب‬4JR o‫ ا‬3‫ و‬0@3 r+ 4*9~H ‫م‬E v5+‫ة ا‬EX‫ د‬OD‫إ‬
Itaqi da'wat al-mat’lum fainha liysa beanha wa bean Allah h'jab
Avoid bringing on yourself the complaint of one you have wronged, as there is no
separation between him and God

136. = X ‫م‬E2‫= و‬+ ‫م‬E2

Yawm leak wa yawm a'leak
One day is for you, and another is against you

137. = X ‫م‬E2‫= و‬+ ‫م‬E2 ،‫ن‬4'E2 ,‫ه‬L+‫ا‬

Al-dahr yawman, yawmon laka wayamon a'leaka
Life is two days, one is for you and the other is against you

138. =@*9 LM,D 4' =@N9 )M

Gumm na'eenak
Wake up and I will help you.

3. Family, blood relationships and relatives

139. G 5R TUD ,;ID A'

Metean takbar tasheel h'imli
When will you grow up to take my load?

268
140. k K T5"
Jamal sheali
A camel to carry me

141. ‫ي‬,Fُ‫د‬
Duhkri
My reserve for future use

142. ‫ت‬4*'Y‫ام ا‬LM‫ أ‬8`D \@J+‫ا‬

Al-janah tih't aqdam al-umahat
Paradise is under the feet of mothers

143. 05R‫ ر‬0+ ‫ك‬L@ِX 4' 05`+ 0H ‫ك‬L@ِX 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma-a'indak fihu lah'ama ma aindak liahu rah'ma
You do not have mercy to the one who is not your kin

144. ‫ك‬E3‫ أ'= أ‬T"‫ك ورا‬EF‫ك أ‬EF‫ أ‬EF‫أ‬

Akhu akhuk, akhuk wa rajil amuk abuk
Your brother's brother is your brother and your mother's husband is your father.

145. EA+4F GWI3 4' 0942,X E'h‫أ‬

A l umo a’reanah ma biksi khalto
He whose mother is naked will not clothe his aunt

146. Z2,[+‫ ا‬k X G5X 3‫ وا‬49‫ ا‬G5X 3‫ ا‬k X GF‫ وا‬49‫ا‬.
Anna wa akhi a'la ibn a'mi wa ana wa ibn a’mi a'la al gharea
My brother and I are against our cousin and my cousin and I are against the
stranger

147. \2,]+‫\ ا‬34[+‫ ا‬T‫ه‬h‫ا‬

Al- ahal alghabah al dhareah
Relatives are a dense forest

148. = *D ‫ل‬4;M = ‫اه‬

Ahlak gubal tahlak
To your relatives before you are destroyed
(Also in Badri NO. 448 p. 111)

149. Z@. ‫ي‬E7 ‫ب‬%‫ن آ‬4‫اه = آ‬

A hlak kan kilab sawi leek dhanab
If your relatives are dogs, make a tail for yourself

269
150. 8;+‫ ا‬0 X L7 = +‫ ا‬2LR
Hadeath al –leak sid a'leho al-bab.
Keep talk of your own relatives behind closed doors
(Also in Badri NO. 957, p. 222, and from my informants)

151. _2,AW2 L+‫ر ان و‬45`+‫ا‬

Al- humar kan wild yistreah
Even a donkey will have rest if she/he has a child.

152. 07‫ق را‬EH 4*NH,2 \+%ٌ. ٌL@N+‫ا‬

al-a’indo dhulalah yarfaa'a fuq raso
He who has a shade, let him put it over his head
(Badri NO.712, p. 106)

153. ‫وف‬,N5+43 k+‫ أو‬k3,a+‫ ا‬E+‫أو‬

uli al-qurba awla bil al-ma'rof
Relatives are more entitled to your kindness

154. E@<3 k X ‫ب‬,]@2 4' ,*. L@N+‫ا‬

A l-a’indo d’ahahr ma bindharab a'la bat'no
Who has a back will not be kicked on his stomach

155. G9‫= دا‬+ ‫ك‬4@" GH

F i janak leak dani
You have a closer one even among your own children
(Also in Badri P2, NO.1007, p. 151)

156. ‫ب‬,+‫ ا‬Z][3 ‫ون‬,a' L+‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬Z]b

Ghad'ab al-walid maqroon bi ghd'ab al rab
Parents' irritation is connected with God's anger

157. 4D4WR‫ ا‬2L+‫ا‬E+43‫ و‬42‫ ا‬h‫وا ا‬L;ND h‫= ا‬3‫ ر‬k]M‫و‬

Wa qad'ha rabuka ala ta'bdu ila iyaho wa bil walidean ihsana
Derived from the Quran Surah 17, al-Isra, verse 23 which reads:
And your Lord has decreed that you not worship except Him, and to parents
good treatment”
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

158. 03,b ‫ان‬EFh‫ ا‬LaH

Faqd al-akhwan ghurbah
Loss of brothers is estrangement
(Badri 2nd ed. P. 144)

159. ‫ك‬L+4a3 ‫ك‬L+‫ وا‬GP+‫ا‬

A l fi waldak biqaldak
Your father's habits will stick to you

270
160. L7Y‫ ' ذاك ا‬T;U+‫ا ا‬:‫ه‬
Hada al-shibl minn daka al-asad
This cub is from that lion

161. 0+ ,FL@D Z2,[+‫ وا‬E;2,a+ Z2,a+‫ا‬

A- l qareeb laqareabo wa al-ghareab tindakhirlo
Each relative to his relative, but a stranger’s mistakes are not forgiven

162. ,JR k X ‫ي‬L+‫ و‬Z M‫ي و‬L+‫ و‬k X G; M.

Ga lbi a'la waldi wa qalb waladi a'la hajar
My heart goes to my son but my son's heart is like a stone

163. L2‫ ا‬c M

Gal’a eidu
He pulled his hand [from his family]

164. . =@X GH 02E7 ,UX ;+ ‫ن‬4‫= آ‬+ = +‫ا‬.

A l-leak leak kan labn a'ushar d’ari fi a'eaneak
Yours (relative) is yours, even if he is a'ushr milk (toxic herbs) put it in your
eyes

165. .02L*2 ‫ل‬4F L@X 4'

M a a’indu khal yahdie
He does not have a maternal uncle to advise him

166. =3,3 I+ ‫ك‬E3‫ ا‬T&' 4'

Ma mithil abuk lakin berabeak
He is not like your father, but he will bring you up

167. 24F L+‫ا‬E+‫ ' ا‬R‫أ‬

Ah'anna minn al-walid khayin
More softhearted than a parent is a deceiver

168. r7 L+‫ا‬E+‫ا‬

Al-walid sayis
A father is a diplomat
(Badri NO.928, p. 151,vol.3)

169. ‫ر‬EX N3‫ وار‬0N3‫ ار‬,AW2 L+‫ا‬E+‫ا‬

Al-walid yastur arba' wa arba’in a'ora
The father covers forty-four mistakes for his children

271
170. ‫ام‬EX ‫ز‬E+‫ ا‬L+‫و‬
Wad al-wiz a'wam
The son of the duck is a floater
(a good swimmer)
171. ‫ر‬4ٌPR ‫ر‬4P+‫ود ا‬
Wad al-farr h'affar
The son of the rat is a digger

172. ‫ك‬L+4a3 ‫ك‬L+‫ وا‬GP+‫ا‬

Al-fi waldak bigaldak
You will get what your father has

173. 8;+‫ل ا‬%‫ ه‬L+E+‫ا‬

A l-walad hilal al-beat
The son is the crescent of the house

174. ‫و‬LX ZJ3 4' L+‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬,*.

D'ahar al-walid ma bijeab a'adou
Your father's back will not bring you an enemy

175. 09EX4' G<[2 ‫ول‬t+‫ ا‬k+‫او‬

A wla al-zul yaght'I maa’uno
Better to cover one’s own pot before those of other people

176. L+‫ و‬L 3 T‫ آ‬GH o‫ء ا‬4K ‫ان‬

In shaa Allah fi kili balad walad
With God's will, may one have a son in every country!

177. ‫رب‬4aX ‫رب‬4Mh‫ا‬

Al-aqarib a'qarib
Relatives are scorpions

178. E5*3 4' E'4;+‫ا‬

A-bi umo ma bihimo
He who has a mother around does not worry (Adam &Tum N0. 152, p. 19)

179. EF‫ ا‬X TW3 4' ‫اب‬,[+‫ا‬

Al-g hurab ma bsil a'in akhiu
A crow never pecks the eye of its brother

180. E3‫) ر‬2," ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬p+‫ا‬E3 4' NH,' ، E3‫ل ا‬Ea3 4' ‫ك‬L+‫ و‬4' ‫ا‬L+‫و‬
Wileadan ma wileadak ma biqool abu, marfa'een ma biwalif kan jeario rabo
A boy who is not your son will not call you daddy, and a hyena cub will never be
tamed even if it is reared from babyhood

272
181. ‫ر‬Ea`' ‫ور‬L+‫ود ا‬
Wadd al-dour mah'qoor
A son of home will not be respected

182. ,2EH E+‫ و‬,I]+‫ا‬

Al-d'ikear wa lao fiwear
A male even if he is a small rat

183. 05R‫ ر‬8;+‫ام ا‬LM 05F‫ ر‬ka3 ‫ إن‬T"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al- rajil inn biqa rakhama fi al-beat rah’ama
A man is a blessing in front of the house even if he is a vulture

184. ‫ك‬L+‫* و‬D 4' ‫ك‬L " ‫ه‬

Heen jildak ma teheen wildak
Humiliate your skin; do not humiliate your offspring

185. 0'‫ام ا‬tR L+E+‫ا‬

Al-walad h'izam umo
A son is a belt for his mother

186. =5]X ,WI3 4' =5`+ T‫ن أآ‬4‫;= آ‬2,M

Gareebak kan akal lah’amak ma beksir a'd'mak
If your relative eats your meat, he will never break your bone

187. ‫ور‬4JD h ‫;= زاورو‬2,M

Gareabak zawro la tijaw
Visit your relative, but do not be his neighbour
(Badri’s collection, No. 1143, p. 171)

188. ‫ر‬Ea`' EFh‫ ) ا‬X

A’ilm al-akhu mah'gor
A brother's knowledge is unacknowledged

189. ‫ك‬E3‫ ا‬E ‫ أ'= آ‬LFh‫ا‬

Al-akhadd ummak kulo abook
Whoever marries your mother becomes your father

4. Companionship and Friendship

190. r94" r+4" '

Mann jalass janass
He who sits with people becomes one of them

273
191. 0aH‫ا‬E5+‫ ا‬0aH‫ا‬,5+‫ط ا‬,K
Shart al-murafaqa al-muwafaqa
The condition of companionship is agreement

192. ED,WF ,l4F k X 0A" 4' ‫;= إن‬R4q

S'ah'bak in ma jitu a'la khatru khisirtu
If you do not agree with your friend, you will lose him

193. LR‫و وا‬LX h‫ و‬ZR4q p+‫أ‬

Aleff s'ah'ib wa la a'adoo wah'id
A thousand friends but not one enemy

194. T‫ه‬4" O2Lq ' ,F TM4X ‫و‬LX

A'adoan a'aqil khayyrun minn s'adiqqin jahil
A wise enemy is better than an ignorant friend

195. ;+‫و ا‬LN+‫ ا‬E‫ ه‬,Wn5+‫ ا‬ZR4Q+‫ا‬

Al-s'ah'ib al-mukhsir hu al-a'du al-biyean
The friend who spoils your life is a clear enemy

196. 0@' ,F‫و أ‬LN+‫ ا‬4a D 4' LU+‫ ا‬GH 4ً ;R4q

S'ahban fi al-shidda ma talga al-a'adu akhear minnu
Your enemy is better than a friend whom you can’t find in adversity

197. 07L' )* X 4' =;R4q‫= و‬3‫ر‬

Rabak wa s'ah'bak ma a'leahum madassa
There are no secrets from your God and your friend

198. ‫م‬E`+‫ ا‬0 X T M ‫ك‬43‫;= إن أ‬R4q

S'ah'bak inn abak galil a'liahu al-hoam
If your friend is not happy to see you, do not visit him

199. 0`@' ZR4Q+‫ا‬

Al-s'ah'ib minh'a
A friend is a gift from God

200. E 5ID 4' TWX ka3 ‫;= إن‬R4q

S'ahbak inn biga a'ssal ma takmilu
If your friend becomes honey, do not finish it (eat it all)

201. ‫ش‬,a+‫ن زي ا‬%H \;`ُq

S'uhbat fulan zai al-girish
His friendship is like a penny

274
202. O]+‫ ا‬8ME+ O2LQ+‫ا‬
Al-s'adeeq liwaqat al-d'eeq
A friend in need is a friend indeed

203. O]+‫ ا‬GH h‫ إ‬OH‫ ر‬GH4'

Mafi rafeaq ila fi al-d'ieaq
There is no real friend but a friend in need

204. OaU+‫ ا‬T;M O2LQ+‫ا‬

Al-s'adeeq qabl al-shaqeeq
A loyal friend is before a real brother

205. OH,+‫ف ا‬,N@2 O]+‫ ا‬L@X

A'indd al-d'eaq yina'arif al-s'adeeq
You know your friend when you are in need

206. =749 ‫ِف‬,X‫= وأ‬7‫) را‬M

Qaiyeam rasak wa a-a'rif nasak
Use your mind and know your people

207. 4",+‫ ا‬Z24F k X rNA+‫ ) ا‬D‫إ‬

Itlama al-ta'eas a'la khaib al-raja
The unlucky and the hopeless got together

208. caD 4*+4IK‫ ا‬k X ‫ر‬E<+‫ا‬

Al-ttyoar a'la ashkaaliha taqa'
Birds of the same features flock together

209. O2Lq =W52 4' O2‫ ر‬k X O2‫ ر‬c ;2 45+‫ا‬

A l-ma yabla' reaq a'la reaq ma yamsik s'adeaq
He who does not swallow spittle after spittle will not keep a friend

210. ‫ف‬4F '4D 4' T`'

Mahal ma tamin khaf
Wherever you trust you need to fear

211. 0@.Y‫ ا‬T"‫ا‬,+‫ُ`;\ ا‬q h‫ و‬,I]+‫ ا‬T",+‫م ا‬4QF

Kh is'am al-rajil al-d'akar wala s’uhbat al-raji al-ud'eana
Dispute with a wise man is better than friendship with an ignorant and weak one

212. R LN3 E+‫ و‬0N3 =X43 ْ'َ

Mann ba'ak biya'u wa lu ba'd h'iyean
The one who sells you, sell him even if after a while

275
5. Neighbourhood Relationships

213. ‫ار‬L+‫ ا‬T;M ‫ر‬4J+‫ا‬

Al-jar gabl al-dar
Seek a neighbour before you get a house

214. LN;+‫ ود أ'= ا‬h‫ و‬Z2,a+‫رك ا‬4"

Jarak al-gareab wa la wad umak al-ba'id
Better your close neighbour than your distant brother

215. ‫رك‬4" ‫ن‬EnD h‫= و‬+4' ƒPR‫أ‬

Ah'fad malak wa takhawean jarak
Keep your possessions and do not accuse your neighbours

216. ‫ دارك‬0ُ + ‫ٌل‬ER ‫رك‬4" = X ‫ر‬4" ‫إن‬

Inn jar a'leak jarak h'awil lo darak
If your neighbour oppresses you move from your house for his sake

217. ‫ن‬4't+‫ ا‬E* X ‫ر‬4" 4' ‫ر‬4J+‫ا‬

Al-jar ma jar a'laihu al-zaman
Let no neighbour be oppressed by life

218. ‫ر‬42‫ د‬o‫ ا‬0m‫رو ور‬4" ‫ أذى‬k X ,;q '

Mann s'abar a'la ada jaru warathu Allah daru
He that is patient in tolerating his neighbour's harm, God will bequeath him his
neighbour's house

6. Marriage and Women:

219. 2L+‫ ا‬pQ9 ‫واج‬t+‫ا‬

Al-zawaj nis'f al-dean
Marriage is half of religion
(from the Prophet’s sayings)

220. ,Aُ7 ‫واج‬t+‫ا‬

Al-zawaj sutra
Marriage is protection

221. ‫ن‬EHL' E+‫ن و‬EH‫ر‬L+‫أم ا‬

Umm al-darfun wa lao madfun
Avoid the mother of a child even if it is dead

276
222. ZQ9 ‫ب‬,]+‫ وا‬L2L`+‫ ا‬Zl
(B.NO. 437, p. 62)
Taib al-hadeadah wa al-dharib naseeb
Choose a good wife from a good family; having children is a matter of luck

223. ‫ل‬4<3 G`2 ‫ن‬4‫ف آ‬EK ‫ل‬4n+‫ل ا‬4F‫ل و‬4n+‫ ا‬Zl

Taeeb al khal wa khal al-khal shoof kan yaji batal
Let the maternal uncle and his maternal uncle be good and see if you will get a
bad child

224. 0R h‫ إ‬0`+‫ ا‬L D h

La talid al-h'ayia ila haiya
A snake will have snake children

225. ‫د‬h‫و‬h ‫وج‬tA2 TM4N+‫ا‬

al-a’qil yitzawj li awlado
He who is wise marries for his children

226. ‫س‬47‫ق د‬َ ,ِN+‫~نْ ا‬H َ'Lِ +‫اء ا‬,]F‫آ) و‬42‫إ‬

'Iyakum wa khadh'ra al-dimen, qaloo wa ma khdhra al-dimen? Qala: al-h'asna fi
manbati al-suo''.
(from the prophet’s speech)
‘Be aware of khadhra al-dimen. They said, and what is khadhra al-dimen ? He
said, a pretty woman of evil origin.’

