Modern History Ready Reckoner 2019 PDF

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Modern Indian History Ready Reckoner
INDEX
R
E 1.
2.
Wars Fought by British ...................................................................... 2 to 4
Advent of Europeans ........................................................................ 5 to 7
A 3.
4.
India on the Eve of British Conquest ............................................... 8 to 11
Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features .............. 12 to 18
D 5.
6.
Socio-Religious Reform ................................................................. 19 to 22
1857 Revolt................................................................................... 23 to 24
7. Beginning of Modern Nationalism................................................. 25 to 26
Y 8. Moderate Phase 1885-1905 ................................................................... 27
9. Militant Nationalism ..................................................................... 28 to 30
10. Revolutionary Activities 1905 ........................................................ 31 to 33
11. First World War and Nationalist Response .................................... 34 to 35
R 12. Emergence of Gandhi.................................................................... 36 to 37
13. Non-Cooperation Movement ........................................................ 38 to 39
E 14. Revolutionary Activity 1920's ........................................................ 40 to 41

15. Civil Disobedience Movement ....................................................... 42 to 45
C 16.
17.
Congress Rule in Provinces............................................................ 46 to 48
The Last Decade of British Rule in India......................................... 49 to 53
K 18.
19.
Constitutional, Admin & Judicial Developments ............................ 54 to 57
Economic Impact of British Rule in India ....................................... 58 to 61
O 20.
21.
A Survey of British Policies in India ................................................ 62 to 65
Development of Education ........................................................... 66 to 68
N 22.
23.
Development of Indian Press ................................................................. 69
Important Personalities & Their Contributions .............................. 70 to 71
E 24.
25.
Peasant Movement 1857 to 1947 ................................................. 72 to 73
Tribal Movements .................................................................................. 74
26. Indian National Congress Sessions & the Facts about Them ................... 75
R 27. Governors ..................................................................................... 76 to 78
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Modern Indian History Ready Reckoner |2|
Mysore Maratha Vs was imposed

All Wars that British Fought war Mysore
Timeline Wars Participants Treaty/Result Second Treaty of Bassein 1802
Portuguese were 1803- Anglo Maratha Vs and other treaties,
Battle of English Vs 1805 Maratha English Marathas suffered
1612 confined to Daman, Diu
swally Portuguese War huge blow
and Goa
First Third Maratha confederacy
Treaty of Aix- La 1817-19 Anglo- Maratha Vs was dissolved and
Carnatic
French Vs Chapelle, 1748, return Maratha English peshwa was sent to
1740-48 War
English of captured territories War Kanpur
Battle of
to respective parties First
St. Thome Burmese Vs Treaty of Yandaboo,
Treaty of Pondicherryin 1824-26 Burma
English 1826. British Won
1755, war was War
Second Subsidiary
French Vs inconclusive but
1749-54 Carnatic alliance To be merged in India
English undermined the French 1839
War with in 1843
power in South India
vis-à-vis the English Sindh
British won the war but
English Vs English won and It First
couldn’t control it so
Battle of Siraj- opened the doors for 1839- Anglo- Afghans Vs
1757 was given back to local
Plassey Uddaula British to rule on 1842 Afghan English
Ruler with some
(Bengal) Indians War
conditions
Third Treaty of Paris ,1763 1846- Treaty of Lahore
Carnatic French were confined and Treaty of
First
War French Vs to Mahe, Karaikal, Sikh Vs Bhairowal, a council
1758-63 1845-46 Anglo-
Battle of English Pondicherry and English was established by
Sikh War
Wandiwa Yanam. No European Brtish to guide affairs
sh rival for British of Punjab
Dutch were ousted Second Sikhs lost the war and
Battle of English Vs 1848-49 Sikh Vs
1759 from India Anglo- was merged in India,
Bedara Dutch English
Sikh War 1849
English Vs Proclamation of
Second
Mir Kasim, Burmese Vs annexation of Lower
1852 Burma
Nawab of English Burma (Pegu) on
The Treaty of War
Awadh, December 20, 1852
Battle of Allahabad- 1765, Treaty of Gandamak
1764 Shuja-ud- Second
Buxar provision of Dual (1879), British captured
daulah, and Anglo- Afghans Vs
government 1870-80 but later decided to
the Mughal Afghan English
Emperor, keep Afghanistan as
War
Shah Alam II buffer state
First English+Niza Third
1885 Burmese Vs Upper Burma was
Anglo- m+ Treaty of Madras 1769, Burma
1767-69 English merged in India
Mysore Maratha Vs Mysore won. War
War Mysore Treaty of Lhasa, 1904 in
Anglo-
Anglo Treaty of Salbai, 1782 Tibetians favour of British and
Maratha Vs 1904 Tibetan
1775-82 Maratha to establish peace for and English regarding transfer of
British Relation
War 20 years Chumbi Valley
Second English
Treaty of Mangalore Battle of Plassey (1757):
Anglo- +Nizam+
1780-84 (March, 1784,  Participants in the War: The British East India Company
Mysore Maratha Vs
Inconclusive war.
war Mysore (commanded by Robert Clive) against Siraj-ud-Daulah,
Third English+Niza the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a small
Treaty of
Anglo- m+
1790-92 Seringapatam, 1792, French force
Mysore Maratha Vs
Mysore lost
war Mysore Date of the Battle of Plassey:
Fourth English+Niza Mysore was conquered  23rd June 1757
1799
Anglo- m+ and Subsidiary alliance
www.laex.in All Wars that British Fought www.civilsprep.com

 Place of the Battle of Plassey: In Bengal on the Result of the War:

Bhagirathi River to the north of Calcutta.  It led to the signing of the Allahabad Treaty in 1765 by
 Cause of the War: Anti-English policies which were Lord Robert Clive with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
adopted by Siraj-ud-Daulah  British gained revenue rights over Bengal, Bihar and
 Who won the war? It was a decisive victory for the Orissa
British  The Nawab of Awadh, Shujaud Daulah, was made to pay
 Cause for the Loss of Nawab: Treachery on part of his a war indemnity of 5 million rupees to the Company
general Mir Jafar who sided with Robert Clive in the war Anglo-Indian Wars:
 Result of the war: Mir Jafa Khan entered Murshidabad Anglo-Mysore wars
with Clive and became Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and 1. First Anglo-Mysore war (1767-69)
Orissa. Mir Jafar Khan was compelled to pay substantial  Cause of the war: In 1766 the East India Company joined
sums of money to the East India Company and also to the nizam (ruler) of Hyderabad against Hyder Ali in
Clive and other officers of the company return for the cession of the Northern Sarkars
Third Battle of Panipat (1761):  Participants in the war: The British, along with the
 Participants in the War: between a northern Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad declared war on
expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and a Mysore.
coalition of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Result of the War:
Durrani, the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-  Hyder Ali was able to bring the Marathas and the Nizam
Daula, the Nawab of Oudh. to his side with skillful diplomacy which resulted in his
 Cause of the War: SardarAdani Beg, the governor of victory
Punjab and defeated Vimurashah son of Ahmed Shah  In 1769, the Treaty of Madras was signed which brought
Abdali an end to the war.
 Result of the war: Marathas lost the battle. They lost
2. Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780-84):
their prestige. English benefited from this war
 Cause of the War: The Marathas attacked Mysore in
 Causes for the loss: Internal dispute among the Indian
1771. But the British refused to honor the Treaty of
rulers, north-west frontier was neglected, many Indian Madras and did not give support to Hyder Ali.
rulers did not support the Marathas
 Participants in the War: Hyder Ali forged an alliance
Battle of Buxar (1764): with the Nizam and the Marathas and defeated the
 Participants in the war: Fought between British East British forces in Arcot.
India Company and Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal,
Result of the War: As per the Treaty of Mangalore, both
Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II,
parties agreed to return the captured territories and
the Mughal Emperor.
prisoners to each other.
 Place of the Battle of Buxar: Near Buxar. Then within
the territory of Bengal, Buxar, presently, is one of the 38 3. Third Anglo-Mysore war (1786-92)
districts of Bihar in India  Cause of the War: Tipu Sultan, who assumed control of
 Cause of the War: The primary cause was the conflict Mysore after Hyder Ali’s death, had French help in
between the English and Mir Qasim. Mir Qasim policies bettering his military resources. Tipu declared war on
enraged British which eventually led to the war Travancore in 1789. Travancore was a friendly state of
the British.
 Who won the War? British defeated the combined
 Participants of the War: Tipu Sultan and English led by
forces
Lord Cornwallis
 Cause for the Loss of Combined Forces: The main cause
 Result of the War: The war ended with the Treaty of
of defeat of the Mughals was the lack of co-ordination
among the various Mughal forces. Seringapatam in 1792. As per the treaty, Tipu had to
cede half of his kingdom to the English including the
areas of Malabar, Dindigul, Coorg and Baramahal.

4. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799):  As a result of the war, large parts of central India came
 Cause of the War: Tipu refused to accept the Subsidiary under British control.
Alliance of Lord Wellesley. Tipu aligned with the French
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18):
which the British saw as a threat.
 Cause of the war: The chief reason for this war was the
 Participants of the War: Marathas, Nizams and English
on one side and Tipu on other side British conflict with the Pindaris whom the British
Result of the War: suspected were being protected by the Marathas.
 The British secured a decisive victory at the Battle of  Participants in the War: The Maratha chiefs Peshwa
Seringapatam in 1799. Bajirao II, Malharrao Holkar and Mudhoji II Bhonsle
 Tipu’s territories were divided between the British and forged a united front against the English.
the Nizam of Hyderabad. Result of the War:
 The core area around Seringapatam and Mysore was  The British won decisively.
restored to the Wodeyar dynasty who had been ruling  An obscure descendant of Chhatrapati Shivaji was placed
Mysore before Hyder Ali became the de-facto ruler as the ceremonial head of the Maratha Confederacy at
Satara
Anglo-Maratha War:
 This was the last major war fought and won by the
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1779)
British. With this, the British controlled most parts India
 Cause of the war: Death of Madhav Rao resulted
directly or indirectly.
infighting among the Marathas. English used this for
their advantage. In 1777, Nana Phadnavis went against a Anglo-Sikh War:
treaty signed with the Calcutta Council and granted a 1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)
port on the west coast to the French.  Cause of the war: Immediately after the death of Ranjit
 Participants in the War: Marathas and East India Singh, the British East India Company had begun
Company increasing its military strength. The Sikh forces crossed
 Results of the War: the Sutlej in December 1845 and took offensive
 There was a battle at Wadgaon near Pune in which the positions against the English forces.
Marathas under MahadjiShinde secured a decisive  Participants in the War: Maharaja Duleep Singh versus
victory over the English. English
 The English were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon  Result of the War: English victory at Sobraon led to the
in 1779. signing of the Lahore Treaty in 1846 which ended the
war.
2.Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05):
 Cause of the war: 2. Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49):
 Internal squabbles among Maratha houses.  Cause of the war: Murder of few East India civil service
 In the Battle of Poona in 1802, Yashwant Rao Holkar, the officers led to antagonism. Eventually there was also a
chief of the Holkars of Indore defeated the Peshwas and rebellion by Sikh troops
the Scindias. Participants in the War: Sikhs versus English
 Baji Rao II sought British protection and signed the  Result of the war:
Treaty of Bassein with them.  The final battle was fought at Gujrat near Chenab (not
 The Scindias and the Bhonsles did not accept this treaty the present Indian state Gujarat) in 1849. This was won
and this caused the second Anglo-Maratha war in by the British forces.
central India in 1803.  The famous Koh-i-Noor diamond went into British hands.
 Participants in the War: Scindias, Bhonsles, Holkars It was in possession of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who had
versus the English willed it to the PuriJagannath Temple of Odisha but his
Result of the War: will was not executed by the British. They say it was
 All the Maratha forces were defeated by the British in acquired as part of the Treaty of Lahore after the second
these battles. Anglo-Sikh war.

Advent of Europeans 3. Portuguese State:
 Portuguese
 Dutch
 English
 Danes
 French
1. The Portuguese in India:
Trading to Ruling:
Name Activity Significance
1.Vasco arrived at Calicut Religious Policy of the Portuguese:
in 1498. Hindu Ruler of Initially, hostile only towards Muslims, later towards
Zamorin Welcomed him. Portugal unlike
Vasco 2. By 1502, Vasco’s other traders Hindus also. In 1579 missionaries were sent to convert
Da second visit led to the wanted to the emperor Akbar to Christianity.
Gama establishment of trading monopolizetrade in
stations at Calicut, Cochin India Portuguese and Mughals:
and Cannanore and In 1632 Mughals captured Hooghly, from Portuguese.
fortification of the same
Factors for Decline of the Portuguese in India:
Pedro Embarked the era of
Established first factory at Local Factors Outside Factors
Alvarez European rule on
Calicut, in 1500 Emergence of powerful
Cabral Indian subcontinent Emergence of powerful
Cartaze system- It dynasties in India. Example:
dynasties in Egypt, Persia
was naval trade Marathas.
license or pass Rise of the English and
Francis Reaction against Portuguese
First governor, appointed issued by authority Dutch commercial
co de spiritual pressure due to their
by king to protect without which trade ambitions challenging the
h+Alme atrocious activities.
Portuguese interest, was prohibited and Portuguese supremacy.
ida Rampant corruption, greed
initiated the blue water this was used by Diversion of Portuguese
(1505- and selfishness along with
policy (Cartaze system). Portuguese to colonising ambitions
09) piracy and clandestine trade
eliminate foreigners towards the West due to
from trading in practices of the Portuguese
the discovery of Brazil
India. administration in India.
Secured strategic control
Significance of the Portuguese:
of Indian Ocean; captured
Goa from Bijapur rulers; 1. They initiated European era in India
Alfonso captured Bhatkal from Sri 2. Introduction of cannon on ship
de Krishna Deva Rai (1510) of Considered to be the 3. Introduced European art of warfare
Albuqu the Vijayanagar; and founder of the 4. The art of the silversmith and goldsmith
erque initiated the policy of Portuguese power in flourished at Goa.
(1509- marrying with the natives India Dutch:
1515) and settling in India and Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman to reach
banned the practice of Sumatra and Bantam in 1596.
sati in his area of
influence. (I) United East India Company of the Netherlands,
Pragmantic leader formed in March 1602 by the Charter of Dutch
He shifted the capital
who expanded
from Cochin to Goa in Parliament, had the powers to wage wars, make
Nino de territory beyond
1530, conquered Diu and treaty and build forts.
Cunha Western coastal
Bassein from Gujrat king
(1529- region. Portuguese (ii) Dutch Factories in India: Masulipatnam (1605),
Bahadur Shah,
38) power expanded to
established headquarters Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimlipatnam (1641),
eastern coast during
in Hoogly, Bengal. Karikal (1645), Chinsurah (1653), Cassimbazar
his time
www.laex.in Advent of Europeans www.civilsprep.com

(Kasimbazar), Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, dowry for marrying a Portuguese princess

Nagapatnam (1658) and Cochin (1663). (It covered (Catherine of Braganza)
Aurangzeb gave the English a farman for trade
both Eastern and western Coasts). 1667
in Bengal
(iii) Decline in India- The defeat of the Dutch in the Bombay was made the headquarters by shifting
Anglo-Dutch rivalry and the shifting of Dutch 1687 the seat of the Western Presidency from Surat
attention towards the Malay Archipelago. Battle of to Bombay.
Bedara (1759) The English defeated the Dutch Due to some conflict, Mughals raided Hoogly.
Then Job Charnock, negotiated with Mughals
(iv) After prolonged warfare, both the parties 1691 for return to Sutanuti in 1691. The Company got
compromised in 1667 by which the British agreed to the imperial order to continue their trade in
withdraw all their claims on Indonesia, and the Bengal in lieu of payment of Rs 3,000 a year.
Dutch retired from India. The city of Calcutta grew from the development
of three villages Sutanuti, Gobindapur and
The English:
Kalikata secured from the Mughal governor of
Formation 1700
Bengal. The fortified settlement was named Fort
On December 31, 1600 the charter was issued by Queen
Elizabeth I to company named as Governor and Company William (1700) and it became the seat of British
of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies which power in India till 1911.
gave the company monopoly to trade in the East Indies The Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar issued a
for 15 years. farman, called Magna Carta of the Company,
giving the Company a large number of trade
Timeline Activities
concessions in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad.
1600 The East India Company was established.
William Hawkins arrived at Jahangir’s court but It included:
1609 failed to secure permission due to opposition by 1. Company’s import and export were
1717
Portuguese. exempted from duties.
Captain Middleton obtained the permission of 2. Permission to issue dastaks for
1611 the Mughal governor of Surat to trade there, transportation of goods
also started trade in Masulipatnam. 3. Duty free trade in Hyderabad.
A factory of East India Company was established 4. Company minted coins to act as currency
1613
at Surat.
throughout Mughal Empire.
Sir Thomas Roe, the ambassador of King James I,
1615
arrived at Jahangir’s court. Danes :
The Company established its first factory in the
1616  Danish East India company was founded in 1616 AD
south in Masulipatnam.
Thomas Roe succeeded in obtaining two  Settlements in India: Trancuber near Chennai and
farman confirming free trade with exemption Serampur in Bengal
1618
from inland tolls and permission to establish  They were the foremost promoters of Christianity in
factories at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach.
The Company got the golden farman from the India
1632 Sultan of Golconda which ensured safety and  They eventually dispensed of their settlement to the
prosperity of their trade. English
The Company established its first factory in east
1633 French:
India in Hariharpur, Balasore, Odisha
Madras was given by the Chandragiri chief to  The French Foundation:
the English and soon Madras with the Fort St. In 1664, Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV, laid the
1639
George replaced Masulipatnam as the English
headquarters on the east coast.
foundations of French East India Company, it was granted
The Company was given permission to trade at 50-year monopoly on French trade in the Indian and
1651 Hooghly (Bengal), Kasimbazar, Patna and Pacific Oceans.
Rajmahal.
1662 The British King, Charles II, was given Bombay as

Early Setbacks to the French East India Company:

Name Result/
Reasons Treaty  War between the Dutch and the French->, the Dutch
of War Significance
Madras was captured Pondicherry in 1693. Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 -
handed back to the
>restored Pondicherry to the French but the Dutch
English, and the
French, in turn, got garrison held on to it for two more years.
their territories in  War of Spanish Succession broke out in Europe thus
Treaty North America.
First It was an extension of French had to abandon their factories at Surat,
of Aix- This War is
Carnatic the Anglo-French Masulipatnam and Bantam in the early 18th century.
La remembered for
War rivalry in Europe,
Chapell the Battle of St.
(1740- Austrian War of Reorganisation of the French Company:
e, Thome (in Madras)
48) Succession. 1720, the French company was reorganised as the ‘Perpetual
1748. fought between the
French forces and Company of the Indies’ headed by Lenoir and Dumas,
the forces of
between 1720 and 1742. Also, the French India occupied
Anwar-ud-din, the
Nawab of Carnatic, Mauritius and Reunion in the southern Indian Ocean.
and ally of English.
The war remained Anglo-French Rivalry:
Treaty inconclusive but it Causes for the rivalry
Second undermined the
Regional dynastic of
Carnatic French power in ● For protection and expansion of commercial interests.
disputes were used as Pondic
War South India vis-à-vis ● Political developments in the south India and Europe
pseudo war fronts by herryin
(1749- the English as French
French and English. 1755 provided pretexts to contest their claims which culminated
54) faced heavy financial
loses so they recalled in three Carnatic wars.
Dupleix
Background: Seven Years The French were  Carnatic was the name given by the Europeans to the
war (1856-63) in Europe.
allowed to use Coromandel Coast and its hinterland
Course of War in India- Indian settlements
In 1758, the French army for ONLY  Causes of the French Failure:
captured the English commercial 1. Private Vs Government: The English Company was a
forts in 1758. English
Third purposes and private enterprise thus less governmental control
inflicted heavy losses on Treaty
Carnatic the French fleet General fortification of
of settlements were over it, this company could take instant decisions
War Eyre Coote of the English
Paris, banned. when needed without waiting for the approval of
(1758- totally routed the French
army under Arthur de 1763
63) The victory at the government. The French company was
Lally and took Bussy as
prisoner Wandiwash left the controlled and regulated by the French government.
English East India
A decisive war, known
Company with no 2. Naval Power: The English navy was superior to the
for the Battle of Wandi
wash (1760-61), European rival in French navy.
Tamilnadu. India. 3. Regional Supremacy: The English held Calcutta,
Bombay and Madras whereas the French had only
Settlements in India:
Timeline Settlements Pondicherry.
1667 Surat- by Francois Caron 4. Preferences: The French subordinated their
Mercara, Masulipatnam- patent from the Sultan commercial interest to territorial ambition, which
1669
of Golconda made the French company short of funds. In spite of
Chandernagore, near Calcutta- permission from their imperialistic motives, the British never
1673
Shaista Khan, the Mughal Subhadra of Bengal.
neglected their commercial interests.
Pondicherry—Nerve Centre of French Power in India: 5. Leadership-A major factor in the success of the
In 1673, Sher Khan Lodi, the governor of Valikondapuram English in India was the superiority of the
(under the Bijapur Sultan), granted Francois Martin, the commanders in the British camp.
director of the Masulipatnam factory, a site for a
The above characteristics also helped English
settlement there Pondicherry was founded in 1674 which
defeat other Europeans in India.
developed as a place of importance.

