Growth & Development

Topic Page No.

Plant growth & growth hormones 02 - 15

Exercise - I 16 - 30
Answer Key 31 - 31
Exercise - II 32 - 33

Syllabus
Growth & Development
Plant Growth & Growth hormones

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 PLANT GROWTH & GROWTH HORMONES
INTRODUCTION
 Growth is defined as permanent and irreversible change in the size or volume of cell organ or whole
organism, usually accompanied by an increase in fresh or dry weight.
 Growth is a biological reaction, occuring in protoplasm of all living cells.
 Growth is a basic feature of all living organisms.

Features of Plant growth

 Seed germination is the first step of plant growth. Almost all the plants face a period of suspended
growth.
 If the suspension of growth is due to exogenously cotrolled factors (environmental factors) then it
is called quiescence.
 When the suspension of growth is due to the endogenously controlled factors (hormonal, genetics)
then it is termed as dormancy.
 Growth is diffused in animals, but in plants growth is localised & irregular (nail in plant stem,
occupies same height till several years of growth).
 Growth in plant is both limited/determinate and unlimited/Indeterminate.
 Limited/Determinate growth - In annuals & biennials. Growth activities are restricted for a determined
period of time.
 Unlimited/Indeterminate growth - In perennials. Growth activities occurs through out the life.
 Differentiation : Cell derived from active meristem tissue, become mature to perform specific function.
 Development : Sum of morphogenesis and differentiation activities in livings is called as development.
 Dedifferentiation : In plants the living differentiated cell which lost the capacity of cell division, regain
the capacity of cell division under certain conditions called Dedifferentiation.
Ex.: Formation of meristems intrafascicular cambium and cork from differentiated parenchyma cells.
 Redifferentiation : The regain of differentiation by losing the capacity of cell division for performing
specific function by a dedifferentiated cells.
MEASUREMENT OF PLANT GROWTH
Main base for growth measurement :
 Increase in number of cells
 Increase in weight
 Increase in volume and area of fruits and leaves
 Increase in length of roots and shoot - This is the general basis for growth measurement.
Instruments used for measurement of growth
 Auxanometers – Arc auxanometer and Pfeffer’s auxanometer
 Horizontal microscope
 Bose’s Crescograph - It is most sensitive apparatus. If magnify growth as 10,000 times.
 Space maker disc - It is maximally used instrument to determine the area of leaves.
 Efficiency index (E.I.) :-
Growth can be measured by an increases in size or area of an organ of the plant (leaf, flowers, fruits
etc.) in a unit time is called as efficiency index (E.I.) may be same or different in species to species
and organ to organ.
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 Fig.: Horizontal Microscope Fig.: Pfeffer’s Auxanometer Fig.: Arc Auxanometer
Growth rate
Increased growth per unit time. Plant growth is of two types :
(A) Arithmetic growth : From dividing cell two new cells are formed (by mitotic division) out of them one
daughter cell continues to divide while other differentiate and mature (stop dividing).
Arithmetic growth

Meristematic Cell
Differentiated Cell

Height of plant
Ex. Root & Shoot elongation at constant rate.
 It is methematically expressed as
 It’s curve is linear
Lt = L0 + rt where Lt - length at time ‘t’
L0 - length at time ‘zero’
r - growth rate / elongation per unit time. Time
(B) Geometric / Exponential growth : From dividing cell (by mitotic division) both doughter cells retains
the ability to divide and continue to do so.
Ex. All cells, tissue, organs, developing seed, germinating seed, seasonal activities etc.
It is mathematically represented as
It’s curve is sigmoid Steady
Sizer/wt. Of forgan

W 1 = W 0ert
Where W 1 - final size (Weight, height, number etc.)
W 0 - initial size at the beginning of period. Log
r - growth rate
e - base of natural logarithms. Lag
Time
Arithmetic growth

Meristematic Cell

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 (C) Absolute and relative growth rates : Absolute growth rate : Measurement and the comparision of
total growth per unit time in plant or plant parts.
or
Total growth occurs in unit time in plant or plant parts.
Relative growth rate : The growth of the given system per unit time expressed in a common basis
i.e., per unit initial parameter in plant parts.
or
Total growth occurs in unit time in comparision to initial growth in plant or plant parts. Relative growth
rate is generally high in young developing plant parts.

10 cm2 25 cm2
2
20 cm
5 cm2 Unit time = 7 days
Ex.

A B
 Both passes same absolute growth rate i.e., 5 cm 2 in 7 days.
 But high relative growth rate in leaf ‘A’ about 100%, while in leaf ‘B’ it is about 25%.
COURSE OF GROWTH
Growth Activities and Phases of Growth :
 Cell division or cell formation : Number of cells is increases by cell division.
 Cell enlargement or cell elongation : Size of cells increases due to vacuolization &
T.P. (turgor pressure).
 Cell maturation or differentiation phase : (Also called as morphogenetic, organogenic or
differentiation phase) Development or qualitative change is important feature of this phase.
 Growth in size or weight of a specific part in a definite time is known as rate of growth.
 Rate of growth is not uniform. In all parts of a plant, rate of growth in initial stages is more, then it
increases more, becomes slow and finally stops.
 If rate of growth of a plant is plotted against time, a ‘S’ shaped curve is obtained. This is known as
sigmoid curve.
 So, growth curve is the graphic representation of the total growth against time.
 Sigmoid curve or total time period can be divided into three phases :–
(I) Lag Phase (II) Log Phase (III) Stationary or Steady Phase
(I) Lag Phase : Steady Phase

 It is initial phase of slow growth.

Growth Rate

 It is a phase of formation of cells. Log Phase

(II) Log Phase :
 It is middle phase of rapid growth Lag Phase
Time
 Growth increases rapidly to a maximum during elongation phase.
 It represents grand period of growth.
(III) Stationary or Steady Phase :
 Finally rate of growth becomes almost zero.
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FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH / REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH
Growth is affected by external and internal factors -
Nuclear - Gene
Intrinsic or Intracellular
Protoplasmic - NPP
Internal
Intercellular - Hormones
Plant Growth
Regulation Environmentally Regulated
Extrinsic or
External All induced movements of growth
Open form Photomorphogenesis
of growth Photoperiodism
Vernalization

Photoperiodism
 The relative length of day and night is called photoperiod.
 The response of plants to the photoperiod, expressed in the form of flowering is called as
Photoperiodism. “Effect or requirement of relative length of day (photoperiod) & night (dark phase)
on flowering of plants is called as Photoperiodism.”
 The phenomenon of photoperiodism was first dicsovered by Garner & Allard. They experiment on
Maryland mammoth (a mutant variety of tobacco), They study the Biloxy soyabean.
 Garner & Allard classified the plants in following groups.
(1) SDP (Short Day Plants) : “These plants give flowers on exposure to photoperiod equal or shorter
than their critical day length.”
 They need a continuous (uniterrupted) dark period for flowering. Thus SDP also called as
LNP (Long Night Plants).
 Example of SDP :- Tobacco, Soyabean, Viola, Xanthium (Cocklebur), Chrysanthemum, Cannabis,
Coleus, Chenopodium, Mustard, Dahlia, Sugarcane, Strawberry, Cosmos, Rice etc.
 In SDP the dark period is critical and must be continuous. If this dark period is breaks by a brief
exposure to red light, then SDP will not flowers.
 Maximum inhibition of flowering with red light occur at about the middle of critical dark period.
 Prolongation of the continuous dark period, initiates early & good flowering in SDP.
(2) LDP (Long Day Plants) : “These plants flowers only when they exposed to critical photoperiod or
photoperiod longer than their critical day length”.
The light period is critical for LDP.
Ex.: Henbane (Hyoscyamus) Spinach, Sugarbeet, Radish, Carrot, Wheat, Larkspur, Barley,
Avena, Potato.
 A brief exposure of red light in the dark period stimulates flowering in LDP.
(3) DNP (Day Neutral Plants) or Intermediate Plants : These plants do not need specific critical day
length for the flowering. Ex. Zea, Cotton, Tomato, Sunflower, Cucumber.
 L-SDP : These are SDP but must be exposed to long day during early stage of their growth.
Ex. Bryophyllum.
 S-LDP : These are LDP but must be exposed to short photoperiod during early stage of growth.
Ex. Wheat & Rye.
 Cajlachjan : Reported that stimulation of critical photoperiod is percepted by leaves.
 Chailakhyan : Discovered “Florigen”. It has been not isolated, thus called as Hypothetical hormone.

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Phytochrome
 Borthwick & Hendricks :- Discovered a light sensitive pigment responsible for flowering .
 Butler :- Given term “phytochrome” for this pigment and isolated it.
 Pigment phytochrome is a chromophore billiprotein, which have open tetrapyrrolic structure similar to
phycobilin.
 Phytochrome mainly located on cell membrane of all type of plants.
 Phytochrome :- exists in two different forms
Pr (Phytochrome red) - Red light absorbing from (630-670 nm, Peak-667 nm), Blue colour, stable
form, Physiologically inactive, induce flowering in SDP, inhibits flowering in LDP.
 Pfr (Phytochrome far red) - This is far-red light absorbing form (720 - 740 nm, Peak-735 nm), Yellow
colour, unstable form, Physiologically active form, induce flowering in LDP, inhibits flowering in SDP.
 Both forms of phytochrome are photobiochemically show photochromicity and interconvertibility.
 The Pfr (Yellowish) form, gradually changed into Pr (Bluish) form in dark.
 During the day both Pr and Pfr form are accumulated in the plants.
 Control of morphogenesis by light and phytochrome is called Photomorphogenesis.
 Now phytochrome is considered as universal distribution in plant kingdom.
Photomorphogenesis in plants appear to be under control of three phtoreceptors.
(i) Phytochrome - Which absorbs red and far red region of light.
(ii) Cryptochrome - Which absorbs blue and UV-A (380 nm) light.
(iii) UV-B-Receptors - Which absorb UV-B (290 nm) light.