227. * X ‫ا‬E@X‫ادوه أ‬

Adohin wa a'aeno a'leahin
Let your daughters get married and help their husbands

228. 4*+ ‫ر‬4AF‫= ا‬A3‫و و‬,F ‫ك‬L+‫و‬

W aladak khauro wa bitak ikhtar liyha
Let your son choose his own wife but choose a husband for your daughter
(Also in A&T NO. 1418 p. 171)

229. ْ=+ ka;َA3ْ ‫ ا‬4َ' ْ=ِ+ ْ=ِF‫ت َأ‬LFَ‫أ‬

A khddat akhiyak leak ma betabga leak
A marriage based on your brother's opinion will not be suitable

230. ‫ح‬4@" ‫رة‬EWI' ,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara maksurat janah'
Woman has broken wings

231. FL+‫;\ ا‬R TA' 4*; M ‫ان‬EW@+‫ \ ا‬M4X

A'aqlat al-niswan qalbaha zi h'abat al-dukhun
The brain of the wisest woman is like durra seed in its size

277
232. 0‫آ‬EU+‫ر راس ا‬LM * aX ‫ان‬EW@+‫ا‬
Al-niswan a'aqlahin zai ras al-shoaka
Women's minds are as small as the head of a thorn

233. ‫ء‬4I3 *R%7‫ و‬L2‫ر‬4b‫* ز‬XtH ‫ان‬EW@+43 ‫م‬t`AD 4'

Ma tith'azam bil-niswan, faza'in zagharead wa silah'in buka
Do not depend on women as their support is trilling and their weapon is crying

234. ‫ن‬4<U+‫ ا‬Tf4;R ‫ء‬4W@+‫ا‬

Al-nissa h'bail al-shiytan
Women are pregnant by Satan

235. 0ُ D‫ر‬4WF 42 0ُ D‫ر‬4JD ‫اه‬E7 '

Mann sawahin tijartu ya khasartu
How great is his loss that he made women his business

236. ‫ي‬EWA3 ِK ‫ر‬E;5M ‫أم‬

Um gamur shin bitsawi
A woman, what does she do?

237. ‫ن‬42,X ‫ان‬EW@+43 ‫م‬t`A5+‫ا‬

Al muth'azim belniswan a'riyan
He who dresses himself with women is naked

238. 024@‫ه‬L+‫_ ا‬W' ‫ زي‬024A9{‫\ ا‬3,.

D'arbat al-intaya zai mash'at al-dihnaya
Punishing a female is like rubbing butter over the body

239. 0 q‫ أ‬ka;D ‫ل‬4;M 0 Q;+‫„ ا‬JH‫أ‬

Afjakh al-bas'ala gubal tabga as'ala
Crush the onion before it becomes a cobra

240. 8ٌX‫ و‬4*A F ‫ٌت وإن‬,F 4*A K ‫\ دم إن‬3,M ,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara girbat damm inn shiltaha kharat wa inn khalayta waa’at
A woman is a leather bag full of blood: if you carry it, it pours out and if you
leave it, it becomes pus

241. ‫اس‬,+‫ ا‬,WIA3 4' ‫س‬4H 8a3 ‫ إن‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara inn bigat fass ma bitakesir ar-ras
Even if the woman were an axe she would not break a head

242. ‫م‬EUN;+‫دن ا‬,<3 4' ‫ر‬E‫ آ‬a3 ‫ن‬4‫ان آ‬EW@+‫ا‬

Al-niswan kan bigan kur ma bitrud'an ba'shoam
If women were stones, they would not help to escape a fox

278
243. 8;+‫ ا‬GH 0P. ,M4N+‫ ا‬,5+‫ا‬
Al-mara al-a'agir d'eafa fi al-beat
A barren woman is a guest in the house

244. 8 q‫ و‬8'4q E+‫ و‬,5+‫' ا‬4D h‫ و‬8 . E+‫ و‬034`W+‫' ا‬4D 4'
Ma tamin al-sih'aba wa lao d'alat wa la tamin al-marah wa lao s'amat wa s'alat
Do not trust the cloud even if it has darkened and do not trust a woman even if she
has fasted and prayed

245. ,5+‫ ا‬G+‫ و‬E ‫ آ‬T"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rajil kulu wali al-mara
Whoever a man is, he is the woman’s guardian (caretaker)

246. )‫= ه‬A3 GH ‫ت‬LNM ‫ن‬4‫ ه) وآ‬T"‫ت را‬LF‫ن ا‬4‫ آ‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara kan akhadat rajil hamm wa kan ga'dat fi biyeatak hamm
A woman is a burden whether she is married or stays at her parents' home

247. ‫ت‬455 + ‫ت‬4@;+‫ه) ا‬

Hamm al-banat lilmamat
Worries about girls last to death

248. 4*AF43 4*Mُ‫ د‬4*3‫ أد‬8 M ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara kan galat adabah dugaha bi ukhutah
If a woman shows disrespect, punish her with another woman

249. 8; + ,aُR ‫ت‬4@;+‫د ا‬4NM‫ و‬8;+‫ر ا‬E9 ‫ت‬4@;+‫ ا‬LN7

Saa’ad al-banat noor al-beat wa gua’ad al-banat h’ugra lilbeat
Girls' marriage is a light in the house and their staying in their parents' house is
oppression to the house

250. ‫ر‬4;[+‫ا ا‬E 2t2 ‫ل‬4",+‫ا‬

Al-rijal yizeelu al-ghubar
Men remove the dust.

251. 03E;`' ‫ر‬EI]+‫أم ا‬

Um al-d'ukur mah'booba
The mother of male babies is well beloved

252. ‫رد‬43 4*94.‫ر أ‬EI]+‫أم ا‬

Um al-d'ukur ad'ana barda
The mother of boys has peace of mind

253. ‫ار‬L+‫ ا‬G ID‫ر و‬4JR G;"

Jeabi h'ijar wa takeli al-dar
Give birth to male babies to support your house

279
254. 0;M‫ ر‬c34D ,NK ,5+‫ا‬
Al-mara sha'ar tabia' ragaba
A woman is hair that follows the neck

255. ‫\ رِزق‬Nl4M‫ل و‬4' \Nl4M 0M4@a@+‫ ا‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara al-nagnaga gata’at mal wa gata'at riziq
A nagging woman is a money loser and livelihood stopper

256. 7,+‫ ا‬4‫وه‬L3 4' ,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara ma badawha al- rasan
A woman will not be given a leash

257. ‫ر‬45R‫ر و‬4a9‫ة و‬,' 4QX )*@' cH,D 4' 0D%D

Talata ma tarfa' minahum a's'a mara wa nugara wa h’umara
Do not take your stick away from three things: a woman, a drum and a female
donkey

258. ‫ا‬,J' k<ِF G5+‫ان ا‬EW@ + 4ً@2‫ وز‬ka D ‫ل‬4", + 4ً @2‫ز‬

Zeanan lilrijal talga wa zeanan lilniswan almi khita majra
Doing a favour to men brings you a good turn and doing a favour to women is
water that has missed its stream

259. 4‫ه‬EX‫اد‬E3 4' ,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara ma biwada'oha
A consignment will not be given to a woman

260. ‫ء‬%n+‫ ا‬GH ‫ت‬La9‫\ إ‬3,M ,5+‫رأي ا‬

Rai al-mara girba ingadat fil khala
Woman's opinion is like a leather bag full of water that has been punctured in the
desert

261. ‫راء‬E+ c",3 ,5+‫م ا‬%‫ آ‬c5W;+‫ا‬

Al-basma' kalam al-mara barja' liwara
He who listens to women's opinion will go backward

262. L+‫ ام و‬,' h‫ و‬L2LM ‫ل أم‬4N9

Na'al um gidead wa la mara um welead
Old shoes with holes are better than a woman who has a son

263. ,[q )‫ه‬L@X 4' ,'‫ر و‬49

Nar wa mara ma a'indahum s'aghear
Fire and women never have a small stage

280
264. 0NA5D ,5N + 4* ‫ آ‬0N<5+‫ ا‬,5+‫ ا‬LFz‫ و‬0N2,W+‫ ا‬03‫ا‬L+‫ ا‬kN7‫أ‬
Asa'a al-daba al-sarea-a' wa akhud al-mara al-mutiya' kulha lila'umur tamtiya'a
Keep a fast animal and marry an obedient woman, as they are the enjoyment of
your life

265. 094*' ,5N + 4* ‫ آ‬09‫ا‬,UI+‫ ا‬,5+‫ وا‬09%WI+‫ ا‬03‫ا‬L+‫ وا‬094NJ+‫ ا‬L ;+‫ر ا‬:R‫إ‬
Edar al-balad al-jia'ana wa al-daba al-kaslana wa al-mara al-kashrana kulha
lila'umur mahana
Avoid living in a famished land, keeping a lazy animal and marrying a frowining
woman as they cause humiliation

266. 4*94W+ GH 4*DEM ,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara gowata fi lisanah
Woman's power is in her tongue

267. 8;+‫ ا‬L@7 8@;+‫ وا‬8;+‫ ا‬X T"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rajil a'in al-bait wa al-bint sanad al-bait
The man is the eye of the house and the girl is the support of the house

268. 0+4ِX ‫>م‬3 )2,I+‫ وا‬0+4",3 T"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rajil birijalu wa al-karim bi um a'iyalu
The brave man is with his men and the generous one is with his wife

269. T24P9 ‫ان‬EW@+‫ وا‬T24;M ‫ل‬4",+‫ا‬

Al-rijal gabail wa al-niswan nafayil
Men are with their tribes and women are with their good deeds

270. ‫ ووراء‬0;AN+‫ ' ا‬,' ‫ا‬E+Ea;+‫ ا‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-mara al-bigoalo mara minn al-a'taba li wara
The woman that they can call a real woman is behind her doorstep

7. Sudanese experiences and wisdom

271. 4D E52LM kW@+‫ا‬

Al nisa qadeemu tah
Whoever forgets his past goes astray

272. N+‫ ا‬T;M ‫ف‬EU2 Z P+‫ا‬

Al- galib yashoof gabel al-a'yan
The heart sees before the eyes

273. ‫د‬EN3 )` +‫د ا‬EN+‫ ) ا‬7 ‫ن‬4‫آ‬

Kan silm al-a'udd al-lah'am bia'ood
If the wood (bone) is safe, the flesh will be restored

281
274. ‫م‬E9 LM‫م ار‬E5*+‫ = ا‬X ‫ت‬,A‫ن آ‬4‫آ‬
Kann kitrat a'leak al-himoom, argudd noom
When pressure proves difficult to handle, lie down and sleep

275. ‫ت‬E5 + ‫ض‬,5+‫ة ا‬,A‫ق وآ‬%< + \a@+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat al-nigga lil talag wa katarat al-marad' lil-moat
Too much nagging leads to divorce and too much sickness causes death

276. ‫ح‬4<@+‫ ا‬ZJD ‫اح‬t5+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat al-mizah' tajeab al-nitah'
Too much joking causes fighting

277. o‫ ا‬O F „W5D %<+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat al-talla timasikh khalag Allah
Too frequent visits make one boring

278. ‫ك‬E" h‫ك و‬E A‫آ‬

Kataloak wa la joake
Killing you is better than scaring you

279. Z`2 4' Z a+‫ ا‬T`' ‫ب‬LD ‫اع‬,I+‫ا‬

Al-kuraa' tadib makan al-galib ma yah'ib
The foot goes where the heart likes

280. T2LX 03‫ج ودر‬EX‫ أ‬E‫ ه‬T&' 0+ 4' ‫د‬E2,5+‫ا‬

Al-marud ma laho matheal huo aa'waj wa darbu a'adeal
No one is like the beloved: he is not straight, but his way is straight

281. ,F 4*+ ,[D T‫آ‬

Kullu taghyeera laiha khiera
Every change has its goodness

282. ‫ت‬4@WR ,;I+‫ا‬

Al-kubur h'asanat
Old age is a blessing

283. 4‫ه‬4HL2 4‫ه‬LM‫و‬h‫ر ُ ا‬49

Naru al-ugda yadfaha
Let him get warm with the fire that he lighted

284. 0‫آ‬,3 4*+ 0‫آ‬,R T‫آ‬

Kullu h'arka laiha baraka
Every movement has its blessing

282
285. = 3 _2,2 4' = "‫_ ر‬2‫ل إن ر‬47,5+‫ا‬
Al-mursal in raih' rijlak ma yareah' balak
If the courier gives rest to your legs, he will not give rest to your mind

286. \'‫ا‬L9 4*+ \'4*K T‫آ‬

Kullu shahama laiha nadama
Any magnanimity has some regret following it

287. 0ُ@5A3 jK Tُ‫آ‬

Kull shayi bi-tamanu
Everything has its price

288. =`]2 4ً 5‫ وه‬GٌI;2 4ً 5‫ه‬

Haman yibakki wa haman yid'ah'ik
Some worries make you cry and some make you laugh

289. ‫ل‬4"‫ ر‬0+ '‫ ز‬T‫آ‬

Kullu zaman laho rijal
Every time has its men

290. ‫ت‬4;‫ل ه‬4", + ‫ت‬4;[+‫ا‬

Al-ghiybat lilrijal haibat
Absence is dignity for men

291. 0X‫ واد‬0X‫اد‬ED h

ً 4'
Malan tiwadia'u wadia'u
Money that you consign, say farewell to it

292. =WP9 *D 4' =K,M ‫ه‬

Heen girshak ma tiheen nafssak
Humilate your penny, do not humiliate yourself

293. k [2 ,A‫ آ‬45 ‫دم آ‬z 3‫ إ‬h‫} إ‬F,2 ,A‫ آ‬T‫آ‬
Kullu katear yarkhas's' ila ibn adam kullma kitir yaghla
Too much of anything makes it cheap, except for people who become more
valuable

294. k5`2 ‫ر‬4*@+‫ن ا‬45+ c5WA3 4' ,Qa+‫م ا‬%‫آ‬

Klam al-gis'ear ma bitsamia' laminn al-nahar yahma
The words of a short person are never heard until the day gets hot

295. ‫ر‬E*U' )+4N+‫\ ا‬+‫ر وز‬EAW' T‫ه‬4J+‫\ ا‬+‫ز‬

Zalat al-jahil mastoara wa zalat al-a'alim mash-hura
The ignorant's mistake is hidden and the scholar's mistake is famous

283
296. TWX OHL9‫ إ‬h‫از و‬tِM ‫ت‬,WI9‫ ا‬h
La inkassarat gizaza wa la indafaq a'asal
The bottle is neither broken nor its honey spilt

297. ‫ق‬%FY‫ ا‬L7 ) `+‫ا‬

Al-hilm sayeed al-akhlaq
Tolerance is the master of all good manners

298. ‫ق‬%F‫ ا‬h‫ و‬0a F h

La khilga la akhlag
Neither beauty nor good manners

299. ‫ق‬%FY‫ل ا‬45" ‫ل‬45J+‫ا‬

Al-jamal jamal al-akhlaq
Beauty is beauty of manners

300. 0a F pN.‫ أ‬GH ,7 c]2

Yad'a' siru fi ad'a'f khalgu
God put his secret in the weakest of his creatures

301. ‫ر‬EQ‫ ه‬Lُ 7‫ أ‬03‫ا‬Em‫ أ‬GH‫ و‬02‫در‬tAH T2t*+‫ ا‬T",+‫ى ا‬,D

Tara al-rajul al-hazeala fatazdreahi wa fi athwabihi asdun has'oar
You see a weak person and condemn him, but he has a lion under his clothes

302. G‫ دواه‬G‫اه‬EW+‫ ا‬8`D

Tih't al-sawahi dawahi
There are great disasters beneath silence

303. ‫ك‬,b ‫ب‬EX T;M =;X ,v9‫أ‬

Ant’ur a'abak gabul a'iyoob al-nass
Know your mistakes before you follow others' mistakes

304. ‰; J3 4' ‫ن‬%5+‫ا‬

Al-malan ma bijalbigh
The full vessel does not make any noise

305. L+‫ و‬ZJA3 0‫آ‬,3 E ‫ آ‬4'

Ma kullu barka bitjeeb walad
Not every labour is rewarded with a baby boy

306. E; a3 4' ‫ا‬,JR G n3 4'

Ma bikhali h'ajaran ma yaglibu
Leave no stone unturned

284
307. 4*H ‫ك‬LM‫ا‬,' c7‫ء و‬EW+‫ ا‬,H4`' ,H4R 42
Ya h'afir mah'afr al-soo wassia' maragdak fiha
You, who dig holes for evil, make your space in it wider

308. ‫ل‬t@D 4@3‫\ ر‬5R‫ ر‬G n2 h‫) و‬R,2 h

La yarh'am wa la yakhli rah'mat raban tanzil
He neither gives mercy to others, nor allows God to have mercy on them

309. ‫اد‬,J+‫ب ' ا‬,F‫أ‬

Akhrab min al-jarad
He causes more havoc than grasshoppers

310. _2‫ ر‬4‫اه‬t‫ ه‬4' ‫ة‬,JK GH 4'

Ma fi shajrah ma hazaha reeh'
There is no tree that is not moved by the wind

311. ‫اح‬,' ‫د‬E7‫ح وأ‬4@" |3‫أ‬

Abead' janah' wa aswad murah'
Having a white wing and a black pasture

312. ,5`+‫ق ا‬EW3 ' ,'‫ك أ‬E3‫ وا‬,'‫ي أ‬E3‫أ‬

Aboi ameer wa abook ameer mean bisoq al-h'ameer
My father is a prince and your father is a prince; who will look after the donkeys!