India on the Eve of British Conquest Later Mughal Rulers:

1. Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712 AD)
Introduction:  Abolished Jiziya once again
 The first half of the 18th century saw the decline of  Released Sahu from Agra jail
Mughals.
 Recognized Raja Ajit Singh as the ruler of Malwa
 The reign of Aurangzeb (1658-1707) was the
beginning of the end of Mughal rule in India. 2. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713 AD)
 Aurangzeb’s misguided policies weakened the  He came to power with support of Wazir Zulfiqar Ali
stability of the state and the decline gained  Mughal advisors became powerful in the court
momentum after his death due to wars of succession process from his time onwards
and weak rulers. 3. FarukhSiyar (1713-1719 AD)
 Muhammad Shah ruled for 29 years (1719-48) but
 He came to power with the help of sayidd brothers
could not revive the imperial fortunes.
 Banda Bahadur was executed during this time.
 New states of Hyderabad, Bengal, Awadh and Punjab
established and the Marathas began to make their bid 4. Mohammad Shah (1719-1748 AD)
to inherit the imperial mantle.  He was known popularly as rangeela
Some of the causes for the decline of Mughal power in  Sayidd brothers were killed during his time
India:  Bengal became independent under Murshidquli Khan
1. Neglect of North-West border by later Mughal rulers.  Sadat khan found the state of oudh
This paved the way for Nadir Shah and Ahmed shah  Asafjha founded the independent state of Hyderabad
Abdali to loot Delhi on several occasions. This not  Nadir shah attacked Delhi in 1739 AD during his time
only dented the treasury but also dealt a severe blow
the prestige of Mughal rulers in India 5. Ahmed Shah (1748-1754 AD)
2. Ahmed shah Abdali even defeated the Marathas in 6. Alamgir II (1754-1759 AD)
the third battle of Panipat in 1761  His real name was Azizuddin
3. Long succession of weak rulers who possessed no  Battle of plassey was fought during his time
administrative acumen further accentuated the  Ahmed shah Abdali attacked Delhi several times
decline of Mughals in India during his reign
4. Shift of allegiance of Zamindars: Zamindars
maintained band of soldiers. Towards the end of 7. Shah Alam II (1759-1806AD)
Aurangzeb rule there was marked increase in their  Third battle of Panipat (1761) and battle of Buxar
power and influence. This resulted in separatist (1764) were fought during this times
tendencies among the class  He took part in Allahabad treaty
5. Many powerful regional groups like the Jats, Sikhs  He also became the prisoner of the English after the
and Marathas defied the authority of the Mughal Second Anglo-maratha war
state to create their own kingdoms.
6. In case of Marathas, their regional aspirations grew 8. Akbar II (1806-1837 AD)
and they gained legal authority to collect  He conferred the title of ‘Raja’ upon Rammohanroy
Sardeshmukhi and Chowth
9. Bahadur Shah II Zafar (1837-1857 AD)
7. No significant scientific and technological
 Nominal head to 1857 revolt 9493135757
advancement aggravated the problem.
 He was deported to Burma where he breathed his
8. Poor Economic Management coupled with luxurious
life style of Mughals. last.
www.laex.in India on the Eve of British Conquest www.civilsprep.com

Rise of Regional States: the Sultan was involved in

Methods of Establishing power constant warfare with the
Type Names British.
States
 Capital Travancore.
They did not challenge the
 He extended the
authority of Mughals but
Awadh, boundaries of his state
Successor their governors established Martan
Bengal and Kerala Martand from Kanyakumari to
state virtually independent and daVarm
Hyderabad aVarma Cochin.
hereditary authority within a
 He made efforts to
Mughal empire organise his army along
These were established due Mysore, the Western model.
Independen
to destabilization of Mughal Kerala and the  Jat state of Bharatpur was
t Kingdoms
empire Rajputs. founded by revolting
Maratha, the against Aurangzeb.
The New These were set by rebels
Sikh and the  Suraj Mal provided an
states against Mughal empire efficient system of
Jats
administration and
Survey of Regional Kingdoms: 1.Chura
extended the territory of
man and
Name Founder Rulers Activities Churam the state.
The Badan
Asaf- an and  His state included
Jats Singh
Jah Kilich In the Battle of Shakr-Kheda, Badan territories near Ganga,
2.Suraj
house Khan He defeated Mubaraiz Khan Singh Chambal, Agra, Mathura,
Mal
of known Nizam- (1724), viceroy of Deccan and Meerut and Aligarh.
Hydera as ul-Mulk assumed control of deccan  However, the Jat state
bad Nizam- (1725) and conferred upon suffered a decline after
(Hydera ul-Mulk himself title of Asaf-Jah. the death of Suraj Mal in
bad) 1763. Thereafter, the
 Saadat Khan had joined in state split into small
a conspiracy against the areas.
Sayyid brothers, which  Guru Gobind Singh
Saadat
resulted in earning transformed the Sikhs into
Khan, 1.Saadat
increased mansab. a militant sect to defend
Awadh known Khan
 Later, driven out of the their religion and liberties.
as 2. Safdar
court, he was prompted  Banda Bahadur, assumed
Burhan- Jang
to found a new the leadership of the Sikhs
ul-Mulk
independent state. He in 1708, was defeated and
was succeeded by Safdar killed.
Jang.  Later, Sikhs were divided
1.Murshi  His son Shuja-ud-din among 12
1. Guru
d Kuli succeeded in 1727. confederacies/misls.
Gobind
Khan  His successor, Sarfaraz  Ranjit Singh brought all
Singh.
Khan, was killed in 1740 misls under his control.
Murshid 2.Shuja- The Guru 2. Banda
Bengal by Alivardi Khan. He was the son of Mahan
Quli ud-din Sikhs Gobind Bahadur
 He then assumed power Singh, the leader of the
Khan 3.Sarfara Singh 3. Ranjit
and made himself Sukarchakiyamisl.
Singh
z Khan independent of the  State extended from
4.Alivardi Mughal emperor by giving Jhelum to Sutlej,
Khan yearly tribute. conquered Lahore in 1799
Initially  Located at the junction of and Amritsar in 1802.
1.The Treaty of Amritsar-Ranjit
were the Eastern and Western
Wodeyar Singh acknowledged the
ruled by s Ghats thus, region was
the constant battlefield due British right over the cis-
Mysore Sutlej territories. He greatly
Wodeya 2.Hyder to its prosperity.
rs, later  Hyder Ali overthrew modernised his army with the
Ali
Hyder Wodeyars and established help of Europeans. But
3. Tipu towards the end of his reign,
Ali himself.
Sultan the English forced him to sign
usurped  He and his son Tipu

the Tripartite Treaty in 1838  Although trade, internal and foreign, continued without
with Shah Shuja and the disruption and even prospered, the rest of the economy
English Company whereby he
agreed to provide passage to stagnated.
the British troops through Socio-Economic Conditions:
Punjab with a view to placing
a) Agriculture: It was technically backward but peasants
Shah Shuja on the throne of
Kabul. Ranjit Singh died in worked hard for it. However, they did not had adequate
1839. His successors could returns from it, as they were always oppressed by rulers
not keep the state intact and, for exorbitant taxes. Nonetheless, situation worsened
soon enough, the British took
control over it.
under British.
 The most formidable b) Trade and Industry: India was self-sufficient in
province after Mughals. Handicrafts and agricultural products thus didn’t import
Marathas uprooted the much. But we exported the same. So, export was higher
Mughal authority from
Malwa and Gujarat and than import.
established their rule. Items of Import:
The
 They were about to
Marath ShivajiM 1. Persian Gulf Region— pearls, raw silk, wool, dates, dried
dominate Indian polity
as aharaj fruits, and rose water;
but was defeated in
Panipat. Later, they 2. Arabia—coffee, gold, drugs, and honey;
provided formidable 3. China—tea, sugar, porcelain, and silk;
challenge to the English
4. Tibet—gold, musk, and woollen cloth;
East India Company in the
struggle for political 5. Africa—ivory and drugs;
supremacy in India. 6. Europe— woollen cloth, copper, iron, lead and paper.
Kingdom of Bangash
Pathans- migrated Afghans. Items of Export:
At the foothills of Himalayas, Cotton textiles, raw silk and silk fabrics, hardware, indigo,
Rohilak
hand Moham Rohilakhand was present and saltpetre, opium, rice, wheat, sugar, pepper and other
and mad thus inhabitants were called spices, precious stones, and drugs.
Farukh Khan as Rohillas.
Important Centres of Textile Industry:
abad Bangash Mohammad Khan Bangash,
an Afghan, set up an Dacca, Murshidabad, Patna, Surat, Ahmedabad, Broach,
independent kingdom to the Chanderi, Burhanpur, Jaunpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Agra,
east of Delhi in the area Multan, Lahore, Masulipatnam, Aurangabad, Chicacole,
around Farukhabad.
Vishakhapatnam, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Madurai, etc.;
Nature and Limitations of Regional States: Kashmir was a centre of woollen manufactures.
 All regional powers continued to maintain ties with the Ship-building Industry: Maharashtra, Andhra and Bengal
Mughal imperial authority and acknowledged the were the leaders in ship-building. The Zamorin of Calicut
emperor’s importance. used the Muslim Kunjali Maraikkars (who were well known
 Polity was regional in character, with support of local for their seafaring ability) for his navy. Shivaji’s navy was one
chieftains. of the best in region.
 They failed to develop a system based on sound financial, Status of Education:
administrative and military organisation and backward in  Education was on traditional lines and it discouraged
science and technology development of any original thoughts.
 Constant warfare with neighbours with no ultimate  The knowledge was confined to literature, law, religion,
dominator. philosophy, and logic and excluded the study of physical
 Jagirdari crisis intensified due to decline in agricultural and natural sciences, technology and geography.
income  Elementary education was widespread in Hindu
(Pathshalas) and Muslims (Maktabs).

 Chatuspathisor Tols, for Hindus, were centres of higher  It was actually used for the first time by the French
education. Famous centres for Sanskrit education were Governor-General Marquis Dupleix.
Kasi (Varanasi), Tirhut (Mithila), and Utkala. Madrashas-  An Indian ruler entering into Subsidiary Alliance with the
institutions of higher learning for Persian and Arabic. British had to dissolve his own armed forces and accept
Azimabad (Patna) was a famous centre for Persian British forces in his territory
education.  He also had to pay for the British army’s maintenance. If
Societal Set-Up: he failed to make the payment, a portion of his territory
Many Castes, Many Sects: would be taken away and ceded to the British.
 There was certain degree of broad cultural unity but  The British promised non-interference in internal affairs
people were divided by caste, religion, region, tribe and of the Indian state
language.  The Indian state could not enter into any alliance with
 Patriarchal families with caste being integral part of any other foreign power.
society. Although some exceptions occurred on a large  He could also not employ any other foreign nationals
scale, making caste status quite fluid in some parts of the other than Englishmen in his service.
country.  The Indian state could also not enter into any political
 Divisions occurred in other religions too. Example: The connection with another Indian state without British
sharif Muslims -nobles, scholars, priests and army approval.
officials. Ajlaf- lower class Muslims on similar lines of  A British Resident was stationed in the Indian Court.
Hindus  Effect of the alliance: dissolving of the army led to loss of
Position of Women in Society: many jobs, East India Company become the de-facto
 Women had little individuality of their own. Mostly upper ruler.
class women remained at home, lower class women Doctrine of Lapse:
worked in fields and outside their homes supplementing  The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy followed
the family income. widely by Lord Dalhousie when he was India’s Governor-
 Purdah, sati, Dowry, child marriage, polygamy existed- General from 1848 to 1856.
affecting the progress of woman. Raja Sawai Jai Singh of  Features of the policy.
Amber and the Maratha General Prashuram Bhau tried to  According to this, any princely state under the direct or
promote widow remarriage but failed. indirect (as a vassal) control of the East India Company
where the ruler did not have a legal male heir would be
Menace of Slavery:
annexed by the company.
 European travellers and administrators reported
 As per this, any adopted son of the Indian ruler could
widespread slavery in India.
not be proclaimed as heir to the kingdom. The adopted
 However, their condition was much better than in
son would only inherit his foster father’s personal
European region.
property and estates.
 Women slaves for household works. The advent of
 The adopted son would also not be entitled to any
Europeans heightened the slavery and slave trade in
pension that his father had been receiving or to any of
India.
his father’s titles.
Subsidiary Alliance:  In 1824, before the time of Dalhousie, the princely state
 It is a treaty between the British East India Company and of Kittur was acquired by the East India Company by this
the Indian princely states, by virtue of which the Indian doctrine.
kingdoms lost their sovereignty to the English.
 Effect of this Policy: Many Indian states lost their
Features of the Act: sovereignty and became British territories. The ‘illegal’
 It was framed by Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General nature of this doctrine was one of the causes of the
of India from 1798 to 1805. Indian revolt 1857.

oppression of
A General Survey of Ireland.
Socio-Cultural Reform Movements 1.Tattvabodhini
Patrika: devoted
to the systematic
 The humanistic ideals of social equality and the equal
study of India’s
worth of all individuals which inspired the newly
past with a
educated middle class had a major impact on the field rational The
of social reform. 1.Tattvabo Outlook and revitalised
 All social ills like untouchability and gender-based dhini propagation Roy’s Samaj
inequity derived legitimacy from religion in one way Sabha ideas. supported
or the other. (founded widow
 The social reform movements formed an integral part Debendr in 1839) 2.Tagore worked remarriage,
of the religious reforms primarily because of this anath 2. joined on two fronts: women’s
Tagore Bramho within education,
reason.
1817- Samaj in Hinduism, the abolition of
Name of
1905 1842 Brahmo Samaj was polygamy,
Movement
Reforme 3. a reformist improvement
/ Works Significance
r AdiBramh movement; in ryots’
organizatio
n osamaj outside, it conditions
1.He wrote: 1866 resolutely opposed and
Gift to Monotheists the Christian temperance
(1809), missionaries for
Precepts of Jesus their criticism of
(1820), Hinduism and their
Gift of mother in attempts at
1.Brahmo
Perisian, conversion
Samaj—to
Turfat-ul- Although he
purify
muhaudin, popularised
Hinduism and
compilied a Bengali the Samaj but
1.Atmiya to preach 1.Instrumental in
grammar book and 1.Joined he couldn’t
Sabha (or monotheism— popularising the
translated into the follow his
Society of was based on movement, and
Bengali the Vedas Brahmo ideals, as he
Friends) in the twin pillars
and the five branches of the
Calcutta,18 of reason and Samaj in married his
Upanishads Keshab Samaj were
14 the Vedas and 1858 and daughter at
2. Published: News Chandra opened outside
Raja Upanishads soon age of 13.
paper - Brahminca, Sen Bengal.
Rammoh 2. Brahmo 2. Atmiya became Thus, many
Samandh Kaumudi 1838- 2. He was
an Roy Sabha,182 Sabha- to acharya were
3.Started anti-sati 1884 dismissed from the
(1772- 8 later propagate the 2. Brahmo disgusted.
struggle in 1818 office of acharya in
1833) renamed monotheistic Samaj Also, in way
4. Roy condemned 1865 and found
as Brahmo ideals of the of India in he was
the general BrahmoSamaj of
Samaj Vedanta and 1866 responsible
subjugation of India.
to campaign
women, supported for number of
3. Calcutta against
free press fractions in
Unitarian idolatry, caste
5. Supported Samaj.
society. rigidities,
davidhare’s efforts Ananda
meaningless
to found the Hindu Mohan
rituals and It reiterated the Brahmo doctrines
college in 1817 Bose,
other social of faith in a Supreme being, one
6. 1825- established Shibcha Sadharan
ills. God, the belief that no scripture or
a vedanta college ndra Brahmo
7. He supported the man is infallible, belief in the
Deb and Samaj
revolutions of dictates of reason, truth and
Umesh
naples and Spanish morality.
Chandra
America and
condemned the
Datta
www.laex.in Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features www.civilsprep.com

Significance of Bramho Samaj: and oppose decadent 2.no support

customs and from any other
 It condemned the prevailing Hindu prejudice against
traditions, supported social group or
going abroad. women’s rights and class
 It worked for a respectable status for women in education. 3.Lacked any
3.they demanded real link with
society—condemned sati, worked for abolition of
induction of the masses; for
purdah system, discouraged child marriage and Indians in higher instance, they
polygamy, crusaded for widow remarriage and for grades of services, failed to take
protection of ryots up the
provisions of educational facilities.
from oppressive peasants’
 It also attacked casteism and untouchability though in zamindars, better cause.
these matters it attained only limited success treatment to Indian
labour abroad in
 Various Movements for social reform and British colonies,
personalities attached to it, revision of the
Company’s charter,
Personalities
Moveme freedom of press and
Reform attached/Signi
nt/Organ Works trial by jury.
er ficance/
ization 1850- became the
Others
principal of Sanskrit
1.More concerned
College-opened the 1.He was
with social reforms
Sanskrit College to determined to
than with religion but
1.Mahadeo non-brahmins break the
was attached to the started a
Govind Ranade 1.Introduced Western priestly
bhakti cult. Ishwar moveme
joined in 1870 thought in monopoly of
2.a four-point social Chandr nt in
and Sanskrit College scriptural
agenda also: a support
popularised it. 2.He helped organise knowledge
Prarthan (i) Disapproval of Vidyasa of widow
Atmara 2.R.G. thirty-five 2.He was also a
aSamaj in caste system. gar remarria
mPand Bhandarkar girls’ schools many of crusader
1867, (ii) Aomen’s ge
urang 3.N.G. which he ran at his against child
Bombay education.
Chandavarkar own expense marriage and
(iii) Widow
4.Dhondo 3.one of the pioneers polygamy.
remarriage.
KeshavKarve of higher education
(iv) Raising the age of
5.Vishnu for women in India
marriage for both
Shastri. 1.Started
males and females.
-the
3. Emphasis on newspap
monotheism. er Darpan
1.Widow in 1832
Remarria Karve himself 2.1840- 1.Pioneer of social reform through
ge Provided education married a Digdarsha journalism in Bombay; he attacked
D.K Moveme n brahminical orthodoxy and tried to
and training to widow and
Karve nt 3.Founde reform popular Hinduism
widows so that they thus led with Balshas
M.G. d - 2.Digdarshan- published articles on
2.Widow could support the example triJamb
Ranade Bombay scientific subjects as well as history
s’ Home themselves. for others to hekar
follow. Native 3.He was:
Associati General i) Professor of Hindi at the Elphinston
on Library College,
1.Taught at the Hindu Failed to have 4.Starte- ii)director of the Colaba Observatory
College from 1826 to long-term the
Henry 1831 impact, why? Native
Young Improve
Vivian 2.Derozio inspired his 1.social
Bengal ment
Derozio pupils to conditions
Moveme Society
(1809- think freely and were not ripe
nt, 1820s Dadoba Paramah 1.Began as a secret At their
31) rationally, question all for the
adoption of Pandur ansaMan society that worked meetings, food
authority, love liberty, ang, dali, to reform Hindu cooked by lower
equality and freedom, radical ideas

Mehtaji 1849, religion and society caste people and the

Durgara Branches in general. was taken by caste
m in Poona, 2.the founders the members. system.
Satara believed in one God These mandalis 1.Servant Guided by M.G.
aim of the society: Ranade
and and they were also advocated s of India
a. train national After Gokhale’s
other primarily interested widow Society
missionaries for the death (1915),
towns of in breaking caste remarriage and 1905
service of India; Srinivasa Shastri
Maharas rules women’s 2.a
b. to promote, by all took over as
htra 3.ideology was education. Gopal liberal
constitutional president.
closely linked to that Krishna leader of
means, the true The society still
of the Manav Gokhal the
interests of the continues to
Dharma Sabha e Indian
Indian people; function in the
Phule used the (1866- National field of
1.Leadership of the c.to prepare a cadre
symbol of Rajah 1915), Congress education,
samaj came from the of selfless workers
Bali as opposed 3.The providing ashram
Satyasho backward classes, who were to devote
to the Hitavada type of schools
Jyotiba dhak malis, telis, kunbis, their lives to the
brahmins’ (newspa for tribal girls
Phule Samaj saris and dhangars. cause of the country
symbol of per), and balwadis at
(1827- (Truth 2. He was a pioneer in a religious spirit
Rama. Phule 1911 many places
1890) Seekers’ in women’s
aimed at the Their activities
belong Society) education, and with
complete included police
ed to in 1873 the help of his wife, court agents’
abolition of the 1.Social
the Savitribai Phule, Aim was to secure work, legal aid
Books: caste system Service
mali opened a girls’ better and and advice to
Sarvajani and socio- League in
(garden school at Poona; reasonable the poor and
kSatyadh economic Bombay
er) 3.he was a pioneer of conditions of life and illiterate,
arma and inequalities; Naraya 2.
commu widow remarriage work for the masses. excursions for
Gulamgir This movement n founded
nity movement in They organised many slum dwellers,
i gave a sense of Malhar the All
Maharashtra and schools, libraries, facilities for
identity to the Joshi India
also opened a home reading rooms, day gymnasia and
depressed Trade theatrical
for widows in 1854 nurseries and
communities Union performances,
cooperative
Wrote for 1.He advocated a Congress sanitary work,
a weekly reorganisation of
societies.
(1920). medical relief
Prabhaka Indian society on and boys’ clubs
r under rational principles and and scout corps
the pen modern, humanistic, He said, “If 1.Mission: to
Gopalh name of secular values. bridge the gulf
religion does
ariDesh Lokahita 2.CriticiseCaste between
not sanction
mukh wadi on system and Hindu paramartha
social reform,
(1823- social orthodoxy (service) and
then change 1.He emerged as the
1892) reform 3. played a leading Narend vyavahara
religion.” preacher of neo-
issues. role ranath (behaviour), and
He in founding the
Hinduism. He
Datta between
started a periodicals, Gyan preached from
(1862- spirituality and
weekly, Prakash, Indu Prakash Upanishada, Gita,
1902), day-to-day life
Hitechh, and Lokahitawadi. Jesus, Buddha, and
who Ramakris 2.He advocated
1.First life experiences of
later hna spirit of liberty,
editor of Paramhansa.
came Mission, equality and free
Kesari. 2.Gave lecture in thinking
He was a cofounder to be 1897.
2.started Parliament of 3.Vivekananda
of the New English known
Gopal his Religions held at advocated the
School, the Deccan He was strong as
Ganesh periodical Chicago in 1893, and doctrine of
Education Society advocate of the Swami
Agarkar , then severallectures service—the
and Fergusson power of Vivekan
(1856- Sudharak, on Vedanta in the service of all
which College. human reason anda
1895) USA and in London. beings. The
spoke He was a principal of
service of jiva
against Fergusson College.
(living objects) is
untoucha the worship of
bility Siva.