SUNLIGHT
TO

RED LIGHT
AB

ES
SO

G
AN
RB

CH
S

P660 P730
Pr Pfr
LY S
CK GE

EX
UI N

PO
Q HA

SE
C
LY S

D
W E
O NG

TO

FAR RED LIGHT

SL HA
C

TOTAL DARK

Fig : The Phytochrome concept

 In SDP, during critical dark period Pfr form gradually changes into Pr form which results in flowering.
 If critical dark period is interuptted by red light for short duration then Pr form is again converted to Pfr
form, thus inhibiting flowering.
 The inhibitory effect can be reversed by subsequent far red light exposure.
 In SDP, whether flowering will be promoted or inhibited will depend on the exposure given in the last
when the two types of radiations (Red and far red) are given successively –
SDP + R Inhibits flowering
SDP + R + FR  Promotes flowering
SDP + R + FR + R  Inhibits flowering

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  In LDP, prolongation of light period or interruption of dark period by red light result in accumulation
of Pfr form which stimulates flowering.
 Pfr form is biologically active form which is responsible to initiate a number of physiological process
such as -
(a) Seed germination (b) Photoperiodism
(c) Stomatal opening & closing (d) Photomorphogenesis

Vernalization
 Effect of low temperature on the initiation and development of flower, was first realised by Klippart 1857
(Experiment on winter & Spring wheat)
 Detail study and term - “Vernalisation” by Lysenko (Credit of discovery).
 Chourad defined as ‘acceleration of ability to produce flower by chilling treatment is called
vernalisation’.
 Mainly embryo tip, shoot apex and leaves percept induction of low temperature on plants.
 Concept of hormone ‘vernalin’ in vernalisation was given by Melcher et. al. This is a hypothetical
plant hormone, because not has been isolated till today.
 Vernalisation of seeds or plant progagule in laboratory can be induced at 1ºC to 10ºC in presence
of O2 and H2O. Proper photoperiodic induction also required after vernalization.
 If vernalized plant prapagules are kept in high temperature, just after the low temperature treatment then
effect of vernalization is reverse, this effect is called as devernalization.
Significance :-
(i) Better and early flowering
(ii) Vernalization increases the resistance to fungal diseases.
(iii) Protects natural precocious reproductive development.
Growth regulators :
Growth is mainly regulated by small amount of chemical substances present at growth points in plants.
These are known as Growth regulators or Growth hormones.
GROWTH REGULATORS OR PLANT GROWTH HORMONES
 Term ‘hormone’ was first of all used by Starling (1902).
 Sachs (1948) first suggested the presence of growth regulating substances in the plants.
 Thimann (1948) gave the term Phytohormone.
 Thimann defined Phytohormones as organic substances produced naturally in minute quantities in one
part of plant body and transported to another parts where they are active and produce effect on growth.
 Growth regulators = Phytohormones + Synthetic Substances
so, all phytohormones are growth regulators but all growth regulators are not phytohormones.
Special features of plant growth Hormones / Chemicals :
 Plants hormones works in concentration based manner.
 Synthetic hormones or chemical are not transported by plants, so provided at the target sites.
 Synthetic hormones or chemical only induce the somatic changes not the genetic changes. So,
treatment should be provided every year.
 Supra optimum concentration of any synthetic hormone/chemical leads to death of plant.
(i) Fruit Thinning : All the measures which are used to obtain the commercially valuable fruits are
collectively known as Fruit thinning. Like increase in number and size of flower and fruit etc.
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  Bolting effects : Elimination of Rosette growth (extreme dwarfism) by the application of gibberellins.
 Lodging : Falling of crops or plants due to less mechanical strength. Auxin prevents lodging.
 Gibberellin treatement elongates the internodes of dwarf plants (Genetic, mutational, environmental
dwarf plants) not works in normal plants.
 Auxin and Cytokinin both hormones naturally and synthetically works together.
 Richmond lang effect : Delay in senescence due to effect of cytokinin.
 Climacteric Respiration : Ethylene is highly effective in fruit ripening. It enhance the respiration rate
during ripening of the fruits. This rise in rate of respiration is called Respiratory Climacteric. Rapid
rise in rate of respiration which later decrease during starting of ripening of fruits and senescence is
due to ethylene production.
 Growth regulators are of two types -
(a) Growth promoters (b) Growth Inhibitors
GROWTH PROMOTERS
 Those hormones which increases the rate of growth are called growth promoters.
 Growth promoters are of following 3 types -
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin (3) Cytokinin
(b) Growth inhibitors - ABA and Ethylene
AUXIN
History :
(A) Charles Darwin & Francis Darwin (1887) :
 They first of all reported the presence of first growth hormone in the coleoptile tip of canary grass
(Phalaris canarensis).
 They described the effect of light and gravity in the book “Power of movement in plants”.
 Darwin reported that coleoptile tip of canary grass bend towards light. Thus it shows phototropism.
 Thus, Darwin concluded that certain kind of substance is generated at the tip which is then transmitted
to the base where growth takes place.
Remove tip
by cutting
LIGHT LIGHT
LIGHT LIGHT
Blade

Coleoptile
A B
A B C
At the start of After some time gives
experiment curvature towards light At the start of After some time no
experiment Curvature towards light
Fig.: Discovery of Auxins (Darwin’s Experiment)
(B) Boysen-Jenson (1913) :
 After performing an experiment on Avena Sativa coleoptile they found that if its tip was cut then its
phototrophic sensitivity is destroyed.
 But they found that when an excised coleoptile tip was replaced without or with gelatin, bending
resulted as in normal coleoptile.
 He further found that insertion of mica plate prevents curvature following unilateral illumination of the tip.
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 Tip replaced
on stump
LIGHT LIGHT

Remove tip
by cutting
C D
Blade At the start of After some time gives
experiment Curvature towards light
A B
LIGHT LIGHT

E F
At the start of After some time gives
experiment Curvature towards light
Fig : Experiments of Boysen-Jensen
(C) Paal (1919) :
 He found that when the excised tip is replaced on one side of Avena coleoptile stump then accelerated
growth beneath the tip, which results in curvature, in dark.
 He gives the idea of unequal distribution of the chemical responsible for phototropism.

Coleoptile tip

Blade Dark

Stump

A B C
Tip removed Tip replaced on one After some time coleoptile bent
by cutting half of the stump away from the side bearing
tip even in dark

(D) F.W. Went (1920) :

 He first isolated a substance from the coleoptile tip of Avena sativa (Oat) and named it auxin.
 He placed the cut end of coleoptile tip of Oat on agar block.
 Then he placed one of the agar block on stump in eccentric position and kept it in dark for 2 hrs. He
observed that curvature resulted in oppsite direction to agar block.
 Went discovered auxin in tip of coleoptile.
 He also stated that auxin concentration towards non-illuminated side is 57% and towards illuminated
side is 27% because -
About 16% auxin is destroyed by light.

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 Agar block Light Light
Dark

57% 27%
Auxin Auxin

Avena coleoptile
Experiment-1 Experiment-2 Experiment-3
Fig.: F.W. Went’s Experiment
Conclusion :- (1) Growth is directly proportional to concentration of Auxin in agar block in limit
(2) Transport of auxin is Polar and Basipetal.
(3) High concentration of auxin towards dark side (57%) and less auxin concentration
towards light side (27%). Rest of auxin is Photoxidised (16%).
(E) Kogl, Haagen Smit and Erxleben (1931) :
They discoveresd 3 types of auxin like substances from different sources -
(a) Auxin-a : It was isolated from human urine and was named as Auxenotriolic acid (C18H32O 5).
(b) Auxin-b : It was isolated from corn endosperm (corn germ oil) and named as Auxenolonic acid
(C18H30O4).
(c) Heteroauxin (C10H9O 2N) : It was also isolated from human urine which is now known as Indole-
3-Acetic acid (AA).
(F) Thimann (1935) : isolated IAA from cultures of Rhizopus species.

Introduction of Auxin :
 Precursor = Tryptophan {‘Zn’ is essential for biosynthesis}
 Biosynthesis = Shoot and Root apex
 Transportation = Polar and Basipetal, By parenchyma cells.