313. 0@‫آ‬4I7 ‫ت‬,A‫ آ‬cM‫ر إن و‬EA+‫ا‬

Al-toar inn waga' taktar sakakeenu
If the ox falls knives will increase (it will be easy to stab it)

314. ‫ر‬4P+‫ ا‬ZN+ r2LI+‫ب ا‬4b ‫إن‬

Inn ghab al-kadees la'b al-far
When the cat is away, the mice will play

315. ٌْ;َ Dْ ‫ْ وِإ‬2ٌَ ٌَ‫ِإد‬

Iddaiyann wa ittbaiyann
Borrow to show off

316. 2Ln+‫د ا‬EW2 5‫ دره‬E+‫ و‬2L+‫ا‬

Al-dean wa lao derhamean yasoid al-khadean
Debt darkens the face even if it is only two dirhams.

317 GK4ND h ‫ح‬%ُ' =@' k R‫ وأ‬GK45D h ‫ع‬43 =@' ‫ل‬El‫أ‬

Atwal minnak ba-a' ma tamashi wa ah'la minnak mulah' la ta'ashi
Do not walk with one who walks faster than you, and do not eat dinner with one
whose food is more delicious than yours

285
318. GK45D h =@' ‫ى‬EM‫ وا‬GK4ND h =@' k@b‫أ‬
Aghnna minnak la ta'ashi wa agwa minnak la tmashi
Do not dine with one who is richer than you and do not walk with one who is
stronger than you

319. =A`'47 =+4' GH =D4" ‫إن‬

Inn jattak fi malak samah’atak
If it came in your wealth, it forgave you

320. k`]+‫ ا‬T. ‫ل‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mall d'ull d'uh'a
Wealth is a forenoon shadow

321. ‫ة‬,a;+‫) ا‬UF _AP2 ‫در‬E5+‫ا‬

Al-moadir biftah' khashm al-bagarra
He who has lost a valuable thing, might open the cow's mouth

322. 0UM GH O NA2 O2,[+‫ا‬

Al-ghareag yita'lag fi gashah
A drowning man may clutch at a straw

323. ,QM L2Y‫ وا‬,Q3 N+‫ا‬

Al-a'in bas'eara wa al-aid gas'eara
The eye is perceptive, but the hand is short

324. GF,A2 43‫و‬,I' T‫آ‬

Kulu makroaban yitrakhi
Every tie will be loosened

325. <F TUD 4' 0D,3‫إ‬

Ibrato ma tasheel khetean
His needle never carries two threads

326. ‫ك‬L2,D ‫س‬4@+‫اى ا‬E‫اي وآ‬E7 ka3‫أ‬

Abga sawai wa kawai al-nas tareadak
Be open-handed and revengeful; people will like you

327. kPQ2‫ و‬,IN2 l ' ‫دم‬z 3‫إ‬

Ibn adam minn teen ya'kar wa yas'fa
Man comes from mud; he becomes turbid and then clears

328. G94W+ GH G; M GP+‫ا‬

Al-fi galbu fi lisanu
What is in his heart is on his tongue

286
329. \ JN+‫ ا‬G@Dَ,F
ٌ‫أ‬
Akharatni al-a’ajala
It was haste that delayed me

330. ‫اع‬,. ‫ى‬E7 ,;K ْ‫َأدٌُو‬

Addo shibir sawa d'ura'
They gave him a span and he made it a cubit

331. ‫اب‬,A+‫ ا‬h‫ إ‬4‫ه‬%52 4' ‫دم‬z 3‫ ا‬X

A'in abin Adam ma yamlaha ila al-turab
Only sand fills Adam's son's eye

332. ,[A3 4' ,5@+‫ ا‬L "

Jild animir ma bitgheyyar
The leopard's skin never changes

333. OHL3 E+4‫ن إن آ‬EX45+‫ا‬

Al-ma-a'oan inn kalou bidaffiq
The container will overflow when it is overfilled

334. 0 NH 0 +‫ د‬0 q‫ف أ‬,ND 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma ta'rif as'lu dalealu fia'lu
If you do not know a man’s origins, his deed is the indication

335. T;" \N;<+‫ا‬

Al-tabaia' jabal
Human nature is a mountain

336. c;<A+‫ ا‬Z [2 c;<+‫ا‬

Al-taba' yaghlib al-tatabua'
Nature conquers pretence

337. L7 ka;2 L" 0N;<+‫ا‬

Al-tabau jayead yabqa sayead
He who has good manners becomes a master

338. \5N@+‫ ا‬T2t2 k[<+‫ا‬

Al-tagha yazeal al-nia'ma
Pride eliminates blessing

339. 0R ' ) x‫أ‬

At’lam min h'aiya
More oppressive than a cobra

287
340. ‫ر‬4P + r2LI+‫ن ا‬4'‫ أ‬G9‫أدٌَا‬
Addani amann al-kadees lilfarr
He gave me the peace that the cat gives the rat

341. ‫اث‬LR 4' ‫اى‬EW+‫ا‬

As-sawaiy ma h'addath
A doer is never a great talker

342. G 5AA3 4' ED‫ر‬E‫د آ‬4`U+‫ا‬

Al-shah'add korto ma bititmali
The bowl of the beggar never fills up

343. ‫رة‬EI@' 0@U+‫ا‬

Al-sheana mankoora
A dishonourable thing is denied

344. ‫ب‬Eb,' ‫ع‬E@55+‫ا‬

Al-mamnua' marghoob
Everything that is forbidden is desired

345. ‫ر‬4JR ZJ3 h ‫ٌع‬LJ3h

La bijadia' la bijeeb h'ujar
He neither throws stones nor brings them to the one who uses them

346. †3,ِ3 h T`3 h

La bih'il la birbut
He neither loosens nor ties

347. ‫ب‬EM ' ‫ف‬4n3 4' c q‫أ‬

As'la' ma bikhaff min goob
A bald-headed man is not scared of scabies

348. 0+ ‫ر‬:AX‫ وا‬0M‫ د‬0@.{‫ا‬

Al-id'iynah dugoo wa a'tathir loo
Punish the weak man and apologize to him

349. 0+ TAH‫ وأ‬0@Mِ‫' د‬

Minn dignu wa aftil lu
Give twine for him from his own beard

350. ‫ل‬E5A2 LN3 ‫ي‬,aP+‫ ا‬Z <D h‫ و‬T]P+‫ ا‬T‫ ' أه‬T]P+‫ ا‬Z l‫أ‬
Atlub al-fad'l minn ahal al-fad’l wa la tatlub al-fagri ba'dd yitmawal
Ask a favour from those who have favour, and do not ask a poor man after he
becomes rich

288
351. E"E+‫ ا‬74R‫) ' أ‬IJf‫ا‬ER ‫ا‬E; l‫أ‬
Atlibu h'awaijkum min ah'asin al-wajoh
Ask your needs from those who have pretty faces

352. ‫ل‬La2 G5N+‫ ا‬L 3 GH ‫ر‬EXY‫ا‬

Al-a-a'war fi bala al-a'imi yagdil
In the land of the blind the one-eyed man is swaggering

353. _AP' G5N+‫ ا‬L 3 GH ‫ر‬EXY‫ا‬

Al- a-a'war fi balad al-a'imi mufattih
In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is not blind

354. ‫ف‬EK G5N+‫ ا‬L 3 GH ‫ش‬4U<+‫ا‬

Al-tashash fi balad al-a'imi shoaf
Half blind is seeing in the land of blindness

355. iX ‫ن‬4NJ+‫ ) ا‬R

H’ilem al-jiya'an a'eash
A hungry man dreams of bread

356. ,a9 Z a+‫ ا‬GH‫ة و‬,aR N+‫ ا‬GH

Fi al-a'in h'ugra wa fi al-galib nugra
He has contempt in the eye and leaves his prints in the heart

357. ,' 0aa`+‫ا‬

Al-h'ageega murra
Truth is bitter

358. ‫ي‬L7 42 0ُ +EM Z I+‫ ا‬L@X \"4R =+ ‫ن‬4‫آ‬

Kan leak h'ajah a'indd al-kalib goolo ya sidi
If you need something from a dog, call it my lord!

359. _2,A7‫ وأ‬Lِ7 _2,+‫ ا‬ZJ;+‫ب ا‬4;+‫ا‬

Al-bab al-bijeab al-reah' sidu wa istreeh'
If the door brings wind, shut it and relax

360. 0 . GH N<2 TP+‫ ا‬GH 0@X

A'aino fi al-feel yata'an fi d'ulu
He looks at the elephant and stabs its shadow

361. 0+4' 0; q ' E<3,3 EA;M,3 ‫ى‬%3‫ا‬

Abalai biragabtu barbotu minn s'ulbu malu
A monkey has a neck, why has it been tied by its waist?

289
362. _ '‫ و‬iX 4@ ‫أآ‬
Akalnna a'eash wa millih'
We ate bread and salt together

363. ‫ح‬%W+‫ح ا‬," ' k]'‫ح أ‬%5+‫ح ا‬,"

Jarh' al-mulah' amd'a min jarh' al-silah
The wound inflicted by trusted associates is deeper than a weapon's wound

364. G5H ‫ل‬4;ُM G5‫ آ‬42 T‫أآ‬

Ukul ya kumi gbbal fami
Eat my dress before my mouth

365. _24]P+‫ ا‬,َAٌ‫_ آ‬2‫ را‬8a3 ‫إن‬

Inn bigeet rayih' kattirr al-fad'yih'
If you want to move away, make more shame

366. ,2‫ا‬EN+‫ ا‬,ِA‫ َآ‬,247 8

َ 5M ‫إن‬
Inn gumtta saiyer kattir al-a'wayir
If you want to move a away, make more scandals

367. 4‫ره‬4;‫ ' آ‬4‫ه‬LِX 4‫ره‬4[q ' =D4" ‫إن‬

Inn jattak minn s'igharah a'iddaha minn kibbara
If you are offended by children, count the offence as coming from their parents

368. ,5+‫ وا‬E `+‫ ا‬T5`3 ‫س‬,. T"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬

Al-rajil d'urrus' bih'mal al-h'iloo wa al-murr
A man is a molar tooth; he tolerates the sweet and the bitter

369. ‫ان‬t' N+‫ا‬

Al-a'ain meazan
The eye (sight) is a scale

370. ‫ر‬45`+‫ ) ا‬N2 ‫ار‬,IA+‫ا‬

Al-tikrar yia'lim al-h'imar
Repetition teaches a donkey

371. 02E' ‫ب‬4‫ه‬,+‫ف ا‬EU2 ‫ن‬4U<N+‫ا‬

Al-a'tshan yashoof al-rihab moya
A thirsty person sees mirage as water

372. ‫ب‬4‫ِه‬,+‫ ا‬k X =A2E' OHLD 4'

Ma tidafiq muiytak a'la al-rihab
Do not pour out your water because you saw a mirage

290
373. ‫اب‬,n+43 0AJ+‫ب ا‬4b ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬Z a+‫ا‬
Al-galib inn ghabb al-jitta belkharab
If the heart (mind) has gone, it is ruination for the body

374. GaK EWP9 ZAI3 4' ) a+‫ ا‬L2‫ ا‬GP+‫ا‬

Al-fi ido al-galam ma bektib nafso shagi
He who has a pen in his hand will never write of himself as unfortunate

375. Z9:+‫;_ ' ا‬M‫ر أ‬:X

A'udr agbah' minn al-danb
His excuse is worse than his sin

376. ‫ن‬45JW+‫ ا‬k X LR‫ وا‬,IU+‫م وا‬E +‫ن وا‬45N+‫ ا‬k X LR‫ر وا‬4*@+‫ وا‬T +‫ا‬
Al-leil wan-nihar wah'id a'la al-a'miyan wa-loam wa al-shukur wah'id a'la al-
sajman
Day and night are the same to a blind person, as are blame and praise to an idle
one

377. c"E+‫ ا‬h‫ و‬cJ@+‫ا‬

Al-najeea' wala al-wajeea'
Leaving home is better than staying and being miserable

378. TP+‫د ا‬EaD ‫ن‬4< W+‫ ا‬Z9‫أر‬

Arnab al-sultan tagoad al-feel
The Sultan's rabbit leads the elephant

379. ,<+‫ ا‬4‫ه‬43‫ أ‬4' ,F 4*HE+

Law fiyha khear ma abaha al-tayear
If there were any good in it, birds would not have rejected it

380. ‫م‬EJ*+‫ع ا‬4HL + \ 7‫ و‬,F

Khear waseela lildifa' al-hujoom
Attack is the best means of defence

381. ‫ج‬4JX G@A ' =+ ‫ل‬Ea2 ,`;+‫ ا‬GH ‫ك‬434;+‫ا‬

Al-babak fi al-bah'ar yigul leak maleatni a'ajaj
He who hates you will say that you threw dust at him even if you were in the
middle of the sea

382. I5AD 5+ IW5D‫إ‬

Itmaskan lamman titmakan
Pretend to be humble until you have power (to get what you want)

291
383. ‫ل‬4A‫ آ‬p+E+‫ا‬
Al-wilif kattal
Familiarity is a great killer

384.  N9 ka;3 h‫ و‬X,I+‫ ا‬GH <+‫ ا‬OِQ

ٌ Dِ
Tilis'iq al-tean fi al-kira'ean wala bibga na'lean
Mud stuck on the feet will not become shoes

385. ,K4I' \`;. h‫ و‬,K4;' \  3

Balilat mubashir wala d'abih'at mukashir
It is better to offer boiled millet with a smile than a slaughtered animal with a
frown

386. =; M X LN3 =@X X LN3

Ba;eed a'n a'ynak ba'eed a'n galbak
Far from your eyes, far from your heart

387. ‫ك‬EU+‫ ا‬0H ," ‫ك‬L " 4' ‫ا‬L "

Jildan ma jildak jur fiho ashoak
Skin that is not yours, stick thorns on it

388. 4*l‫ا‬E+‫ق ا‬,`D ,5J+‫ا‬

Al-jamra tah'rig al-watiyha
Firebrands burn the one who treads on them

389. =2‫>ذ‬2 E+‫ و‬0@' ,ِAٌ‫ش َآ‬%;+‫ل ا‬4'

Mal al-balash katir minu wa lao ya-azeak
Take as much as you can that is free even if it harms you

390. ‫ال‬tb 0'‫ ا‬X GH ‫د‬,a+‫ا‬

Al-girid fi a'ain umu ghazal
The monkey is a deer in his mother's eyes

391. ‫ء‬4I3 ‫ل‬4",+‫`= ا‬.

D'h'ikk al-rijal bukka
Men's laughter is crying

392. Lf‫ا‬EH ‫م‬EM L@X ‫م‬EM Zf4Q'

Mas'aib gawom a'inda gawom fawaid
Misfortune for some is advantage for others

393. E'E‫ آ‬E‫ه‬4" 0'E9 GH )249

Naim fi noamu jahu komu
He was asleep when he received his share

292
394. 4QX EIW'‫ن و‬45X
A'miyan wa masakoho a'as'a
He is blind and they gave him a stick

395. r 3‫ إ‬EWP9 ‫ر‬4IK

Shakkar nafso iblees
The one who praises himself is a devil

396. 0@J+‫ ا‬GH r 3‫) إ‬UX

A'sham iblees fi al-janna
Devil's hope in Paradise

397. ‫ت‬Eq 4‫ وادوه‬,24X

Ayra wa addoha s'oat
Racing and being lashed

398. ‫اس‬,+‫ ا‬GH ‫س‬4P+‫ ا‬cM‫و‬

Waga' al-fass fi al-ras
The axe has fallen upon the head

399. L]+ Z a@2 LR ‫ت‬4P+‫ا‬

Al-fatt h'adu yingalib lid'idu
That which goes beyond its limit will turn to its contrary

400. 4‫ه‬LM c7‫ و‬4‫ه‬L7 =; b ‫ن‬4‫آ‬

Kan ghalabak sadha wassa' gadaha
If you failed to patch a puncture, enlarge it

401. )Ub ‫) اد‬2,‫آ‬

Karim adda ghasheem
A generous person has offered a gift to an undeserving one

402. =94‫ ه‬0A',‫) إن أآ‬B +‫ا‬

Al-laim inn akramtu hannak
If you honour a villain, he will humiliate you

403. G5N2 =94F‫ا '@= ود‬,F h

La khairan minnak wa dukhanak ya'mmi
No benefit comes from you, and yet the smoke you make causes blindness

404. G@K4ND 4' G@M h

Lageeni ma ta'asheeni
Better to meet me with a warm heart than offer me dinner

293
405. EXE'‫ل د‬t@D 4' EXE‫ آ‬GH Eal E+
Lao tagoo fi kua'o ma tanzil dumoa'o
Even if they hit him on the elbow, he will never shed tears

406. ZR4Q+‫ ' ا‬k+‫ او‬rP@+‫ا‬

Al-naffess awla min al-s'ah'ib
One’s own self is worthier than a friend

407. ‫ن‬4< 7 0WP9 GH ‫ن‬4W9‫ إ‬Tُ‫آ‬

Kulu innsan fi nafsu s'ultan
Everybody is a sultan to himself

408. 074H ,<ND ‫ل‬L@Q+‫ة ا‬,JK

Shajarat al-s’andal ta'tir fasa
A sandalwood tree perfumes its axe

409. ‫ا‬,P‫ آ‬O<9‫ا و‬,‫ ده‬85q

S'amat dahran wa nataq kufran
Paused for a year and then spoke nonsense

410. ,N;+‫ ا‬,*x 85QM GA+‫\ ا‬Ua+‫ا‬

Al-qasha alti qas'amat t’ahar al-ba'ear
The straw that broke the camel's back

411. 0 nW+‫ ا‬TaX E aX‫ و‬0 n@+‫ل ا‬El E+El

Tolu tool al-nakhala wa a'glu a'gl al-sakhala
As tall as a palm tree with the mind of a baby goat