Ramkrishna Mission: 4. Recitation of the mantras of the Vedas and

• The teachings of Ramakrishna Paramhansa (1834-86), performance of ‘Havan’ and ‘Yajna’.
a priest at the Kali temple in Dakshineshwar, Calcutta, 5. Faith in female education.
formed the basis of the Ramakrishna Movement. 6. Opposition to child-marriage and polygamy.
Two Objectives of the Movement Were: Reforms:

• To bring into existence a band of monks dedicated to • Swami Dayanada, through the AryaSamaj, tried to
a life of renunciation and practical spirituality, from reform the Hindu society and religion.
among whom teachers and workers would be sent • The AryaSamaj emphasized on the liberation of the
out to spread the universal message of Vedanta as Hindu society. Dayananda claimed that only Vedas
illustrated in the life of Ramakrishna were the repositories of true knowledge and the only
• To carry on preaching, philanthropic and charitable religion was the religion of the Vedas.
works, looking upon all men, women and children, • His call “Go Back to the Vedas” created consciousness
irrespective of caste, creed or colour, as veritable among the people. He rejected other scriptures and
manifestations of the Divine. ‘Puranas’.
• Ever since its inception, the Mission has been running • He strongly opposed idol worship, ritualism, practice
a number of schools, hospitals, dispensaries. It offers of animalsacrifice, the concept of polytheism, the idea
help to the afflicted in times of natural calamities like of heaven and hell and fatalism.
earthquakes, famines, floods and epidemics. The Significance: The Arya Samaj was able to give self-respect
Mission has developed into a worldwide organisation. and self confidence to the Hindus which helped to
It is a deeply religious body, but it is not a undermine the myth of superiority of whites and the
proselytising body. It does not consider itself to be a Western culture.
sect of Hinduism.
The Samaj started the shuddhi (purification) movement to
Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj reconvert to the Hindu fold the converts to Christianity
• Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of the and Islam.
AryaSamaj, was one of the makers of modern India.
Successors: The work of the Swami after his death was
With an indigenous orientation, he wanted to bring a
carried forward by Lala Hansraj, Pandit Gurudutt,
new social, religious, economic and political order in
LalaLajpat Rai and Swami Shraddhanand, among others.
India.
Moveme
• He established the Arya Samaj at Bombay on 10th Refor nt/
Work Significance
April, 1875 and later the headquarters of the Samaj mer Organi-
were established at Lahore zation
SevaSadantook
• Dayananda wrote books like ‘Satyarth Prakash’, care women
Vedanga Prakash, ‘Ratnamala’ ‘Sankarvidhi’, Behra who were
SevaSada
‘Bharatinivarna’ etc. mji M. exploited and
n in 1908 Worked against child
Malaba then discarded
• He travelled throughout the country to propagate his B. marriage and for
ri by society.
Malabari widow remarriage
views and established branches of AryaSamaj at (1853- It catered to all
acquired among Hindus. It was
different places. 1912) castes and
and his efforts that led to
and provided the
edited the Age of Consent
Principles of Arya Samaj: Diwan destitute
the Act regulating the age
1. Acceptance of the Vedas as the only source of truth. Dayara women with
Indian of consent for females
mGidu education, and
2. Opposition to idol worship. Spectator
mal medical and
3. Opposition to the theory of God-incarnation and welfare
religious pilgrimages. services.
Shiv Dev 1.DevSadan is a It called for an

Naraya Samaj religious and social ideal social P.Tyag Presidenc

n Founded reform society. The behaviour such araja y
Agniho in 1887 society emphasised as not accepting He sought to
Self-
tri at Lahore on the eternity of the bribes, avoiding E.V. undermine the Rejection of
Respect
soul, the supremacy intoxicants and Ramas position of brahmin Bramanical
Moveme
of the guru non-vegetarian wamy priests by formalising religion and
nt in mid
2. Its teachings were food, and Naicker weddings without culture.
1920s
compiled in a book, keeping away brahmin priests
Deva Shastra from violent The social reform cell
actions launched the
M.G. Indian of the Indian National
‘Pledge
An orthodox society, it stood for the Ranade Social Congress.
Movement’ to
preservation of the status quo in socio- and Conferen The conference
Radhak Dharma inspire people
religious matters, opposing even the Raghun ce, advocated inter-caste
ant sabha in to take a pledge
abolition of sati. However, it favoured ath Madras, marriages, opposed
Deb 1830 against child
the promotion of Western education, Rao 1887 polygamy and
marriage
even for girls. kulinism
They believe in one sect has no
supreme being, belief in Temple Entry Movement:
supremacy of the temples,  Sri Narayana Guru, N. Kumaran Asan, T.K. Madhavan
Tulsi
guru, a company of shrines and
Ram Radhasw etc. In 1924, Vaikom Satyagraha led by K.P.Kesava,
pious people sacred places, it
known ami
as Shiv Moveme
(satsang), and a considers as was launched in Kerala demanding the throwing open
simple social life. necessary
Dayal nt 1861 of Hindu temple roads to the untouchables
Spiritual attainment, duties, works of
Saheb  The satyagraha was reinforced by jathas from Punjab
they believe, does not faith and
call for renunciation charity, service and Madurai. Gandhi undertook a tour of Kerala in
of the worldly life and prayer
support of the movement. Again in 1931 when the
1.movement was born
out of conflict between Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended, temple
the depressed classes 1.Aruvippuram entry movement was organized in Kerala
and upper castes movement: to
2. Among Ezhavas of  Inspired by K. Kelappan, poet Subramaniyam
show that
Kerala, who were a consecration of Tirurnambu led a group of sixteen volunteers to
SreeNara backward caste of an idol was not
toddy-tappers and
Guruvayur. Leaders like P. Krishna Pillai and A.K.
Sree yana the monopoly
were considered to be Gopalan were among the satyagrahis
Naraya Guru of the higher
untouchables, denied  In 1936 the Maharaja of Travancore issued a
na Dharma castes
education and entry
Guru Paripalan 2.SNDP was proclamation throwing open all government-
into temples
Swamy a 3.Aruvippuram
registered in
1856- (SNDP) 1903 under the
controlled temples to all Hindus. A similar step was
Movement: Started by
1928 Moveme installing Shivlinga on Indian taken by the C.Rajagopalachari administration in
nt Shivratri in 1888 Companies Act, Madras in 1938.
4.In 1889, the with Narayana
AruvippuramKshetraYo Guru as its Reformism Revivalism
gam: a big organisation permanent
to help the Ezhavas to chairman Social reform Against social reform
progress materially as Help of British colonial
well as spiritually. Brought against colonial state
state
Vokkaliga
Sangha, Launched an anti-brahmin Ancient Indian religion
Influenced by western
Mysore,1 Movement. revival, Indian spirituality
enlightenment
905 superior
C.N. Justice to secure jobs and representation for the Not critical of colonial Self-confidence to Indian by
Mudali Moveme non-brahmins in the legislature. state declaration
ar, nt 1917, Madras Presidency Association-
T.M. in demanded separate representation for Moderates Extremist
Nair, Madras the lower castes in the legislature

Significance / of universal to end religious

Reform
Movement Work: personalities religion of all wars and
er
attached. humanity, bloodshed and
Popularised by opposing jihad to reinstate
Revivalist
Shah Abdul Aziz (sacred war morality, peace
response to
and Syed Ahmed against non- and justice.
Western
Barelvi who also Muslims). The
influences and the
gave them a movement spread
degeneration
Abdul political Western liberal
which had set in
Wahab perspective. education among
among Indian
of Initially, the the Indian
Muslims and
Arabia Wahabi/ movement was Muslims.
called for a return
and Walliullah directed at the 1. S. Khan was
to the true spirit
Shah Movement Sikhs in Punjab loyalist member of
of Islam.
Walliull (Revivalist) but later against Judicial service of
India was Background:
ah the British. govt.
considered to be British thought
1702- During the 1857 2.1878- member
dar-ul-Harb (land Muslims could
1763 Revolt, the of Imperial
of the kafirs) and it be used as allies
Wahabi’s played Legislative Council
needed to be against a rising
an important and in1888-
converted to dar- tide of
role in spreading awarded
ul-Islam (land of nationalist
anti-British knighthood.
Islam) political activity.
feelings 3.Opinions:religio
This could be
He organised n should be
1.He was a disciple achieved
the Muslim adaptable with
Mir of Sayyid Ahmed through various
peasants of time or else it
Nithar Barelvi 1.TheAliga concessions to
Titu Mir‘s Bengal against would become
Ali, rh the Muslims.
Movement the landlords, fossilised, and that
known 2.Mir adopted Movement And some
(Revivalist) who were religious tenets
as Titu Wahabism and 2. He Muslims were
mostly Hindu, were not
Mir advocated the started ready to allow
and the British immutable
Sharia Mohamme the official
indigo planters 4. He supported
dan Anglo- patronage to
Emphasised on the woman
DuduMian Sir Syed Oriental stimulate a
Islamic pillars of empowerment
leadership: the Ahmed College process of
faith. and opposed
movement Khan (Aligarh growth among
Aim: eradication purdah system
became Muslim Indian Muslims
of social and Polygamy,
revolutionary University) through better
innovations or un- condemned the
Fara’idi from 1840 at Aligarh education and
Islamic practices system of piri and
Movement onwards. in 1875 employment
Haji among the muridi.
in 1818. He provided 3.magazin opportunities
Shariatu Muslims and ask 5.He preached the
East organisational Tahdhib- 1.Aligarh
llah to perform their basic commonality
Bengal system ul-Akhlaq Movement
duties. of Hindu and
(Revivalist) They organised (Reformist) emerged as a
Movement Muslim interests.
a paramilitary liberal, modern
survived as a Objective:
force armed trend among the
religious a. Social reforms
with clubs to Muslim
movement after among Muslims
fight the intelligentsia
the death of b. Imparting
zamindars 2. Soon, Aligarh
DuduMian modern
became the
It described itself The Ahmadiyya Education.
centre of
as the standard- community is Ideology: liberal
religious and
Ahmadiyya bearer of the only Islamic interpretation of
Mirza cultural revival
Movement Mohammedan sect to believe the
Ghulam of the Muslim
, 1889 Renaissance, and that the Messiah Quran so as to
Ahmad community
(Reformist) based itself, like had come in the harmonise Islam
the BrahmoSamaj, person of Mirza with modern
on the principles Ghulam Ahmad liberal culture.

a revivalist • In 1925, a law was passed which gave the right of

Mahmud-ul-
movement: with
Hasan: Political managing Gurudwaras to the Shiromani Gurudwara
the twin
and intellectual Prabandhak Committee
objectives of
content to the
propagating pure
religious ideas of The Theosophical Movement:
The teachings of the
the school and
Moham
Deoband Quran and Hadis
Jamiat-ul-Ulema
• In 1875, a Russian spiritualist named Madame
School among Muslims Blavatsky and an American called Colonel Olcott
mad gave a concrete
(DarulUloo and keeping alive
Qasim shape to founded the Theosophical Society in America. The
m)Deoban the spirit of jihad
Nanota Hasan’s ideas.
vi
d, in against the foreign
Shibli Numani:
society was greatly influenced by the Indian doctrine
Saharanpu rulers. of karma
(1832- favoured
r Aim: moral and
80) and inclusion of • In 1886, they founded the Theosophical Society at
district(Uni religious
Rashid English and
Ahmed
ted regeneration of
Western science
Adyar near Madras
Provinces) the Muslim • Annie Besant, an Irish woman who came to India in
Gangohi in education and
in 1866 community
founded the 1893, helped the Theosophist movement to gain
(Revivalist) It supported
Nadwatal
formation of INC
Ulama and Darul
strength
and in 1888 issued • Annie Besant was the founder of the Central Hindu
Uloom in
fatwa against Sir
Lucknow in College in Banaras, which later developed into the
Syed Khan.
1894-96.
Banaras Hindu University
Parsi Reform Movements: Woman Reform Movements by Woman:
 The Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Religious Reform Swarnakumari D/O • Devi
Association) was founded in 1851 by a group of Debendranath • Widow and poor women
Tagore • Journal Bharati
English educated Parsis
• Bharat struggle Mahamada
 The movement had leaders like Naoroji Furdonji, Saraladevi • Against parda
Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama and S.S. Bengalee. • Spreading of education
 Newspaper Rast Goftar (Truth-Teller) Annie beasant &
Women India Association
Margaret cousin
 Parsi religious rituals and practices were reformed
• The osopical movement
and the Parsi creed redefined. Dorthyjinarajadasa • Aim is to secure voting right to
 In the social sphere, attempts were made to uplift the women
status of Parsi women through removal of the purdah Meerabai National council women in India
system, raising the age of marriage and education. • All India women conference
Margaret cousin
• Education
Sikh Reform Movements: • Journal Roshni
• Through the efforts of the Singh Sabhas (1870) and Panditramabai 1st
with British support, the Khalsa College was founded Feminist
at Amritsar in 1892. This college and schools set up as • High caste Hindu women
• Mukti mission
a result of similar efforts, promoted Gurumukhi, Sikh
Aryamahilasamaj • Sharadasadan
learning and Punjabi literature as a whole. • Medical education among women
• After 1920 the Sikh movement gained momentum • Widow home in bombay
when the Akali Movement rose in Punjab • Muslim women in Bengal
• The chief object of the Akalis was to improve the • Muslim education
Begam Rokaya
management of the Gurudwaras or Sikh Shrines that Hussain
• Muslim women association in
1916.
were under the control of priests or Mahants who
• Suthan Dream book
treated them as their private property Tara baisindu Streepurushkitulna

Socio-Religious Reform The socio-cultural regeneration of the India of the

nineteenth century was occasioned by the colonial
Movements General Features presence, but not created by it.
1. Factors Giving Rise to desire for Reform: 2. Social and Ideological Bases of Reform:
a) Impact of British Rule: a) Middle Class Base:
 Earlier invaders came, settled and were absorbed  The social base was in newly emerging middle
by Superior culture of India. class and the educated intellectuals.
 However, when British came Indian civilization  The intelligentsia searched for its model in the
was stagnant, entangled in regressive tradition European ‘middle class’, which had brought great
with poor scientific outlook. transformation in the West through movements
 British brought the new vision, which was much like the Renaissance, the Reformation, the
needed by the stagnant society. Enlightenment and democratic revolution or
b) Social Conditions: reform.
 Religious and social ills: Indians were caught up b) The Intellectual Criteria: Rationalism, Religious
in religious superstitions and social obscurantism. Universalism and Humanism:
 Priests had unhealthy control over minds of 1. Rationalism: To judge social relevance of
people. traditions.
 Monopoly of scriptural knowledge ensured the  Raja Rammohan Roy: Believed in the principle
same. of causality linking the whole phenomenal
1. Depressing Position of Women: Female universe and demonstrability as the sole
infanticide, Child marriage and polygamy criterion of truth.
were norm.  Akshay Kumar Dutt: All natural and social
phenomena could be analysed and understood
2. The Caste Problem: A system of segregation,
by purely mechanical processes.
hierarchically ordained on the basis of ritual
 These intellectuals replaced faith with
status. Lowest rung people suffered the
rationality. Therefore, Brahmo Samaj
highest humiliation in terms of Untouchability
repudiated the infallibility of the Vedic
among others. This system also propagated
scriptures and Aligarh movement emphasised
into Muslims, Sikhs and Christians.
reconciliation of Islamic teachings with the
c) Opposition to Western Culture:
needs of the modern age.
After establishing rule, British started to disseminate
2. Religious Universalism: They evaluated truth in
their culture as superior and dominant one. Thus,
any religion by the criteria of logic, reason or
attempts were made to re-invigorate our traditional
science. Rational and secular outlook was evident
institutions and culture and realise its true potential.
while putting forward an alternative to prevalent
d) New Awareness among Enlightened Indians: social practices.
Impact of western culture and realization of being  Swami Vivekananda: Religion should be investigated
defeated by handful of foreigner made people aware of
on similar lines of Science.
the weaknesses within the Indian social structure and
 Raja Rammohan Roy: Different religions are national
culture. Responses to this varied but the need to reform
embodiments of universal theism. He defended the
socio-religious life was commonly shared conviction.
basic and universal principles of all religions—such as
the monotheism of Vedas and Unitarianism of
Christianity.
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 Syed Ahmed Khan: All prophets had the same ‘din’ Linked to Religion, Reason: Nearly all social ills like
(faith) and every country and nation had different untouchability and gender-based inequity derived
prophets. legitimacy from religion in one way or the other.
 Reference to the past was to be used only as an aid Initially, it was limited to the upper and middle classes but
and an instrument. Neither a revival of the past nor a later on penetrated to the lower strata of society to
total break with tradition was envisaged. revolutionise and reconstruct the social sphere.
3. Humanism: Integral part of Social reform movements.
Important Organization: Social Conference, Servants of
It emphasised on individual’s right to interpret
India Society and the Christian missionaries.
religious scriptures as an attack on its priestly
dominations. According to this, Human has Important Personalities: Jyotiba Phule, Gopalhari
progressed in past with moral values in favour of Deshmukh, K.T. Telang, B.M. Malabari, D.K. Karve, Sri
Humanity. Focus of this movement was also on Narayana Guru, E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and B.R.
worldly existence and not just salvation or so. Ambedkar.
These movements transformed the entire cultural Finally, the national movement provided the leadership
existence, the way of life. and organisation for social reform.
Two Concerns of socio-religious reforms in India: Medium: Indian languages to propagate views. Use of
1. The evolution of an alternative cultural-ideological variety of media—novels, dramas, poetry, short stories,
system. the press and, in the 1930s and later on, the cinema
2. The regeneration of traditional institutions. Position of Women:
These concerns were manifested through the attempts to 1. Women: Considered inferior to men with no identity
reconstruct traditional knowledge, the use and of their own.
development of vernacular languages, creation of an 2. Suppressive Traditions: Purdah, early marriage, ban
alternative system of education, defence of religion, on widow-marriage, sati, no education, dependence
efforts to regenerate Indian art and literature, the on male relatives, polygamy, inequality in terms of
emphasis on Indian dress and food, attempts to revitalise divorce and inheritance of property. Women were
the Indian systems of medicine and to research the pre- glorified only as wives and mothers as contribution to
colonial technology for its potential. society.
Two Streams in the Socio-Religious Reform Movement: Steps taken to Ameliorate Women’s Position:
a) The reformist like the Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana 1. Abolition of Sati: Influenced by Raja Rammohan Roy,
Samaj, the Aligarh Movement. the government declared the practice of sati illegal
b) The revivalist like Arya Samaj and the Deoband and punishable by criminal courts as culpable
movement. homicide. The regulation of 1829- Bengal Presidency
Major difference between the two was, varying degree of alone (during William Bentinck time), then extended
reliance on traditions, reasons and conscience. in Madras and Bombay Presidencies in 1830.
2. Preventing Female Infanticide:
Direction of Social Reform:
Prevalent in upper caste Bengalis and Rajputs,
Values:
because women were considered as economic
1. Humanistic ideals of social equality.
burden. Bengal regulations of 1795 and 1804 declared
2. Equal worth of all individuals.
infanticide illegal and equivalent to murder.
Agenda : An Act of 1870 made it compulsory for parents to
1. Betterment of status of women. register the birth of all babies.
2. Removal of disabilities arising out of untouchability.