 Structure of AA is -

Natural Auxins = IAA(Indole Acetic Acid), IBA(Indole Butyric Acid), PAA (Phenoxy Acetic Acid)
Forms
Synthetic Auxins = , -NAA (Nepthelene Acetic Acid), IPA (Indole Propionic Acid), PAA, 2 , 4-D, 2, 4-5-T

Free Auxins = Diffusible Auxin

Bound Auxins = Binded with esters at the site of synthesis

Antiauxin = TIBA, Morphectin, MH

 {Inhibits polar transport of Auxin}
Decrease apical dominance.
Increase Lateral branches
Decrease phototropism
Shortening of internodes
Decrease laminar area of leaves
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  Oxdation = Photooxidation, IAA oxidase
 Bioassay = Avena Curvature test, Root growth inhibition test.
Physiological effects and applications of Auxin :

Cell elongation Pruning increase lateral branching

(i) Morphogenesis Shortening of internodes  Use of NAA, MH in Apple, Pear
Apical dominanace Potato Dormancy  Use of NAA, MH

Root formation Increase adventitious branching of roots

(ii) and root growth
inhibition Prevents lodging - IBA - Rooting hormone
Fruit thinning in mango.
(iii) Prevents abscission
Collection of cotton bolls - TIBA
Flowering - Femaleness in Bromeliaceae,
(Pineapple, Litchi) and Cucurbitaceae.
(iv) Flowering and Parthenocarpy
Parthenocarpy in solanaceae and cucurbitaceae.
(v) Phototropism
(vi) Selective weed killer = Dicots weeds/broad leaf weed killer = 2, 4-D and 2, 4-5-T,
= Dioxin/Agent orange/Jungle defoliant

GIBBERELLIN (GA)
History :
 Japanese farmers noted that some plants in rice fields were taller, thinner and paler than the normal
plants and named this disease as ‘bakanae disease or foolish seedling disease’.
 Kurosawa and Swada (1926) reported that this disease was due to a fungus Gibberella fujikuroi
(Ascomycetes) whose incomplete state is fusarium moniliformae (Duteromycetes).
 Yabuta, Sumuki and Hyashi (1938) isolated gibberellin from this fungus and named it as Gibberellic
acid. It was GA3.
 Untill now more than 50 GA have been discovered.
Introduction of Gibberellin :
 Precursor = Acetyl-CoA {By Mevalonic acid Pathway} / Kaurene.
 Biosynthesis = Germinating seed, Bud, Shoot, Root, Leaves.
 Transports = Non Polar, By xylem and phloem.
 Chemical structure of Gibberellic acid is –
O

CO OH

CH3 COOH CH2

GA
 Form = GA3 - First discovered and most common GA [Commercially]
GA1 and GA20 = GA1 first discovered GA of higher plants. Most common GA’s of higher plants.

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  Anti GA - Phosphon - D, Cycocel, Chlormquet, Ancymidol [A-Rest], Alar-85 (B-Nine), AMO - 1618.
All are used in Bonsi.
 Oxidation
 Bioassy = (i) -amylase activity test in Barley endosperm.
(ii) Dwarf pea and Maize test.

Physiological effects and application of GA :

 Stem and internode elongation Bolting effect : Elimination of rosette growth in cabbage..
Increase malting in sugarcane.
Breaking seed dormancy
 Seed germination
Germination of photoblastic seeds, Ex. Lettuce, Tobacco
Increase activity of stored food hydrolysing enzymes like Amylase, Lipase, Protease.
 Flowering and Parthenocarpy
Flowering

Maleness in Bromeliaceae and Cucurbitaceae

In LDP during short day condition.
In vernalisation requiring plants (winter annuals, biennials) without
vernalisation.
Parthenocarpy - In solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae.

 Fruits and flower enlarger- Thompson grapes / Table graps, geranium flower.
Pomalin (Apple enlarger) = mixture of GA (GA4 and GA7) + Cytokinin
CYTOKININ
History

 Miller (1956) first isolated them from herring fish sperm DNA and named them as kinetin.
 Letham (1953) isolated and characterised a cytokinin called zeatin from immature maize kernels.(corn grain oil)
 Cytokinin name given by F. Skoog.
 Phytokinin term by Osborne.
Introduction of Cytokinin
 Precursor - Acetyl CoA [By Mevalonic acid pathway] Adenin derivatives.
 Biosynthesis - Root and shoot apex.
 Transport - Polar and Basipetal, By xylem.
 Structure -
CH3
NH CH2 CH = C CH2OH
NH CH2 O
H N
N
N
N
N N |
N H
Kinetin Zeatin

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  Form -
Kinetin - First discovered Ck. (Only in animals).
Zeatin - First discovered CK and most common CK of plants. Coconut milk factor - Zeatin.
Synthetic CK - BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine), Diphenyl Urea, thidiazuron.
 Oxidation - Cytokinin oxidase.
 Bioassay - (i) Chlorophyll preservation test.
(ii) Tobacco pith cell division test.
(iii) Radish and soyabean cotyledon cell division test.

Physiological effects and applications of Cytokinins

 Cell division, Morphogenesis, Vascular differentiation :
Increase cell division in culture medium.
Increase secondary growth, by increasing activity of interfascicular cambium
Morphogenesis in culture medium.

High CK Low CK CK
= Shoot, = Root, = 1 callus.
Low Auxin High Auxin Auxin

 Promotes growth of lateral branches.

 Nutrients Mobilisation and delayes Senescence. Richmond Lang effect.
Increase Proplastid formation, Increase phloem/food conduction, increase lignin biosynthesis. Seed
germination in parasitic plants without host plants. (Striga)
 Stomatal opening.

GROWTH INHIBITOR :
Abscisic Acid /ABA
History
 First indication of growth inhibitors was given by Osborne.
 First growth inhibitor was identified by Bennet-Clark and Kefford (1953) from dormant potato tuber
and called it -inhibitor.
 Addicott and Okhuma (1963) obtained from mature Cotton fruits and named as Abscisin II. (C15H20O4)
 Waring and Robinson - Isolated a growth inhibitor from old Betula leaves and called it Dormin.
 Later established that -inhibitor, Abscisin-II and Dormin are same and called as Abscisic acid.
Introduction of ABA
 Precursor - Acetyl Co-A {By Mevalonic acid pathway}. Oxidation of -carotene.
 Biosynthesis - In any plants part where required.
 Transpotation - Not transported

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  Structure

Chemical Structure of ABA

 Oxidation.
 Bioassay.
Physiological effects and applications of ABA

Tuberisation of potato.
 Induced bud and seed dormacy Inhibits activity of amylase, lipase, protease.
Prevents vivipary
Growth inhibition in duck weeds (Lemna).

Inhibits cells divisionand cell elongation.

 Regulates abscission and senescence
Increase activity of polysaccharide
hydrolysing enzymes, pectinase, cellulase.
 Stomatal Closing
 Increase geotropism in root of xerophytes.
 Flowering delay in LDP.

ETHYLENE
History
 H.H. Cousin (1910) first suggested that ripened oranges are responsible for ripening of unripen banans.
 R.Gane identified volatile subsence as ethylene.
 Ethylene is a gaseous pollutant hydrocarbon, But Burg reported it as a fruit reipening hormone.
 Pratt Goeschl - Recognized ethylene as a natural plant growth regulator.
Introduction of Ethylene
 Precursor - Methionine. Auxin induced ethylene production.
 Bisynthesis - Ripening fruits, Senescent plant parts. Roots, Shoots,
 Transport - Diffusion
 Structure : CH2 = CH2
 From = Ethephone/CEPA (2-Chloroethyl phosphoric acid). - Artificial fruit ripener.
Ascorbic acid and iodoacetate also induces its synthesis. O2 is essential.

Ethephone
 Oxidation - Autocatalytic.

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Physiological effects and applications of Ethylene
 Fruit Ripening = Natural - Climacteric respiration.
Artificial - Ethephone / CEPA used.
 Regulates senescence and abscission.
 Flowering - Femaleness - In Bromeliaceae (Pineapple, Litchi) and cucurbitaceae.
 Root-shoot growth - Root (Like Auxin) : Increase formation of roots, Root hair, inhibits root growth.
Shoot (Antiauxin : inhibits transports of auxin) : Decrease apical dominance, decrease stem elongation,
Increase radial swelling of stem.
 In hydrophytes - Increase gaseous diffusion.
Increase radial swelling or horizontal growth of stems.
 Abnormal effects : Epinasty of leaves.
Tightening of hooks of epicotyl and hypocotyl.

ABSCISSION
 Detachment of senescent or mature plant organs like leaves, fruits, flowers due to change in hormonal
activity.
 There is a separation layer (abscission layer) is formed within the region of attachement of these parts.
Cell wall layers and middle lamella are dissolved by the activity of cellulase and pectinase
(Polysaccharide hydrolysing enzymes) during abscission.
 Hormone ABA and Ethylene are main controllar of abscission process.
PLANT SENESCENCE
 Period from reproductive maturity to degredative changes during the death of an organ or plant is known
as Senescence.
 During senescence a gradual destruction occurs in protoplasm, cell, tissue, organ or plant and
functioning of the plant and plant parts.
 During the senescence, higher rate of catabolism starts, under the control of growth hormones like
ABA, ethylene. Senescence occurs as a result of ageing and leads to death of plant parts or whole
plant. (Senescence and ageing - studied in phyto-gerontology)
 Senescence may be of following types :
(a) Whole plant senescence : Ex. Tomato, Wheat, Mustard, Rice, Beans.
(b) Organ senescence : When plant part above ground dies (shoot) each year and root & rhizome
system alive. Ex. Alfa-alfa, Sugarcane, Banana, Ginger.
(c) Sequential or progressive leaf senescence : Evergreen perennials show progressive or
sequential senescence of older leaves, lateral organs, branches, flowers, fruits and shoot.
Ex. Eucalyptus, Mango.
(d) Simultaneous or Synchronous leaf senescence : In perennial deciduous plants all the
leaves undergo senescence and abcission at a time.
Ex. : Dalbergia siso, Azadirachta indica, Ficus religeosa

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 EXERCISE - I
Q.1 Avena coleoptile test to find out the quantity Q.8 Auxin inhibits the growth of–
of growth promoting hormones was (1) Apical bud
discovered by – (2) Lateral axillary buds
(1) F,W, Went (2) L.J. Oudus (3) Roots on stem cutting
(3) K.V. Thimann (4) F. Skoog (4) Parthenocarpic development of fruits