412. ‫ت‬EP3 h‫ و‬c ;A3 h ‫ت‬ER )]X

A'd'um h'utt la bitbalia' wala bifutt
A fishbone in the throat can neither be swallowed nor expelled

413. JN3 ‫< ودي‬3 ‫دي دي‬47

Sadi di biteen wa di ba'jeen
He blocks one ear with mud and the other with paste

414. G94'‫ ر‬LX47 LAK‫ ا‬45 H \24',+‫ ا‬0A5 X

A'llumtahu al-rimaya fa-lama ishtadda sa'idahoo ramani
I taught him to shoot, but when his arm got stronger, he shot me down

415. G94J‫ ه‬0AH4M ‫ل‬4M 45 H GH‫ا‬Ea+‫) ا‬v9 0A5 X

G94'‫ ر‬LX47 LAK‫ أ‬45 H ‫ ٍم‬E2 T‫\ آ‬24',+‫ ا‬05 X‫وأ‬
A'lamtahu nat’m al-qawafi falama qal qafitahu hajani
Wa ua'limahu al-rimaya kula yawmin falama ishtadda sa'idahu ramani
I taught him how to write poetry, and when he wrote his poetry he lampooned me
and I taught him how to shoot; when his arm got stronger he shot me down

294
416. ‫اب‬E3h‫ ا‬k X G@a;7 L`U+‫ ا‬0A5 X
A'lamtu al-shih'ida, s’abagni a'la al-abwab
I taught him begging and he got to the doors before me

417. `l %3 0NJN" ‫ة‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat ja'ja'h bala tah'een
Much noise and no flour

418. _;]2 T+‫ ا‬GH‫;_ و‬W2 ‫ر‬4*@+‫ ا‬GH

Fi al-nahar yisabbih' wa fi-leil yid'abbih
He prays all the day, but he slaughters (people) at night

419. ,<5+‫\ ا‬2E5+ E5UF _D4H‫ و‬,`;+‫ ا‬GH 0X,ِ‫آ‬

Kira'eaho fi al-bah'ar wa fatih' khashmo limoayat al-matar
His feet are in the sea and he opens his mouth for raindrops

420. )]X ka 2 L3t+‫ ا‬GH GaU+‫ا‬

Al-shaqi fi al-zibdda yalqa a'ad'um
An unfortunate person finds a bone in the butter

421. Gaَ3 GaU+‫ ا‬,5ُX

A'umur al-shagi bagi
The miserable one has a long life

422. ‫ت‬E5+‫ات ا‬,I7 ِ' ٌ,R‫دي أ‬4XY‫\ ا‬D45K

Shamatat al-a-a'adi ah'arra min sakarat al-moat
Enemies'gloating over your grief is harder to bear than the agony of death

423. 4U`+‫\ ا‬M,ُR ِ' ٌ,R‫دي أ‬4XY‫\ ا‬D45K

Shamatat al-a-a'adi ah'arra min h'urgat al-h'asha
Enemies' gloating over your sadness is harder to bear than the loss of your
children

424. ْ8`
َ @ْ Dِ ‫اء‬,PQ+‫ا‬
Al-s'afra tinh'att
The yellow leaf will fall down

425. ,J`3 2‫ر‬EPQX ‫ب‬,.

D'arab a'us'forean beh'ajar
He hit two birds with one stone

426. 4@+Eqُ‫ت أ‬LUُ9 4' 4@+EaX '

Min a'ugoalna ma nushidat us'olna
For our wisdom nobody asked about our origins

295
427. ‫ل‬45XY43 ,FŠ‫ وا‬cH4@5+43 49L+‫ا‬
Al-duniya bil-manafia' wa al-akhra bi-ala a'mal
Life's benefit is in its opportunities, but afterlife's benefit is gained with good
deeds

428. T3h‫رد ا‬ED ‫ا‬:I‫ ه‬4'

Ma hakatha toordu al-ibil
That is not the way to take camels to the water pool

429. =H4`+ ‫ر‬LM = "‫ ر‬L'

Mid rijlak a'la gadur lih'affak
Stretch your leg according to your mattress

430. 45‫ت ه‬4' ‫س‬4@+‫ ا‬c34D '

Munn tabba' an-nass mata hammann
Whoever chases people's affairs is bound to die of solitude

431. 4*H cM‫ و‬0Fh ‫ة‬,PR ,PR '

Munn h'afar h'ufratan liakhiyihi waqaa' fiyaha
He who digs a hole for his brother falls in it

432. )*@' ‫ر‬4q 4'E2 N3‫ ار‬4'EM ,K4X '

Munn a'ashara qawman arba'ean yawman s'ar mithlahum
He who lives with a group for forty days becomes one of them

433. iU3 GM‫ درد‬4a@3‫ د‬49‫د‬

Dunia dabanga dardigi bishaish
Life is brittle as dabanga (a clay pot), roll it slowly

434. 0@" ka;A3 4' 49L+‫ا‬

Al-duniya ma bitabaga janna
Life will never be paradise

435. 4H‫ر اد‬49 ‫د‬EX ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬E+ 4PJD 4' =52LM

Gadeemak ma tajaffa lao a'udd narr adaffa
Do not abandon your old belongings; even if it is only firewood get warm with it

436. LRh‫ ا‬ka D 8;W+‫م ا‬LM

Gaddim al-sabit talga al-ah'ad
Offer Saturday and you will find Sunday

437. '4<D 'h '4D 4'

Ma taamin lamin tat'amin
Do not feel safe until you are buried

296
438. =7‫ را‬T3 E@2‫= ز‬F‫ن ا‬4‫آ‬
Kan akhook zayyano bil rasak
If your brother has his hair cut, wet yours

439. ‫ر‬:9ُ‫ْ أ‬5ِ+ ‫ َر‬:X h

La a'udra limann undir
No excuse for one who has been warned

440. 0+ ‫ر‬LQAD 4' ='%‫ آ‬45+‫م ا‬%I+‫ا‬

Al-kalam al-ma kalamakk ma tits'adar liyyaho
Do not stand up for words that are not yours

441. T5"h‫ و‬4*H G+ \M49 h

La naqat li fiyha wa la jamal
I have neither a she-camel nor a he- camel in this matter

442. TM4X ‫ن‬EI2 8@<Q5+4H ‫ن‬E@J' ) IA5+‫ن ا‬4‫إذا آ‬

Ida kann al-mutakalim majnoon fa-al-mustamia' yakoon a'agil
If the speaker is mad, the hearer should be wise

443. c57 ْ5‫ ' راى آ‬r+

Laysa mann ra-a kamann sama'a
The one who saw is not like the one who heard

444. ‫ن‬42,X 4*H i'‫ك ا‬L 3 4' ‫ا‬L 3

Baladan ma baladak amshi fiha a'rian
Walk naked in a country that is not yours

445. ‫ار‬La' ٌTM ‫ دار‬k F '

Mann khala daru galla migdaru
He who leaves his home loses his dignity

446. L+E+43 L ;+‫ ا‬TAM‫أ‬

Aqtul al-balad bilwalad
Kill the land with its own sons!

447. ‫س‬4@+‫ ا‬ZJN;+‫ ا‬r;+‫;= وا‬JN;+‫ ا‬T‫اآ‬

Ukkl al-bia'gbak; wa albas al-bia'ajb an-nas
Eat whatever you like and wear what other people like

448. ,5N+‫\ ا‬+El h‫ و‬0N5W+‫ا‬

Al suma’a wala tolat ala’umur
Good reputation is better than long life

297
449. 4a D 4' }@a+‫ ا‬L@X 0X47 4' 4; ‫آ‬
Kalban ma saa'iyho a'indd al-ganeas' ma talgaho
If you did not bring a dog you will not find it when hunting

450. N7 GH \N3

Biya'a fi sia'yyan
Sale in a sack

451. 3 ‫وا‬,M‫ا‬EK '  +‫ ا‬p2,n+‫ا‬

Al-kharif al-liyyin min shawageeru biyyin
Wet autumn is known by its signs

452. =PI2 E9‫ا‬E@X ' ‫اب‬EJ+‫ا‬

Al-jawab min a'nwano yakfeek
A letter’s address satisfies you

453. ‫اذ‬EK LX4M TI+

Likuli qa-a'da shawad
Every rule has its exceptions

454. =+4' ‫ راس‬GH 0;W`D 4' =+4' 45+‫ل ا‬45+‫ا‬

Almal al-ma malak ma tah'sibo fi rass malak
Wealth is not yours; do not count it as your capital

455. E'42‫ ا‬LND 4' \aP9 0H ‫ك‬L@X 45+‫ ا‬,*U+‫ا‬

Al-shahar alma a'indak fiho nafaga ma tiaid ayyamu
Do not count the days of a month for which you have no pay

456. 4*+ GR4`3 o‫ ا‬Z@. 4*+ 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma liyha d'anabb Allah bih'ah'I liyaha
That which has no tail, Allah will drive insects away from it

457. GX‫و را‬L@X 45 + GX‫ا‬,3 o‫ا‬

Allah braa'I lilma a'indo raa'i
God watches for those with no guardians
(Adam and Tum, NO. 550, p. 548)

458. p2,J+‫ ا‬GH 03E‫ راآ‬G+ ,IUD 4'

Ma tashakkir liye rakoba fi al-khareef
Never recommend a thatched hut in the rainy season

459. =WR ‫س‬L3 4' ،=7L3 ia+‫ ا‬83

Biyat al-gash bidisak ma bidiss h'ssak
A thatched hut will hide you, but not your voice

298
460. 2," TU3 4' ‫اس‬,+‫ا‬
Al ras ma bisheel jarrean
The head cannot carry two pots

461. ‫م‬4N@+‫ ا‬Z b ‫ان‬,<+‫ي وا‬,J+‫ا‬

Al-jari wa al-tayran ghalab al-na'am
Running and flyingat the same time proved impossible for the ostrich

462. E; R‫ل أ‬4M ‫ر‬ED 8 M

Qulta toar qal ah'libu
I told him that it is an ox, but he said milk it

463. ,QM Z]I+‫ ا‬T;R

H'abeil al-kid'ib gas'eer
Lying’s rope is short

464. 4",X GU' h‫ و‬E a"

Jagloo wa la mashi a'urruja
An unpaved or muddy road is not a path for lame people to walk

465. ,J`+‫ ا‬83," 0.‫ر‬h‫ا‬

Al-ard'a jarrabat al-h'ajar
The termite tried the rock

466. Z;l ‫>ل‬WD h‫ِب و‬,Jُ' ‫>ل‬7‫أ‬

Asal mujarib wala tasal tabeeb
Ask an expert, do not ask a doctor

467. 0Q9 T‫آ‬42 E+‫زو و‬4;n+ JN+‫أدي ا‬

Adi al-a'jeen likhabazu wa-lau yaku nus'u
Give the dough to a baker even though he may eat half of it

468. ZNQ+‫ ا‬Z‫آ‬,2 ,<5+‫ا‬

A l-mud't'ar yarkab al-s'a'ab
The desperate will take the difficult path

469. ‫ط‬E7 ‫ب‬,. 0`Q@+‫ا‬

Al-nas'eaha d'arib s'oat
Advice is as painful as lashing

470. ‫ر‬E9 \`Q@+‫ا‬

Al-nas'eaha noor
Advice is light

299
471. ‫ر‬4@ + ‫ع‬E",' G@+‫ا‬
Al-nai marjoa' lilnar
The raw food goes back to the fire

472. ‫ء‬4I;+‫ ا‬k X EqE3 4' )A+‫ا‬

Al-yateem ma biwas'oho a'la al-bikka
One should not advise an orphan to cry

473. 4@J+‫;\ ا‬M‫ن ر‬,WI3 ‫دات‬hE+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat al-waladdat biksiran ragabat al-jana
Too many midwives will break the child's neck

474. =]N3 h‫ و‬0J9ENM E5UF GH ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬Z3‫د‬

Dabeeb kan fi khashmu ga-a'unja wa la ba'd'eek
A snake that has a frog in its mouth does not bite you

475. G]N3 4' ‫اد‬," 05UF GM ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬G3‫ا‬L+‫ا‬

Al-dabib kan fi khashmu jarada ma bea’d’i
A snake that has a locust in its mouth will not bite

476. \2E ' 4*;R 4‫ره‬LaD 45+‫ ا‬L2Y‫ا‬

Al-iead al-ma taqdara h'ibaha malwiya
A hand if you cannot oppose it, kiss it even if it is turned against you

477. ‫ي‬43E;‫ ه‬42 ‫ي‬%3‫ ا‬42 ‫وا‬LR‫ و‬h‫ززت و‬E‫ن ه‬4‫ آ‬,JK
Shajara kan hozazat wala weheado ya habobai ya ablai
A tree cannot shake by itself; if a tree shakes, either a monkey or the wind shakes
it

478. ‫ر‬49 %3 ‫ن‬4F‫ د‬GH 4'

Ma- fi dukhan bala narr
There is no smoke without fire

479. Ol ‫ل‬Ea3 4' OK 0M 4' E+ ‫د‬EN+‫ا‬

Al-a'uoad lao ma fiyho shaq ma biqool taq
A stick without a crack in it will not sound

480. =[ 3 G +‫ ا‬h‫= إ‬5AK 4'

Ma shatamak ila ali balaghak
The one who reported to you was the one who insulted you

481. OM‫ ر‬T`' c<a@3 T;`+‫ا‬

Al-habil bingatia' mah'al rigayeag
A rope will break where it is thin

300
482. 0A;M‫"\ ر‬EX ‫ف‬,N3 4' T5J+‫ا‬
Al-jamal ma bia'rif a'wajat ragabtu
The camel does know the crookedness of its neck

483. )5A+‫ ا‬T<3 ‫ء‬45+‫ ا‬,]R ‫إذا‬

Ida h'ad'ar al-ma batla la-tayammum
If water is available, one must not use sand for washing

484. ‫ن‬4'‫ '@*) ا‬4' ‫ن‬4< 7 ‫ي‬43E3‫ وادي و‬LM,'‫ و‬G3‫ دا‬L+‫و‬
Welead dabi wa margadd wadi wa bobai s'ultan ma minahum amann
One cannot feel secure with a baby snake, a riverbed and a sultan's fallow land

485. OH‫ ر‬ka 3 ‫رب‬L+‫= ا‬745+‫ا‬

Al-masik al-darib bilga rafeeg
He who takes the road will find a companion

486. EA2‫ا‬La3 E W3 ‫ي‬4‫آ‬EK E ‫آ‬

Kulo shokai bisilo bigadayato
Each thorn is withdrawn through its own hole

487. ‫ن‬4',Q+‫ ا‬c' c3‫ن و‬4NJ+‫ ا‬c' T‫اآ‬

Ukul ma' al-jia'ann wa biya' ma' al-s'arrman
Eat with the hungry one and buy from the needy

488. ,243 E+‫ و‬0 `+‫ ا‬83 ‫وج‬tD‫ و‬,24X ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬E+‫رب و‬L+‫ ا‬c;D‫ا‬
Atbaba' al-darib wa lao a’yir wa tazawj bit al –h’ila wa lao bayir
Follow the road even if it is winding and marry a woman from your area even if
she is old

489. (G9>D %3) 49‫ا‬E D 4' )*@' ‫ي‬,"‫ ا‬T2‫ د‬09%WI+‫\ ا‬3‫ا‬L+‫ وا‬094U<N+‫ار ا‬L+‫ وا‬09‫ا‬LI@+‫ة ا‬tJ+‫)ا‬
Al-jeeza al-nakdana wa al-dar al-a'tshana wa al-dabah al-kaslana, deal ajri
minahum ma talwana
An unhappy marriage, a thirsty land and a lazy pack animal, escape all these

490. GM%3 G`+‫ا‬

Al-h'ai bilagi
Whoever is alive will meet (his relatives or friends)

491. ‫ف‬EU3 G`+‫ا‬

Al-h'ai bishoof
The living person will see (what will happen)

301
492. GR EM‫ رز‬G`+‫ا‬
Al-h'ai rizgo h'ai
Whoever is alive, his sustenance is alive

493. =; [2 =; M GP+‫ا‬
Al-fi galbak yaghalbak
What is in your heart will defeat you

494. 03 k ;D 8' ‫ راس‬TUD h

La tasheel rass meit tabla biyho
Do not carry a dead head for you may entangle yourself

495. 0+‫ او‬c34D ‫اد‬,J+‫ا‬

Al-jarad tabia' awalo
The locust will follow its leader

496. k`]+‫ ا‬T. )I`+‫ا‬

Al-h'ukum d'ull d'ah'a
Authority is a forenoon shadow

497. pAI+‫ ا‬GH caD ،‫اس‬,+‫ ' ا‬8NM‫ن و‬4‫ آ‬0M4l

At-t’agiyyaa kan waga’aat min ar-as bitaga’ fil-katif
When a hat falls from the head it falls on the shoulder

498. ,aN+‫ ا‬L+ED 0N"E+‫ا‬

Al wajea’a tiwalid al-ua’qar
Prejudice makes the barren give birth to babies

499. ‫و‬L7 c34D Z ‫ آ‬0@J+‫ا‬

Al-janiya kalib tabia' sido
A crime is a dog that follows its owner

500. ‫ر‬4R E‫ وه‬,J`+‫ب ا‬,.‫أ‬

Ad’rab al-h’adead wahu harr
Strike while the iron is hot

501. cM‫" و‬,7 ‫ب‬4‫رآ‬

Rakkab sarjean wagga’
Who rides on two saddles will fall

502. = nD 4' ‫س‬4@+‫= وا‬JD 49L+‫ا‬

Al-duniya tajeak wa al-nas ma takhaleak
Life oppresses you and people blame you

302
503. ‫ك‬LR‫ و‬GI;D GI3‫= أ‬N' 49L+‫]`= ا‬D =`.‫أ‬
Ad'h’ak tad'h'ak al-duniya ma'k, abki tabki wah'dak
Laugh and the world will laugh with you: cry and you will cry alone