3. Widow Remarriage: facilities began to be provided to women with the

1. PanditIshwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-91), the opening of Dufferin Hospitals in the 1880s.
principal of Sanskrit College, Calcutta, because of
whom the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856, was
Women’s Organisations:
Name Founder Significance Objective
passed. He cited Vedic texts to prove his point.
Medical
2. Vishnu Shastri Pandit - Widow Remarriage Association education
(1850s). for women Improvement in
Arya Pandita
3. Karsondas Mulji- Satya Prakash in Gujarati, 1852 which the educational
MahilaSam RamabaiS
started in syllabus of Indian
4. D. K. Karve married a widow in 1893.Became the aj 1882 araswati
Lady women
secretary of the Widow Remarriage Association. He Dufferin
opened a widows’ home in Poona to give them College
vocational training. Ladies
Social
4. Controlling Child Marriage: Conference
1. The Native Marriage Act (or Civil Marriage Act), 1872 - (Bharat Ramabai Parent organisation was National
MahilaPari Ranade Social Conference
prohibited child marriage but was not applicable to
shad),
Hindus, Muslims and other faiths. Bombay
2. B.M. Malabari, responsible for the Age of Consent Act 1904
(1891) which forbade the marriage of girls below the 1. Promotion of
education for
age of 12. women.
3. The Sarda Act (1930) -18 and 14 for boys and girls, for Bharat First major
2. Abolition of the
Stree Indian
marriage, respectively. Sarla Devi purdah system.
Mahamand women’s
4. Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978- 18 Chaudhur 3.Improvement in
al organisatio
ani the socio-
for girls and 21 for boys. Allahabad n set up by
economic and
(1910). a woman.
5. Education of Women: political status of
woman all over
Name/Number of Educational
Year Founder India.
organisations streams
National Removal of
Christian Calcutta Female General National branch of purdah system,
1819
missionaries Juvenile Society Education Council of Mehribai the caste
The Bethune Women in Tata Internation differences and
1849 J.E.D. Bethune
School India, 1925 al Council lack of education
PanditIshwar No less than 35 of Women of women
1850s Chandra girls’ Margaret
First 1.Society should be
Vidyasagar schools in Bengal Cousins, based on principles
women’s
Training Maharani of social justice,
Chimnabai organisatio
Women’s Medical nurses n with an integrity, equal
1914 All India Gaekwad, rights and
Service and mid- egalitarian
Rani Sahiba
wives Women’s opportunities
of Sangli, approach.
Indian Women’s Higher Conference Sarojini
2.Secure for every
1916 D. K. Karve Worked
(AIWC), human being, the
University Education Naidu, before as
1927 Kamla Devi Essentials of life,
Lady Hardinge well as not determined by
Lady Medical Chattopadh
1916 Medical College, after accident of birth or
Hardinge Education. yaya
Delhi Lady
Independen sex but by planned
DorabTata. ce. social distribution.
Charles Wood’s Despatch on Education (1854) laid
great stress on the need for female education. Health

Factors that Helped to Mitigate Caste-based Awakening among Lower castes due to new
Discrimination: Opportunities:
Situations created by British: Organization/
Name Work Result
Movements
a) Administrative Measures
1.Moveme
1. Privatisation of land-Disrupted village autarchy nt against
(autocracy). the 1. Savitribai
brahminica Phule-First
2. Equality before law- severe blow to social and Jyotiba
l female teacher.
Phule, Satyashodhak
legal inequalities. domination
Savitrib Samaj
2.Educatio 2. Opened
3. Administrative services- Open to all. aiPhule
n of lower several Schools
4. Education- on Secular. castes, for Women.
especially
b) Indirect Impact: girls
 All India
Modern commerce and industry gave rise to several
Scheduled Annihilatio
economic avenues and urbanisation and modern Castes n of the
means of transport added to the mobility of Federation institution
 All India of caste,
population- Dismantled caste-vocation equation. Provision of
Depressed Mahad
special
Classes Satyagraha
Social Reform Movements: Babasa representation
Association. 1927 for
hebAm for lower
From the mid-19th century onwards, numerous  Bahishkrit consumpti
bedkar classes in the
Hitakarini on of water
organisations and groups such as the Brahmo Samaj, Government of
Sabha in from public
India Act, 1935.
Prarthana Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, the 1924- motto water pond
was: and temple
Theosophists, the Social Conference and individuals ‘Educate, movement
worked to spread education among the untouchables and Agitate and s.
Organise.
remove restrictions imposed on them from entering
The movement
temples or using ponds, tanks, etc. Setup with was extremely
the aim of influential not
National Movements: achieving a just in Tamil
a. Gandhi always had in mind the objective of E.V. society Nadu, but also
Ramas Self-Respect where overseas in
eradicating untouchability by root and branch, in wamy Movement backward countries with
1932 he founded All India Harijan Sangh. Naicker castes have large Tamil
equal population,
b. Mass participation in demonstrations, meetings and human such as
Satyagraha struggles diluted caste differences. rights Malaysia and
Singapore.
c. After 1937 congress did good work for upliftment of
Sri
untouchables, like free education for them. In some “One religion, Entry of Temples were
Naraya
one caste, one lower opened up in
other states they opened the temples for na
God for castes into South Indian
Guru,
downtrodden. mankind” temples. states.
Kerala
NEW Prelims cum Mains Batches: May-15th (Hyderabad), June -6th (Bangalore)

The Revolt of 1857 The Beginning of the Mutiny:

The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a
The cumulative effect of British expansionist policies, mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison
economic exploitation and administrative innovations town of Meerut, 40 miles northeast of Delhi. It then
over years resulted to simmering discontent among all erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly
sections which burst in the form of 1857 revolt. in the upper Gangetic plain and central India
Various Causes of Revolt: Timeline of the Events During the Revolt:
 Economic policies of the British
destroyed the traditional
economy of the country-Peasant
suffered due to heavy taxation
under new revenue settlement
system.
 Annexation of Indian states by
Economic British led to loss of patronage of
causes many artisans.
 Destruction of traditional
industry.
 Zamindars often saw their land
rights forfeited
Summary evictions
 Discriminatory tariff policy
against Indian products.
 Interference in socio religious
affair of Indian public.
 Policies such as Doctrine of
Lapse, Subsidiary alliance further
Political
complicated the matter.
causes
 Absentee sovereignty ship Storm Centres and their Leaders:
character of British. Place Leaders
 Denial of certain rights to Delhi General BhaktKhan
Mughal rulers.
Lucknow Begum HazratMahal
Administra Widespread corruption in company's
Kanpur Nana sahib
tive causes administration.
 Racial arrogance of British Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai
 Activities of Christian Bareilly Khan Bahadur
missionaries Arrah, Bihar Kunwar Singh
Socio-  Abolition of Sati, support to Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah
religious widow remarriage, women
causes education Baghpat, UP Shah Mahal
 The Religious Disabilities Act,
Causes of Failure of Revolt:
1856, which modified Hindu
customs.  Limited territorial and social base:
The rumour about the mixing of bone All-India participation was absent, revolt was more or less
Immediate
dust in atta (flour) and the concentrated only to North India.
causes
introduction of the Enfield rifle.
British suffered serious losses—the  All classes did not join: Big Zamindars, Taluqdars,
Influence
First Afghan War(1838-42),Punjab Merchants and Money lenders preferred British rule.
of Outside
Wars(1845-49), Crimean Wars(1854-
Events. Educated Indians looked down upon this revolt as
56), Santhal rebellion(1855-57).
backward going. Many Kings and prince didn’t
support revolters.
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 Poor Arms and Equipment: European Soldiers were

equipped with latest weaponary unlike Indians
 Uncoordinated and Poorly Organized, lack of central
leadership: No unified and able leadership on Indian
side.
 No Unified Ideology: rebels represented diverse
elements with differing grievances and concepts of
current politics.
Note: There was widespread unity between Hindus and

Muslims at all levels during this revolt
Consequences of the Revolt:

 Company rule was abolished. Crown took over the
administration.
 Expansion and annexation was ended by British.
 Army was thoroughly re-organized & British military
policy "division and counterpoise".
 Racial hatred between the ruled and ruling class
increased.
 White mutiny: resentment among company forces to
transfer their allegiance to British Army.
Significance of the Revolt:

1. It showed up the glaring shortcomings in the
Company’s administration and its army, which they
rectified promptly. “If you are
2. The senseless atrocities committed by both sides
shocked the Indian intellectuals who were focussed and
increasingly convinced that violence was to be
eschewed in any struggle for freedom. determined,
3. It had a major influence on the course of the struggle
for freedom.
nothing can stop
Views on Revolt: you”
 V.D. Savarkar argues that it was the first war of Indian
independence -Dr. Kiranmayi
 Tara Chand described it as “War of Nation’s
AIR 573, 1st attempt,
Independence”
 R.C. Majumdar concludes that 1857 war of working mother
independence of 1857 is neither the first, nor
national, nor a war of independence
 Surender Nath Sen is of the view that what began as a
fight for religion ended as a war of independence.
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Beginning of Modern f. Socio-Religious Reform Movements: They were

progressive and helped in unifying the society-
Nationalism in India important in growth of Nationalism.
Factors in the Growth of Modern Nationalism:
g. Middle Class Intelligentsia: It provided leaders to INC
a. Understanding of contradictions in Indian and
at all the stages. They had sense of Unity of Purpose
colonial interests: People understood that colonial
and of hope.
rule was the major cause of India’s economic
backwardness. h. Impact of Contemporary Movements in the World:
Rise of nations from ruins Spanish and Portuguese
b. Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of
empires in South America, liberation movements in
the Country: British imposed professional civil
Greece, Italy and Ireland influenced Indian leaders.
service, a unified judiciary and codified civil and
criminal laws throughout the country. They i. Reactionary Policies and Racial Arrogance of Rulers:
constructed modern means of transport and Deliberate policies of Discrimination hurt Indians like-
communication, all this for their benefits but it Lytton reduced age limit for ICS exam to 19 years,
helped us in: Grand Delhi durbar (1877) despite famine in India,
 Political Unification of Nation. Vernacular press act (1878) and Arms act (1878)
 Economic fate got interconnected as failure in one among others.
region would affect other.
 Means of transport and communication helped in Political Associations Before the Indian National
spread and exchange of ideas and it increased contact Congress
of leaders with masses. Most political associations in early half of 19th century
were dominated by wealthy and were local or regional in
c. Western Thought and Education: The liberal and nature.
radical thought of European writers helped many
Indians imbibe modern rational, secular, democratic Their Main Demands were:
and nationalist ideas. English language helped leaders ● Administra ve reforms.
from various regions in communication. ● Association of Indians with the administration.
● Spread of education.
d. Role of Press and Literature: This helped in
Name Founder Objective Significance
dissemination of Modern ideas and urged people to It worked to
Unite while criticising the government. focus the
The attention of the
Associates
e. Rediscovery of India’s Past: According to theories of Bangabhas Englishmen on
of Raja Welfare of
haPrakasik the grievances of
some European scholars, Indians and Europeans Rammoha Society
aSabha, India and to
shared common ancestors. This burst the myth of n Roy
1836 asked for
latter’s racial superiority (white man’s burden) and remedial
that India had a long history of servility to foreign measures
The
rulers. It helped in gaining self-respect and confidence Safeguard
Zamindari Marked the
against British. the
Associatio Landlords beginning of an
Interests of
n or of Bengal organised
the
‘Landholde Political activity
landlords.
rs’ Society’
The Bengal Disseminatio
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British n of The
India Information Bombay
Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T.
Society, for welfare Presidency
Telang
1843 of People Associatio
(i) n 1885
establishme The
nt of a Madras M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer P.
separate MahajanSa Anandacharlu.
legislature bha, 1884
of a popular Demands were
Landhold character Pre-Congress Campaigns:
accepted in the
ers’ (ii)  For Indianisation of government service (1878-79).
Charter Act of
British Society separation 1853 - addition  Against Lytton’s Afghan adventure.
Indian and the of executive of six members  Against Arms Act (1878).
Associatio Bengal & judiciary to the governor-
n, 1851 British  Against Vernacular Press Act (1878).
(iii) general’s council
India  For right to join volunteer corps.
reduction in for legislative
Society
salaries of purposes  Against plantation labour and against Inland
higher Emigration Act.
officers;
 In support of Ilbert Bill.
(iv) abolition
of various  Campaign in Britain to vote for pro-India party.
duties  Against reduction in maximum age for appearing in
Influenced Indian Civil Service; the Indian Association took up
The East public men First such
this question and organised an all-India agitation
India Dadabhai in England nationalist
Associatio Naoroji to promote organisation in against it, popularly known as the Indian Civil Service
n, 1866 Indian England agitation.
Welfare
It stimulated a
The Indian Sisir Spreading sense of
League,18 Kumar political nationalism
75 Ghosh education among the
people
(i) create a
strong
The Indian public
Surendran
Associatio opinion on First All India
ath
n of political conference in
Banerjee
Calcutta/ questions, 1883 attended by
and
The Indian 100 delegates. In
Ananda (ii) unify
National 1886 merged in
Mohan Indians in a
Associatio INC.
Bose. common
n, 1876
political
programme
S. H.
Chiplunka
The Poona r, Ganesh
Serving as a bridge between the
Sarvajanik Vasudeo
government and the people, and
Sabha, Joshi,
also to popularize peasant rights
1867 Mahadev
GovindRa
nade
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Moderate Phase (1885-1905) Achievements of the Moderates:

 Economic critique of British Imperialism.
 Constitutional reforms and propaganda in legislature-
The leaders of this period were Dadabhai Naroji, Mahadev
Govinda Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, W.C. Banerjee, Indian Councils Act of 1892, which increased the size
S.N. Banerjee, Pheroz Shah Mehta etc of the legislative councils and also increased the
proportion of non-officials in them.
Moderates and their critique of British in the Economic  They were able to sow the seeds of nationalism in the
Sphere: people.
 They popularised ideals like democracy, liberty and
They raised basic questions regarding the nature and equality.
purpose of British rule & clearly understood the fact that  Leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and M G Ranade
the essence of British imperialism lay in the subordination were social reformers too and opposed child marriage
of the Indian economy to the British economy and imposed widowhood.
They did economic critique using following arguments: Limitations of Moderates:

1. Drain Theory  Exclusion of masses from the freedom struggle.
2. Critique of Railways  They did not believe that India needed complete
3. Deindustrialization of India independence from Britain.
 Heavily inspired by western mode of political thinking.
Some Leaders behind Economic Critique:
Leaders Work
Retired ICS officer, published The
Economic History of India at the
Romesh
beginning of the 20th century in which
Chandra
he examined in minute detail the entire
Dutt
economic record of colonial rule since
1757.
Taught an entire generation of Indians
the value of modern industrial
Justice MG
development and said that if India is poor
Ranade
today it is because of economic policies
of British.
 he was also called the Grand old
man of India
Dadabhai  Gokhale called him Gladstone of
Naoroji India
 Main proponent of Drain Theory
 Wrote book titled – Poverty & un-
British Rule in India
Moderates and their Modus Operandi:

The moderates only followed the method of prayer,
petition, representation, deputation and persuasion for
which their approach was criticized as “political
mendicancy”.
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Era of Militant Nationalism Japan after 1868, the defeat of many European
nations viz., Italy by Ethiopians (1896), the British
Militant nationalism took its birth in the 1890s, but it took
facing reverses in Boer wars (1899-1902), Russia by
a definite shape only by 1905. Later, it gave way to
Japan (1905) demolished the myths of European
revolutionary extremism.
invincibility.
Why Militant Nationalism was Born: 5. Reaction to increasing Westernization: nationalists
1. Recognition of true nature of British rule: felt that excessive westernization led to subordination
Disillusionment of nationalists as severe famines in of Indian identity and culture. Leaders like Swami
1896 and 1900 killed over 90 lakh people. Bubonic Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Bankim
plague affected large areas of the Deccan. British rule Chandra Chatterjee urged and inspired young
was no longer progressive socially and culturally. It nationalists to take pride in the rich Indian civilization.
was suppressing the spread of education, especially Dayananda Saraswati gave the message “India for
technical and mass education. Indians”.
6. Dissatisfaction with achievements of Moderates: the
Year Significance young nationalists were dissatisfied and strongly
Indian Councils Act was passed, it failed to critical of the moderate leaders’ achievements and
1892
satisfy the nationalists.
their methods of struggle (3 Ps - petition, prayer, and
The Natu brothers were deported without
1897 trial and Tilak and others, imprisoned on protest).
charges of sedition. 7. Reactionary policies of Curzon: Curzon’s refusal to
The Natu brothers were deported without recognize India as a nation, his insulting of
1898 trial and Tilak and others, imprisoned on nationalists, his administrative measures like Indian
charges of sedition.
Universities Act, Official Secrets Act, Calcutta
Number of Indian members in Calcutta
1899 Corporation Act invoked strong criticism from
Corporation were reduced.
nationalists.
1904 Official Secrets Act curbed freedom of press. 8. Existence of a Militant school of thought: Raj Narain
Indian Universities Act ensured greater Bose, A K Dutta, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal
government control over universities, which it
1904 in Bengal; Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar and Bal
described as factories producing political
revolutionaries. GangadharTilak and Lala Lajpat Rai. Basic tenets of
this school were:
2. Growth of confidence and self-respect: under the
a. Hatred for foreign rule, Indians should work-out their
influence of leaders like Tilak, Aurobindo and Bipin
own salvation.
Chandra Pal, nationalists began to repose faith on the
b. Swaraj to be the goal of national movement.
capabilities of Indian people.
c. Direct political action required.
3. Growth of education: spread of education among the
d. Belief in the capacity of the masses to challenge the
masses led to increased awareness but rising
authority.
unemployment and underemployment among the
e. Personal sacrifices required and a true nationalist to
educated drew their attention to the poverty and
be always ready for it.
underdevelopment under the British Rule.
9. Emergence of a trained leadership: it could
4. International Influences: Rapid industrial progress by
www.laex.in Era of Militant Nationalism www.civilsprep.com

channelize the potential of masses in to the political  August 7, 1905 - Boycott resolution was passed,
struggle which manifested in the form of Swadeshi Swadeshi movement was formally proclaimed in
movement against the Partition of Bengal. Calcutta town hall
 October 16, 1905 - partition came into force. It was
 The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement:
observed as a day of mourning.
 Bande Mataram and Amar Sonar Bangla (the national
anthem of Bangladesh, composed by Rabindranath
Tagore) were sung. People tied rakhis on each other’s
Partition of Bengal to Divide People, 1903 hands as a symbol of unity of the two halves of
Western Bengal, Bihar and Eastern Bengal and Bengal.
Orissa Assam. Soon, the movement spread to other parts of the
country:
 Region Leaders
Official Reasons
Poona and Bombay Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Bengal, with a total
Punjab LalaLajpat Rai, Ajit Singh
population of 78 million, To help in the
was too big to be development of Assam Delhi Syed Haider Raza
administered Madras Chidambaram Pillai
 Congress’ Position:
Real Motive-Weaken the Rising Nationalist  INC 1905 meeting under President ship of Gokhale-
Movement by Dividing Bengal a) Condemned Partition,
On the basis of On the basis of religion, as b) Supported anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of
language - reducing the western half was to be a Bengal
Bengalis to a minority Hindu majority area (42
 INC 1906 (Calcutta, President – Dadabhai Naoroji): A
(as in the new proposal million out of a total 54
Bengal proper was to million) and the eastern half resolution was passed that declared that the goal of
have 17 million Bengalis was to be a Muslim majority the Indian National Congress was “self-government or
and 37 million Hindi area (18 million out of a total swaraj like the United Kingdom or the colonies” of
and Oriya speakers) of 31 million). Australia or Canada.
Anti - Partition Campaign under Moderates (1903-05): Movement under Extremist Leadership:
Anti - Partition campaign under moderates (1903-05) New forms of struggle were introduced such as,
 Leadership-Surendranath Banerjea, K.K. Mitra and a. Boycott of foreign goods
Prithwish Chandra Ray  Public meetings and processions.
 Methods -petitions to the government, public b. Corps of volunteers or ‘samitis’: they generated
meetings, memoranda, and propaganda through political consciousness among the masses through
pamphlets magic lantern lectures, swadeshi songs, providing
 Newspapers-Hitabadi, Sanjibani and Bengalee were physical and moral training to their members, social
published
work during famines and epidemics, organisation of
 Objective - exert sufficient pressure on the
schools, training in swadeshi crafts and arbitration
government through an educated public opinion in
courts.
India and England to prevent the unjust partition
c. Imaginative use of Traditional Popular Festivals and
 July 1905 - Bengal was to be partitioned, ignoring the
Melas:
loud public opinion.

Mass Participation:
Region Leader
h. Students - participated in large numbers, especially in
Ashwini Kumar Dutta
Barisal (now in Bengal, Maharashtra, South India
organised the Swadeshi
Bangladesh)
Bandhab Samiti - Guntur, Madras, Salem.
V.O. Chidambaram Pillai,  Women - took active part in procession and picketing.
Tirunelveli (Tamil Subramania Siva and some
ii. Muslims - most of the upper and middle class muslims
Nadu) lawyers organised the
Swadeshi Sangam did not participate. Led by Nawab Salimullah of Dacca,
many supported the partition.
d. Emphasis given to Self-Reliance: Atma Shakti (self
iii. Labour unrest and trade unions: some strikes were
reliance) was encouraged. Emphasis was placed on
organized in Bengal, Punjab, Tamil Nadu
national dignity, honour and confidence, social and
iv. Thus, the social base of the movement expanded to
economic regeneration of the villages.
include certain sections of the zamindari, the
Region Activity students, the women, and the lower middle classes in
Tilak’s Ganapati and Shivaji festivals cities and towns
Western India became a medium of swadeshi
propaganda
Annulment of Partition:
Traditional folk theatre forms were
Bengal  It was done mainly to curb the rising revolutionary
used for this purpose
extremism/terrorism.
e. Swadeshi programme or National Education
 Muslim political elite were disappointed with this
 Bengal National College was set up (Aurobindo Ghosh
move. To placate them, the capital was shifted to
as its Principal), inspired by Tagore’s Shantiniketan.
Delhi in 1911, the seat of the erstwhile Mughal
 August 15, 1906 - National Council of Education was
Empire, but they were not pleased.
set up to organise national education - literary,
 Assam was made a separate province. Bihar and
scientific, and technical
Orissa were separated from Bengal.
 Education was imparted in vernacular medium.
 Bengal Institute of Technology was set up for technical
education.
f. Swadeshi (Indigenous) enterprises:

 Swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories,
tanneries, banks, insurance companies, shops, etc.,
were setup “Be an officer like,
 V.O.Chidambaram Pillai set up the Swadeshi Steam
Navigation Company at Tuticorin. to be an officer “
g. Cultural Impact: Rabindranath Tagore wrote Amar - Dr. Akash AIR 78
Sonar Bangla, Subramania Bharati wrote Swadesha
Geetham.

brothers, of Poona, Rand, and Lt. Ayerst.