Q.2 Primary precursor or I.A.A. is– Q.9 Induction of rooting in stem cutting by auxin
(1) Phenyl alanine (2) Tyrosine treatment would be beneficial in which of the
(3) Tryptophan (4) Leucine following–
(1) Marchantia (2) Wheat
Q.3 The biological activity of I.A.A. is tested by– (3) Cuscuta (4) Bougainvillea
(1)  - amylase test
(2) Avena curvature test Q.10 Which of the following is not natural occuring
(3) Soybean callus test plant hormone?
(4) Xanthium leaf disc test (1) 2, 4-D (2) GA2
(3) Gibberellin (4) I.A.A
Q.4 Indole, 3 acetic acid, called as auxin was
first isolated from– Q.11 Seedless fruits can be obtained by treating
(1) Human urine (2) Corn germ oil the unpollinated ovaries with–
(3) Fusarium (4) Rhizopus (1) Colchicine (2) Sucrose solution
(3) Hormones (4) Pure lanolin
Q.5 Which of the following effects of auxins is of
wide application? Q.12 Leaf fall occurs when the content of–
(1) Induction of fruit development (1) Auxin increase
(2) Induction of root initiation (2) Auxin decreases
(3) Prevention of abscission (3) Abscisic acid decreases
(4) All of the above (4) Gibberellic acid decreases

Q.6 Stem elongation is affected by– Q.13 Substance which originate at the tip of stem
to control growth–
(1) Gibberellin and florigen
(1) Vitamins (2) Enzymes
(2) Auxin and gibberellin
(3) Food materials (4) Auxins
(3) Florigen and kinin
(4) Kinin and auxin Q.14 Which of the growth substance acts as a
stimulant during nodule f ormation in
Q.7 Apical dominance means– leguminous plant–
(1) Suppression of growth of apical bud by (1) Ethylene (2) ABA
axillary buds (3) IAA (4) Morphactin
(2) Suppression of growth of axillary buds
by the presence of apical bud Q.15 Auxanometer is meant for measuring–
(3) Stimulation of growth of axillary buds by (1) Respiratory activity
removal of apical bud (2) Photosynthetic activity
(4) Inhibition of growth of axillary buds by (3) Growth activity
removal of apical bud
(4) Osmotic pressure

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Q.16 Apical dominance in higher plants is due to– Q.24 Growth is primarily affected by two climatic
(1) Phytohormones (2) Enzymes factors which are?
(3) Carbohydrates (4) Photoperiodism (1) Light and temperature
(2) Temperature and relative humidity
Q.17 Parthenocarpy is the production of– (3) Light and wind
(1) Fruits with pollination (4) Rainfall and temperature
(2) Fruits with out fertilization
(3) Seeds with fertilization Q.25 Which of the following instrument can be used
(4) Only seeds and no fruits to record plant growth by seconds?
(1) Arc auxanomemter
Q.18 Auxin is mainly produced by– (2) Arc indicator
(1) Apical root meristem (3) Space marker disc
(2) Root cambium (4) Crescorgraph
(3) Apical shoot meristem
(4) Phloem in shoot tip Q.26 In a growing plant, the first phase during the
process of growth is–
(1) Cell division
Q.19 Indole acetic acid generally inhibits the growth
of – (2) Cell enlargement
(1) Roots (2) Leaves (3) Cell differentiation
(3) Shoots (4) Plants in general (4) Cell maturation

Q.27 The classical experiments on growth were

Q.20 Fruit drop is caused by– performed by–
(1) From the shoot tip in the downward (1) Lamarck & Boysen Jensen
direction (2) Boysen Jensen & Darwin
(2) From the root tip in the upward direction
(3) Darwin and Lamarch
(3) Through vascular systems in plants
(4) Darwin and Paal
(4) By a special transport system in the root
Q.28 The natural plant hormones were first isolated
Q.21 Fruit drop is caused by– from–
(1) Less auxin in fruit than in stem (1) Cotton fruits, spinach leaves and rice
(2) More auxin in fruit than in stem plant
(3) Equal distribution of auxin in stem and (2) Avena coleoptiles, spinash leaves and
fruit fungus Gibberella
(4) Absence of auxin in stem and fruit (3) Human urine and corn germ oil
(4) Human urine and rice plant
Q.22 In plants growth is–
(1) Restricted to certain regions or structure Q.29 Which one of the following nutrients is
(2) Irreversible concerned with the growth of the plants in
view or their role in synthesis of auxin–
(3) Change in size
(1) S (2) Mn
(4) All the above
(3) Zn (4) K
Q.23 Which one of the following is motivation force
for growth– Q.30 Plants bend toward the light because–
(1) Turgor pressure (1) They need light for photosynthesis
(2) Root pressure (2) They need light for respiration
(3) Atmospheric pressure (3) Light attracts them
(4) Osmotic pressure (4) Cells on the shaded side elongate more

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Q.31 Auxins are abundantly produced in– Q.38 An apparatus used to demonstrate
(1) Root phototropism is–
(2) Meristematic region of root (1) Luxmeter
(3) Shoot (2) Solarometer
(4) Meristematic region of shoot (3) Clinostate
(4) Heliotrophic chamber
Q.32 Clinostat is used in study for–
(1) Photosynthesis Q.39 phytohormone term was coined by–
(2) Respiration (1) Gregory and Purvis
(3) Geotropism (2) F.W. Went
(4) Osmosis (3) Thieman
(4) L.J. Audus
Q.33 Which of the following exerts profound effect
on the reproductive growth of a flowering Q.40 Growth hormone acts–
plant– (1) Always as growth promotors
(1) Quality of light (2) Always are growth inhibitors
(2) Quantity of light (3) Some as promotors and some as
(3) Direction of light inhibitors
(4) Duration of light cycles (4) Rarely as growth inducers

Q.34 What is the cause of excurrent habit in pinus– Q.41 The movement of auxin is largely–
(1) Presence of gibberellin (1) Acropetal (2) Basipetal
(2) Presence of apical dominance (3) Lateral (4) Centripetal
(3) High concentration of cytokinin
(4) High concentration of ABA Q.42 The formula of Auxin-A is–
(1) C18 H30 O 7
Q.35 Which of the following hormone is concerned (2) C18 H22 O 5
chiefly with root initiation?
(3) C12 H30 O 6
(1) IBA (2) GA3
(4) C20 H30 N5
(3) ABA (4) Kinetin
Q.43 Which growth hormone is responsible for
Q.36 If the tip of a seeding is cut off growth as apical dominance–
well as bending ceases because it hampers–
(1) Auxin (2) Cytokinin
(1) Respiration
(3) Gibberellin (4) Ethylene
(2) Photosynthesis
(3) Perception of light stimulus
Q.44 2, 4-D is a synthetic–
(4) Transpiration
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
Q.37 What causes a green plant to bend towards (3) Cytokinin (4) Florigen
light as it grows ?
(1) Because green plants need light to carry Q.45 Which of the following induces femaleness in
on photosynthesis plants?
(2) Because green plants are phototropic (1) Auxin & ethylene
(3) Light stimulates plant cells on the lighted (2) Ethanol
side to grow faster (3) ABA
(4) Auxin accumulates on the shaded side (4) Gibberellin

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Q.46 Which of the following prevents the fall of Q.55 DCMU is a herbicide which kills the plant
fruits? by–
(1) GA3 (2) NAA (1) Inhibiting photolysis of water as it is a
(3) Ethylene (4) Zeatin strong inhibitor of pigment system II
(2) Inhibiting CO2 function as it is a strong
inhibitor of pigment system II
Q.47 Which of the following is weed killer?
(3) Checking respiration
(1) 2, 4-D (2) NAA
(4) Destroying Chloroplast
(3) GA (4) ABA

Q.56 Supra optima (more than 10 PPM)

Q.48 Which one is prevents over-ripening of banana concentration of Auxins–
and browning of cut fruits?
(1) Promotes flowering
(1) Gibberellic Acid
(2) Kill the plant
(2) Indole-3 Acetic Acid
(3) Prevents shortening of the internodes
(3) Ascorbic Acid
(4) Promotes growth in both stem and roots
(4) Abscisic Acid apex

Q.49 Which weedicide can defoliate the complete Q.57 Growth curve is–
forest?
(1) S-shaped (2) Sigmoid
(1) 2, 4-D (2) MH
(3) L-Shaped (4) Both 1 & 2
(3) AMO - 1618 (4) ABA
Q.58 Which of the following auxins are widely used
Q.50 Agent orange is– as herbicides–
(1) Biodegradable insecticide (1) 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T
(2) Dioxin weedicide (2) 2, 4-D and cytokinin
(3) Biofertilizer (3) 2, 4-D and 2, 4-T
(4) Biopesticide (4) 2, 4, 5-T and GA

Q.51 Phytotron is a device by which? Q.59 The compounds that inhibit the action of
(1) Induce mutation breeding in wheat auxin are known as–
(2) Electron bombarding system (1) Antiauxins
(3) Plants are grown in controlled environment (2) Auxins promotors
(4) Heavy water plants (3) Auxin precursors
(4) Both 1 & 2
Q.52 Lateral axillary buds are not allowed to grow
by– Q.60 Premature fall of fruit can be stopped by–
(1) Auxin (2) Ethylene (1) Auxin (2) GA3
(3) Gibberellin (4) Cytokinin (3) ABA (4) None of these

Q.53 Richmond– Lang effect is due to

Q.61 Photoperiodic stimulus is picked up by–
(1) Cytokinin (2) Auxin
(1) Phytochrome (2) Phytohormone
(3) ABA (4) All the above
(3) Enzyme (4) Vernalin
Q.54 A hypothetical chemical believed to be
involved in flowering is– Q.62 Parthenocarpy can be achieved by–
(1) Gibberellin (2) NAA (1) Zeatin (2) ABA
(3) Florigen (4) IAA (3) Auxins (4) Kinetin