504. EN<a3 )I`+‫ ا‬GH E‫رآ‬4K EX4;q ‫ن‬4‫ن آ‬4< W+‫ا‬

Al-s'ultan kan s'ubaa'o sharko fi al-h'ukum biqata'o
The sultan would cut off his finger if it shared his power

505. k'4A+‫ ا‬7‫ رو‬GH 0942t+‫ ) ا‬ND‫إ‬

Ita'alm al-ziyana fi rosean al-yatama
Learn haircutting on orphans' heads

506. Z24F k",D 4' 0P7 k"‫ار‬

Arja safeeh ma tarja khayib
Rely on a prodigal rather than a hopeless person

507. GH4NA' ‫م‬EaD GHLA' LM‫ار‬

Argud mudaffi tagum muta'ffi
Sleep warm and you will get up healthy

508. ,JU+‫ ا‬8`D ‫ت‬E5D ‫ة‬,UN+‫ام ا‬

Umm al-a'shara tamut tih't al-shajara
The mother of ten (children) dies under a tree

509. E;74@D h E;74`D h ‫و‬L2,A;+‫ا‬

Al-bitreedo la-tah'asbo la tinasbo
Neither share a business, nor enter into marriage alliance with the person you love
dearly

510. ,‫اآ‬,I+‫ ا‬GH ,5X G]a3 ‫ل‬4;J+‫ع ا‬E l ‫ف‬4n;+‫ا‬

Al-bikhaf tuloa' al-jibal bigad'I a'umro fi al-karakeer
Whoever fears climbing mountains will live forever in caves

511. L2LK El4X G.4P+‫ ا‬T',;+‫ا‬

Al-birmeel al-fad'i a'iyato shaded
An empty barrel makes a loud sound

512. ‫غ‬4; " 02EK EA2E5+‫ ا‬NW+‫ا‬

Assia'in al-moytu shawayya jalbagh
A leather bag with a little water in it shakes frequently

513. 4‫اه‬EW + \Q[' 4‫اه‬EW3 45+‫ ا‬GH \@W`+‫ا‬

Al-h'asana fi ma biswaha maghas'a lilsawaha
A favour to one who does not deserve it is an annoyance to the doer

303
514. 07‫ را‬k X ,nA3 ‫ود‬La' \3,M TU;+‫ا‬
Al-bisheel girba magdoda bitkhur fi rasu
He who carries a punctured water bag will spill it on his head

515. =A9‫ا‬En3 ‫ن‬EnD h‫= و‬94'43 '4D h

La ta-amin biamana wala takhwain bikwantak
Do not trust others to have your honesty and do not accuse them because you are
dishonest

516. ‫ب‬:I+43 ‫ك‬t;@2 ‫ب‬:I+43 ‫ك‬,IU+‫ا‬

Al-yashkurak bi-al-kadib yinabizak bi-al-kadib
He who lies to praise you will lie to criticise you

517. ‫وح‬,3 2‫وح و‬,+‫ ا‬TD4‫آ‬

Katil al-roah' wean biroah
The soul killer has nowhere to go

518. ‫د‬EW2 h ‫د‬EW`+‫ا‬

Al-h'asud la yasud
The envious will not rise

519. kIAK‫ إ‬G@a;7‫ و‬kI3 G94M‫د‬

Daqani baka wa sabaqni ishtaka
He slapped me and wept; he went before me and complained

520. ‫و‬L" ‫م‬%‫ف آ‬,N3 E3‫ ا‬,]`+‫ا‬

Al-h'id'ir abu ba'rif kalam jidu
Whoever lives to know his father, knows the wisdom of his grandfather

521. HL@A3 4' T]+‫ ا‬T&' \aa`+‫ا‬

Al-h'ageega mithal al-d'd'ull ma bitindafin
Truth is like a shadow, it cannot be buried

522. ُ ,b O
َ D ,F ٌTM ' ‫ك‬,D‫أ‬
Atruk mann gala khiyro talga ghearo
Abandon the one whose benefit is diminished and you will find someone better

523. =aH‫ ر‬ka;3 4' ‫ك‬L2‫ق إ‬4. 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma d'aq iedak ma bibqa rafeaqak
He who does not suffer from your hand will not become your friend

524. }M,+‫ ' ا‬0H ‫ن‬4;Q+‫ ا‬k X ‫>س‬3 %H 4ً3‫ر‬4. T;< + 8;+‫ ا‬,;‫ن آ‬4‫إذا آ‬
Ida kana kabear al-biyeet liltabl d'arban fla bas a'la als'biyan fiyhi minn al-
raqas'i

304
 If the head of the house is a drumbeater, boys are allowed to dance

525. }M,+‫ ا‬k X 0H ‫ن‬4;Q+‫ُ ِ) ا‬D %H 4ً3‫ر‬4. ‫ف‬L+43 8;+ ‫ب‬
ُ ‫ن ر‬4‫إذا آ‬
Ida kan rab al-beati a'la al-duffi d'arban fala talum al-s'ibiyan fiehi a'la al-ragsi
If the head of the family beats on the drum, do not blame the children when they
dance.

526. ‫ر‬4@+43 ‫ ِء‬4]',+‫ ' ا‬,JAW5+4‫آ‬

Kalmustajeari minn al-ramd'ai bilnar
Like one who seeks protection from scorching heat by fire

527. ,;+‫ ا‬GH cM‫ و‬,Pُ`+‫د ' ا‬,K

Sharad minn al-h'ufra waqa' fi al-bear
He escaped from the hole, but he fell in the well

528. \qED h‫ و‬4ً5IR T7‫أر‬

Arsil h'akeeman wa la taws'ihi
Send a wise man and do not advise him

529. ,`;+‫ ا‬GH G'‫وف وار‬,N' T5X‫أ‬

A-a'mal ma'roof wa armi fi al-bah'ar
Do a favour and throw it into the sea

530. + 8‫ وآ‬E3,I3 pNW+‫ا‬

As-sa'aaf bekurboo wakit layyinn
Palm leaves are plaited when wet

531. ‫ل‬4;J+‫ ا‬G<[3 ‫م‬%]+‫ا‬

Al-d’alam bighata al-jibal
Darkness covers the mountains

532. ‫ع‬4"‫و‬Y‫ ا‬L D 49L+‫ا‬

Al-duniya talid al-awja'
Life gives birth to pain

533. 0M,W+‫ ) ا‬N2 Z24W+‫ل ا‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mal assaib ya'lim al-sarigga
Unattended money teaches theft

534. 4N' 0AJR Z24[+‫ا‬

Al-ghaib h'jatu ma'ahu
The absentee might have his reasons

535. 034`q‫ أ‬kW9 034;R‫ أ‬ka +‫ا‬

Al-liqa ah'babu nisa as'h'abu
The one who met his loved ones forgot his friends

305
536. ,‫ه‬L+‫دِب ا‬y5+‫) ا‬N9
Nia'm al-muadib al-dahar
Time is the best discipliner

537. pN]+‫ ا‬T‫آ‬42 ‫ي‬Ea+‫ا‬

Al-gawi yakul al-d'a'eef
The strong one eats the weak one

538. _Q3 0];+‫_ ' ا‬Q@+‫ ا‬E7EW+‫ا‬

Al-siwsiyo al-nas’iyh min al-biyd’a bis’iyh
A healthy nestling cries as soon as it is hatched

539. ‫ن‬4<U+‫ ' ا‬0 JN+‫ا‬

Al-a'jala minn al-shiyytan
Haste is from the devil

540. E@' ,ِAٌ‫ش آ‬%;+‫ل ا‬4'

Mal al-balash katir minu
That which you get free, take plenty of it

541. E3‫ در‬kW@3 4' ‫ادي‬E+‫ا‬

Al-wadi ma binsa darbo
The wadi does not forget its pathway

542. ‫ن‬4U<N+‫ ا‬cP@3 4' ‫ب‬4‫ه‬,+‫ف ا‬EK

Shoaf al-rihab ma binfa' al-a'tshan
Looking at a mirage will not benefit a thirsty person

543. ‫ال‬tb TAa3 4' N+‫ف ا‬EK

Shoaf al-a'ain ma bigtul ghazal
You cannot kill a deer by looking at it

544. \3,a+‫ ا‬T5‫ط آ‬4a@+‫ا‬

Al-naggat kammal al-girba
Constant dripping has emptied the water bag

545. ‫ش‬,a+‫ ا‬L 3ِ ‫ش‬,a+‫ا‬

Al-girish bilid al-girish
Money breeds money

546. ‫ج‬%N+‫ ' ا‬,F \24ME+‫ا‬

Al-wiqaya khairun min al-a'ilaj
Prevention is better than cure

306
547. c n' ‫ر‬4J@+‫ب ا‬43
Bab al-najar mukhllaa'
The carpenter's door is falling apart

548. ‫ر‬42‫اب د‬,F‫ و‬0A'

Meatah wa kharab diyar
Death and ruination of homes

549. ka D ‫ي‬EWA+‫ا‬
Al-tisawi talqa
He who makes will find

550. 0H,ِa+‫ وا‬4QN+‫ ا‬3 TFL2 0H,ِN+‫ ا‬T M

Galeal al-a'irfa yadkhul bean al-a's'a wa al-girfa
He who has little knowledge interferes between the stick and its bark

551. )A2 ‫ل‬4' ‫ل‬EaD ‫ر‬4R

H'ar tugoal mal yateem
As hot as an orphan's wealth

552. T]P2‫† و‬3,2 0 *5+‫ ا‬T;R

Habl al-mahala yarbut wa yifad'ill
A rope of slowness will tie and stay

553. ,F 4*H ,R>D Tُ‫آ‬

Kul ta-akhiyrah fiyha khiyrah
In everything that is late, there is good

554. 09‫>وا‬3 jK Tُ‫آ‬

Kuli shayi bi-awanu
Everything has its time

555. ‫ن‬4't+43 E*U'‫ن ا‬4'h‫درب ا‬

Darb al-amman amsheeho ba-izamman
Take the safe road even if it takes ages to walk it

556. Z‫آ‬,5+‫ا ا‬EM,[2 W2‫ر‬

Risyean ghargoo al-murkab
Two captains in a boat will sink it

557. ‫\ دود‬94 ' 4*@<;+‫\ ا‬3L@]+‫\ ا‬R457

Samahat al-d'und'ubah al-batuna malyana dud
The beauty of the tund'uba (tropical fruits) that is full of worms

307
558. <+‫ ا‬T5" \R457
Samah'at jamal al-tiyeen
The beauty of a mud camel

559. \'%W+‫ ا‬G94A+‫ ا‬GH‫ و‬0'‫ا‬L@+‫ \ ا‬JN+‫ ا‬GH

Fi al-a'ajala al-nadama wa fi al-ta-ani al-salama
Regret is in haste, safety is in caution

560. ‫و‬L7 ' <;+‫ض ا‬,' h‫ ا‬o‫ض ' ا‬,5+‫ ا‬T‫آ‬

Kul-al-marad' min Allah illa marad' al batun min sidu
All diseases are from God except the disease of the stomach, which is from the
patient

561. 4*3‫ا‬,A3 4‫ه‬E@HL3 ‫ة‬,P`+‫ا‬

Al-h’ufra bidfunoha betraba
A hole will be buried (filled) with its own sand

562. )@*" ' \N<M ,PW+‫ا‬

Al-safar gita'a minn jahnam
Travelling is a piece of hellfire

563. ‫ر‬4@+‫ ا‬ZaX 457 GH 4'

Mafi siman agab al-nar
No poison survives fire

564. r5U+‫ ا‬8`D %`AW' GH 4'

Mafi mustah'eelan tih't al-shamss
Nothing is impossible under the sun

565. ‫ف‬EU2 iN2 G +‫ا‬

Al-liyea'eash yashuf
He who lives will see

566. 8;+‫س ا‬49 G]N2 4' ‫ اول‬,NW2 45+ Z I+‫ا‬

Al-kalib lama yasa'ar awal ma ya'd'i nas al-beat
When a dog has rabies, it starts to bite its owners

567. 0a94F L2,3 Z I+‫ا‬

Al-kalib biread khangu
The dog likes his throttling

568. = "‫ ر‬8ُF =7‫ را‬8ُnD 4' T`'

Mah'al ma tukhut rasak khut rijleak
Where you put your head, put your feet

308
569. T;`+‫ ا‬,J' ' ‫ف‬4n2 Z3L+‫\ ا‬q,M O24]+‫ا‬
Al-d'aiq gars'at al-dabeab yakhaf min majar al-h'abil
He who has been bitten by a snake is scared of ropes

570. l4U+‫ ا‬8;‫\ ذه‬If%5+‫ت ا‬,]R ‫إذا‬

Ida h'at'ratt al-malaika dabat al-shayateen
If the angels come, the devils will leave

571. ‫داء‬EW+‫ ا‬Z [D ‫ء‬4];+‫@\ ا‬+‫ا‬

An-niyya al-bid'a taghlib al-soda
White intentions conquer black ones

572. 4‫ه‬L7 \ '‫@\ زا‬+‫ا‬

An-niyya zamlat sidah
Intention accompanies its intender

573. \2‫ر‬:+‫ _ ا‬Q2 \@+‫ض ا‬43

Biyad' an-niyya yas'lih al-duriya
Whitening the intention makes progeny more virtuous

574. k PW+‫ ا‬L+‫ ' ا‬,F 4 N+‫ ا‬L+‫ا‬

Al-yad al a'uliya khaerun min al-yad al-sufla
The upper hand is better than the lower hand

575. pF‫ زار و‬5H o‫رك ا‬43

Bark Allah fi mann zara wa khaffa
God bless the one whose visit is short

576. ٌَpF
َ ‫ٌَ وإن زار‬pX
َ T‫إن أآ‬
Inn akal a'affa wa inn zar khaffa
When he visits he makes it short and when he eats he is virtuous

577. o‫ ا‬O F „W5D \ <+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katrat al-talla timasikh khalg Allah
Too frequent visits make one boring

578. cPA9‫ وأ‬cP9 5H o‫رك ا‬43

Barak Allah fi mun nafa' wa antafa'
God bless the one who benifits himself and others

579. ‫و‬,q4ND 4' ‫و‬,q43

Bas’ro ma ta'as'ro
Deliver it gently, do not force it through

309
580. ‫س‬4@+‫ت اول ا‬E52 ‫ز‬4ٌJ`+‫ا‬
Al-h'ajjaz yamut awal al-nas
The peacemaker dies before others

581. ‫ت‬4H 4' G X =;D h

La tabki a'la ma fatt
Do not cry for what has gone

582. ‫ر‬4َN+ْ ‫ ا‬kِP@ْ 2َ ‫ٌَر‬4A+‫ ا‬Lَ F

ْ ‫َأ‬
Akhadd al-tarr yanffi al-a'arr
Taking revenge wipes out dishonour

583. 0aR ‫ ادو‬Z24b Tُ‫آ‬

Kullu ghaib ado h'agoo
Give every absentee his right

584. 4N' ‫ر‬:X Zf4[+‫ا‬

Al-ghaib a'uzru ma'ahu
The absentee has his own justification

8. Contentment and Patience

585. \X4@a+‫ ا‬GH k@[+‫ا‬

Al-ghina fi al-qana-a'a
Wealth is in contentment

586. k@P2 h t@‫\ آ‬X4@a+‫ا‬

al-qana-a'a kanzun la yafna
Wealth is a treasure that does not perish

587. ,24l p+‫ ا‬h‫ و‬L+‫ ا‬GH ‫اد‬,"

Jarada fi al-yadd wala alif tayira
A locust in the hand is better than a thousand flying

588. 0' TU2 Z2,a@N+‫@\ ا‬+‫ ا‬8Pq ‫ن‬4‫آ‬

Kan s'ifat al-niyah al-a'ngreab yisheel miyeah
If people's intention is sincere towards each other, one bed is enough for a
hundred of them

589. 0' GPID 0@‫ ه‬05a+

Lugma haniya takfi miyeah
A pleasant happy meal is enough for a hundred people

310
590. \D%D ‫ي‬L[3 @m‫اء إ‬Lb
Ghada ithnean bighadi thalatha
Two people's dinner is enough for three

591. 49,b ,5D h‫ و‬4@3E+h

Laloobnna wala tamur ghiyrna
Our balanite fruits are better than others' dates

592. ‫ زول‬,5D h‫ و‬GA2‫ا‬L J‫ه‬

Hajildaiti wala tamur zoal
My balanite fruit is worth more to me than others’ dates

593. ‫ي زول‬4I2L‫ آ‬h‫ و‬GA24;'E q ‫ام‬

Um s'alumboiti wala kidikai zoal
My small thin rat is better than others’ fat rats

594. ‫ي‬,b ,A‫ آ‬h‫ و‬G  M

Galeali wa la katear gheari
The few that I have is better than the plenty that others have

595. o‫ ا‬4‫ه‬%52 0b‫ر‬4P+‫ا‬

Al-fargha yamlaha Allah
That which is empty God will fill it

596. iND ,3‫دا‬

Dabir ta'eash
Work your own way and you will live

597. ‫ ه‬,aP+‫ ا‬+ <+‫ن ا‬4‫آ‬

Kan al-teen lain al-faqur haiyeen
If mud is soft, it is easy to deal with poverty

598. ‫ع‬4. 0  a3 ,aR '

Mann h'agar bigalealu d'aa'
He who disparages the little that he has will lose it