First Phase of Revolutionary Damodar
Activities (1907-17) and Balkrishna,
Maharashtra.
Organised Mitra Mela, a secret
society which merged with Abhinav
Savarkar and
Bharat (after Mazzini's ‘Young Italy’)
1899 his brother,
in1904.Soon Nasik, Poona and
Maharashtra
Bombay emerged as centre of
bomb manufacture
Jnanendra Nath - Revolutionary group under in
Basu. Midnapore;
Promotha Mitter
1902 Jatindra Nath
Banerjee, Anushilan Samiti was founded in
The Revolutionary Programme: Barindra Kumar Calcutta
Ghosh and
● The revolutionaries did not find it practical at that others.
stage to create a violent mass revolution throughout ‘Yugantar’ weekly. The Yugantar
the country or to subvert the loyalties of the Army wrote: “The remedy lies with the
Barindra Kumar
● Instead, they opted to follow in the footsteps of people. The 30crore people
Ghosh,
Russian nihilists or the Irish nationalists. inhabiting India must raise their 60
Bhupendranath
crore hands to stop this curse of
Dutta
This methodology involved individual heroic actions, oppression. Force must be stopped
1906 by force.”
such as:
○ Organising assassinations of unpopular officials and of Organised a secret society covering
traitors and informers among the revolutionaries Rashbehari Punjab, Delhi and United Provinces.
Bose and Sachin Hemachandra Kanungo went
themselves;
Sanyal abroad for military and political
○ Conducting swadeshi dacoities to raise funds for training
revolutionary activities; (during the First World War) An abortive attempt was made
them on the life of a very unpopular
organising military conspiracies with expectation of
British official, Sir Fuller (the first Lt.
help from the enemies of Britain The Yugantar Governor of the new province of
1907
group Eastern Bengal and Assam;
The idea was to strike terror in the hearts of the rulers, attempts to derail the train on
arouse people and remove the fear of authority from which the lieutenant-governor, Sri
their minds. The revolutionaries intended to inspire the Andrew Fraser, wastravelling.
people by appealing to their patriotism, especially the Prafulla Chaki Threw a bomb at a carriage
idealistic youth. and Khudiram supposed to be carrying a white
Year Name Work Bose. judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarpur.
Ramosi Peasant Force It aimed to The whole Anushilan group was
rid the country of the British by arrested in Alipore conspiracy case
Vasudev instigating an armed revolt by
Balwant Ghosh brothers, /Manicktolla bomb conspiracy or
1879 disrupting communication lines. 1908 Aurobindo and Muraripukur conspiracy. Aurobindo
Phadke,
Maharashtra. It hoped to raise funds for its Barindra was acquitted of all charges but
activities through dacoities but it Barindra Ghosh and Ullaskar Dut
was suppressed prematurely. were found guilty.
He propagated militant nationalism Dacca
through his journals Kesari and Barrah dacoity to raise funds for
Tilak, Anushilan
1890s Maharatta (1881) and through revolutionary activities.
Maharashtra. under Pulin Das
Shivaji(1894) and Ganapati (1893)
festivals. Anant He was a member of Abhinav
1909
1897 Chapekar Murdered the Plague Commissioner Lakshman Bharat and killed A.M.T. Jackson,
www.laex.in Revolutionary Activities (1907-17) www.civilsprep.com

Kanhere the Collector of Nashik meetings and the deportation of Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh.
Maharashtra ● Sufi Amba Prasad, Lalchand, Bhai Parmanand, Lala Hardayal
Rashbehari Staged a bomb attack on Viceroy developed in to full-scale revolutionaries.
Bose and Sachin Hardinge in a procession through
Sanyal. Basant Chandni Chowk, Delhi, all were ● Rashbehari Bose: was involved in the Ghadr Revolution. In
1912 1913. He met Jatin to discuss the possibilities of an all-India
Kumar biswas, convicted but Rashbehari Bose,
Amir Chand and known as the person behind the armed rising of 1857 type. Then, they worked in
Avadh Behari plan, escaped donning adisguise. cooperation, in extending the Bengal plan to Punjab and the
upper provinces. As the plan for revolution did not succeed,
● The western Anushilan Samiti was led by Jatindranath
he escaped to Japan in 1915. He played an important part in
Mukherjee or Bagha Jatin and emerged as the the founding of the Indian National Army.
Jugantar (or Yugantar).
Revolutionary Activities Abroad:
● During the First World War, the Jugantar party
Why they went Abroad?
arranged to import German arms and ammunition
The need for shelter, the possibility of bringing out
through sympathisers and revolutionaries abroad, as
revolutionary literature that would be immune from the
a part of the German plot (Zimmerman Plan). Press Acts, and the quest for arms.
● The Jugantar party raised funds through a series of
Name Activities
dacoities known astaxicab dacoities and boat Started India House (a home rule league
dacoities, so as to work out the Indo-German Shyamji society) in 1905 in London, a scholarship
conspiracy. Krishnavarma scheme for Indian students and journal ‘The
Indian Sociologist’
● It was planned that a guerrilla force would be
Madanlal Assassinated India office bureaucrat Curzon-
organised to start an uprising in the country, with a Dhingra Wylie in 1909
seizure of Fort William and a mutiny by armed forces. Madam Bhikaji A Parsi lady, operated from Paris, brought
However, the plan failed. Cama out ‘BandeMataram’ (operated by Ajit Singh)
Virendranath
● “We shall die to awaken the nation”, was the call of Operated from Berlin since 1909
Chattopadhyaya
Bagha Jatin.
The Ghadr:
Revolutionary News Papers / Journals:
Sandhya and Yugantar (Bengal), Kal (Maharashtra).
Punjab:
● A revolutionary group organised around a weekly

● Lala Lajpat Rai brought out ‘Punjabee’ (motto – self-help at newspaper The Ghadr with its headquarters at San
any cost)
Francisco and branches along the US coast and in the
● Ajit Singh organised ‘Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan’ in
Far East.
Lahore with its journal, Bharat Mata
● The revolutionaries included mainly ex-soldiers and
● Other leaders included Aga Haidar, Syed Haider Raza, Bhai
peasants who had migrated from the Punjab to the USA
Parmanand and the radical Urdu poet, Lalchand ‘Falak’.
and Canada in search of better employment
● Extremism in the Punjab died down quickly after the
government struck in May 1907with a ban on political
opportunities.

● Pre-Ghadr revolutionary activity were carried out by and to incite anti-British feelings among the people of
Ramdas Puri, G.D. Kumar, Taraknath Das, Sohan Singh these countries. One mission under Raja Mahendra
Bhakna and Lala Hardayal from 1911.
Pratap Singh, Barkatullah and Obaidullah Sindhi went
● ‘Swadesh Sevak Home’ was set up at Vancouver, and
‘United India House’ at Seattle. to Kabul to organise a ‘provisional Indian government’
● Ghadr leaders - Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan
there with the help of the crown prince, Amanullah.
Singh, Kartar SinghSaraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai
Parmanand.
Komagata Maru Incident: Decline:

● Komagata Maru - a ship chartered from Singapore There was a temporary decline in revolutionary activities
due to,
carrying Sikh and Punjabi Muslims were denied entry
● Release of prisoners held under the Defence of India
into Canada and forced to return to India. Rules, after the World WarI.
● The British government tried to detain the immigrants ● Montague’s statement of August 1917 - was some
at Calcutta, in order to transport them to Punjab. The conciliation.
immigrants refused to give in. A tussle ensued in ● Entry of Gandhiji and his new methods of struggle.
which 22 immigrants lost lives.

● The Ghadr leaders were inflamed by this incident.
They planned to launch a violent attack to expel the
British. Kartar Singh Saraba, Raghubar Dayal Gupta,
Rashbehari Bose, and Sachin Sanyal were the
prominent leaders involved.
● February 21, 1915 was fixed as the date of attack. “Civil
● However, the British got to know about the attack,
made preemptive arrests, and suppressed the
services
movement. needs
Defence of India Act, 1915 was the primary and most
●
draconian tool used by the British to counter the
persistence,
Ghadr movement. focussed, smart
Other Incidents: work”
● The Berlin Committee for Indian Independence was
Hemanth,
established in 1915 by Virendranath Chattopadhyay,
AIR 612
Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala Hardayal and others with
the help of the German foreign office under
‘Zimmerman Plan’
● The Indian revolutionaries in Europe sent missions to
Baghdad, Persia, Turkey and Kabul to work among
Indian troops and the Indian prisoners of war (POWs)

Government
First World War and Nationalist Branches Participation
response
Response 1) Tilak and Besant set 1) Leaders who 1) It
up separate leagues to joined the responded
avoid friction movement - with severe
Motilal Nehru, repression.
2) Tilak’s league was set
Jawaharlal
up in April 1916 and its
Nehru, Bhulabhai 2) In June
activities covered
Desai, 1917, Annie
Maharashtra (excluding
Chittaranjan Das, Besant and
Bombay city),
Madan Mohan her associates,
Karnataka, Central
First World War (1914-1919), Britain allied with France, Malaviya, B.P. Wadia and
Provinces, and Berar. It
Russia, USA, Italy and Japan against Germany, Austria- Mohammad Ali George
had six branches. Its
Jinnah, Tej Arundale,
Hungary and Turkey. demands included
Bahadur Sapru were arrested.
swarajya, formation of
Home Rule League Movement: It was Indian response to and LalaLajpat In response,
linguistic states and
First World War, inspired by Irish Home Rule Leagues. Rai. Sir S.
education in the
Subramaniya
Factors responsible for it, vernacular.
2) Gokhale’s Aiyar
 Nationalists believed that popular pressure was 3) Annie Besant set up Servants of India renounced his
required to attain concessions from the government her league in Society also knighthood
 The Moderates were disillusioned with the Morley- September 1916 in joined the while Tilak
Minto reforms. Madras and covered agitation advocated a
 People were feeling the burden of wartime miseries the rest of India programme of
caused by high taxation and a rise in prices, and were (including Bombay city). 3) Most of the passive
It had 200 branches, Muslims and non- resistance.
ready to participate in any aggressive movement of
was loosely organised brahmins from
protest.
as compared to Tilak’s the South did not
 It was an imperialist war that exposed the myth of
League and had George join as they felt
white supremacy Arundale as the Home Rule would
 Tilak, after his release in 1914, was ready to assume organising secretary. mean rule of the
nationalist leadership and was inspired by the Irish Besides Arundale, the Hindu majority,
home rule league. main work was done by and that too
 Annie Besant began to take active part in nationalist B.W. Wadia and C.P. mainly by the
movement. Ramaswamy Aiyar. high caste.
Home Rule League faded out by 1919 due to the
The Home Rule League Programme:
following reasons,
● Objective: The aim of the movement was self-rule.
 lack of effective organization
● Modus operandi of the movement: It was to be
 Communal riots were witnessed during1917-18
achieved through political education and discussion
 The Moderates were pacified by talk of reforms
through public meetings, holding conferences,
organizing classes for students on politics,  Talk of passive resistance by the Extremists kept the
propaganda through newspapers, plays, religious Moderates away from activity from September 1918
songs, etc., collecting funds, organizing social work, onwards
and participating in local government activities.  The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms which became
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known in July 1918 further divided the nationalist Joint demands made by them include: self-government,
ranks. representative assemblies, reforms in viceroy’s council,
 Tilak had to go abroad (September 1918) in secretary of state to be paid by British treasury
connection with a case while Annie Besant vacillated
over her response to the reforms and the techniques Montagu statement of August 1917:
of passive The Statement Said: “The government policy is of an
increasing participation of Indians in every branch of
Gains Made from the Home Rule League Movement:
administration and gradual development of self governing
institutions with a view to the progressive realization of
Lucknow Pact, 1916:

 Extremists were readmitted to congress
 It was the coming together of the Muslim League and
the Congress and the presentation of joint demands
by them to the government and congress accepted
league position on separate electorates.
Why the Muslim League change its stand?

1. Britain’s refusal to help Turkey during World War I
2. Annulment of Bengal’s partition
3. Refusal by British government to set up university at
Aligarh with powers to affiliate colleges
4. Rise of younger members in the League who were
more anti-imperialistic- Maulana Azad (his work ‘Al
Hilal’), Mohammad Ali (his work ‘Comrade’)
“Be an officer like, to be an
5. Congress agreed to the League’s demand of separate
electorate. Muslims were granted a fixed proportion
officer” -Dr.Akash AIR 78
of seats at all-India and provincial levels.
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Emergence of Gandhi In the year 1915, Gandhi returned to India. During his
initial days, he spent his time at the Sabarmati Ashram in
The emergence of Gandhi played a pivotal role in the Ahmedabad, quite unknown to the masses. In this context
history of Indian Nationalism. The development of Indian it is pertinent to mention that Gandhi sought guidance
Nationalism occurred in three separate phases. It was the from Gopal Krishna Gokhle in assuming his political
third phase of Indian Nationalism that witnessed the rise stance. It was Gokhle's advice to Gandhi that he should
of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi first study in details the socio-political scenario prevalent
in the country and then act accordingly.
Gandhi relied on the tools of ahimsa and Satyagraha to
fight the British. The first twenty years that Gandhi spent Initial Movement that Gandhi Participated in:
in South Africa, had a decisive influence on his later life. Protest/
Important Facts
Movements
His political ideologies, his greatest contribution to Indian
 Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi to
politics, took shape in South Africa. The concept of non
look into the problems of farmers in
co-operation, found in the works of Ruskin, Tolstoy and
the context of Indigo planters in
Thoreau influenced him significantly.
Bihar.
Gandhi’s Activism in South Africa:  Peasants were forced to grow indigo
Moderate Phase of Struggle (1894-1906) on 3/ 20th part of the land. (Tinkathia
Gandhi relies on sending petitions and memorials to System).
Champarans
authorities in South Africa and British. To unite different  European planters demanded high
atyagraha
sections of population Gandhi set up Natal Indian rents and illegal dues to maximise
1917 first
Congress and started Indian Opinion. their profits.
civil
 A committee was constituted to look
Phase of Passive Resistance or Satyagraha (1906- 1914): disobedienc
into the issue, and Gandhi was a
e in India
1. Satyagraha against Registration Certificate: member of the committee.
New legislation made it mandatory to carry  The tinkathia system was abolished
registration certificate for Indians. Indians under and 25 percent of the compensation
Gandhi leadership started satyagraha against this was provided.(Not full)
discriminatory practise.  Other leaders associated were-
Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Haq,
2. Campaign against Restrictions on Indian Migration:
Mahadeo Desai, Narhari Parekh, J.B.
new legislation imposed restrictions to migration,
Kripalani etc.
Indians defied by crossing over from one province to
 Dispute between cotton mill owners
other.
and workers over the issue of
3. Campaign against Poll Tax and Invalidation of Indian discontinuation of plague bonus.
Ahmedabad
Marriages: a poll tax of 3 pounds was imposed on all  Workers demanded for a rise of 50
Mill strike
ex-indentured Indians, Indians demanded for percent in wages.
1918
abolition of poll tax.  Gandhi demanded for a 35 percent
1st hunger
hike and took a fast unto death.
Supreme Court order invalidated all marriages that were strike
 Anusuya Sarabhai was a social worker
not conducted according to Christian rites and registered,
who invited Gandhi to fight for
by implication Hindu, Muslim and Parsi marriages were
workers.
illegal.
Kheda  Crops failed in Kheda district of
4. Protest against Transvaal Immigration Act: Indians Satyagraha Gujarat.
st
protested by migrating from natal to Transvaal. 1918 1  The farmers were entitled to
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non- remission according to revenue code

cooperation if yield is less than 1/4th of normal
produce.
 Government was adamant to the
demands and ordered seizure of
property if taxes were not paid.
 Gandhi asked the farmers not to pay
the taxes.
 Other leaders associated with the
movement were- Sardar Vallabhai
Patel, Narhari Parekh, Mohanlal
Pandya etc.
 The act officially called Anarchical and
Revolutionary Crimes Act.
 It recommended imprisonment of
activists without trial for two years.
 Gandhi called for a mass protest at all
Rowlatt Act India level.
1919  He organized Satyagraha Sabha and
1st All India roped in youngsters of Home rule
Mass Strike leagues and Pan Islamists.
 Form of protest finally chosen
included observance of a nationwide
hartal accompanied by fasting and
prayer and civil disobedience was
against specific laws etc.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as the
Amritsar Massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when
troops of the British Indian Army under the command of
Acting Brig-Gen Reginald Dyer fired rifles into a crowd of
Punjabis who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar
and Punjab.
Make reading a habit, strive
The civilians had assembled for a peaceful protest to
for knowledge, results fall in
condemn the arrest and deportation of two national
leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew.
your way.
This incident shocked Rabindranath Tagore (First Asian - Lalit Aditya AIR 470,
Nobel Laureate) to such extent that he stated whilst weekend batch
refusing his knighthood that "such mass murderers aren't
worthy of giving any title to anyone".
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Non-Cooperation Movement and caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the
non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a
Khilafat Aandolan joint protest against the British.
During 1919-22, British were opposed with two mass
In 1919, a khilafat committee was formed under the
movements- Khilafat and Non- cooperation.
leadership of Ali brothers (Shaukat and Muhammad),
Causes of the Movement: Maulana, Ajmal khan. Gandhi headed all India Khilafat
1. Resentment at the British after the War: Indians Committee.
thought that in return for the extensive support of Features of Non-Cooperation Movement:
manpower and resources they had provided to Britain  Essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against
during the First World War, they would be rewarded the British government in India.
by autonomy at the end of the war. But the  Treaty of sevres with turkey completely dismembered
Government of India Act passed in 1919 was turkey.
dissatisfactory. In addition, the British also passed
 People were asked to resign from their government
repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further
jobs, with draw children’s from government schools,
angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers
boycott foreign goods, boycott election, not to serve
despite their wartime support.
in British army.
2. Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement
 The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government.
started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set
 The non-cooperation movement was a decisive step
the stage for the non-cooperation movement.
in the independence movement because for the first
3. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were
time, the INC was ready to forego constitutional
united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity
means to achieve self-rule.
between the Muslim League and the Congress Party.
 In Bengal, a movement was started against Union
The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant
board taxes
character.
 No tax campaign was started in Andhra Pradesh
4. Economic hardships due to World War I: Prices of
 The movement aroused popular resentment among
goods began to soar which affected the common
the Moplah against their Hindu landlords
man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of
 Akali movement was also started as a part of this
agricultural products did not increase. All this led to
movement
resentment against the government.
 labour in tea plantations of Assam also went on strike
5. The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
during this movement
The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at
Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on  Gandhiji had assured that Swaraj would be achieved
the Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the in a year if this movement was continued to
British system of justice was broken and the whole completion.
country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching 1920 Nagpur Session of Congress:
for a more aggressive and firm stance against the 1. NCM movement endorsed.
government. 2. Attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate
6. The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, means, thus committing for extra constitutional mass
Turkey, which was a German ally, had fought against struggle.
the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman 3. Congress working committee of 15 members were set
caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. The Khilafat up to lead the congress. Provincial on linguistic basis,
movement was launched by Muslims in India to ward committees were also formed.
persuade the British government not to abolish the
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People’s Response:
One section led by C.R.Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan
Movement was led by middle class, business class
wanted to end the boycott of legislative councils. They
supported as nationalist emphasized on swadeshi,
demanded for entry into councils. These groups are to be
massive participation of peasants, students and women
called as Swarajists.
played a dominant role. Communal unity was at its zenith.
Other section led by the Rajagopalachari, Vallabhai Patel,
Last Phase:
Rajendra Prasad and M.A. Ansari came to be known as ‘
Gandhi was under increased pressure to launch CDM.
No-changers’.
Gandhi threatened to launch CDM on feb 1922, if political Swarajists No-Changers
prisoners were not released and press controls were Entering the councils would Parliamentary work would
removed. It was abruptly brought to end with not negate the non- lead to neglect of
Chaurichaura incident. cooperation programme constructive work
It would enthuse masses and Council entry would lead
Chauri-Chauraincident (Feb 5,)
keep up their morale at a time to political corruption and
 In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, police had allegedly of Political vacuum. loss of revolutionary zeal.
beaten up the group of volunteers who were Constructive work would
protesting against liquor sale and high food prices. Councils can be used as an
prepare for the next phase
arena of political struggle.
Violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 of civil disobedience.
policemen during a clash between the police and
Swarajists were further divided into responsivits and non
protesters of the movement.
responsivits. Lalalalpat raj, Madan Mohanmalviya, kelkar
 Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were
advocated for cooperation with government and holding
not ready for revolt against the government through
office, and also protect the Hindu interest.
ahimsa.
 1922 Gandhi was arrested and sentenced in jail for 6 Finally in 1930 they walked out as a result of Lahore
years. congress session resolution and beginning of CDM.
Analysis of the NCM Movement: Achievements of Swarajist:

 The movement was not successful in achieving Swaraj Powerful speech, Vithalbhai Patel speaker of central
 It was a mass movement where lakhs of Indians legislative assembly, defeat of public safety bill 1928
participated in the open protest against the (Government could deport undesirable and subversive
government through peaceful means, it reached foreigners, etc.
nooks and corner of the country. Drawbacks of Swarajists:
 The Indian merchants and mill owners enjoyed good Coalition partners break down, failed to resist praks and
profits during this period as a result of the boycott of privileges, failed to support peasant cause.
British goods. Khadi was promoted.
 This movement also established Gandhiji as a leader Constructive work by No Changers:
of the masses. Ashrams sprang up empowering tribals and low castes,
 It drew many Muslims towards the movement Hindu Muslim unity, removing untouchability, boycott of
 Although most Congress leader's remained firmly foreign cloth and liquor, flood relief. Promotion of charka
behind Gandhi, the determined broke away. The Ali and Khadi, national schools and colleges were set up.
brothers would soon become fierce critics.
Swarajist and No-Changers:

After the call off non-cooperation movement there was a
debate over what to do during the transition period.
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revolutionari death of LalaLajpatrai