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Q.63 IAA was isolated by– Q.71 Hormone involved in photoperiodism is–
(1) Kogl and Erxleben (1) IAA (2) Gibberellin
(2) Kogl and Haagen Smit (3) Kinetin (4) 2, 4-D
(3) Erxleben and Haagen Smit
Q.72 Gibberellin was first extracted from–
(4) Kogl, Darwin and Haagen Smit
(1) Fusarium moniforme = Gibberella fujikuroi
(2) Gellidium
Q.64 Maximum of growth occurs in–
(3) Gracillaria
(1) Exponential phase (2) Decline phase
(4) Aspergillus
(3) Stationary phase (4) Lag phase
Q.73 Bolting hormone is–
Q.65 Cholodnyl-Went theory is related with– (1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
(1) Turgor movement (3) ABA (4) Ethylene
(2) Chemotropism
(3) Phot-tropism Q.74 The plant hormone, which synthesized in root
(4) Phototropism & Geotropism and translocated to aerial parts is–
(1) Auxin (2) Cytokinin
Q.66 W hich of the following plant hormone (3) Traumatin (4) Morphactins
substitutes for long photoperiod in flowering
plant– Q.75 The elongation of genetically dwarf plants is
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin brought about by application of–
(3) Cytokinin (4) Ethylene (1) Cytokinins (2) Gibberellins
(3) X-Rays (4) Vitamin-C
Q.67 Gibberellin stimulates flowering in–
(1) The plants growing in japanese farms Q.76 Gibberellin was isolated from–
(2) The short day plants (1) An alga (2) A fungus
(3) The long day plants (3) A bacterium (4) A virus
(4) Day neutral plants
Q.77 Gibberellins could be extracted from–
Q.68 Internodal elongation is stimulated by– (1) Rice
(1) Auxin (2) Cytokinin (2) Fungus/Fusarium moniliformis
(3) Gibberellin (4) Phenol (3) More healthy plants
(4) Diseased plants
Q.69 Cytokinin–
(1) Is a hormone whose main function is to Q.78 Gibberellins are–
induce the cell division (1) Growth inhibitors
(2) Is the process of cell division (2) Growth promotor
(3) Refers to cell division (3) Not concerned with growth at all
(4) Causes dormancy (4) Of little potential in agriculture

Q.70 The excised leaf does not turn yellow if it is Q.79 Gibberellins do not cause–
induced to root. The is attributed to synthesis
(1) Shortening of genetically tall plants
in the root of–
(2) Stimulation of seed germination
(1) Ethylene (2) Cytokinins
(3) Promotion of parthenocarpy
(3) Gibberellins (4) Auxins
(4) Induction of -amylase synthesis in barley

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Q.80 Gibberellic acid has been successfully Q.89 The habit of Cabbage plant can be changed
employed to induce flowering in– drastically by the application of -
(1) Short day plants under long day condition (1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
(2) In long day plants under short day (3) Cytokinin (4) ABA
condition
(3) For some plants Q.90 In germinating seeds Amylase, Proteases,
(4) None of the above Lipases are stimulated by)-
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
Q.81 The growth regulator that retards ageins of (3) Cytokinin (4) Ethylene
plant organ is-
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin Q.91 Which of the following hormones is known to
(3) Cytokinin (4) Abscisic acid promote maleness in flowering plants ?
(1) Gibberellic acid (2) Kinetin
Q.82 Which of the following hormones can replace (3) IAA (4) 2, 4-D
vernalization ?
(1) Cytokinins (2) Auxins Q.92 Richmond lang effect due to cytokinins
(3) Ethylene (4) Gibberellin pertains to
(1) Root formation
Q.83 Which of the following breaks the dormancy (2) Apical dominance
of seeds ?
(3) Delay of senescence
(1) IAA (2) GA3
(4) Leaf formation
(3) Ethylene (4) All the above
Q.93 The gibberellin which is of wide distribution
Q.84 First natural cytokinin was discovered by- in higher plants are-
(1) Miller (2) Letham (1) GA29 (2) GA32 (3) GA1 (4) GA22
(3) Calvin (4) Govindii
Q.94 The most common cytokinin is-
Q.85 The firs cytokinin was discovered by-
(1) IAA
(1) Skoog (2) Went
(2) Kinetin
(3) Addicot (4) Miller
(3) Isopentanyl adenine
(4) Dehydrozeatin
Q.86 Richmond lang effect is-
(1) The ef fect of kinetins in delaying Q.95 Which one of the following is a gaseous plant
senescence hormone ?
(2) The effect of auxin on root and shoot (1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
formation
(3) Ethylene (4) Cytokinin
(3) The effect of traumatic acid in wound
formation
Q.96 Pomalin is sprayed over apple to increase
(4) None of these fruit size, it is-
(1) Auxin
Q.87 Which of the following is a coconut milk factor ?
(2) Mixture of auxin and gibberellin
(1) Auxin (2) ABA
(3) Mixture of auxin and cytokinin
(3) Morphactin (4) Cytokinin (4) Mixture of cytokinin and gibberellin

Q.88 Which of the following induces morphogenesis Q.97 Apical dominance can be overcome by
in tissue culture ? application of-
(1) Gibberellin (2) Cytokinin (1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
(3) IAA (4) Ethylene (3) Cytokinin (4) Florigen
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Q.98 In plants natural cytokinin was discovered by- Q.107 In autumn leaf fall occurs, because-
(1) Skoog & Miller (2) Letham (1) Formation of abscission layer at the base
(3) Benson & Calvin (4) Thimann & went (2) Leaf becomes heavy
(3) Leaf does not remain green
Q.99 The activity of -amylase in the endospore of (4) Of low temperature
barley germinating seed is induced by-
(1) Ethylene (2) Cytokinin Q.108 The hormone produced during adverse
(3) IAA (4) Gibberellin environmental condition is-
(1) Abscisic acid
Q.100 Dormancy of seed is broken by- (2) N6-Isopentanyl adenine (CK)
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellins (3) Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D)
(3) Ethylene (4) Cytokinin (4) Gibberellic acid (GA)

Q.101 Which breaks dormancy of potato tuber ? Q.109 The which of the following is growth inhibitor-
(1) Gibberellin (2) IAA (1) IAA (2) ABA
(3) ABA (4) Zeatin (3) NAA (4) GA3

Q.102 In tissue culture, differentiation of shoot is Q.110 During adverse environmental condition plants
controlled by- develop a stress hormove, which is ?
(1) Light Intensity (1) Abscisic acid
(2) Temperature shock (2) Ethylene
(3) Benzyl amino purine
 Cyto 
(3) Low Auxin + High CK  High Ratio  (4) Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
 Auxin 
(4) None Q.111 Abscisic acid treatment results in-
(1) Leaf expansion (2) Stem elongation
Q.103 Pineapple can made to uniform flowering by (3) Stomatal closure (4) Root elongation
the application:-
(1) Zeatin (2) Ethylene
Q.112 Natural cell division inducing factor occurs in-
(3) Short day (4) Low temperature
(1) Coconut milk
(2) Immature maize seeds
Q.104 A natural growth regulator is-
(3) Both
(1) Ethylene (2) NAA
(4) Heated t - RNA
(3) 2, 4-D (4) Benzyladenine
Q.113 Recognition of ethylene as a natural plant
Q.105 Among the following which helps in early
hormone was done by-
ripening of fruits ?
(1) Pratt Goeschl (2) Richmond Lang
(1) Methane (2) Ethylene
(3) Sorokin (4) Haberlandt
(3) CO 2 (4) CO

Q.114 Seeds of Tomato do not germinate in its pulp

Q.106 Abscisic acid induces- due to-
(1) Shoot elongation (1) Presence of excess salts
(2) Cell elongation and cell wall formation (2) Presence of ferulic acid
(3) Cell division (3) Absence of oxygen
(4) leaf fall and dormancy (4) Presence of ABA

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Q.115 Fruits ripening hormone is- Q.124 Selaginella sperms swims towards the
(1) Kinetin (2) Gibberellin archaegoina, this movement is-
(3) Ethylene (4) IAA (1) Chemotropic (2) Chemotactic
(3) Chemonastic (4) Archaenastic
Q.116 Morphactins are-
Q.125 Activ e f orm of phytochrome f or seed
(1) Auxins Germination is-
(2) Natural growth regulators (1) Pfr–form (2) Pr–form
(3) Synthetic growth inhibitor (3) Both (4) None
(4) Metabolic inhibitors
Q.126 Long day plant's produces flowers when they
exposed to-
Q.117 What is a stress hormone ?
(1) Any duration of light
(1) Benzyl aminopurine
(2) Light period longer than a critical day
(2) Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
length
(3) Ethylene (3) Light period longer than 12 hrs.
(4) Abscisic acid (4) None of these

Q.118 A fungus which secretes abscisic acid is- Q.127 Which of the following is a hypothetical
(1) Aspergillus (2) Gibberella hormone ?
(3) Cercospora (4) Alternaria (1) Gibberellin (2) Auxin
(3) Cytokinin (4) Florigen
Q.119 Seed dormancy is due to the-
Q.128 Which plant is LDP ?
(1) Ethylene (2) Abscisic acid
(1) Tobacco (2) Glycine max.
(3) IAA (4) Starch
(3) Mirabilis (4) Spinach