599. =;Q2 =;Q9 GP+‫ا‬

Al-fi nas'eabak yas'eabak
Whatever is your destiny you will have it

600. ‫ش‬4X 0ُ  a3 k.‫' ر‬

Mann rid'a bigalealu a'ash
He who is satisfied with the little that he has will live

311
601. ‫ح‬45a+‫ ا‬h‫ و‬Tِa+‫ا‬
Al-gil wa la al-gamah'
Something is better than nothing

602. 0A A‫ آ‬h‫ و‬0A D ‫ل‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mall tiltu wal katiltu
One third of your wealth is better than losing it all

603. ُ ‫ ُ زاد‬L5R '

Mann h'amdu zadu
He who praises Him will be given more

604. ‫ح‬45M J2 E+‫_ و‬3‫ات روا‬,34Q+‫ا‬

Al-s'abrat rawabih' wa lao yajan gumah'
Patient souls are winners even if they come back with empty hands

605. ,34" ,34Q+‫ا‬

Al-s'abir jabir
Who is patient is a settler

606. ,F GH ,34Q+‫ا‬

Al-s'abir fi khair
Who is patient is in blessing

607. 03‫ ر‬Z;R ,34Q+‫ا‬

Al-s'abir h'abeab rabu
Who is patient is beloved by his God

608. Zl ,;Q+‫ا‬

Al-s’abur t'aib
Patience is virtue

609. G;@+‫ دل ا‬,;Q+‫ا‬

Al-s’abur dull an-nabi
Patience is the prophet’s way

610. ‫ل‬49 ,;َq ْ'َ

Mann s'abar naal
He who is patient will get what he wants

611. ‫ج‬,P+‫ح ا‬4AP' ,;Q+‫ا‬

Al-s’abur muftah al-faraj
Patience is the key to relief

312
612. ,]ُ3 4' ,ُ' E+‫ و‬,;Q+‫ا‬
Al-s'abur wa lao mur ma bid'ur
Patience will not harm even if it is bitter

613. GH4Q+‫ ا‬TqE2 ,IِN+‫ا‬

Al-a'ikir yiwas'il al-s'affi
Troubled water will lead you to clear water

614. ‫ل‬4;J+‫ٌ ا‬L*ِ 2 ,;Q+‫ا‬

Al-s’abr yihid al-jibal
Patience demolishes mountains

9. Silence, speech and the tongue

615. \5Iِ`+‫ ا‬a 2ُ 09~H 0@' E9‫>د‬H ‫رًا‬EM‫ و‬4ًDE5q 'y5+‫) ا‬A2‫إذا رأ‬
Ida raitum al-mu'amin s’amutan waqoran fa- adnu minho fa-inhu yulaqin al-
h'ikma
If you see a sedate, silent believer, approach him as he teaches wisdom

616. ='%‫ آ‬k X ‫م‬L@D h‫= و‬DEI7 k X ‫م‬L9‫أ‬

Andam a'la sukutak ma tandem a'la kalamak
Regret after silence is better than regret after speech

617. EA M 4' k +‫ ا‬k X ‫م‬L@D 4' EA M k +‫ ا‬k X ‫م‬L9‫أ‬

Andam a'la al-gultu, ma tandem a'la al-magultu
Regret what you have said, but do not regret what you did not say

618. Z‫ت ' ذه‬EIW+4H 0]H ' ‫م‬%I+‫ن ا‬4‫إذا آ‬

Ida kan al-kalam minn fid'ah fa-al-sukoot minn dahabb
If speech is made of silver, silence is of gold

619. ‫ا‬E 5‫ ه‬E 5ID ,2‫ دا‬E+ ‫م‬%I+‫ا‬

Al-kalam lao dair tikamlu hamilu
If you want to put an end to talk, ignore it

620. 4.,+‫'\ ا‬%X ‫ت‬EIW+‫ا‬

Al-sukoot a'lamat al-rid'a
Silence is the sign of consent

621. 0A M GH 0A‫آ‬,3 ‫م‬%I+‫ا‬

Al-kalam barakkto fi gilato
The blessing of a conversation is in its shortness

622. ‫و‬,`" ' ‫ن‬4;N&+‫ق ا‬,52  +‫م ا‬%I+‫ا‬

Al-kalam al-liyyean yamrug al-thua'ban min juh'ro
Soft words get the snake out of its hole

313
623. ‫ل‬E`A3 4' ‫م اول‬%‫آ‬
Kalam awal ma biteh'aowal
The first word uttered cannot be changed

624. ‫ات‬,IH ُ ,F‫ات وأ‬,I7 0+‫م أو‬%I+‫ا‬

Al-kalam aowlo sakkarat wa akhro fakkarat
Talk is inebriety at the beginning and thought at the end

625. l4;+‫ر ا‬En3 E `+‫م ا‬%I+‫ا‬

Al-kalam al-h'ilo bakhoor al-bat'inn
Sweet talk is incense for one's inside

626. ,5N+‫ل ' ا‬El‫\ ا‬5 I+‫ا‬

Al-kalma atwal min al-u'mur
One's word lasts longer than one's life

627. 4*;R4q ‫ة‬,WR ZQD 45+‫\ ا‬5 I+‫ا‬

Al- kalma al- ma tas'eab h'asrat s'ahiba
The word not uttered in the right situation, is a regret to its speaker

628. 4‫ه‬45M‫ك ا‬45aA+‫\ ا‬5 I+‫ا‬

Al-kalma al-tagmak agmaha
Do not utter a word that disgraces you

629. =94‫ ه‬0A@‫= وان ه‬94q 0A@q ‫= ان‬94QR =94W+

Lisanak h'isanak inn s'unto s'anak wa inn hinto hannak
Your tongue is your guard: if you preserve it, it preserves you and if you
humiliate it, it will humiliate you

630. ‫و‬L7 \Hz ‫ن‬4W +‫ا‬

Al-lisan afatt siddo
The tongue is an epidemic to its owner

631. ‫ء‬%;+‫د ا‬4;" ‫ن‬4W +‫ا‬

Al-lisann jabbadd al-bala
The tongue is a bringer of affliction

632. }a5+‫ زي ا‬094W+

Lisano zai al-magas’
His tongue is like scissors

633. @7 094W+

Lisano saneen
His tongue is sharp

314
634. T2El 094W+
Lisano taweel
He has a long tongue

635. 0;+4b 094W+

Lisano ghalbo
He is controlled by his tongue

636. )vX 0H 4' 05`+ ‫ن‬4W +‫ا‬

Al-lisan lahmah ma fiho a'dum
The tongue is a piece of meat; it has no bone

637. ZUF ' L2‫ و‬Zl‫ن ' ر‬4W+

Lisano min rotab wa ieado min khashab
He has a tongue of mist and a hand of wood

638. ‫ا‬,;3 4' ‫ن‬4W +‫ح ا‬," I+ ‫ا‬,;3 pW+‫ح ا‬,"
Jarih' al-seaf bibra lakin jarih' al-lisan ma bibra
The wound of a sword will heal, but not one caused by the tongue

639. pW+‫ ا‬Nl ' LP9‫ن ا‬4W +‫ ا‬Nl

Ta'nn al-lisan anfad minn ta'nn al-seaf
The stab of the tongue penetrates more than the stab of the sword

640. =94W 3 ,AND 4' = ",3 ,AX‫أ‬

Aa'tar birijlak ma taa'tar bilisanak
Stumble with your foot; do not stumble with your tongue

641. E" 4ًR457 ‫أب‬

Ab samah'an jooah
Having internal beauty

10. Solidarity

642. EF‫ ا‬GH GIA3 8+4' ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬,JK

Shajara kan malat bitaki fi akhiyo
When a tree falls, it leans on its sister

643. 0"E+‫ ا‬G<[3 4' LR‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬c;qY‫ا‬

Al-as'bba' al-wah'id ma bighat'i al-wajih
One finger will not cover the face

644. OPQA3 4' LR‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬L+‫ا‬

Al-yadd al-wahdda ma bits'affiqq
One hand will not clap

315
645. 05 +‫ ا‬GH 0‫آ‬,;+‫ا‬
Al-barraka fi al-lama
Blessing is in being many

646. 5+4N+‫ب ا‬,3 TI+‫س وا‬4@+43 ‫س‬4@+‫ا‬

An-nas bel-nas wal-kul berab al-a'lameen
People support one another, but all together are supported by God

647. ‫س‬4@"‫ أ‬4' ‫ف‬h‫س او‬4@+‫ا‬

Al-nass awlaff ma ajnass
People are companions not relatives

648. X p+‫م ا‬,ID ‫ة‬LR‫ا‬E+‫ ا‬N+‫ا‬

Al-a'yn al-wah'da takrim alf a'yn.
One eye respects a thousand eyes

649. pa+‫م ا‬,Iُ2 ,`;+‫ن ا‬4K k X

A'la shan al-bah'ar yukram al-geaf
For the sea's sake, the beach is honoured

650. Z"4`+‫ ا‬k X k NA3 4' N+‫ا‬

Al-a'yn ma bita'la a'la al-h'ajib
The eye never stands higher than its eyebrow

651. 0 ‫ه‬43 †`2 ‫ء‬kW+‫ ا‬,I5+‫ا‬

Al-makrul sayyio yah'itu bi-ahlihi
Malice surrounds its perpetrators

Derived from the Quran, Surah 35, Fatir, verse 43 which reads:
Lَ JَD  Hَ 
َ +ٌَ‫و‬Y‫ ا‬8
َ @ٌَ 7
ُ h‫ن إ‬َ ‫ُو‬,vُ @َ2 Tَ*Hَ 0َ‫ٍ>ه‬3 h‫ إ‬G
ُWٌَ +‫ ا‬,ُ Iَ5+‫ ا‬O
ُ ٍ`2َ hَ‫ و‬GَW
ٌ +‫ ا‬,َ Iَ 'َ ‫َرض َو‬Y‫ أ‬GH ‫رًا‬4;IA7‫أ‬
%ً 2ِE`َD oِ ‫ا‬8ِ @ُW+ِ LِJDَ َ+‫ َو‬%
ً 2ِL;َD o‫ أ‬8ِ @ُW+
[Due to] arrogance in the land and plotting of evil; but the evil plot encompasses
only its own people. Then do they await from the way [i.e., established method] of
Allah any change, and you will never find in the way of Allah any change.
The Quranic word O`2 is replaced by the word †`2 in the proverb
(The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English Translation)

652. E"E+‫ ا‬ka;D‫وح و‬,3 ‫ل‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mal biroah' watabqa al-wojoh
Wealth will go and faces remain

653. Z I+‫ ا‬h‫ إ‬094I' GH _;@2 4'

Ma yanbah' fi makanu ila al-kalib
Only the dog barks in its home

316
654. 0Ua3 E@;3 8;+‫ا‬
Al-beat bibnu begashu
A hut will be made with its own straw

655. ‫د‬4N2 h k]5+‫ت وا‬4' ‫ت‬4P+‫ا‬

Al-fat mat wa al-mad'a la ua'ad
What is gone is dead, and what has passed cannot be recalled

656. )*+E5R  24K )‫ره‬E;M GH

Fi qoaborum shailean humoalum
Even in their graves, they take their responsibilities

657. 0@7‫ب و‬4A‫رى آ‬EU+‫ا‬

Al-shura kitab wa sunna
The Quran and the Sunna prefer consultation

658. ‫ب‬,n3 4' ‫رى‬EU+‫ ا‬83

Bait ashura ma khirib
A house of consensus never falls apart

659. Ga AD )@[+‫ ا‬GX‫ را‬L@X ‫رى‬EU+‫ا‬

Al-shura a'ind ra-a'I al-ghanam titlagi
You might find good consultation even with a shepherd

660. 0q%F ‫ف‬,N2 07‫ را‬GH 0 aX LR‫ وا‬T‫آ‬

Kulu wahid a'glu fi rasu ya'rif khalas'u
Every one has brain in his head, so he ought to be able to get out of his troubles

661. ‫ك‬E]+ ‫ي‬E. TAI3 4'

Ma baktul d'awi lid'awak
I will not put out my light for your light

662. ,l4n+‫ ا‬,;" ' ,A‫آ‬43 o‫ ا‬L;ُX 4'

Ma a'ubid Allah bi akter min jabr al-khatir
God has not been worshiped with anything greater than comforting others

663. ‫ء‬45W+‫ ا‬GH ' )I5R,2 ‫رض‬Y‫ ا‬GH ' ‫ا‬E5R‫أر‬

Arh'amo mann fi al-ard' yarh'mkum mann fi al-sama
Show mercy to those who are on earth: He who is in heaven will have mercy upon
you

317
664. ‫س‬4@+‫ٌ رب ا‬,. ‫س‬4@+‫ ا‬,. '
Mann d'ara al-nass d'aru rab al-nas
He who hurts people, God will hurt him

665. ZWR ZW@+‫ا‬

Al-nasab h'asab
Where one marries determines one's honour

666. ='h 4' ‫ دارك‬45+‫ا‬

Al-ma darak ma lamak
He who does not like you, would not blame you

667. EN"EA;+‫ ا‬L2‫ ' أ‬0IW5D 4'

Ma tamsiku min idu al-bitawja'u
Do not hold him by the hand that pains him

668. ‫ك‬E '4N2 Z`D 4' ‫س زي‬4@+‫ ا‬T'4X

A'amil al-nas zay matih'ib yaa'milook
Treat people in the way you want to be treated

669. E3‫ر‬4]2 <;+‫ ا‬GH 2‫ر‬4Q5+‫ا‬

Al-mas'areen fi al-batun yid'arbu
The entrails in one's belly quarrel with each other

670. EW5+‫ ا‬GH4' =7‫= را‬+ E+4M @D‫ن ا‬4‫آ‬

Kan itnean galoo leak rasak mafi almasoo
If two people tell you that your head is not there, touch it

671. 4A;QN3 0a N' 4D4K T‫آ‬

Kullu shatan moa'laqa bi a's'abata
Every sheep is hung from its own gut

672. 0 "4X ,;+‫ ا‬,F

Khiyear al-birr a'ajilho
The best charity is the quickest charity

673. 0H,l GH ‫ا‬EUa2‫ا و‬E ‫آ‬42

Yaklu wa yigushu fi tarfu
They eat and clean their hands on his clothes

674. ‫وم‬LN53 p IAD h‫د و‬E"E53 Tn;D h

La tabkhal bimawjoad wa la titkalaf bima'doam
Do not be stingy with what you have and do not burden yourself with what you do
not have

318
675. p 7 45X o‫ ا‬4PX
A'afa Allah a'ama salaf
God has condoned the past

676. 4P" ‫ب‬4AN+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat al-a'itab jaffa
Too much admonition is disinclination

677. ‫ع‬E5W' 4' ,K4P+‫ ا‬GH ‫ر‬Ea94" E3‫م أ‬%‫آ‬

Kalama abu jangoor fi al fashir ma masmooa’
The speech of one with ragged clothes can’t be heard

678. 0l4nُ'‫ و‬0N'‫ل د‬4'

Mall dama'a wa mukhata
His wealth is made from tears and snot

679. ‫ت‬494'Y43 r+4J5+‫ا‬

Al-majjaliss bil-amanat
Councils are based on trust

680. 0ُ A@2L' ‫ت‬L*9‫ إ‬0ُ A@;b ٌiH '

Mann fasha ghabeantu inhadat madeantu
He who revenges himself destroys his land

681. 0ُ PW3 ‫ب‬,]@2 GD‫ا‬,Q@+‫ل ا‬4' T‫آ‬4+‫ا‬

Al-yakul mall al-nas'rani yend'arib biseafu
He who betrays an unbeliever will be punished with his sword

682. ‫ة‬EُM ‫د‬4`D{‫ا‬

Al-itih’ad qoa
Unity is strength

683. ْ‫ن‬4‫)ٌ ه‬X

َ ‫ ) إن‬v+‫ا‬
Al-t’ulum inn a'ama hann
If injustice prevails, it becomes easy

684. ,aAH‫ٌ إ‬G

ُ @b ‫ ٍم ُذلٌَ أو‬EM t2tX ‫ا‬E'ِ,‫أآ‬
Akrimo a'zeez qawmin d'ull awo ghani iftaqarr
Honour a noble who has became low or a rich man who has become poor

685. =94F =`Q9 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma nas'ah'ak khanak
He who does not advise you has betrayed you

686. \'4a+‫م ا‬E2 o‫ ا‬,A7 ) W' ,A7 '

Munn satar musliman satarhu Allah yawm al-qiyama

319
 Whoever guards a Muslim, will be guarded by God in the Day of Judgement.

687. ‫ن‬4'L9 _ Q+‫ ا‬G345+‫ا‬

Al-mabi al-s'uloh' nadman
He who rejects reconciliation will regret it

688. )2,‫'_ آ‬4W5+‫ا‬

Al-musamih' kaream
The tolerant is generous

689. G;@+‫ح ا‬LM ‫ق‬EW+‫ا‬

Al-suq qadah’ al-nabi
Market is the prophet’s vessel

690. LN3 ‫ع‬LJD L2‫ إ‬k X L2‫إ‬

Eid a’la eid tajda’ ba’eed
A hand on a hand throws faraway
(gets work done quickly)

11. Poverty and Wealth

691. ~'‫ا‬,I*@H‫ د‬85+‫ا‬

Ikram al-mayyit dafnu
To honour a dead person is to bury him

692. )2‫ دا‬4' k@[+‫) وا‬2‫ دا‬4' ,aP+‫ا‬

Al-faqur ma daim wa al-ghina ma daim
Neither poverty nor wealth last long

693. ZX 4' ,aP+‫ا‬

Al-faqur ma a'eab
Poverty is not shame

694. \3,b lE+‫ ا‬GH ,aP+‫ا‬

Al-faqur fi al-watan ghurba
Poverty in the home is estrangement

695. k@[+‫ ا‬T5`3 4' ,aP+‫ ا‬T5`3 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma bih’mal al-faqur ma bih'mal al-ghina
He who does not endure poverty will not endure wealth