Revolutionary Activity es during anti- simon
During the 1920’s commission protest.
 Bhagatsingh, Azad and Raj
guru shot dead Saunders.
1. The sudden withdrawal of the Non-cooperation
 To protest against the
movement made many nationalists to question the passage of the Public
strategy of nationalists and their emphasis on Non- safety Bill and Trade
violence. disputes bill which are
restrictive on civil liberties.
2. New communist groups with their emphasis on
Bomb in the  The bombs had been
Marxism, socialism and proletariat. Delhi, 8th central deliberately made harmless
3. Inspired by the Russian Revolution (1917) and the April 1929 legislative and were aimed at making
success of the young soviet state. assembly the ‘deaf hear’.
 The objective was to get
4. Influence by the extolling articles on self-sacrifice of
arrested and to use the
revolutionaries, such as Atmashakti, Sarathi and trial court as a forum for
Bijoli. propaganda of their
ideology.
Name of the  Led by suryasen.
Province/
association /  The plan was to occupy
Area of Important Facts
groupings/ two main armouries in
operation Chittagong
Events Chittagong to seize and
Armoury raid
 HRA was founded in Chittagon, supply arms to
by Indian
Hindustan October 1924 in Kanpur. Bengal revolutionaries.
Republican
Republic  Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh (April,  The raid was successful and
Army-
Association Chandra Chatterjee and 1930) sen hoisted the national
Punjab- Chittagong
(Later sachinsanyal were the flag and proclaimed
united branch
renamed as founders. provisional revolutionary
provinces-
Hindustan  To organise armed government.
Bihar
socialist rebellion to overthrow  But later, they got arrested.
Republic colonial government and
Association) establish federal republic More on some of the Revolutionary Leaders:
of united states of India. 1. Bhagat Singh
 The members of HRA
looted the official railway  He was born in 1907 in Punjab.
Kakori
Kakori, cash at Kakori.  His father and uncles were members of the Ghadar
robbery
Lucknow.  Bismil, Ashafaqullah,
incident HRA Party.
1925 Roshansingh and Rajendra
involved in it
Lahiri were hanged in the  Singh became disillusioned with Mahatma Gandhi's
case.
 Under the leadership of philosophy of non-violence after he called off the
Chandra sekhar Azad. non-co-operation movement.
 The participants include
 He founded the Indian socialist youth organisation
Bhagatsingh, Sukhdev,
Regrouping
Feroz Bhagwati Charnvohra, Naujawan Bharat Sabha in March 1926.He also joined
of HRA into
shah kotla Bejoy Kumar Sinha etc., the Hindustan Republican Association, which had
HSRA
 It decided to work under a
collective leadership and prominent leaders, such as Chandrashekhar Azad,
adopted socialism as its Ram Prasad Bismil and Shahid Ashfaqallah Khan
official goal.
Lahore, Saunders  Saunders, police official
December Murder, by responsible for the lathi
1928 HSRA charge in Lahore and for
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Saunder’s Murder Case (Lahore Conspiracy Case):  On 8 April 1929, Singh, accompanied by Batukeshwar
 In 1928, the British government set up the Simon Dutt, threw two bombs into the Assembly chamber
Commission to report on the political situation in from its public gallery while it was in session
India. Some Indian political parties boycotted the
2. Chandrashekar Azad:
Commission because there were no Indians in its
 He was an Indian revolutionary who reorganised the
membership, and there were protests across the
Hindustan Republican Association under its new name
country.
of Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA)
 When the Commission visited Lahore. LajpatRai led a
 After suspension of the non-cooperation movement
march in protest against it. Police attempts to
in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad became more aggressive.
disperse the large crowd resulted in violence. The
 He was involved in the Kakori Train Robbery of 1925,
superintendent of police, James A. Scott, ordered the
in the attempt to blow up the Viceroy of India's train
police to lathi charge (use batons against) the
in 1926, and at last the shooting of J. P. Saunders at
protesters and personally assaulted Rai, who was
Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of LalaLajpat Rai
injured.
 Azad died at Alfred Park in Allahabad. Holding true to
 Singh conspired with revolutionaries like Shivaram
his pledge to never be captured alive, he shot himself
Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar, and Chandrashekhar Azad
dead with his last bullet.
to kill Scott. However, in a case of mistaken identity,
the plotters shot John P. Saunders, an Assistant Surya Sen:
Superintendent of Police.  He was an Indian revolutionary who was influential in
 He along with other managed to escape police the Indian independence movement against British
initially. rule in India and is noted for leading the 1930
 However, after being arrested for exploding bomb in Chittagong armory raid in Chittagong in British India
central legislative assembly. He was tried for the  Sen led a group of revolutionaries on 18 April 1930 to
murder of Saunders. raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from
 Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death the Chittagong armoury.
in the Lahore conspiracy case and ordered to be  They hoisted the Indian National Flag on the premises
hanged on 24 March 1931. of the armoury, and then escaped.
Assembly Case:  Pritilata Waddedar joined a revolutionary group
 Bhagat Singh exploded a bomb inside the Central headed by Surya Sen. She led a team of fifteen
Legislative Assembly in 1929. revolutionaries in 1932 attack on the Pahartali

European Club. To avoid arrest, Pritilata consumed
 The nominal intention was to protest against the
cyanide and died.
Public Safety Bill, and the Trade Dispute Act but the
actual intention was for the perpetrators to allow  Kalpana Datta was a member of the armed
themselves to be arrested so that they could use independence movement led by Surya Sen, which
court appearances as a stage to publicise their cause carried out the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930.
 Santighosh and Sunitichanderi school girls of comilla,

who shot dead district magistrate.
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Civil Disobedience Movement ● It recommended that separate communal electorates

be retained.
Lead up to the Movement: ● It accepted the idea of federalism but not in the near
1. Simon Commission: future.
 The Indian Statutory Commission, commonly ● It suggested that a Consultative Council of Greater
referred to as the Simon Commission, was a group of India should be established which should include
seven British Members of Parliament under the representatives of both the British provinces as well
chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The commission as princely states.
arrived in British India in 1928 ● It also suggested that the Indian army should be
 Objective: the British government appointed the Indianised though British forces must be retained.
Simon Commission to report on India's constitutional
2. Nehru Report:
progress for introducing constitutional reforms.
An answer to Lord Birkenhead’s challenge, prepared by a
 The Commission was strongly opposed by many in
committee headed by Motilal Nehru, the committee
India for a number of reasons. The commission was
included Tej Bahadur Sapru, Subhash Bose, M.S. Aney,
seen as racist and colonialist as it had seven British
Mangal Singh, Ali Imam, Shuab Qureshi and G.R. Pradhan
members of the British Parliament and no Indian
as its members
members.
Recommendations:
Groups
Response ● Dominion status on lines of self-governing dominions.
/Persons
● Rejection of separate electorates. Joint electorates
Congress Opposed the Commission. with reservation of seats for Muslims at the Centre
Opposed the Commission, siding with and in provinces where they were in minority.
Hindu Mahasabha
the Congress. ● Linguistic provinces.
One faction under Jinnah (at Calcutta,
1927) opposed the Commission, another
● Nineteen fundamental rights including equal rights for
Muslim League faction under Muhammad Shafi (at women, right to form unions, and universal adult
Lahore, 1927) supported the suffrage.
Government/ Commission. ● Responsible government at the Centre and in
Unionists (Punjab) Supported the Commission. provinces.
● Full protection to cultural and religious interests of
Justice Party Supported the Commission.
Muslims.
● On behalf of the Bahishkrita ● Complete dissociation of State from religion.
Hitakarini Sabha, he submitted a
The Nehru Report, along with that of the Simon
memorandum on the rights and
Ambedkar safeguards he felt were required for Commission was available to participants in the three
the depressed classes. Indian Round Table Conferences (1930–1932)
● He argued for ‘universal adult Nehru and Subashbose rejected the congress goal and set
franchise’ for both male.
up Independence for India league.
Recommendations of Simon Commission:
Muslim’s league reaction to the Report:
● It proposed the abolition of dyarchy and the
In 1927, 4 proposals of Muslim league which was
establishment of representative government in the
accepted by madras congress:
provinces.
1. Joint electorate.
● It rejected parliamentary responsibility at the centre.
2. 1/3 rd representation to Muslims in central legislative
The governor-general was to have complete power to
assembly.
appoint the members of the cabinet.
3. Formation of three Muslim majority provinces.
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4. Representation to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal in leaders met Lord Irwin in December 1929.
proportion to their population. ● Viceroy Irwin rejected the demands put forward in
the Delhi Manifesto.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points-1929:
Federal constitution with residual powers to provinces,
Lahore Congress and Purna Swaraj:
provincial autonomy, no constitutional amendment
 Jawaharlal Nehru was nominated the president for
without state concurrence, adequate representation in
the Lahore session of the Congress (December 1929)
assembly and services, 1/3rd representation in central
mainly due to Gandhi’s backing.
legislative assembly, 1/3rd representation in cabinet,
● The following major decisions were taken at the
separate electorates, no bills without 3/4th minority
Lahore session,
consideration, territorial distribution not to affect Muslim
1. The Round Table Conference was to beboycotted.
majority, full religious freedom, protection of Muslim
2. Complete independence was declared as the aim of
rights etc.
the Congress.
Calcutta Session of Congress (1928): 3. Congress Working Committee was authorised to
 Nehru report was approved at this session. launch a programme of civil disobedience including
 Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash non-payment of taxes and all members of legislatures
Chandra Bose, Satya Murthy expresses dissatisfaction were asked to resign their seats.
at the goal of dominion status 4. January 26, 1930 was fixed as the first Independence
 The government was given one year period to accept (Swarajya) Day, to be celebrated everywhere
this goal.  December 31, 1929 - At midnight on the banks of
 If the government did not accept a constitution based River Ravi, the newly adopted tricolour flag of
on dominion status by the end of the year, the freedom was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru amidst
Congress would not only demand complete slogans of Inquilab Zindabad
independence but would also launch a civil
Civil Disobedience Movement /Salt Satyagraha:
disobedience movement to attain its goal.
Gandhi’s Eleven Demands - Gandhi presented eleven
Irwin’s Declaration - October 31, 1929: demands to the government and gave an ultimatum of
 It restated the goal of dominion status for India, as January 31, 1930 to accept or reject these demands,
was mentioned in August declaration of Montague,
1917. 11 Demands made by Mahatma Gandhi from Lord Irwin.,
● No timeframe was given for dominion status. which were opposed by Nehru:
● Promised RTC after Simon Commission Report. 1. Prohibited intoxicans, liquor
2. Change the ratio between the rupee and the sterling.
Delhi Manifesto - November 2, 1929:
3. Reduce the rate land revenue,
● It was prepared at a conference of prominent political
4. Abolition of salt tax,
leaders of that time, It included three main demands:
5. Reduce the military expenditure,
1. The purpose of the Round Table Conferences should
6. Reduce expenditure on civil administration,
be to formulate a constitution for implementation of
7. Impose custom duty on foreign cloth,
the dominion status.
8. Accept the Postal Reservation Bill,
2. The Congress should have a majority representation
9. Abolish the CID Department,
at the conference.
10. Release all Political prisoners, and
3. There should be a general amnesty for political
11. Issue licenses of arms to citizens for self protection.
prisoners and a policy of conciliation.
 Gandhi along with Motilal Nehru and other political

With no positive response from the government, Gandhi raised the banner against British.
decided to launch a civil disobedience movement, making Forms of Mobilization: Parbhatpheries, vanarsenas,
salt Satyagraha his central theme. manjarisenas, secret patrikas and magic lattern show.
Dandi March (March 12 - April 6, 1930): Extent of Participation: women and students participated
Gandhi, along with a band of seventy-eight members of in huge numbers, merchants and traders were
Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from his headquarters in enthusiastic, active participation of tribals, workers and
Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. peasants. Whereas Muslim participation was nowhere
near the 1920-22 level.
On reaching the coast at Dandi, the salt law was to be
In July 1930 the viceroy, Lord Irwin, suggested a round
violated by collecting salt from the beach.
table conference and reiterated the goal of dominion
Gandhi gave the following Directions for Future Action: status.
Wherever possible civil disobedience of the salt law
In August 1930 Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru were taken
should bestarted, Foreign liquor and cloth shops can
to Yeravada Jail to meet Gandhi and discuss the possibility
bepicketed, non payment of tax, boycott court, resign
of a settlement. The Nehrus and Gandhi unequivocally
from government service etc.
reiterated the demands of:
Spread of Salt Disobedience:
● Right of secession from Britain.
 Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930 when he had ● Complete national government with control over
announced that he would lead araid on Dharasana defence and finance and an independent tribunal to
Salt Works on the west coast. settle Britain’s financial claims.
After Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC sanctioned,
Gandhi-Irwin Pact:
1. Non-payment of revenue in ryotwariareas.
February 14, 1931 pact was signed also called as Delhi
2. No-chowkidari-tax campaign in zamindari areas.
Pact, placed the Congress on an equal footing with the
3. Violation of forest laws in the CentralProvinces.
government. Irwin on behalf of the government agreed
Satyagraha at Different Places: on immediate release of prisoners, remission of fines,
Tamil Nadu: C Rajagopalachari organised march from return of land, right to make salt etc.
thiruchinapalli to vedaranniyam on tanjore coast.
The viceroy, however, turned down two of Gandhi’s
Malabar: kelappan known for Vailkom Satyagraha
demands,
organized salt marches.
● Public inquiry into police excesses.
Andhra: Sibirams were organized. ● Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades’
death sentence to life sentence.
Orissa: Gopal Bandhu Chaudhuri organized in Balasore,
Cuttack etc. Gandhi on behalf of the Congress Agreed:
Bihar: Non chowkidari tax was imposed. ● To suspend the civil disobedience movement.
● To participate in the next Round Table Conference.
Peshawar: Badshah khan/ khan Abdulgaffar khan who
organized Khudaikhidmatgars (red shirts) organized Karachi Congress Session—1931:
powerful march. In March 1931, a special session of the Congress was held
at Karachi to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Sholapur: Sarojininaidu led the campaign.
Defiance of forest laws in Karnataka, Maharastra and Congress Resolutions at Karachi:
central provinces. ● Congress admired the ‘bravery’ and ‘sacrifice’ of the
three martyrs (Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru
Manipur and Nagaland: Rani gaidinliu at age of 13 years
were executed on March 23,1931)

● The Delhi Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact was endorsed.

Civil Disobedience was resumed after the failure of the
● The goal of purnaswaraj was reiterated.
Round Table Conferences, Viceroy Willingdon refused a
● Two resolutions were adopted—one on Fundamental
meeting with Gandhi on December 31. On January 4,
Rights and the other on National Economic
1932, Gandhi was arrested.
Programme.
● A series of repressive ordinances were issued which
This was the first time the Congress spelt out what Swaraj ushered in a virtual martial law, though under civilian
would mean for the masses—”in order to end control, or a ‘Civil Martial Law’.
exploitation of masses, political freedom must include ● Congress organisations at all levels were banned.
economic freedom of starving millions.” ● Repression was particularly harsh on women.
Round Table Conferences: ● Press was gagged and nationalist literature, banned.
Round
table Participants Important facts April 1934, Gandhi decided to withdraw the civil
conference
disobedience movement because,
1. British represent-
tatives-Labour, ● Gandhi and other leaders had no time to build up the
conservative and tempo.
 All India
Liberal. ● The masses were not prepared.
Federation was
1st Round accepted.
2. Muslim league
table  Responsible Communal Award:
members- Jinnah,
(November Government at ● The Communal Award was announced by the British
Aga Khan.
1930- provinces.
January
Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, on August
 Internal
3.Indian state’s 16,1932.
1931). sovereignty of the
representatives
princely states. ● The Communal Award, based on the findings of the
INC did not participate Indian Franchise Committee (also called the Lothian
4. British India
representatives- Committee), established separate electorates and
Ambedkar, Sapru reserved seats for minorities, (Muslims, Europeans,
 Gandhi claimed
the congress
Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians) including the
1. Mahatma depressed classes which were granted seventy-eight
alone represent
Gandhi,
political India. reserved seats.
representative of
 Untouchables and ● Gandhi saw the Communal Award as an attack on
INC.
nd Muslims should
2 Round 2. Other Indian unity and nationalism
not be treated as
Table participants who
minorities.
conference are involved in
 No separate Poona Pact:
(September the first round
electorate for ● Signed by B.R. Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed
-December table were
minorities.
1931). present. classes on September 24, 1932 with Gandhi. The
3. Sarojini Naidu  Ramsay
MacDonald Poona Pact abandoned the idea of separate
participated to
headed the electorates for the depressed classes.
represent
national ● But the seats reserved for the depressed classes were
women.
government in
increased from 71 to 147 in provincial legislatures and
Britain.
3rd Round 1. Labour party and to 18 percent of the total in the Central Legislature.
Table INC refused to The decisions taken  The Poona Pact was accepted by the government as
conference attend. are reflected in the an amendment to the Communal Award.
(November 2. Ambedkar form of Government
- December attended, Jinnah of India act-1935.
1932). not attended.

Congress Rule in Provinces Gandhi advised the Congressmen to hold the offices
lightly and not tightly, to be seen as ‘Crowns of Thorns’
There were major strategies that evolved once civil which had been accepted to see if they quickened the
disobedience movement was withdrawn. Details of these pace towards the nationalist goal.
strategies.
Second World War and Nationalistic Response:
1. Gandhi:
Haripura session, 1938: President Bose- formed National
 Emphasized constructive work in the villages,
especially the revival of village crafts. Planning Commission. The Congress would give moral
 ‘Constructive work’, said Gandhi, ‘would lead to the support to those who were agitating against the
consolidation of people’s power, and open the way to governance in the princely states.
the mobilization of millions in the next phase of mass 1939: After resigning from INC, Bose formed the Forward
struggle. Bloc as a new party within the Congress.
2. Revival of Constitutional Methods:
Gandhi and Bose: Ideological Differences:
 Revival of the constitutional method of struggle and
Similarities:
participation in the elections to the Central Legislative
a. Admiration for each other: In 1942, Gandhi called
Assembly to be held in 1934.
 Led this time by Dr. M.A. Ansari, Asaf Ali, Bose the “Prince among the Patriots”. Bose referred
Satyamurthy, Bhulabhai Desai and B.C. Roy and him as “The Father of Our Nation” in a radio
previous No Changers like Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra broadcast from Rangoon in 1944
Prasad, or Rajagopalachari. b. Both Gandhi and Bose were religious men and disliked
3. Left: communism. Both worked against untouchability and
 Critical of both & instead favoured the continuation of spoke for women’s emancipation. But they differed
mass movement since they felt that the situation widely in their ways and methods and in their political
continued to be revolutionary because of the and economic ideologies.
continuing economic crisis and the readiness of the
masses to fight. Second World War and Nationalist Response:
 Nehru also attacked the notion of winning freedom On September 3 1939, GoI declared support for WWII
through stages. Real power could not be won without consulting Indians. Though Congress didn’t like it
gradually ‘bit by bit’ or by ‘two annas and four annas.’ they offered to cooperate in the war effort, they had two
‘Thus, to S-T-S’ he counter-posed the strategy of S-V
basic conditions:
(‘V’- victory)
1. After the war, a constituent assembly should be
Unlike the Surat split, Congress avoided such a division.
Those who were willing to contest elections were allowed convened to determine political structure of a free India.
to do so. 2. Immediately, some form of a genuinely responsible
government should be established at the Centre.
Congress Ministries were formed in Bombay, Madras,
The offer was rejected by Linlithgow, the viceroy. The
Central Provinces, Orissa, United Provinces, and Biharand
later in the NWFP and Assam also. Congress argued that these conditions were necessary to
win public opinion for war.
Work under Congress Ministries:
Ease curb on civil liberties, press restrictions were lifted,
political prisoners were released, lift ban on several
organisations etc.
www.laex.in Congress Rule in Provinces www.civilsprep.com

CWC Meeting at Wardha: To Adopt Official Position 3. The government should declare its war aims
Gandhi Bose Nehru soon and, also, as to how the principles of democracy
He believed were to be applied to India after the war.
that justice was
Government response was negative and it wanted to use
on the side of
Muslims and Princes against the INC. British
Britain, France
policy was “to take advantage of the war to regain the
and Poland, but
Acharya Narendra lost ground from the Congress” by provoking
he also
Dev & Jayaprakash the Congress into a confrontation with the government
believed that
Narayan. and then using the extraordinary situation to acquire
Because of Britain
In their opinion, the draconian powers.
his total and France
war was being fought
dislike of were Defence of India Ordinance had been enforced the day
by imperialists on
the fascist imperialist the War was declared, thus restricting civil liberties. In
both sides; each side
ideology, a powers thus, May 1940, a top secret Draft Revolutionary Movement
wanted to protect its
nd he, advocated Ordinance had been prepared, aimed at launching
colonial possessions
advocated no Indian partic crippling pre-emptive strikes on the Congress.
and gain more
an ipation till India
territories thus it was Congress as well as Gandhi responded sharply to this
unconditio itself was free.
the ideal time action and asked congress ministry to resign in province
nal support However, at
to launch a civil at CWC meeting in October 1939.
to the the same time,
disobedience Pakistan Resolution—Lahore (March 1940):
Allied no advantage
movement, to thus •The Muslim League passed a resolution calling for
powers was to be taken
take advantage of the “grouping of geographically contiguous areas where
of
situation and snatch Muslims are in majority (North-West, East) into
Britain’s difficul
freedom from Britain independent states in which
ty by starting
an immediate •Constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign
civil and adequate safeguards to Muslims where they are in
disobedience m minority”.
ovement. August offer:
Gandhi was more or less isolated in his stand. In the end Due to turn of events in WWII, congress decided to help
he decided to go with Nehru’s position, which British if they allow to form interim government . But GoI
was adopted by the Congress Working Committee rejected it and came up with August offer,
● Dominion status as the objective for India.
The CWC Resolution Condemned Fascist Aggression. It
● Expansion of viceroy’s execu ve council which would
said that:
have a majority of Indians (who would be drawn from
1. India could not be party to a war being fought, on the
major political parties).
face of it, for democratic freedom, while that
● Setting up of a constituent assembly after the war
freedom was being denied to India;
where mainly Indians would decide the constitution
2. If Britain was fighting for democracy and freedom, it according to their social, economic and political
should be proved by ending imperialism in its colonies conceptions, subject to fulfilment of the obligation of the
and establishing full democracy in India; government regarding defence, minority rights, treaties
with States, all India services.

● No future constitution to be adopted without the Main Clauses:

consent of minorities. 1. Dominion status to India and permission to opt out of
Responses: Nehru rejected it by saying “Dominion status Commonwealth and free to join any international
concept is dead as a doornail” and Gandhi has similar bodies, including UN.
opinion. However Muslim league were happy with veto 2. After the end of the war, a constituent assembly
assurance. would be convened to frame a new constitution.
Evaluation: For the first time accepted: Dominion status Members of this assembly would be partly elected by
(explicitly), Indians request to form constituent council to the provincial assemblies through proportional
frame constitution for themselves. representation and partly nominated by the princes
•In July 1941, the viceroy’s executive council was 3. The British government would accept the new
enlarged to give the Indians a majority of 8 out of 12 for constitution subject to two conditions:
the first time, but the British remained in charge of (i) Any province not willing to join the Union could have
defence, finance and home. National Defence Council a separate constitution and form a separate Union.
was setup with purely advisory functions. (ii) The new constitution making body and the British
government would negotiate a treaty to effect the
Individual Satyagraha-1940:
transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious
The aims of launching individual satyagraha were—
minorities.
(i) To show that nationalist patience was not due to
4. In the meantime, defence of India would remain in
weakness.
British hands and the governor-general’s powers would
(ii) To express people’s feeling that they were not
remain intact.
interested in the war and that they made no distinction
The proposals differed from those offered in the past in
between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled
many respects—
India.
● The making of the cons tu on was to be solely in
(iii) To give another opportunity to the government to
Indian hands now (and not ‘mainly’ in Indian hands—as
accept Congress’ demands peacefully.
contained in the August Offer).
The demand of the satyagrahi would be the freedom of
● A concrete plan was provided for the cons tuent
speech against the war through an anti-war declaration
assembly.
and they were supposed to march towards Delhi to
● Op on was available to any province to have a separate
covert movement into “Delhi Chalo Movement”
constitution—a blueprint for India’s partition
Vinoba Bhave was the first to offer the Satyagraha and
Nehru, the second. Cripps mission was a big failure. Reasons for its failure
are:
Cripps Mission: The Congress objected to- dominion status, right of
In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was provinces to secede, retention of governor general
sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian supremacy, no immediate transfer of power.
support for the war. Nehru and Maulana Azad were the official negotiators for
Reasons: the Congress.
•Japan invasion was at India’s door and so India’s The Muslim League objected to-idea of a single Indian
support was important, and even allied powers (USA, Union, Did not like the machinery for the creation of a
USSR) were pressurising British for the same. constituent assembly, Pakistan not being explicitly
• Indian nationalists had agreed to support the Allied offered.
cause if substantial power was transferred immediately
and complete independence given after the war.