Q.120 Hormone responsible for senescence- Q.129 In red-far red treatment response of plant
(1) ABA (2) Auxin depends upon-
(3) GA (4) Cytokinin (1) First treatment
(2) Last treatment
Q.121 Hormone responsible for vernalization- (3) Middle treatment
(1) Florigen (2) Caulocaline (4) Sum total of all the treatment
(3) Abscisin (4) Vernalin
Q.130 Phytochrome is found in-
(1) Algae (2) Fungi
Q.122 Effect of day length on plant development is
called (3) Gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms
(1) Phototropism (2) Photoperiodism
(3) Chemotropism (4) Photosynthesis Q.131 Wheat, potato & henbane are-
(1) SDP (2) DNP (3) LNP (4) LDP
Q.123 The phenomenon of photoperiodism in plants
was discovered by- Q.132 In short day plants (SDP) flowering is induced by
(1) Garner and Allard (1) Long night
(2) Steward and Salisbury (2) Photoperiod less than 12 hours
(3) Thiman and Skoog (3) Photoperiod shorter than critical value and
uniterrupted long night.
(4) Hendricks and Borthwick
(4) Short photoperiod and interrupted long
night
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Q.133 Which one shows red far red interconversions ? Q.143 The style in Arachis before fertilization is-
(1) Carotenoids (2) Cytochromes (1) Positive phototropic
(3) Chlorophyll (4) Phytochrome (2) Negative phototropic
(3) Positive geotropic
Q.134 Physiologically active form of phytochrome is- (4) None of the above
(1) P730 (2) P660 (3) P700 (4) P680
Q.144 Rhizomes and runner stems are-
(1) Diageotropic (2) Apogeotropic
Q.135 Pneumatophore are-
(3) Plagiotropic (4) Aerotropic
(1) Positively geotropic
(2) Negative phototropic
Q.145 Physiologically active from of phytochrome is-
(3) Negatively geotropic
(1) P730 (2) P660 (3) P700 (4) P680
(4) Hydrotropic

Q.146 Low temperature is harmful for plants,

Q.136 Which one prevents photooxidation and
because it has-
pigment destruction-
(1) Dessication effect (2) Chilling effect
(1) Carotene (2) Phytohormone
(3) Freezing effect (4) All of these
(3) Phycocynin (4) Phycoerythrin
Q.147 Greater growth on the lower surface of a
Q.137 If a tree flowers thrice in a year in October, bifacial leaf is-
January and July in northern India, the plant is-
(1) Nyctinasty (2) Photonasty
(1) Photo and thermo sensitive
(3) Hyponasty (4) Epinasty
(2) Photo and thermo insensitive
(3) Photosensitive but thermo insensitive Q.148 Opening of flower is example of-
(4) Thermo sensitive but photo insensitive (1) Curvature movement
(2) Epinasty
Q.138 A long day plant is -
(3) Hyponasty
(1) Xanthium (2) Chrysanthemum
(4) Autonomus
(3) Radish (4) Tomato
Q.149 Mimose (touch me not plant) shows-
Q.139 Which is not a plant hormone- (1) Thigmotropism movement
(1) Phytochrome (2) Florigen (2) Chemotactic movement
(3) GA (4) IAA (3) Thigmonasty
(4) Seismonasty
Q.140 A pigment concerned with both floral induction
and seed germination is- Q.150 Movement of tendrils is-
(1) Florigen (2) Chlorophyll (1) Hydrotropism (2) Chemotropism
(3) Plastocyanin (4) Phytochrome (3) Thigmotropism (4) Geotropism

Q.141 Which pigment absorbs the red and far-red Q.151 Movement of pollen tube is-
ligh ?
(1) Chemotropism (2) Hydrotropism
(1) Cytochrome (2) Phytochrome
(3) Phototropism (4) None
(3) Carotenoids (4) Chlorophyll
Q.152 Movement of male gametes in lower plants
Q.142 Mimosa pudica shows- (Fern, Bryophytes) is-
(1) Chemotropism (2) Nyctinasty (1) Thermotactic (2) Chemotropism
(3) Seismonasty (4) All the above (3) Chemotactic (4) Phototactic
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Q.153 Phototactic movements found in- Q.163 Movement of Spirogyra gametes is-
(1) Plants (2) Some Algae (1) Ciliary (2) Cyclosis
(3) Bryophytes (4) Male gametes (3) Amoeboid (4) None

Q.164 Movement in peristome teeth is-

Q.154 Negatively geotropic roots present in-
(1) Hydrochasy (2) Xerochasy
(1) Bryophytes (2) Mangrooves
(3) Chemotactic (4) Chemotropism
(3) Pteridophytes (4) Xerophytes
Q.165 Haustorial movement in Cuscuta-
Q.155 Movement can see in fungal hyphae- (1) Hapto/thigmotropism
(1) Chemotactic (2) Chemotropic (2) Aerotropism
(3) Thigmotropism (4) None (3) Hydrotropism
(4) Thermotropism
Q.156 Cucurbitaceae is good example of-
(1) Haptotropism (2) Thigmotropism Q.166 Drosera tentacles shows-
(3) Both (4) None (1) Chemonasty (2) Thigmonasty
(3) Chemotropism (4) Both (1) & (2)
Q.157 Diurnal change in flower & leafs is known as-
Q.167 Scototropic movements induced by-
(1) Nyctinasty or sleep movement (1) Light (2) Night
(2) Haptonasty (3) Touch (4) Heat
(3) Photonasty
(4) None Q.168 Motor or bulliform cells In grasses shows-
(1) Growth movement (2) Tropism
Q.158 Mov ement of Indian telegraph plant (3) Nastic movement (4) Turgor movement
(Desmodium) is–
(1) Movement of variation (Turgor movement) Q.169 The coiling of tendril around some base in
response to touch is called:
(2) Geotropism
(1) Hydrotaxis (2) Chemotaxis
(3) Phototropism (3) Thigmotaxis (4) Geotaxis
(4) Movement of cyclosis
Q.170 Prunning of plants promotes branching,
Q.159 Hydrotropism have seen in- because the axillary buds get sensitized to-
(1) Flowers (2) Seedlings [AIIMS - 2004]
(3) Stem (4) None (1) Ethylene (2) Gibberellin
(3) Cytokinin (4) IAA
Q.160 Crocus and Tulip flow shows response to-
(1) Water (2) Light Q.171 Cell elogation in internodel regions of the
green plants takes place due to-
(3) Temperature (4) Touch
[AIPMT - 2004]
Q.161 Mimosa pudica (Sensitive plant) leafs (1) Ethylene (2) Indole acetic acid
movement due to- (3) Cytokinin (4) Gibberellins
(1) Nerve impulsion
Q.172 One set of a plant was grown at 12 hrs. day
(2) Delicate leafs and 12 hours night period cycles and it
(3) Loss of tissue flowered. While in the other set night phase
(4) Turgor change in leaf base was interrupted by flash of light and it did not
flower. Under which one of the following
Q.162 Plant hormone associated with Climacteric catagories will you place this plant
respiration is- [AIPMT - 2004]
(1) Auxin (2) Cytokinin (1) Short day (2) Long day
(3) Ethylene (4) Gibberellin (3) Darkness neutral (4) Day neutral

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Q.173 The maximum growth rate occurs in- Q.180 Parthenocarpic tomato fruits can be produced by?
[AIPMT - 2004] [AIPMT-2006]
(1) Exponential phase (2) Stationary phase (1)raising the plants from vernalized seeds
(2) treating the plants with phenylmercuric
(3) Senescent phase (4) Lag phase
acetate
(3) removing androecium of flowers before
Q.174 The ability of the Venus Flytrap to capture pollen grains are released
insects is due to- [AIPMT - 2005] (4) treating the plants with low concentrations
(1) Chemical stimulation by the prey of gibberellic acid and auxins
(2) A passive process requiring no special
ability on the part of the plant Q.181 An enzyme that can stimulate germinationof
barley seeds is- [AIPMT-2006]
(3) specialized "muscle-like" cells
(1) Prptease (2) Invertase
(4) rapid turgor pressure changes (3) -amylase (4) Lipase