696. l‫\ و‬3,[+‫ ا‬GH k@[+‫ا‬

Al-ghina fi al-ghurba watan
Wealth is a home abroad

320
697. 4342 E5W" ‫ن‬4;. ‫ى‬,aP+‫ا‬
Al-faqri d'uban jismoo yaba
A poor man is rejected even by his body's flies

698. 0"EُX 894‫ آ‬E+‫ و‬G@[+‫ ا‬83 ْLF

ٌ z‫ و‬0َ<+ُ ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬E+‫رب و‬L+‫ ا‬L+‫= و‬W'‫ا‬
Amsik walad al-darib wa lao kan luta wa akhud bit al-ghani wa lao kanat a’uja
Keep to the safe road even if it is winding and marry a rich man’s daughter even if
she is imperfect

699. ‫ي‬,aP+‫ ا‬83 LF4D 4'

Ma takhud bit al-fagri
Do not marry a poor man's daughter

700. ‫م‬E@+43 ُ 4UX )A2

Yatim a'ashau bi-al-noam
He finishes his dinner by sleeping

701. T` 3 †@2 4' TR ‫و‬L@ِX 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma-a'indu h'ayeal ma yanut bilh'eal
He who does not have power should not jump high

702. ZR4q ‫و‬L@X 4' ‫ان‬,aP+‫ا‬

Al-fagran ma a'indu s'ah'ib
The poor man has no friend

703. G@b 2L+‫ ' ا‬42,aH

Fagrean min al-dayan ghani
A poor man without debt is rich

704. E@N3 T‫آ‬42 ‫ي‬,aP+‫ا‬

Al-faqri yakul ba'yoanu
The poor man eats with his eyes

705. E3‫ أ‬P‫ آ‬4' ‫و‬L@ِX 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma-a'indu ma kaffan abu
He who does not have (money) does not enshroud his father

706. ‫ك‬LI2 ‫ك‬L2‫ إ‬GH 45+‫ا‬

Al-maffi Ieada; yakeadak
What is out of your hands plots against you

707. ‫ل‬43 0@.%+ ‫ي‬EW2 ‫ل‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mall yasiwi lilid'eana bal
Money makes a miserable person like important ones

321
708. 0@U+‫_ ا‬5ٌW2 ‫ل‬45+‫ا‬
Al-mall yisamih al-sheana
Money makes ugly things beautiful

709. ‫و‬L7 ' ,F‫ل أ‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mall akhear min siydu
Wealth is better than its owner is

710. p7 ‫م‬4M ‫ل‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mall giyamm seaff
Money is a sword's prop

711. =+4' ‫ر‬LM ‫رك‬4M‫و‬

Waqaral gadur malak
Your gravity is according to your wealth

712. ,Fٌ‫ إد‬4' ‫ة‬,F‡+‫ و‬,nAH‫ أ‬4' 49L+‫ ا‬GH

Fi al- duniya ma iftakhar wa lil akhra ma iddakhar
He was neither proud of his life nor preserved anything for the day after

713. ,Fz h 49‫ د‬h

La duniya la a-khrah
Neither this world nor the hereafter

714. ‫ر‬E`W' ‫ا‬E+Ea2 8ٌ@" ‫ن‬4‫ر آ‬EAW' tN+‫ة ا‬4;`M

Gah'bat al-a'iz mastoara kan jannat yagoolu mash'oara
An adulteress from a wealthy family is sheltered and if she goes mad, they say she
is bewitched

715. ‫ء‬4W 5+‫اع ا‬,I+‫ ا‬ZJD 4U;[+‫اع ا‬,I+‫ا‬

Al-kura' al-ghabsha tajeab al-kura' al-malsa
A dusty leg brings a clean soft one

716. = X ,WN2 ‫ك‬L@ِX 45+‫ا‬

Al-ma-a'indak ya'sar a'leak
What you do not have oppresses you

717. ‫و‬L2,D ‫س‬4@+‫و وا‬L7 L@ِX ‫ل‬45+‫ا‬

Al-mall a'ind sidu wa al-nass taridu
Money is with its owner and people like it

322
12. Proverbs that reflect casteism, class polarization and social
injustice

718. 0A3,D h‫ و‬L;N+‫اء ا‬,K

Shira al-a’bd wala tarbiytu
Buying a slave is better than bringing him up

719. ‫ي‬4ٌW9 L;N+‫ ا‬,L;N+‫وي ا‬4nD h

La takhawi al-a'bd, al-a'bd nassai
Do not associate as a brother with a slave, as the slave is forgetful

720. 0+ ٌ3 ‫وي‬43E@+‫ وا‬0+ ٌ`+ G3,N+‫ا‬

Al-a'rabi lahhin lu wa al-nubawi bain lu
For an Arab use a gesture and for a non-Arab explain in detail

721. Z"4`+‫ ا‬G X G ND 4' N+‫ا‬

Al-a’in ma ta’la a’la al-h’ajib
The eye never stands higher than the eyebrow

722. 0R‫ا‬,' 45‫ا آ‬tNA3 4' G3,N+‫ا‬

Al-a’arbi ma bita’aza kama murah’u
A nomad would not be respected were it not for his herd

723. ‫س‬47‫ق د‬,N+‫ا‬

Al-a’ireq dasas
The root hides
Blood influences character

724. ‫و‬LW3 ‫ي‬L7‫ي و‬LW3 49‫أ‬

Ana be seadi wa seadi baseadu
I have a master, but my master has one too

725. ‫دم‬4n+‫ ا‬GH 4‫وه‬EI3 ‫م‬,5+‫ة ا‬,3‫د‬

Dabarat amearam bikoha fi al-khadim
The wound of the princes is cauterized on the maid

726. E‫ر اآ‬45R ‫ا‬E;" E+4M ‫ن‬4Q`+‫ ا‬GM ‫ة‬,3‫د‬

Dabarat al-h’us’an bikoha fi al-h’umar
A horse has a wound, but they ordered a donkey to be cauterized in its place

727. \2,W+‫ ا‬GH 4‫ه‬EUP3 \3,N+‫;@\ ا‬b

Ghabeenat al-a’rabeah befishoha fi al-sireah
The anger of a wife from a noble origin is let out on the maid

323
726. ‫وم‬LM ‫دم أَم‬4n + ‫وم‬LA3 4' \2‫ر‬4X
A’areeya ma bedoom lil-khadim um gadoom
A borrowed cloth will not last for the servant with a big mouth

729. ‫ن‬E34q ‫ب‬,N+‫ ا‬L@X 0 ‫آ‬

Kulu a’ind al-a’rab s’aboon
Everything in the eyes of Arabs is but soap

730. G7‫ة ' را‬,NK ‫ي‬EW3 4'

Ma biswa sha’rah min rasi
Not worth a strand of my hair

731. L;X EA+t@' ,ٌ[+‫ا‬

Al-ghayear manziltu a’bid
He who changes his host is a slave

732. L2L9 L@X 4' 4ً;24K‫ و‬LN3 ' ‫ي‬4" h

ً ‫ وزو‬L7 0+ 4' ً‫ا‬L;X :\D%D Z.4]I+‫ا‬
Al- kad’adeeb talata: A’bdan ma a’indu seed, wa zolan jai min ba’eed, wa
shaiban ma a’indu nadead
Liars are three: A slave without an owner, a man coming from a far land and an
old man without a peer

733. GIH L;N+‫ت ا‬E7 \ 5*+‫ا‬

Al-hamala sawat al-a’bid faki
Inadvertence made the slave a jurist

734. َ ,n+‫ ا‬0@' L;X r@"

Lَ;"
Jins a’bid mino al-khear jabad
Goodness is far from the origin of slaves

735. G94l‫ ر‬4*`QH‫ و‬G5JX 4* +L+‫` \ ا‬

ِ +‫) ا‬J7
Sajam al-h’ila al-daleela a’ajami wa fas’eyh’a ratani
What a disaster in a district that its leader is non-Arab and its eloquent man
jargonizes

736. 0@;b %3 0APID ‫ًا‬L;X

A’bdan takafitu bala ghabeena
A slave whom you slap without prejudice

324
Miscellaneous proverbs

737. L2L" L@X 4' )2LM L@X 4' G +‫ا‬

Al maa’indu qadeam ma a’indu jadead
He who has no old has no new

738. ,*. T;3 ‫ود‬La' Nِ7 TU2 G +‫ا‬

Albisheal sia’in maqdud bibl d’ahru
He who carries a pierced water bag wets his back

739. EFَ ‫ت‬EH 42Eٌ+‫ د‬TK 42 E A" ‫ًا‬L 3

Baladan jeetlu ya sheal dalu ya fout khalu
In a country you have come to, either do as its people do or leave it

740. pP +‫ ا‬83 ‫ة‬t"‫ و‬pD4aA+‫ ا‬T‫ وأآ‬p2,n+‫ ا‬,P7 \D%D ‫ر‬:R‫أ‬
Ah’dar talata: Safar khareef, akil tafateef wa jezat bit al-lafeaf
Beware three things: travelling in the rainy season, eating unhealthy food and
marrying the daughter of a light-headed man

741. L7‫ا أ‬E AM @NH,'

Marfa’eenean qatalu assad
Two hyenas killed a lion

742. 0+4X k3‫اف ر‬En+‫ا‬

al-khawaf raba a’iyalu
A coward brought up his children

743. TP + Z9‫ر‬Y‫ادة ا‬EM ‫ف‬EU9

Nashoof goadat al-arnab lilfeel
Let us see a rabbit that leads an elephant

744. 0 X ‫ب‬
َ 4K jK k X ٌَZK
َ ْ'َ
Mann shaba a’la shayai shaba a’leahi
He who used to do a thing when he was young, will do it when he is old

745. 02‫و‬4F ,ِ;‫ وإن ِآ‬03‫ ر‬,[q E‫ك وه‬Lَ+‫ َو‬.

Waladak wahu s’agheer rabbi wa inn kibir khawi
Discipline your child when he is young, and fraternize with him when he is old

746. \@Wِ3 =@ِ' ‫ف‬,X‫م أ‬E3 =@'ِ ,;‫أآ‬

Al-akbar minak biyum aa’raf minak bisana
He who is one day older than you is one year wiser than you

325
747. 4*R‫ا‬,5+ ‫ء‬4",N+‫ ا‬L24X
A’yida al-a’rja li murah’a
A lame animal will go back to its herd

748. 0;QَX ِ' E<3,3 ‫ال‬t[+‫ا‬

Al-ghazal birboto minn a’s’abo
A gazelle will be tied with its nerve

749. 4‫ه‬E3‫ أ‬83 4*3 k+‫ أو‬,24;+‫ا‬

Al-baira awla beha beat abuha
It is appropriate for a spinster to remain in her father’s house

750. ‫رت‬43 E+‫ \ و‬qY‫ ا‬LُF‫ُأ‬

Ukhud al-as’eela wa lao barat
Marry a woman of noble origin even if she is an old maid

751. Tُ]+‫ ا‬GH ‫ِك‬,Jُ2 ,َ`+‫ ا‬GH ‫ك‬4M‫ن د‬4‫ِ= آ‬5X

َ ‫ود‬
Wad a’mik kan dakak fi al-h’ar yujorik fi al-d’ul
If your cousin hits you in the heat (hot weather), he will move you to the shade

752. ‫ت‬4' 4' pٌF

َ G +‫ا‬
Al-khalaf ma mat
He who leaves children never dies

753. ‫ار‬L+‫ ا‬GA;m‫ر و‬4JR G;"

Jibi h’ijar wa thabiti al-dar
Oh, bring stones to secure your house

754. ‫ان‬E*+‫ ا‬LM 4@J+‫ا‬

Al-jana gead al-hawan
The child is a shackle of humiliation

755. \q4a+‫[@) ا‬+‫ 'ِ ا‬Zf:+‫ ا‬T‫>آ‬2 459‫إ‬

Inama ya akul al-theib min al-ghanam al-ghas’iya
The hyena eats the goat that stands by itself

756. E3‫_ أ‬2,3 4' ‫ر‬45ِ`+‫ا‬

Al-himar ma breah’ ubu
The donkey will not release his father from work

757. ‫ رأي‬4‫ه‬L@X 4' ,5+‫ا‬

Al mara ma a’inda rai
Woman has no opinion

326
758. 0+67 89‫ي أ‬:+‫ ا‬0; <9 =9>‫ آ‬%
ً *@' 0AB" ‫ا إذا‬,D
Trahu ida jiatahu mutahlilan, kanaka ta’t’iyhu aldai anta sailhu
You find him jubilant when you ask him for a favor, as if you are the giver

759. ‫ن‬4.‫ أ‬4*+ ‫ن‬4<`+‫ا‬

Al-haytan leyha adan
Walls have ears

760 . ‫ك‬EK ,b ' ‫ ورد‬GH 4'

Ma fi warid min ghear shoak
There is no rose without a thorn

761. ,b ZQ@3 = P+‫ك ا‬,`D ‫ن‬4W9{‫ ا‬I7 ‫إذا‬

Ida sakana al-insann tah'arak al-fulkk bi nas'eeb ghayrihi
If one subsides (calms down), his orbit moves with others’ fate

762. Z@. E3‫ أ‬ZN+‫ و‬Z@K E3‫ب أ‬4b

Ghab abu shanab wa la’ib abu d’anab
When the one with the mustache is absent, the one with the tail will play

763. ‫ي‬LAa2 ‫رن‬4a5+43 2,a+‫ا‬

As a man is, so is his company.

764. N+‫ ا‬0HEUD 4' o‫ء ا‬4U9‫ إ‬Z a+‫ ا‬E+Ea;+‫ا‬

Al-biqolu al-qalib insha-allah ma tashufu al-a’in
I wish the eye does not see what the heart says

765. \24*9 \2‫ا‬L3 TI+

Li kuli bidaya nihaya
There is an end for every beginning

766. LQ`D 0X‫ر‬tD G +‫ا‬

Al-tazra’u tah’s’du
What you sow, you will reap

767. ‫ي‬E*2 4'‫ و‬LR‫ وا‬T‫آ‬

Kulu wahid wa ma yahwa
Everyone acts according to his own disposition

768. ‫ء‬EW+‫ ا‬r " ' ,F ‫ة‬LRE+‫ا‬

Al wah’da khiyrun min jalees al-sou
Better to be alone than in bad company

769. X c M‫ر أ‬EN+‫ ا‬c' iND ,2‫ن دا‬4‫آ‬

Kan daiyir ta’eesh ma’a al-a’uour aqla’ a’eanak
If you want to live among one eyed-people, pluck out one of your eyes

327
770. Z‫ ذه‬c5 2 4' T‫ آ‬r+
Laiysa kulu ma yalna’ dahab
All is not gold that glitters

771. ‫أ‬E7Y‫ي ا‬EW2‫س و‬4@+‫ب ا‬EX c;A2

Yitabia’ a’ub al-nas wa yisawi al-aswa
He who finds faults with others does worse himself

772. ,JR 0H G',D h 0@' ‫ب‬,UD ‫ًا‬,3

Beeran tishrab minu ma tarmi fihu wasakh
Cast no dirt into the well that gives you water

773. 8+LAX‫ إ‬4*A'EM ‫ن إذا‬EQ[+‫إن ا‬

Inna al-ghus’oon ida qawamtaha ia’tadalat
If you try to straighten twigs, they will straighten

774. ,24l p+‫ أ‬h‫ و‬L+‫ ا‬GH ‫ر‬EPQX

A’us'for fi al-yad wa la alif tair
A bird in the hand is worth a thousand flying

775. ‫\ أرواح‬N;7 L@X Z I+‫ا‬

Al-kalib a’indu saba’a arwah’
A dog has seven lives

776. ‫اب‬:‫ آ‬+43 ZR4q

S’ah’ib balean kadab
He who has two hearts is a liar

777. 4*N7‫ و‬h‫ إ‬4ً WP9 o‫ ا‬p ‫ آ‬h

La kalaf Allah nafsan ila wsa’ha
God never asks you to do more than what you can

778. 89‫= ' أ‬+ ‫ل‬EM‫ أ‬,=;R4q ' G+ ‫ل‬EM

Gul lai meann s’ah’bak agul leak meann inta
Tell me who is your friend and I will tell you who you are

779. ‫ع‬4K @mY‫وز ا‬4JD ‫ًا‬,7 T‫آ‬

Kul sirin tajawaz al-ithnean shaa’
A secret between more than two will be circulated

780. )*P2 ‫رة‬4K{43 Z; +‫ا‬

Al-labeab bil ishara yafham
A clever person understands by gesture

328
781. 4P" LُN;+‫ا‬
Al-bua’ud jafa
Absence is alienation

782. T5N+43 ‫ن‬4;+‫ا‬

Al-biyan bil al-a’mal
Deeds not words

783. ‫ر‬E9 ,Fz ‫ط‬,K 0+‫ أو‬G +‫ا‬

Al-li aolu shart akhru noor
All that starts with conditions ends well

784. G]N3 4' ‫ح‬4ٌ;@+‫ ا‬Z I+‫ا‬

Al-kalib al-nabah’ ma bia’d’i
A barking dog does not bite

785. c5WD 4' T‫ق آ‬LQD 4'

Ma tis’adiq kul ma tasma’
Do not believe all you hear

786. OH4@' 4ًa2Lq h‫ و‬3 ‫وًا‬LX

A’duan beain wala s’adiqan munafiq
Better an open enemy than a hypocritical friend