United Provinces, Bihar and Delhi.

The Last Decade
2. The main personalities taking up
of British Rule in India underground activity were Ram
Manohar Lohia, Jayaprakash
Quit India Movement (1942):
Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta, Biju
Quit India resolution Gandhi’s General Instructions
Patnaik, Chhotubhai Puranik, Achyut Patward
● Government servants: Do not
● Demand an han, Sucheta Kripalani and R.P. Goenka.
resign but declare your allegiance
immediate end to 3. Usha Mehta started an underground
to the Congress.
British rule in India.
● Soldiers: Do not leave the Army radio in Bombay.
● Declare commitment
but do not fire on Compatriots. 4. This phase of underground activity
of free India to defend
● Students: If confident, leave was meant to keep up popular morale
itself against all types of
studies.
Fascism and by continuing to provide a line of
● Peasants: If zamindars are anti-
imperialism. command and guidance to distribute arms
government, pay mutually agreed
● Form a provisional and ammunition.
rent, and if not, do not pay rent.
Government of India
● Princes: Support the masses and ● Ballia under Chittu Pandey, he got many
after
accept sovereignty of your people. Congress leaders released.
British withdrawal.
● Princely states’ people: Support ● Tamluk (Midnapore)—
● Sanction a civil
the ruler only if he is anti- Jatiya Sarkar undertook cyclone relief work,
disobedience
government and declare
movement against sanctioned grants to schools, supplied paddy
yourselves to be a part of the
British rule. from the rich to the poor,
Indian nation. Parallel
organised Vidyut Vahinis, etc.
Spread of the Movement: Government
● Satara —named “Prati Sarkar”,
Major s
was organised under leaders like Y.B. Chavan,
happenings
Nana Patil, etc. Village libraries
during the Actual activities
Quit India and Nyayadan Mandals were
Movement organized, prohibition campaigns were
1. The general public attacked symbols carried on and ‘Gandhi marriages’ were
of authority, and hoisted national flags organised.
forcibly on public buildings. Youth: - the students of schools and
2. Bridges were blown up, railway tracks were colleges, remained in the forefront.
removed and telegraph lines were cut. Women: especially school and college girls,
3. Most intense activities in eastern actively participated, and included Aruna Asaf
United Provinces and Bihar. Ali, Sucheta Kripalani and Usha Mehta.
Public on
4.Students responded by going on strike Workers: went on strikes and faced
Rampage
in schools and colleges, participating repression.
in processions, writing and Peasants: of all strata were at the heart of the
distributing illegal news sheets (patrikas) and Extent of movement. Even some zamindars
acting as couriers for underground networks. Mass participated. There was complete absence of
5.Workers went on strike in Participation anti-zamindar violence.
Ahmedabad, Bombay, Jamshedpur, Government officials: especially those
Ahmednagar and Poona . belonging to lower levels in police and
1. The participants in these activities were administration, participated resulting in
the Socialists, Forward Bloc erosion of government loyalty.
Undergroun members, Gandhi ashramites, revolutionary Muslims: helped by giving shelter to under-
d Activity nationalists and local organisations in ground activists.
Bombay, Poona, Satara, Baroda and other There were no communal clashes during
parts of Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra, the movement.
www.laex.in The Last Decade of British Rule in India www.civilsprep.com

The Communists did not join the movement;  INA would go into action only on the invitation of the
in the wake of Russia being attacked by Nazi Indian National Congress and the people of India.
Germany, the communists began to  The move to form this army has been seen by many
support the British war against Germany and
as a check against the misconduct of the Japanese
the ‘Imperialist War’ became the ‘People’s
against Indians in South-East Asia and as a bulwark
War’.
against a possible future Japanese occupation of
The Muslim League opposed the movement,
fearing that if the British left India at that India.
time, the minorities would be oppressed by After Quit India movement, Mohan Singh wanted to
the Hindus. The Hindu Mahasabha boycotted launch invasion on India with the help Japanese with
the movement. The Princely states showed a larger Indian troops. However, differences emerged over
low-key response.
role to be played by INA. Finally, Mohan Singh was
The Indian National Army (INA) and Subhash Chandra imprisoned by Japanese.
Bose Second Phase Under S. Bose
Subhash Bose: In June 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose reached Tokyo; met
 He passed the Indian Civil Services examination but the Japanese prime minister, and secured permission for
resigned in 1921 to join the struggle for freedom by INA.
becoming a member of the INC. Rashbehari Bose:
 His political guru was Chittaranjan Das.  He fled to Japan in 1915 due failed revolutionary
 He became mayor of Calcutta in 1923. activities in India and became naturalized citizen of
 He presided over the Hazipur session of INC in the Japan.
year 1938.  He made a lot of effort in getting the Japanese
 Bose choose his own path, because of the ideological interested in the Indian Independence movement.
and strategic differences with INC and party leaders.  He had created Indian Independence League (IIL) in
 He formed a Forward Bloc Party in the year 1939. 1942 in Tokyo.
 After the formation of INA, he decided to fly to
Activities of Bose:
Singapore and place INA under IIL.
1. Anti-Compromise Conference: convened by Bose at
Ramgarh on March 1940. It was a joint effort of the After Subhash reached Singapore, hemet Rashbehari,
Forward Bloc and the Kisan Sabha. who transferred the control and leadership of the Indian
Independence League and the INA to Subhash in July
Resolution: A world-wide struggle should be launched on
1943.
April 6. He called for resistance to be offered to all forms
of exploitation of Indian resources for the imperial cause.  On October 21, 1943, Subhash Bose formed
2. House arrest and Escape: He was arrested for the Provisional Government for Free India at
protesting against proposed monument for Holwell Singapore.
(survivor of black hole incident) in Calcutta.  The famous slogan—“Give me blood, I will give you
Reason for Escape: “to supplement from outside the freedom” was given here.
struggle going on at home”.  This provisional government declared war on
Britain and the United States, and was recognized by
Origin and First Phase of the Indian National Army:
the Axis powers.
Mohan Singh: Created army of retreating soldiers from
 A women’s regiment called the Rani Jhansi Regiment
Malaya and POWs from Japanese.
was also formed.
By the end of 1942, 40,000 men were ready to join the
INA.

 On November 6, 1943, Andaman and Nicobar The Main Points of CR Plan:

islands was given by the Japanese army to the INA; 1. Muslim league to endorse congress demand for
the islands were renamed as Shahid Dweep and Independence.
Swaraj Dweep respectively. 2. League to cooperate with congress in forming a
 The INA headquarters was shifted to Rangoon provisional government at Centre.
(in Burma) in January 1944, and war cry 3. To decide by plebiscite for the Muslim majority areas,
“Chalo Delhi!”became famous whether or not to form a separate sovereign state.
 July 6, 1944- Subhas Bose addressed 4. In case of partition, agreement to be made jointly for
Mahatma Gandhias ‘Father of Nation’—from the safeguarding defence, commerce, communications
Azad Hind Radio. etc.,
The Azad Hind Fauz crossed the Burma border, and stood  Jinnah wanted the congress to accept two nation
on Indian soil on March 18, 1944 then advanced up to theory demand
Kohima and Imphal. On April 14, Colonel Malik of the  He wanted only Muslims to vote in Plebiscite in the
Bahadur Group hoisted the INA flag for the first time on Muslim majority areas.
the Indian mainland at Moirang, in Manipur. Desai –Liaqat Pact:
The INA met the same fate as the Japanese, and all Congress and league nominees to have equal
brigades began their withdrawal on July 18, 1944. representation in the central executive. 20% of seats
reserved for minorities.
Differences between Gandhi and Bose Ideology:
Gandhi Bose Wavell Plan (Shimla conference-1945):
Adopted non-violent  The elections in England necessitated for a sincere
Adopted violent means for
means for liberation of
liberation of India from British effort on reaching a solution.
India
Favoured socialistic Followed a radical left ideology  A conference was convened by the viceroy, Lord
pattern of society and and organized trade unions. Wavell, at Shimla in June 1945. The main proposals of
supported trusteeship Strived to develop collective the Wavell plan were as follows,
model between labourers power of the labourers against
and capitalists capitalists 1. With the exception of governor general and
He took support of Germany commander in chief all other members in the
Imperialism is relatively
and Japan and felt the second executive council are to be Indians.
better than fascism and
world war was provided an 2. Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal
Nazism. So, he supported
opportunity against the British
Britain in war times representation.
Imperialism.
Religious and spiritual Bose on the other hand was a 3. The reconstructed council was to function as an
teachings have an leftist and rationalist and given interim government.
influence on Gandhi less emphasis on the religious 4. Governor- General was to exercise his veto on the
thoughts and principles aspects.
His idea of freedom was advice of ministers.
based on self-rule and rule His primary emphasis was on  Congress objected the plan as it reduced the congress
over self. He also the political self-rule, though as pure caste Hindu Party.
addressed freedom from he gave emphasis on socio-
 Muslim league wanted all Muslim members to be
the socio economic economic aspects.
inequalities league nominees.
Rajagopalachari Formula (1944): (CR Plan): INA Trials:
C. Rajagopalachari proposed a formula for congress- Trial of INA prisoners sometimes described as “Edge of
League cooperation. It was a tacit acceptance of League’s volcano” . British initially decided to hold trials of several
demands for Pakistan and Gandhi supported the formula. hundreds of INA prisoners. 1st trial at red fort in November
1945 putting on dock together a Hindu, Premkumar Sehgal, a

Muslim, Shah Nawaz khan, and a Sikh, Gurbaksh Thus began India’s bloodiest year of civil war since the
Singhdhillon. INA day was celebrated Nov 12, 1945 and INA mutiny nearly a century earlier. The Hindu-Muslim rioting
week (Nov 5 – 11). and killing that started in Calcutta sent deadly sparks of fury,
frenzy, and fear to every corner of the subcontinent, as all
INA agitation spread all over the country and witnessed
civilized restraint seemed to disappear.
participation of diverse social groups.
Attlee’s Statement of February 20, 1947:
Cabinet Mission Plan:
 June 30, 1948: A deadline for transfer of power
Attlee government in 1946 Secretary of State Pethick-
irrespective of any situation in India.
Lawrence personally led a three-man cabinet deputation to
New Delhi with the hope of resolving the Congress–Muslim  The British would relinquish power either to some form
League deadlock and, thus, of transferring British power to a of central government or in some areas to the
single Indian administration. existing provincial governments if the constituent
assembly was not fully representative, i.e., if the Muslim
Why British Withdrawal Seemed Imminent by 1946: majority provinces did not join.
1. Success of nationalist forces In struggle for hegemony.
 British powers and obligations vis-a-vis the
2. Demoralisation among bureaucracy and loyalists.
princely states would lapse with transfer of power, but
3. Limitation of conciliation and repression strategy of
these would not be transferred to any successor
British.
government in British India.
4. RIN ratings revolt.
 Mountbatten would replace Wavell as the Viceroy.
5. Official rule seemed impossible.
 The statement contained clear hints of partition
Major Recommendations of the Committee: and even Balkanisation of the country into numerous
 The subcontinent was to be divided into three major states and was, in essence, a reversion of the Cripps
groups of provinces: sections A, B, C. Offer.
 Rejection of Pakistan.  The date was fixed by government to prevent any
 Provincial to have autonomy and residual powers. further escalation of constitutional crisis and to portray
 Common centre for defence, communications and British’s sincerity.
external affairs.  INC was fine with the transfer of power to more than
 Three tier executive and legislature at province, princely one Centre as it meant the current government could
states and union level. work for its constitution. However, emboldened by this
 Local provincial governments were to have the choice of provision, Muslim league launched civil dis-obedience
opting out of the group in which they found themselves movement in Punjab to overthrow coalition government
should a majority of their populace vote to do so. in Punjab.
The early summer of 1946, therefore, saw a dawn of hope  By April 1947, INC was ready for partition provided
for India’s future prospects, but that soon proved false when Bengal and Punjab are divided in fair manner.
Nehru announced at his first press conference as the re- Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947:
elected president of the Congress that no constituent The freedom-with-partition formula was coming to be
assembly could be “bound” by any prearranged widely accepted well before Mountbatten arrived in India.
constitutional formula.
The important points of the plan were as follows.
Jinnah read Nehru’s remarks as a “complete repudiation” of  Punjab and Bengal Legislative Assemblies would meet in
the plan, which had to be accepted in its entirety in order to two groups, Hindus and Muslims, to vote for partition. If
work. Jinnah then convened the league’s Working a simple majority of either group voted for partition,
Committee, which withdrew its previous agreement to the then these provinces would be partitioned.
federation scheme and instead called upon the “Muslim  In case of partition, two dominions and two
Nation” to launch “direct action” in mid-August 1946. constituent assemblies would be created.
 Sindh would take its own decision.

 Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of  The creation of two independent dominions- India and
Bengal would decide the fate of these areas. Pakistan.
 Since the Congress had conceded a unified India, all their  A governor-general for each dominion for the effective
other points would be met, namely: operation of the Act.
1. Independence for princely states ruled out—they would  The constituent assembly of each new dominion was
join either India or Pakistan. to exercise the powers of the legislature of that
2. Independence for Bengal ruled out. dominion, and the existing Central Legislative Assembly
3. Accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out. and the Council of States were to be automatically
4. Freedom to come on August 15, 1947. dissolved.
5. A boundary commission to be set up if partition was to  Till formation of new constitution both dominions to act
be effected. in accordance with Government of India Act-1935.
Thus, the League’s demand was conceded to the extent that  M.A. Jinnah became the first Governor-General of
Pakistan would be created and the Congress’ position on Pakistan and Mountbatten of India.
unity was taken into account to make Pakistan as small as
Integration of States:
possible. Mountbatten’s formula was to divide India
Nehru presided over the All India State People’s Conference
but retain maximum unity.
sessions in Udaipur (1945) and Gwalior (April 1947). He
Why Congress Accepted Dominion Status? declared that the states refusing to join the Constituent
(i) It would ensure a peaceful and quick transfer of power. Assembly would be treated as hostile.
(ii) It was important for the Congress to assume authority to
July 1947, Vallabhai Patel took charge of the new States
check the explosive situation.
Department and skillfully incorporated all the states with
(iii) It would allow for some much-needed continuity in the
baits and threats.
bureaucracy and the army.
For Britain, the dominion status offered a chance to keep Phase-I: By August 15, 1947, all states except Kashmir,
India in the Commonwealth, even if temporarily, considering Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed an instrument of
the economic strength, defense potential and greater value accession with the Indian government, acknowledging
of trade and investment in India. central authority over defence, external affairs and
communication.
Why August 15: - Britain wanted to secure Congress’
agreement to the dominion status and escape the The princes agreed to this fairly easily because (i) they were
responsibility for the communal situation ‘surrendering’ only what they never had and (ii) there was
no change in the internal political structure
Responses of States:
1. Bengal and Punjab decided in favour for partition: East Phase-II: Involved a much more difficult process of
Bengal and West Punjab joined Pakistan and West ‘integration’ of states with neighbouring provinces or into
Bengal and East Punjab stayed with India. new units like the Kathiawar Union, Vindhya and Madhya
2. The referendum in Sylhet resulted in the incorporation Pradesh, Rajasthan or Himachal Pradesh along with internal
of that district in East Bengal. constitutional changes in states which for some
3. The referendum in NWFP decided in favour of years retained their old boundaries (Hyderabad, Mysore,
Pakistan and similar was case with Baluchistan and Travancore- Cochin). This phase was accomplished within a
Sindh. year.
Indian Independence Act: The principal bait offered was a generous privy purse while
On July 5, 1947 the British Parliament passed the some princes were made governors and Rajpramukhs in free
Indian Independence Act which was based on the India.
Mountbatten Plan. The Act was implemented on August 15,
1947. Provisions of the act are: This rapid political unification of the country
after independence was Patel’s greatest achievement.

Constitutional, Administrative Acts/

Regulations/ Recommendations
Commissions
and Judicial Development During  This act ended patronage system and
open competitive exams were initiated.
the British Rule However, Indians were barred from
The charter
high post.
1. Evolution of Civil Service of India: act of 1853
 The belief that only the English could
 Initially civil service system in India introduced by East establish administrative services
India Company, in order to maintain commercial serving British interests.
affairs of company.  This Act reserved certain offices
for covenanted civil servants but
 Later the machinery got transferred to handle the examination was held in England in
administrative matters. Indian Civil English language, based on classical
 Warren Hastings separated Administrative and learning of Greek and Latin.
Service
 The age limit was gradually reduced from
Commercial Functions. Act 1861.
23(1859) to 19(1878)
 Up to 1853, the Directors of the British East India  In 1863, Satyendranath Nath Tagore
Company made appointments of covenanted civil became the first Indian to qualify for
servants by nominations. This nomination system the Indian Civil Service.
was abolished in 1861 by the Parliament in England  Lytton introduced the Statutory Civil
Service consisting of one-sixth
and it was decided that the induction would be of covenanted posts to be filled by
through competitive examinations of all British Statutory Indians of high families through
subjects, without distinction of race. Civil Service nominations by local governments
subject to approval by the secretary of
Cornwallis’ Role: State and the viceroy.
 The first to bring into existence and organize the  Age reduced from 21 to 19
 Again lord Rippon increased to 21
civil services, raising the civil servants’ The Indian
salary, strict enforcement of rules against National  Lowering of age limit for recruitment.
private trade, debarring civil servants from  Holding the examination simultaneously
Congress 188
in India and Britain.
taking presents, bribes etc., 5
 Enforcing promotions through seniority. Set up by Dufferin, recommended,
● Dropping of the terms ‘covenanted’
Wellesley's Role: Aitchison and ‘uncovenanted’;
 Set up the Fort William College for training of new Committee ● Classification of the civil service into
1. Imperial Indian Civil Service (examination
recruits. on Public
in England).
 In 1806 Wellesley’s college closed and instead the Services
2. Provincial Civil Service (examination in
(1886) India)
East India College was set up at Hailey bury in
England to impart two years’ training to the recruits. 3. Subordinate Civil Service (examination in
India) raising the age limit to 23.
 1830 Thomas Munro, concentrated all powers to Islington
District Collector in the province of madras and this Recommended for simultaneous examination.
Commission
system expanded to all over India. 1. Provided for simultaneous examination,
 Charter Act 1833 civil service opened and for responsible government to
be formed need more Indians in
to Indians but was never really implemented. Montford administration, and 1st examination in
 William bentick introduced the subordinate civil Reforms the year 1922.
service in India. 1919 2. Central public service commission
was redesigned to All India Service.
3. Recommended holding of simultaneous
examination in India and England.
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4. Recommended that one-third of Recommendation of Police Commission (1860):

recruitments be made in India itself—to  A system of civil constabulary - maintain the
be raised annually by 1.5 per cent.
● The secretary of state should continue to
village set-up.
recruit.  Inspectors general as the head in province and SP as
● Direct recruitment to ICS on basis of head of district.
Lee Commiss 50:50 parity between the Europeans and  Indian police act of 1861, presented guideline for
ion (1924) the Indians be reached in 15 years.
● Public Service Commission be police set-up in the provinces.
immediately established (as laid down in  1902 the police commission recommended the
the Government of India Act, 1919). establishment of CID in provinces and a central
Government The 1935 Act recommended the intelligence bureau at Centre.
of India establishment of a Federal Public Service
Act, 1935 Commission and Provincial Public Service
Military under British:
Commission under their spheres.
Military was backbone of company rule in India. Prior
Evaluation of Civil Services under British Rule: 1857 revolt there were two separate set of military force,
Indians were kept out of law and decision making 1. The Queen’s Army – serving troop on duty in India.
on the other hand European supremacy was 2. Company’s troop – it is mix of Indian and European
visible in governance. but officer were Britishers.
This was done in 2 ways, After 1857 – systematic rearrangement of army .To
 Even Though Indians entry in coveted civil service prevent reoccurrence of revolt,
were allowed since 1863, but it was difficult for  In order to prevent the revolt, Indian army were used
Indians as exams was held in England. to defend Indian Territory from foreign- like Russian
 The subjects like Greek and Latin to be studied. German etc and for expansion of territory in Asia
 Above all maximum age was reduced by Lytton. and Africa , while British army to occupy them.
 All the positions were occupied by Europeans,  Gradually European to Indian ratio was increased, and
though Indianisation of civil service occurred from Indians were discriminated in key geographical
1918, but important position was occupied by location, key position and with respect to distribution
Europeans. of rifles.
Evolution of Police System in Modern India:  The Indian Sandhurst committee in 1926 was
1. During Mughal rule faujdars helped in maintaining law visualizing 50% Indianised officer cadre by 1952.
and order and amils were to collect revenue.  An ideology of martial races and non martial races
2. During Dual rule in Bengal and Orissa, zamindar evolved by British, the ostensible reason was that a
were in charge of law and order. 'martial race' was typically brave and well-built for
3. 1771 warren hasting restored the institution of fighting, while the 'non-martial races' were those
faujdars and in 1775 faujdars thane were established. whom the British believed to be unfit for battle
4. 1791 Cornwallis organised police system, by moderni- because of their sedentary lifestyles.
zing old Indian system thane (circles), daroga (dist). Development of Judiciary in Central India:
5. In 1808, Mayo appointed SP for each district, to  Neither in Mughal period or in ancient period did
handle law and order. India have a proper procedure of judicial system.
6. Bentick, 1828- 35 abolished SP and placed it under  Hindu litigations were held by caste elder or village
district collector or magistrate, it resulted in over headman or zamindar, similar case in Muslims-either
burdening the collector. head of towns or village etc .