Q.175 Why is vivipary an undesirable character for Q.182 Opening of floral buds into flowers, is a type of:
annual crop plants ? [AIPMT-2005] [AIPMT-2007]
(1) It reduces vigour of the plant (1) Autonomic movement of growth
(2) The seeds cannot be stored under normal (2) Autonomic movement of locomotion
conditions for the next season. (3) Autonomic movement of variation
(3) The seeds cannot exhibit long dormancy (4) Paratonic movement of growth
(4) It adversely affects the fertility of the plant. Q.183 Which one of the following pairs, is not
correctly matched ? [AIPMT-2007]
Q.176 Gibberellins can promote seed germination (1) IAA - Cell wall elongation
because of their influence on: [AIPMT-2005] (2) Abscisic acid - Stomatal closure
(1) Rate of cell division (3) Gibberellic acid - Leaf fall
(2) Production of hydrolyzing enzymes (4) Cytokinin - Cell division
(3) Synthesis of abscisic acid Q.184 The wavelength of light absorbed Pr form of
(4) Absorption of water through hard seed coat. phytochrome is- [AIPMT-2007]
(1) 620 nm (2) 640 nm
Q.177 I.A.A. mainly inhibits growth of- [RPMT-2005] (3) 680 nm (4) 720 nm
(1) Root (2) Leaf Q.185 "Foolish seeding" disease of rice led to the
(3) Shoot discovery of - [AIPMT-2007]
(4) Generally whole plant (1) IAA (2) GA
(3) ABA (4) 2, 4-D
Q.178 Movement due to external stimuli is known of-
Q.186 Senescence as an active developmental
(1) Autonomic movement [RPMT-2005]
cellular process in the growth and functioning
(2) Paratonic movement of a flowering plant, is indicated in-
(3) Ameboid movement [AIPMT-2008]
(4) Excretory movement (1) Annual plants
(2) Floral parts
Q.179 How does pruning help in making the hedge (3) Vessels and tracheid differentiation
dense [AIPMT-2006] (4) Leaf abscission
(1)The apical shoot grows faster after pruning
(2)It releases wound hormones Q.187 Importance of day length in flowering of plants
was first shown in- [AIPMT-2008]
(3) It induces the differentiation of new shoots
(1) Cotton (2) Petunia
from the rootstock
(3) Lemna (4) Tobacco
(4) It frees axillary buds from apical dominance
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Q.188 What is the speciality of Crescograph ? Q.195 Which is active form out of Pr and Pfr ?
(1) Growth can be measured at the rate of (1) Pr
per hour (2) Pfr
(2) Growth can be measured at the rate of (3) Both equally active
per minute (4) None of the above
(3) Growth can be measured at the rate of
per second Q.196 Phytochrome is related to –
(4) Growth can be measured at the rate of (1) Seed germination in salad
per day (2) Inhibition of albinism and development of
chloroplast
Q.189 Short days plants should be actually called– (3) Expansion of leaves in dicots
(1) Long night plants (4) All the above
(2) Day neutral plants
(3) Photo neutral plants Q.197 Who discovered vernalization ?
(4) Light unaffected plants (1) Lysenko (2) Went
(3) Boysen & Jenson (4) Darwin
Q.190 The effect of red light in short day plants can
be nullified by – Q.198 Went found that curvature of coleoptile is –
(1) Orange light (2) Far red light (1) Directly proportional to concentration of
(3) Blue light (4) All the above auxin
(2) Inversely proportional to concentration of
Q.191 Which is the critical period in short day auxin
plants ? (3) Not affected by concentration of auxin
(1) Duration of light (4) None of the above
(2) Duration of darkness
Q.199 In which plant Went discovered auxin ?
(3) Duration of both
(1) Phalaris canarienses
(4) None of the above
(2) Avena sativa
(3) Mirabilis jalapa
Q.192 Which pigment induces formation of florigen
(4) Oryza sativa
in short day plants ?
(1) Pr (2) Pfr
Q.200 How the polar transport of auxins occurs ?
(3) Both of above (4) None of above
(1) From tip towards base
(2) From base towards tip
Q.193 Which pigment induces synthesis of florigen
(3) From centre towards lateral side
in long day plants ?
(4) From lateral side towards centre
(1) Pr (2) Pfr
(3) Both of above (4) None of the above Q.201 Dormancy in potato can be induced by –
(1) IBA (2) NAA
Q.194 Which plant harmone is effective for inducing (3) Maleic hydrazide (4) All the above
flowering in LDP under short day conditions ?
(1) Auxin Q.202 Parthenocarpy can be induced by –
(2) Gibberellin (1) IAA (2) NAA
(3) Cytokinin (3) IBA (4) All the above
(4) None of the above

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Q.203 Testing of biologically active substances on Q.212 In which plants, flowering can be induced by
living beings is called – gibberellins even in the absence of appropriate
(1) Biological testing (2) Utility testing photo period required for them ?
(3) Bio-assay (4) Active assay (1) In LDP (2) In SDP
(3) In LDP & SDP (4) None of these
Q.204 The auxins which can’t diffuse are called –
Q.213 Due to the effect of which substance flowering
(1) Unbound/free (2) Bound
can be induced even in the absence of
(3) Dependent (4) None of these vernalisation ?
(1) Gibberellin (2) Auxin
Q.205 What was used by the name "Agent Orange" (3) Cytokinin (4) Ethylene
by America to defoliate forests of Vietnam ?
(1) 2-4 D (2) 2-4-5T Q.214 Which enzyme is synthesized de-novo in
aleurone layers of germinating seeds due to
(3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these
the effect of gibberellins ?
(1) -Amylase (2) Protease
Q.206 It is essential for synthesis of auxin –
(3) Lipase (4) None of the above
(1) Mn (2) Zn
(3) Ca (4) Mg Q.215 What is the chemical name of Kinetin ?
(1) 6-(4 hydroxy 3-methyl trans 2-butene
Q.207 What is the reason of bakane disease of aminopurinol)
rice ?
(2) 6-furfuryl aminopurine
(1) Bacteria (2) Mycoplasma (3) Dimethyl allyl adenine
(3) Fungus (4) Virus
(4) None of the above

Q.208 Gibberellins are found in – Q.216 Which one acts as cytokinins ?

(1) Algae, fungi and bacteria (1) Diphenyl urea
(2) Bryophytes, pteridophytes and (2) Indoleacetic acid
gymnosperms (3) Phosphon-D
(3) Angiosperms (4) None of the above
(4) All the above
Q.217 Due to which hormone effect, seeds of Striga
Q.209 Gibberellin is synthesized in – asiatica can be germinated without coming
in contact with their host ?
(1) Rhizome & root tip
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
(2) Young developed leaves
(3) Cytokinin (4) Ethylene
(3) Young expanded leaf
(4) All the above Q.218 Delay of senescence is called –
(1) Richmond effect
Q.210 Gibberellin is formed from – (2) Lang effect
(1) Acetyl CoA (2) Methionine (3) Richmond–Lang effect
(3) Isoprene (4) None of these (4) None of the above

Q.219 What happens during delay of senescence ?

Q.211 Which of these effect is due to gibberellins ?
(1) Chlorophyll breakdown stops in the
(1) Internode elongation treated area
(2) Bolting (2) Transfer of proteins, amino acids and
(3) Breaking of dormancy auxins towards the treated area
(4) All the above (3) More protein synthesis in the treated area
(4) All the above

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Q.220 Who gave the name cytokinin ? Q.229 Synthesis of abscisic acid occurs in –
(1) Miller (2) Letham (1) Leaves (2) Stem
(3) Skoog (4) None of the above (3) Seeds and fruits (4) All the above
Q.230 Abscission in leaves occurs due to –
Q.221 Which is called the fruit ripening hormone ? (1) Abscissic acid
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin (2) Ethylene
(3) Ethylene (4) All the above (3) Combined effect of both
(4) None of the above
Q.222 Ethylene synthesis occur in –
(1) Fruit (2) Stem Q.231 Which effect is due to abscisic acid ?
(1) Induction of dormancy in buds and seeds
(3) Leaf (4) All the above
(2) Inhibition of growth
Q.223 What is the precursor of ethylene ? (3) Senescence
(1) Tryptophan (2) Ethene (4) All the above
(3) Methionine (4) None of the above Q.232 Which type of movement is exhibited by male
gametes of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Q.224 Which are the climactric fruits ? when moving towards archegonial neck ?
(1) Fruits forming auxins in more quantity (1) Photonastic (2) Chemonastic
during fruit ripening (3) Chemotropic (4) Chemotactic
(2) Fruits forming ethylene in more quantity
during fruit ripening Q.233 What is it called when the plant remains fixed
(3) Fruits forming gibberellin in more quantity and the organ/part changes its position ?
during fruit ripening (1) Fixed movement
(4) Fruits forming cytokinin in more quantity (2) Curvature movement
during fruit ripening (3) Tactic movement
(4) Nastic movement
Q.225 Ethylene synthesis is induced by –
Q.234 W hat is the special f eature of growth
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin movements ?
(3) Cytokinins (4) ABA (1) They are irreversible
(2) They are reversible
Q.226 Which of the following effects is related to
(3) They are found only in flat organs
ethylene ?
(4) None of the above
(1) Origin of root from graft
(2) Origin of lateral root Q.235 In which organ circumnutation found ?
(3) Origin of root hair (1) In stem (2) In tendril
(4) All the above (3) In leaves (4) In flowers

Q.227 The increase in rate of respiration during Q.236 What is the reason of phototropism ?
ripening of fruits is called – (1) More distribution of auxin
(1) Fruit ripening respiration (2) Less distribution of auxin
(2) Climactric respiration (3) Uneven distribution of auxin
(3) Maturation respiration (4) Rapid synthesis of auxin
(4) Climax respiration
Q.237 How is distribution of auxin affected by light ?
Q.228 Chemically abscisic acid is – (1) Less toward dark, more towards light
(1) Terpenoid (2) Less toward light, more towards dark
(2) Fatty acid (3) More toward light, zero towards dark
(3) Precursor of typical fat (4) None of the above
(4) Steroid
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Q.238 Which type of geotropic effect is exhibited Q.248 Chemonasty is found in –
by secondary roots ? (1) Drosera (2) Dionea
(1) Orthogeotropism (2) Plageotropism (3) Nepenthes (4) All the above
(3) Dia geotropism (4) All the above Q.249 Which is called the compass plant ?
(1) Lactuca sativa (2) Lactuca scariola
Q.239 Which type of geotropism is shown by ginger
(3) Sunflower (4) All the above
(rhizome) –
(1) Diageotropism (2) Ortho-geotropism Q.250 Sleep movements (nyctinasty) of legume
(3) Plageotropism (4) All the above plants is–
(1) Turgor movement
Q.240 W hich of the following structures have (2) Growth movement
negative geotropism ?
(3) Hygroscopic movement
(1) Coralloid roots of Cycas
(4) Movement of locomotion
(2) Pneumatophores
(3) Most stems (4) All the above Q.251 One of the synthetic auxin is- [AIPMT-2009]
(1) IBA (2) NAA (3) IAA (4) GA
Q.241 The coiling of tendril around the support is a
type of –
Q.252 Which one of the following acids is a derivative
(1) Thigmonastic movement of carotenoids ? [AIPMT-2009]
(2) Thigmotropism (1) Abscisic acid (2) Indole butyric acid
(3) Geotropism (4) Phototropism
(3) Indole-3-acetic acid (4) Gibberellic acid
Q.242 The reason for automatic movement of Q.253 Phototropic curvature is the result of uneven
variation is – distribution of- [AIPMT-2010 (Pre)]
(1) Osmosis (2) Turgor (1) Cytokinins (2) Auxin
(3) Imbibition (4) All the above (3) Gibberellin (4) Phytochrome