787. 0H,NA3 4' G +‫ ا‬J+‫ ' ا‬,F‫ أ‬0H,NA3 G +‫ ا‬J+‫ا‬
Al-jinn al-bita’rifu akhear minn al-jinn al-mabita’rifu
The devil you know is better than one that you do not know

788. 02E' Ga;3 4' ,5X ‫م‬L+‫ا‬

Al-dam a’umru ma bibga muya
Blood will never become water

789. _]@2 0H 453 ‫ء‬49‫ إ‬T‫آ‬

Kulu innain bima fieah yand’ah’
Each vessel pours what is in it

790. ,aP+‫ وا‬G@[+‫ ا‬3 ‫وي‬4W3 ‫ت‬E5+‫ا‬

Al-moat bisawi bean al-ghani wa al-faqear
Death makes the rich and the poor equal

791. ‫ن‬452{‫\ ' ا‬H4v@+‫ا‬

Al-nat’affa minn al-iemann
Cleanliness is from belief

329
792. ,J`+‫ ا‬8 5‫ آ‬,a@+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬
Katarat al-nagir kamalat al-h’ajar
Constant digging finishes the stone

793. ‫ك‬E '4N2 Z`D 4' ‫س زي‬4@+‫ ا‬T'4X

A’amil al-nass zai ma tah’ib yia’mluk
Treat others the way you want to be treated

794. G@<3 G ' h‫ و‬G@l‫و‬

Watani wa la mali batni
My home is better than a comfortable life abroad

795. 0WP9 c]2 45&F ‫ ُء‬,5+‫ا‬

Al-maru h’aeath yad’ai nafsahu
A man is where he puts himself

796. ‫م‬42‫\ أ‬A7 GH 49L+‫ ا‬O F o‫ا‬

Allah khalag al-dunya fi sita ayam
God made the earth in six days

797. \;*+‫ ا‬T2tD ‫اح‬t5+‫ة ا‬,A‫آ‬

Katarat al-muzah’ tazeal al-haiyba
Too much jesting removes dignity

798. 0a@F‫ أ‬2LN3 G'‫أر‬

Armi ba’dean akhnigo
Throw him down then strangle him

799. O2LQ+‫ ا‬,K G@P‫ *) أآ‬+‫ا‬

Al-lahuma akfini shar al-sadeaq
God protect me from the evil of my friends

800. c5" 4' ‫ ودر‬c5<+‫ا‬

Al-tama’ wadar ma jama’
Greed makes loss

801. )D‫ا‬En+‫ ا‬GH ‫ة‬,;ِN+‫ا‬

Al-a’ibra fi al-khawateam
Examples are in the endings

802. )َNَ D‫ إ‬4' †ِb

ِ 4' G +‫ا‬
Al-ma ghilit ma ita’alam
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing

330
803. 0WP9 LN2 „2‫ر‬4A+‫ا‬
Al-tareekh ya’eedu nafsihi
History repeats itself

804. =J@3 4' ‫ِب‬:I+‫ك ا‬4J9 4' ‫ن‬4‫_ آ‬Q+‫ا‬

Al-s’ah kan ma najjak al-kid’ib ma binaji
If telling the truth does not save you, lies will not save you

805. =+43 ZNAD 4' =5W" ZٌND

Ta’ib jissmak ma tata’ib balak
Tire your body, not your mind

806. ‫ق‬E`5' ‫ام‬,`+‫ل ا‬4'

Mal al-h’aram mamh’ug
What comes by wrongdoing is not blessed

807. ,<3 U+‫ ا‬,;n+‫ا‬

Al-khabar al-shean bitear
Bad news flies

808. Z2,M ‫ل‬E` + \'%W+‫درب ا‬

Darb al-salama lil h’ul gareab
A safe road is short even if it takes a year to walk it

809. ‫ح‬%ِ7 ) N+‫ا‬

Al-a’ilm silah’
Knowledge is a weapon

810. = "ِ‫ ر‬8nD 2‫ف و‬EK

Shoaf wean takhut rijlak
Look where you put your foot

811. G5X‫ أ‬Z`+‫ا‬

Al-h’ub aa’ma
Love is blind

812. 0 5M G34D‫م و‬L*+‫ ا‬TUD 4'

Ma tesheal al-hidim wa taba gamlu
Do not take a dress and reject its lice

813. ‫ري‬La@D ‫ن‬4‫ آ‬GHEK ‫ري‬L3 ‫ي‬LQR‫ري وأ‬L3 GX‫أزر‬

Azra’i badri wa ah’s’di badri shufi kan tinqadri
Cultivate early and harvest early; no one can harm you

331
814. 0M%F>3 T"‫ را‬T"‫ا‬,+‫ا‬
Al-rajil rajil bi akhlagu
A man is a man through his manners

815. ‫ج‬%ِN+‫ ' ا‬,ُ F \24MِE+‫ا‬

Al-wiqaya hkearun min al-a’laj
Prevention is better than cure

816. ‫ادي‬,ُH GD>D h Zf4Q5+‫إن ا‬

Inn al-mas’aib la ta-ati furada
Misfortune never comes alone

817. ‫رات‬Ev`5+‫ُ;_ ا‬D ‫ورات‬,]+‫ا‬

Al-d’arorat tubeah al-mah’t’orat
Necessities permit the forbidden

818. ‫اع‬,AF{‫"\ ُأمٌ ا‬4`+‫ا‬

Al-h’aja umm al-ikhtra’
Necessity is the mother of invention

819. ,5ُX L@X 4' ) NA+‫ا‬

Al-ta’leam ma a’indu a’umur
There is no age for learning

820. ‫ر‬LM ' pF‫ر أ‬LM

Qadar akhaf min qadar
One disaster is lighter than another disaster

821. ‫ر‬4J`+43 ‫س‬4@+‫ٌع ا‬LJ2 4' ‫از‬tM ' 0AA3 G +‫ا‬

Al-beatu minn gizaz ma yijadia’ al-nass bil-h’ijar
He who lives in a glass house should not throw stones at people

822. )ُ*W
َ Pُ 9‫ن أ‬EW@2‫ و‬,ِ ;ِ +43 ‫س‬4@+‫ون ا‬,'>2
Yamroan al-nass bilbir wa yansoan anfusahum
They ask people to do well and forget to do it themselves

823. 0Ht+‫ ا‬GH ‫ش‬,l‫ زي أ‬T'4X

A’mil zai al-atrash fi al-zafa
He acts like a deaf person in a procession

824. )Un+‫\ ا‬5q h‫ و‬0`I+‫ا‬

Al-kuh'a wala s'amat al-khashum
Cough and not a closed mouth

332
825. ,QM 0<R
H'yta ges'eara
A short wall

826. 0;2,[+‫ ا‬0JN@+‫ ا‬h‫ إ‬0;2‫ر‬t+‫ ا‬O]2 4'

Ma yid’eeq al-zariyba ila al-na'ja al-ghareeba
Only a strange sheep makes the corral small

827. 4* "‫ را‬8a l‫ = و‬5+‫ ا‬8H4K

Shafat al-malik wa talgat rajilha
She saw the king and divorced her husband

828. ْ‫ه‬EP+4F‫وروهْ و‬4K

Shawirohinna wa khalifohinna
Consult them and disagree with them

829. ‫د‬4a@D ‫ت‬E;I@N+‫ ا‬T;`3 ‫دت‬4" E+

Lao jadat beh'abel al-a'nekabot tingad
If it becomes easy it can be led by a spider’s thread

830. 4‫ه‬L " GH ka D ‫ض‬,a+‫ ا‬GH 82,‫ي آ‬EWD G +‫ا‬

ali tesawi kreat fi algard’ talqa fi jilidah
What the goat does with garad’ (a kind of tree) you will find it on her skin

831. 0ٌ ;74@D h 0ٌ ;74`D h ٌL2,A;+‫ا‬

Al biterido la teh’asboo la tenasboo
The one that you like, do not settle an account with him and do not relate to him
by marriage

832. pq \34`7 ‫زي‬

Zai sihabat s’eaf
Like summer clouds

T5" 0'‫ل را‬EaD

833. Tagul ramiyhu jamal
You’d say a camel has thrown him off its back

834. ,b ZQ@3 = P+‫ك ا‬,`D ‫ن‬4W9{‫ ا‬I7 ‫إذا‬

Ida sakana al-insann tah'arak al-fulkk bi nas'eeb ghayrihi
If one subsides (calms down), his orbit moves with others’ fate

333
 Index

This index adopts Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases to facilitate for the
reader an easy access to the proverbs. Key-words of each proverb have been assigned to
one of the thousand terminal categories found in Roget’s Thesaurus. The numbers refer to
the proverbs in the text and in Appendix B.

Existence:

al-h'ai: 490, 491, 492

a'ash, yea'eash, ta'eash: 565, 596, 600, 770
al-duniya/akhra: 34, 427, 433, 434, 503, 532, 712, 713
al-dahar: 137
a'mar/u'mur: , 117, 265, 448, 626
al-riziq/riziq: 10, 126, 255

Inexistence:

ajal/meatah/moat/yammut: 132, 275, 548, 791

Substantiality:

al-dam/dam: 240, 789

al-lah'am: 2, 273
shayai\ ashaya: 4, 73, 101, 123, 134, 287, 554, 744

Unsubstantiality:

al-fad'i: 511
al-fargha: 595
al-gamah\gumah': 601, 604
h'ilem: 355
fat:62
mata/tamut/yamut: 34, 132, 430, 508
ma/mafi: 78, 72, 120, 203, 259, 263, 670
tair/tayira/tayran: 461, 587, 775

Internal condition

334
Al-qalib: 50, 162, 272, 279, 328, 356, 373, 386, 493, 765
al-roah': 517

External condition

al-taba'/tabaia/tabia’u': 5, 28 335, 336,337

bigaldak: 172

Circumstance:

h’ala: 132
shart: 191, 784
tith'azam: 233
faza': 233

Time

ayyam/yawm: 32, 136, 137, 432, 686, 746

al-khareef: 451, 740
al-leil: 376, 418
al-nahar: 294, 376, 418
al-ah'ad: 436
al-sabit: 436
s'eaf: 833
al-shahar: 455
al-zaman/zaman: 217, 289

Animal:

abalai/al-girid: 361, 399, 477

al-ard'a: 465
al-a'rja: 747
al-arnab: 378
as'ala: 239
assad:160, 301, 741
a'us'for: 425, 775
al-daba: 264, 265, 489
al-dabib/dabi/al-h'yia/al-thua'ban: 224, 474, 475, 484, 569, 622
dud: 557
farr/kidikai: 171, 182, 340, 593
al-feel: 360, 378, 743
ghanam: 755
ghazal: 390, 543
h'us'an/jawad: 63, 726

335
h'imar: 151, 257, 313, 370, 726, 756
jamal: 84, 139, 441, 482, 558, 834
al-jarad: 309, 475, 495, 587
al-kadees: 314, 340
al-kalib: 149, 358, 449, 499, 566, 567, 653, 776, 785
kreat: 831
marfa'een: 180, 741
al-na'ja: 827
nimir: 332
al-sakhala: 411
shat: 671
tayear: 208, 379

Plant/Vegetable:

as-sa'af: 530
al-bas'ala: 239
al-ghabah: 147
al-ghus'oon: 774
hajildaiti: 592
laloob: 591
al-nakhala: 84, 411
al-s'afra: 424
shajara: 408, 477, 508, 642
tund'uba: 557

Mankind:

a'd'um: 2, 186, 420, 636

ibn adam: 293, 327, 331
teen: 327
iead\yad: 66, 78, 121, 163, 323, 374, 476, 523, 574, 587, 644, 667, 690, 706, 775
rass: 13, 152, 206, 232, 241, 498, 454, 460, 494, 514, 568, 660, 670, 730

Man:

al-d'akar: 211
rajil/rijal: 183, 211, 248, 245, 270, 271, 267, 268, 269, 815
rajilha: 828

Woman:

al-as'eela: 750
khad'ra al-diman: 226
al-intaya/al-mara/al-nissa/al-niswnan/um a'iyal/um gambur:

336
230,231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 251, 254,
255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 268, 269, 270

Desert:

geazan: 122
al-rihab: 371, 372, 542
wadi: 484, 541

Beauty:

al-jamal: 299
khilga: 298
samah'a: 557, 558, 641

Ugliness:

al-sheana: 343, 708

Courtesy:

adab: 11, 49, 248

akhlaq: 297, 298, 299
jayead: 337
h'aleem: 27
al-h'ilm: 297
al-liyyean: 622
d’ah’ik: 23, 49, 50, 131, 288, 391, 503
h'ub/ mah’boob/maryud/ yah’ib/taread/wilif: 251, 279, 280, 326, 383, 509, 535, 567,
607, 717
Ih'tram/Ih'tarama/yah'tarim/yakrim: 25, 648
s'amutan: 615
waqoran: 615

Marriage

nasab: 509, 665

tazawaj/zawaj/zeeja: 219, 220, 288, 489

337
Religion/Religiousness:

Allah: 13, 40, 78, 88, 90, 100, 102, 103, 106, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 126, 127, 135,
176, 218, 277, 457, 560, 575, 577, 578, 595, 662, 675, 686, 765, 778
al-jannah/jannah: 135, 434
akhra/yam al qiyama: 427, 713, 686
al-mu'amin: 105, 106, 615
nabi/rasool: 124, 609, 689

Acts of Religion:

a'ibada/u'bida: 128, 662

s'ala:244
s'ama: 244

Dejection:

ham/hamin: 107, 246, 247, 288, 430

al-nakdana: 489

Good:

al-adab: 11
akhlaq: 297, 298, 299
al-h'ilm: 297
h'usn: 81

ih'san: 95, 157

jayead: 337
al-karim: 268
khear: 379, 380
khearan: 87
khiera: 281
khiyran: 553
mah'asin: 31
ma'roof: 95
nafayil: 269
sameh': 44
al-suma'a: 448
sayead: 297
taib: 223
zean: 258

338
Bad:

al-sharr/sharan: 51, 87, 100

shean: 44, 808
al-sou: 769
batal:223

Pain:

al-awjaa': 532
al-bitawja'u: 667
d'arib s'oat: 469

Patience:

al-s'abir/al-s'abrat/al-s'abur: 218, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 614

Pleasure:
tamtiya'a: 264

Regret:

andam: 616, 617

al-nadama: 86, 286, 559

Relief:

faraj/al-faraj: 107, 108, 611

Enmity:

A’du: 47, 174, 193, 194, 195, 787

shamata: 47, 422, 423
ghabbeantu/al-tarr: 582, 680

Relations of Kindred:

abu/abuk/walid: 144,157, 159, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 174, 180, 189, 762
ahal/aqarib/qurba/leak: 147, 144, 146, 150, 153
Akh,Akhook/shaqqeeq/wad umak: 20, 36, 144, 146, 158, 179, 188, 204, 214, 229, 431
aqarib/qurba: 153, 177
banat/bit: 228, 247, 249, 703, 699, 740
Ibn/wad/walad/welead: 5, 76, 162, 170, 171, 172, 173, 180, 181, 185, 214, 228, 262, 331,
446, 484
ibna'm/wada'am: 146, 751

339
jid: 520
khal: 165, 223
Um: 142, 144, 145, 178, 185, 189, 221, 236, 251, 252, 390, 508, 819

Friends & Neighbourhs:

Jar: 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218

sa’deeq/ s’ah’ib/rafeeq: 21, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 198, 199, 200, 201, 202 203,
204, 205, 209, 523, 535, 702, 779, 787
shura: 657, 658, 659

Identity:
sawa: 78
ashkaalih'a: 208

Uniformity:

al-muwafaqa: 191
a'la khatru: 192
al-itih'ad: 687

Similarity:

bisawi: 796
yastawi: 74

Dissimilarity/Class/inequality:

al-aireq: 723
al-a'rabi: 727

a'bd/a'bdan/a'bid:: 26, 718, 719, 731, 732, 733, 734, 736

baseadu: 724
a'jami: 735
khadim/sireah: 725, 727, 728
ma bisawi: 730
al-nubawi: 720
ratani: 735

340
Knowledge:

al-a'ilm: 3, 73
a'limu/a'limoahum/yia'lim: 6, 11, 370, 533
al-h'ikma: 615
al-ta'leam: 820
yulaqin: 615

Ignorance:

al-jahil/jahil: 194, 295

galeal al-a'irfa: 550

Speech:

Al-kalma/kalam: 23, 24, 53, 261, 440, 516, 618, 619, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 677

Silence
s'amat: 409
s'amutan: 615
al-sawahi: 302
al-sukoot/sukutak: 616, 618, 620

Tongue:

lisan: 266, 328, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640

Falsehood:

kadib: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 516

Truth:

al-h'ageega/as'ah'/s’adiq: 15,17, 357, 521, 805

Cleanness:

al-malsa: 715
al-nat'afa: 792
al-tayammun: 483
yigushu: 673

341
Disease:

al-bitawja'u: 667
al-marad: 560

Health:

muta'ffi: 507
al-nas'iyh: 538

Safety:

aman/salama/silim/taamin: 18, 86, 273, 437, 555, 559, 809

Money Relations:

Debt
dayan: 77, 315, 703

Money:

al-mal: 319, 320,394, 454, 533, 540, 551, 602, 652, 678, 681, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711
al-girish/girshak: 201, 545, 292

Poverty
faqarr/faqrri-faqear/iftaqar: 350, 684, 697, 699, 704, 791

Wealth
ghani: 318, 684, 692, 696, 791

342
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Notes

Hadith* means “narrative” or “talk” With the definite article al it is used in the special

sense meaning a” Tradition of the Prophet Mohammed”.

The Hijira*, “Migration”, refers to the Prophet Mohammed’s escape from Mecca to

Medina in 622 C.E The Islamic calendar dates from that time.

349