Q.243 Automatic movement of variation can be seen in– Q.254 Photoperiodism was first characterised in-
(1) Mimosa pudica (2) Desmodium gyrans [AIPMT-2010 (Pre)]
(3) Both of above (4) Acacia arabica (1) Tomato (2) Cotton
(3) Tobacco (4) Potato
Q.244 Turning of sunflower head towards sun is –
(1) Photonastic movement Q.255 Coiling of garden pea tendrils around any
(2) Phototatic movement support is an example of- [AIPMT-2010 (Pre)]
(3) Phototropic movement (1) Thigmotropism (2) Thermotaxis
(4) None of the above (3) Thigmotaxis (4) Thigmonasty
Q.245 What is it called, when there is no effect of
Q.256 One of the commonly used plant growth
the direction of the stimulus on movements ?
hormone in tea plantations is-
(1) Tactic movement (2) Tropic movement
[AIPMT-2010 (Mains)]
(3) Nastic movement (4) None of the above
(1) Absicisic acid (2) Zeatin
Q.246 Which type of movement is found in leaves (3) Indole-3-acetic acid (4) Ethylene
of members of Leguminosae ?
Q.257 Root development is promoted by :
(1) Thermonastic (2) Photonastic [AIPMT-2010 (Mains)]
(3) Nyctynastic (4) All the above
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
Q.247 Which movements occur to capture insects (3) Ethylene (4) Absicisic acid
in insectivorous plants ? Q.258 One of the commonly used plant growth hormone
(1) Thigmotropic (2) Chemotropic in tea plantations is - [RPMT-2011]
(3) Chemonastic (4) Seismonastic (1) ABA (2) Zeatin
(3) IAA (4) Ethylene
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 ANSWER KEYS
EXERCISE - I
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 2 1 4 2 2 2 4 1 3 2 4 3 3 1 2 3 1 1
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 4 1 1 4 1 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 2 1 3 4 4 3 3
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 4 1 1 1
Ques. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 1 3 2 1 4 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
Ques. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 3 4 2 2 4 1 4 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 2
Ques. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans. 1 3 2 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 3 4 3 2 1
Ques. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans. 4 2 1 2 1 2 4 4 2 4 4 3 4 1 3 1 2 3 1 4
Ques. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
Ans. 2 4 1 1 1 4 3 2 4 3 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 3
Ques. 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
Ans. 4 3 3 2 1 4 2 4 3 3 4 1 1 4 2 2 1 2 4 4
Ques. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
Ans. 3 1 3 2 2 4 4 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 1
Ques. 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
Ans. 4 4 3 2 3 2 3 4 4 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 4 3
Ques. 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
Ans. 3 4 3 2 1 4 2 1 4 3 4 4 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 4
Ques. 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258
Ans. 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

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 EXERCISE - II
Q.1 Plant hormones are : - Q.10 Phytochrome is present in :
[MP PMT 2007]
[Uttaranchal PMT 2004]
(1) Vascular cryptogams (2) Prokaryotes
(1) Growth regulators (3) Brain cell (4) Kidney cell
(2) Growth promoters
(3) Growth inhibitors Q.11 Genetically dwarf plant can be converted into
(4) None of above a plant of normal height with the application
of : [Uttaranchal PMT 2006]
Q.2 The most common auxin is : - (1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
[Uttaranchal PMT 2004] (3) Cytokinins (4) Auxin
(1) GA (2) ABA (3) Kinetin (4) IAA
Q.12 A phytohormone involved in the de novo
Q.3 Gibberellin promotes cell division and synthesis of -amylase in germinating seeds
elongation in : - [Uttaranchal PMT 2004] is : [Uttaranchal PMT 2006]
(1) Leaves (2) Roots (1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin
(3) Shoots (4) All of these (3) Ethylene (4) Cytokinin
Q.4 The deteriorative processes in plants, that Q.13 Phytochrome is responsible for :
naturally terminate their functional life, are
[West Bengal JEE 2007]
collectively called : -
(1) Photosynthesis (2) Flowering
[Uttaranchal PMT 2004]
(3) Fruit formation (4) Respiration
(1) Wilting (2) Abscission
(3) Plasmolysis (4) Senescence Q.14 Which of the following is a gaseous hormone :
[West Bengal JEE 2007]
Q.5 Which of the following is used for ripening of
(1) Ethylene
fruits [Uttaranchal PMT 2004]
(2) Cytokinin
(1) Auxin (2) ABA
(3) Both ethylene and auxin
(3) Ethylene gas (4) Cytokinin
(4) Gibberellin
Q.6 Induction of flowering is plants by low
temperature treatment is called : Q.15 The pineapple which under natural conditions
is diffcult to blossom has been made to
[Uttaranchal PMT 2005]
produce fruits throughout the year by the
(1) Vernalization (2) Photoperiodism application of : [West Bengal JEE 2007]
(3) Cryobiology (4) Chilozology (1) IAA, IBA
(2) NAA, 2,4-D
Q.7 Plant growth is : [Uttaranchal PMT 2004]
(3) Phenyl murcuric acid
(1) Limited (2) Unlimited
(4) Cytokinins
(3) Diffused (4) Both (1) & (2)
Q.16 Most of the plants are seasonal due to :
Q.8 Hormore produced during leaf fall is :
[C.G. PMT 2004]
[Uttaranchal PMT 2005]
(1) Photoperiodism (2) Phototropism
(1) IAA (2) ABA
(3) Photosynthesis (4) Photolysis
(3) Florigen (4) Kinetin
Q.17 Certain chemical susbtances having profound
Q.9 Climacteric fruit shows :
effect on plant growth are called :
[Uttaranchal PMT 2004]
[C.G. PMT 2004]
(1) High respiration rate at ripening
(1) Catalyic agents (2) Phytohormones
(2) Sudden change in taste
(3) Enzymes (4) Compost
(3) Sudden change in colour and shape
(4) None of the above

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Q.18 Phytochrome was discovered by : Q.27 Which plant hormone causes fruit ripening :
[C.G. PMT 2005,06] [Bihar 2004]
(1) W. Went (1) IAA (2) Cytokinin
(2) Garner and Allard (3) Ethylene (4) GA
(3) F.F. Blackman
(4) Borthwick and Handricks Q.28 Which hormone is responsible for apical
growth [Bihar 2004]
Q.19 The activity of -amylase in the endosperm (1) IAA (2) ABA
of barley germinating seed in induced by : (3) GA (4) All of these
[C.G. PMT 2005]
(1) Ethylene (2) Cytokinin Q.29 Abscisic acid controls : [Bihar 2002]
(3) IAA (4) Gibberellin (1) Cell elongation and cell wall formation
(2) Shoot elongation
Q.20 A pigment concerned with floral induction is (3) Leaf fall and dormancy
[C.G. PMT 2005] (4) Cell division
(1) Florigen (2) Chlorophyll
(3) Plastocyanin (4) Phytochrome Q.30 Which hormone is used to induce ripening in
banana [Bihar 2002]
Q.21 Gibberellins were first discovered in fungal (1) Cytokinin (2) Ethylene
genus [C.G. PMT 2006] (3) ABA (4) GA3
(1) Mucor (2) Rhizopus
(3) Agaricus (4) Fusarium Q.31 Which among the following is a synthesis
plant hormone : [Bihar 2001]
Q.22 The presence of auxins in a solution could (1) IAA (2) GA
be tested [C.G. PMT 2006] (3) 2, 4-D (4) ABA
(1) Avena sativa stem tip test
(2) Carbon tetrachloride test Q.32 Richmond-Lang effect is shown by :
(3) Iodine test [UP CPMT 2001]
(4) Defoliation test (1) Auxins (2) Sugars
(3) Zeatin (4) Gibberellins
Q.23 Auxanometer is used to measure :
[Jharkhand 2005]
Q.33 Ethylene gas is used for :
(1) Length (2) Width
[UP CPMT 2001]
(3) Depth (4) Growth
(1) Growth of plants
Q.24 The pigment sensitive for red and far red light (2) Delaying fruit’s abscission
is [Jharkhand 2005] (3) Ripening of fruits
(1) Chlorophyll (2) Phytochrome (4) Stopping the leaf abscission
(3) Cytochrome (4) Carotene
Q.34 Auxanometer is used to detect :
Q.25 Hormone which breaks seed dormancy is : [UP CPMT 2002]
[Jharkhand 2005] (1) Respiration (2) Transpiration
(1) Auxin (2) Gibberellin (3) Plant movement (4) Growth
(3) Ethylene (4) Cytokinin
Q.35 Which of the following plant hormone is
Q.26 Which one of the following is not a synthetic extracted from fungus : [UP CPMT 2003]
auxin [Jharkhand 2002] (1) Ethylene (2) Gibberellin
(1) 2, 4-D (2) 2-4-5-T (3) Cytokinin (4) 2, 4 D
(3) NAA (4) IAA

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