 Only Traces of judiciary is Mayor's Court. Until the 1935 -GOI act 1935 set up federal court (1937) to settle
founding of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort disputes between governments and could hear limited
William in 1774, the Mayor's Courts in Madras, appeal.
Calcutta and Bombay were the East India Company's
Major Change in Administration Structure after 1857:
highest courts in British India.
 British learnt a lesson from the revolt of 1857, now
Warren Hasting (1772-1785): they realised the alienation of masses from
 District diwani adalats placed under collectors, Hindu administration had worst impact, so in order to learn
law to Hindu and Muslim law to Muslim. Appeal local value and tradition, involvement of Indian
to sadar diwani adalats. became necessity.
 District fazdari adalats on criminal case on Indian  Second half of 19th century spread of industria-
officer assisted by quazis and muftis. lisation took place USA and JAPAN emerged has new
 Under regulating act 1773, Supreme Court setup, at competitors to British, now the act through
Calcutta, to try all British subject. competition or raw material and etc.
 They wanted to extract as many resource as possible
Reform under Cornwallis (1786-1793)
and spread the power at global level.
 Diwan faujdari adalat was abolished instead court of
circuit were established at Calcutta, Administration:
deccan murshibab, Patna had European judges. Central Government:
 Sardar – nizamat adalat was shifted to Calcutta and  Act for better government of India 1858-
put under governor general. Transferred power from East India company to crown.
 District diwan adalat in now district court  Secretary of state created for Indian administration
or zila court. replacing erstwhile COD and BOC ultimate power
remained with parliament.
Cornwallis Code:
1. Separation of revenue and justice.  Concentration of main authority in the hands of
2. European subject bought under court. secretary of state and viceroy to be sub-ordinate
3. Government official are answerable to court. to him.
Provincial Government:
Reform under William Bentick (1828-1833):
 Indian council act 1861 returned legislative power to
 Circuit court were abolished and transferred
council which was taken over by earlier act by 1833.
to collector.
 More financial decentralization to curb down
 Sadar diwani adalat and sardar nizamat adalat were
expenditure and increase revenue.
set up at Allahabad.
 Certain services like police, jails, education, medical
1883 law commission was set up under Macaulay for services were asked to administer by the provinces.
codification of Indian law.  1877 lord Lytton transferred certain other subject
1. Civil procedure (1859) to provinces.
2. Criminal procedure (1861)  1882: All sources of revenue were divided into
3. Indian penal code three—general, provincial, and those to be divided
Later Developments: between the centre and the provinces.
1860 - No Indian origin judge could try European.
Local Bodies:
1865 -Supreme Court and the sadar adalats were
 Decentralized administration by promoting local body
merged into three high court at Calcutta, Bombay
through municipalities and district boards.
and Madras.

 Local bodies were used as a platform by nationalists Under Dyarchy:

to improve basic facilities.  Local self-government made transferred subject in act
 It helped in increase of politicisation of Indians. 1919.
Stages in Evolution of Local Government:  Simon commission pointed out (May 1930) lack of
1864 and 1868 progress in village panchayat except in UP
 Local bodies were nominated by district collector to The Government of India Act 1935 and After:
increase the tax collection.  Provincial autonomy.
Mayo’s Resolution of 1870:  Demarcation of taxation between provincial and
 Local interest, supervision and care are necessary for local finance.
success in management of funds and it should be  New restrictions were placed on power of local self-
devoted to education, sanitation, medical relief and government on issues such as levy of taxes, callings,
local public work. professions and municipal property.
 Provincial government passed municipal acts.
 Emphasised on financial decentralisation.
Rippon Resolution of 1882:

 Lord Rippon father of local self-government in India.
 In rural areas, District Boards and Local Boards known
as “tahsil or “taluk boards were established. Non
official to be majority in the body and chaired official
sanction required in certain cases.
 The members were to be elected by rent-payers
rather than nominated by the Government.
 In towns, the powers and responsibilities of the
Municipalities were enlarged. The members were to
be partly elected and partly nominated.
 The chairman was to be a non-official member. The
nominated members should not be more than one
third of the total strength.
 Government at any time may suspend these bodies.
Royal commission on Decentralisation (1908):
To improve the financial resources of local bodies
following recommendation,
1. Panchayat to begiven adequate source of income.
2. It emphasised the importance of sub –district boards
in every taluka or tehsil.
3. Withdrawal of existing restriction on their power
of taxation.
4. Municipalities might undertake responsibility for
primary education and vernacular schools.

Economic Impact c. Emergence of Intermediaries, Absentee Landlordism,

Ruin of Old Zamindars:
of British Rule in India Land in Bengal had passed to new hands new
zamindars with increased powers resorted to land
According to historians, at the beginning of the 18th
grabbing and sub-lettingIncrease in number of
century, India had 23 per cent of share in the world
intermediariesRise of absentee landlordism.
economy which came down to 3 per cent at the time of
independence. British transformed India’s economy into a d. Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture:
colonial economy, i.e., the structure and operation of The cultivator had neither the means nor any incentive to
Indian economy were determined by the interests of the invest in agriculture. The zamindar had no roots in the
British economy. villages and the Government spent little on agricultural.
Due to sub-letting, difficulty in introducing Modern
a. Deindustrialisation—Ruin of Artisans and Handi-
technology all lead to stagnation.
crafts men:
 After Charter Act 1813, cheap machine-made e. Famine and Poverty:
products flooded even in remote corner of India. Famine was not just because of food-grain shortage but
Unilateral free trade policy ensured one-way free was also because of Poverty. Between 1850 and 1900,
trade for British products in India, where as trade about 2.8 crore people died in famines.
restrictions for Indian products, thus European
market was virtually closed for Indian products. f. Commercialization of Indian Agriculture:
So far, agriculture had been a way of life but now
 Indian patrons were under the influence of western
agriculture inclined towards commercialization.
taste and Values.
Specialized crops began to be grown not for consumption
 Loss of traditional livelihood was not accompanied by
in the village but for sale in the national and even
Industrialization in India.
international markets.
Deindustrialization-> De-urbanization->Ruralisation-
Reasons:
>Peasantisation-> increased burden on land-> Land
 Spread of money economy.
labourers => loss of unique culture and artisanship.
 Replacement of custom and tradition by competition
Thus from Net exporter India became net importer. and contract.
b. Impoverishment of Peasantry:  Emergence of a unified national market.
Reason- Government, zamindar and moneylender.  Growth of internal trade.
1. Issue: Permanent settlement act for Maximization  Improvement in communications through rail and
of revenue. roads.
2. Transferability of land Insecurity to tenants about  Boost to international trade given by entry of British
their traditional rights on land. finance capital.
3. Consequence: Zamindar resorted to summary Consequences:
evictions, demanded illegal dues and 'begar' to  For the Indian peasant, commercialization seemed a
maximise their share in the produce. forced process rather than in natural.
4. Immediate Solution: Overburdened peasants had to
 Agriculture became more prone to fluctuation in
approach the money-lenders.
International market for instance after price rise of
Result: Money-lender charged exorbitant rate of interest cotton in early 1860s it plummeted immediately
and if failed led to eviction from land. Thus loss of land leading to agrarian riots in the Deccan in the 1870s.
and livelihood- Landless labour- Impoverishment.
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g. Destruction of Industry and Late Development of What is Economic drain?

Modern Industry Refers to a portion of national product of India which
Industries How they destroyed it? was not available for consumption of its people but was
Heavy taxation on Indian products, raw being drained away to Britain for political reasons and
Textile material was purchased at low cost from India was not getting adequate economic or material
Indian to export to Europe.
returns for it.
Location- Surat, Malabar and Masulipatnam.
Major components of Drain,
In 1813, a law by the British parliament
prohibited ships below 350 tonnes from sailing Salaries and pensions of civil and military officials, interest
Ship-
building between India to Britain. on loans taken by Indian government taken from abroad,
In 1814, another law was passed under which profits on foreign investment in India, payments for
Indian built ships were refused to be shipping, banking and insurances, stores purchased in
considered ‘British-registered vessels’. Britain for civil and military departments.
Difficult criteria to get permission to establish
a factory for an Indian. Restricted to produce Proponents Published material
only higher quality steel for (high import
Steel Book: Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India
duties on them) British consumption.
Therefore, missed on large domestic which Dada Papers:PaperEnglish Debt to India
needed lower standard steel. BhaiNaoroji The Wants and Means of India (1870)
On the Commerce of India (1871)
Indian traders (for business) + money lenders (for lending)  He criticised free trade policy.
= borrowed from Bankers. This trio helped the finished  Critical about Public expenditure and its
spending on warfare.
British goods to reach to deeper regions of countryand
 Disagreed with high rates of land
facilitated export of raw materials to England. Gopal revenues.
Krishna  Not in favour of surplus budgets.
1850s onwards-machine-based industries started coming Gokhale  Assisted Ranade in publishing Sarvajanik
up in India, for example: Sabha journal.
 His views are expressed in the English
The first cotton textile- Bombay (1853) by Cowasjee
weekly newspaper- The Hitavad (The
Nanabhoy People’s paper).
 He introduced historical context in
The first jute mill =1855 in Rishra (Bengal).
understanding economy process.
In sugar, cement etc. in 20th century.  He opposed universal principles and
emphasized on relativism in economic
Problems faced by Indians: Credit problems, no tariff laws.
protection by Government, unequal competition from  He underscored the importance of
foreign companies, and stiff opposition from British economic education in the growth of
nation.
capitalists.
 Stressed the presence of the state in the
Lopsided Industrial Development: Establishment of core M.G. Ranade economic activities.
 Institutions (social, economic and
and heavy industries and power generation were political) strengthening is essential for
neglected and some regions were favoured more than the economic development.
others—causing regional disparities.  Predominance of agriculture,
backwardness of industries, lack of credit
Economic Drain: facilities are reasons for poverty.
Early intellectuals believed British would modernise the  He opined India inherited poverty from
its past. (Differed with others).
country based on latest technology and capitalist “Essays on Indian Economics” (1900).
economic organisation. Soon the disillusionment faded G.
Book: Some Economic aspects of British rule in
and realised the Economic drain. Subramaiya
India.
Ayer

Other economic thinkers of the time were: GV Joshi, Industrial Capitalist  Showed Critical attitude towards
Surendranath Banerjee, D.E Wacha and Bholanath EIC monopoly.
Chandra, RC Dutt.
Created pressure on government  Charter Act 1813.
Consequences of Drain:
Reforms in administrative and socio-economic structure:
 Economic: Real reason of India’s backwardness was
Radical reforms were introduced.
Drain.
 How: Loss of wealth and Capital- this could have been Administrative Changes:
used by Indian to invest in India leading to The Permanent Settlement and the Ryotwari system in
Industrialization and generation of jobs. agriculture, changes related to criminal law, law of
 Instead we had deindustrialization and biggest contract and legal procedures were overhauled to
sufferers were peasants due to high rate of revenue. promote capitalist commercial relations and maintain law
In case of development in terms of Railways- and order.
Everything related to it form rail tracks to engines was
Social Structure:
imported at heavy cost and was constructed in a way
to facilitate their interests Modern education was introduced to transform India’s
 Biased trade policy and taxation: One-way free trade society and culture. Interference with social laws and
policy ruined Indian handicrafts industry, exposing it norms.
to premature, unequal and unfair competition. Taxes Economic structure:
were imposed on poor, sparing British capitalists and Free trade  Indian Economy getting integrated with
the bureaucrats. British Capitalist + World Economy.
Stages of Colonialism in India: Given by R. Palme Dutt
Free entry was also granted to the British capitalists to
Marxist Historian
develop tea, coffee and indigo plantations, and trade,
Phase 1: Mercantile Phase 1757-1813: transport, mining and modern industries in
Objective: Monopoly in trade and Direct plunder of India.Development of Transport & Communication.
Indian states- It was achieved by eliminating all other
Phase 3: Financial Phase 1860-1947:
European powers from India and native states who
Objective: Promotion and protection of foreign
opposed.
investment by strengthening its control over India.
Reforms in Administrative and Social Structure:
No major changes in either of them was introduced rather Investment Avenues: Railway loans (to the Government
some changes were introduced in accordance with Indian of India), trade and, to a lesser extent, in plantations, coal
social norms like in case of Judicial system. mining, jute mills, shipping and banking in India.
What changed? The notion of training the Indian people
Only major changes were made was in Military
organisation and technology. for self-government vanished, now, the aim of British rule
was declared as permanent ‘trusteeship’ over the Indians.
The wealth earned in this phase sponsored England’s
More Money Strong Administration Consolidation of
Industrial Revolution.
rule.
Phase 2: Industrial Phase 1813-1860:
Notion of “the White Man’s burden”- civilising a barbaric
Objective: Source for Raw material and market for
people.
finished goods.
Reason: Industrial Revolution  Demand of Raw Material
& Market for Finished goods.

Revenue laws of the British:

Permanent
Ryotwari Mahalwari
Settlement
In 1812,
the Ryotwari It was a modified
Settlement wa version of the
Introduced by Lord s introduced in Permanent
Cornwallis in Bengal the lands Settlement that
in 1793. Under this seized was introduced
system, from Mysore. in the Gangetic
the zamindars collect Later, it was Valley, the
ed the revenue; and implemented North-West
at the same time, in Bombay. Provinces, parts
became owners of all of Central India,
land under their Peasant was and the Punjab.
jurisdiction. the proprietor
in this system Under the
The peasants Under this Mahalwari
became rent-paying settlement, a system,
tenants, who could village- the settlement w
be evicted at will. level survey wa as made with
s conducted, a village, rather
The revenue amount, followed by than with an
fixed arbitrarily, the drawing up individual
was quite high. The
zamindar
to submit
had
the
of a register of peasant
all land within
each village.
zamindar.
or
“I believed in
revenue at a
particular date, even revenue was
It was the duty
of the
myself, and
if the crop failed or
got damaged or
not
permanently
local lambardar
to collect my teachers
destroyed. fixed, but revenue from
was revised aft
er every 20–30
the peasants of
his village. for success”
years.
Akshay
AIR 207
army and civil sections and urban

Survey of British Policies in India areas and poverty
Administration skyrocketed in rural
 Post 1857, British administration adopted blatantly
and thus could areas.
reactionary policies, even though territorial expansion not spend much
and cultural intrusions were minimised, on the on Social services
pretext that Indian were not fit for self-governance (R): Rise of
Indian textile Increased minimum age
and needed British presence in their lives.
industry under for child as labour and
conditions of decreased number of
Administrative Reason(R)/ Action cheap and working hours for
Result
Policies taken (AT) unregulated women. However,
Some Middle and upper Labour labour these conditions were
Princes against class educated Muslims Legislations challenging not applicable in
states’ people, opposed tide of European British-owned tea and
region against nationalism, conflicts Industries. coffee plantations
Divide and region, province over scarce resources in where the labour was
Rule against province, jobs, education and (AT):Indian exploited ruthlessly and
caste against political spoils. Finally- Factory Act, 1881 treated like slaves.
caste and Hindus it resulted in Partition and 1891
against Muslims and birth of a nation (R): Mostly
‘Pakistan’. Vernacular and
Various laws to other local Invited wrath from
Educated Indians moderate the presses nationalists and fuelled
Hostility started analysing education system to responsible for sentiments against
Towards the exploitative suit their requirements Restrictions
dissemination of British and encouraged
Educated and colonial i.e., provide indians in on Freedom
Nationalist leaders to find
Indians character of blood but british in all of the Press
sentiments innovative ways to
British rule. other aspects. Indian spread information to
Universities Act 1904 (AT): Number of evade the laws
(R): British laws to suppress
needed alliances press
of strong
reactionary Many Zamindars acted British Social and Cultural Policy in India:
sections like as breakwater in tide of 1772-1813 1813-1857 1857 Onwards
Zamindars and Nationalism and Anglicist/
Anglicist/
Princes to thwarted nationalist Orientalist: Occidental
Occidental
Attitude counter-weight movements by Policy of Sided with
Heavy
Towards the nationalist supporting British in Neutrality in Orthodox
Approach interference in
Zamindars minded suppressing it. Socio- tendencies and
Socio-
intelligentsia Example: The Religious promoted
Religious
Zamindars support to Matters division of
Matters
(AT): Restoration British to supress Indian society.
of lands and sepoy mutiny. Company was
protection of focused on
(a) Industrial
their interests trade and
Revolution Lesson was
against peasants revenue and
learnt from
were afraid
Division of society into (b) Intellectual revolt of 1857
Attitude that
(AT) British sided reformers and orthodox Revolution that if they
Towards Reasons interference
with Orthodox people. The latter interfere in this
Social in internal
sections. supported British (c) Missionary field people are
Reforms matters might
policies. Activities- more likely to
produce
Underdevelo (R) Major Whatever facilities spread of hit back
strong
ped Social allocation of were established Christianity
reactions
Services funds went for catered to the elite from locals
www.laex.in Survey of British Policies in India www.civilsprep.com

and as they and imposing sphere Indian which in turn

were already hardships not subcontinent affected
engaged in much went through national
many wars opposition to turmoil and freedom
dealing with the foreign culmination movement.
them would rule from was Revolt of
have been local people. 1857.
difficult.
a. India- big British Policy towards Princely States:
market- thus Relations with princely states were to be guided by a two
transformatio point’s policy:
n &
modernisation (a) Using and perpetuating them as bulwark of the
of Indian empire.
Society was (b) Subordinating them completely to British authority.
necessary for
sale of their To facilitate Subordination of Indian princely states ended with the
British had to products and elongate Queen adopting the title of Kaiser-i- Hind (Queen Empress
legitimise and
b.New the rule as
consolidate of India) in 1876, to emphasize British sovereignty over
philosophies divided, under
its rule first entire India.Lord Curzon later made it clear that the
of Rationalism, developed and
and Links to
Objective Humanism uneducated princes ruled their states merely as agents of the British
common past
and Liberalism society can not
would Crown.
in Europe understand the
ameliorate
compelled injustice and so Constitutional development between 1773 and 1858
distant
rulers here to don’t fight
affection.
back.
Regulating act 1773
take action for
betterment of  The regulating act was passed in the British
Indian society parliament in June 1773. It was first parliamentary
c. Missionaries ratification and authorization defining the power and
considered
authority of the East India company (EIC) w.r.t its
Indian Culture
to be inferior Indian possessions.
and thus need
of reforming it Reason for Passing the Act:
Tried to a. Charter Act  Financial crisis of EIC.
establish 1813- opened No actions
 Allegation of corruption.
connection trade for all were taken
between b. Prohibition against  The dual form of administration by Robert Clive.
Sanskrit, of sati, orthodox
Greek and Abolition of activities rather Provisions of the Act:
Latin, Tried to slavery, they were  It introduced the element of centralized
portray Widow pampered and administration; it did not take over the power
India’s past as remarriage promoted.
Initiatives completely, hence regulated.
glorious act, New After religion
taken
1781-Calcutta education based division  The directors of the Company were directed to make
Madrasa policies etc of all correspondence on revenue affairs, civil and
1784- Asiatic c. Charter act constituencies
Society of 1813 allowed they further military matters before British government.
Bengal Christian went on to  In Bengal, the administration was to be carried out by
1794- Sanskrit missionaries divide us on governor-general and a council consisting of 4
College for conversion, caste lines in
Banaras Lex Loci act 1930s members, representing civil and military government.
1840.  As per this Warren hasting appointed as Governor
Despite Due sudden Social reform General of the presidency of fort William.
Conseque
conquering changes in movements
nces
many states socio-cultural were thwarted

 Supreme Court was established at Calcutta. Judges  The regulations made by the Councils of Madras,
were from England. It had civil and criminal Bombay and Calcutta were now required to be laid
jurisdiction over the British subjects and not before the British Parliament.
Indian Natives.  Act allowed Christian missionary to preach
 Governor General Control over council of Bombay their religion.
and Madras. The Charter Act of 1833:
 Amendments (1781) - Jurisdiction of SC was confined  Also called GOI act 1833 or Saint Helena act 1833.
to Calcutta. Immune to government servants.  EIC exclusive administrative body
Pitt's India Act, 1784:  Trade link with china was also ended.
 This act resulted in dual control of British possession  The act legalized the British colonization of the
in India by British government and company country.
with final authority resting with the government.  Governor General of Bengal re-designated as
 The Company became a subordinate department of governor general of India. Lord William Bentinck the
the State. first GGI.
 It introduced Board of control who in charge of civil,  Bengal, Madras, Bombay and all other territories were
military and revenue affairs, Court of directors to placed under complete control of the governor-
trading activity. general.
 Governor General was given veto, Madras and  Governor General Member’s council to have four
Bombay presidencies became sub ordinates. member and fourth member with limited power.
 Law member was added and Indian law to be codified
The Charter Act of 1793: and consolidated.
 The act continued company's trade monopoly in India  Access to public employment for Indians irrespective
for 20 more years. of their class, caste, etc.
 All expenses were charged on company now from the  Slavery was abolished.
Indian revenues, was to pay 5 lakh pounds annually to
the British government. The Charter Act of 1853:
 Governor General was given more power to override  The Company was to continue possession of
his council decision. territories unless the Parliament provided otherwise.
 The Company was empowered to give licenses to  The law member became full time member with right
individuals as well as the Company’s employees to to vote.
trade in India. The licenses, known as ‘privilege’ or  Patronage system to civil service ended.
‘country trade’, paved the way for shipments of  COD strength was reduced to 18, 6 people were
opium to China. nominated by British crown.
 The revenue administration was separated from the  Separated governor general of Bengal from GGI.
judiciary functions and this led to disappearing of  The legislative wing came to be known as the Indian
the Maal Adalats. Legislative Council.
Development after 1858 till Independence
The Charter Act of 1813:
Government of India Act 1858:
 Passed by British parliament renewed the EIC charter
 Shifted from company rule to crown rule.
for another 20 years.
 Changed designation from Governor general
 Defined for 1st time constitutional position of British
to viceroy
Indian territories.
 New secretary of state in British parliament to
 Company's monopoly with trade ended except for
supported India council.
trade in tea and with China.

 Lord canning first viceroy.  Subjects were divided to reserved and transferred.
 The Indian Legislative Council at the Centre was
Indian Council Act, 1861: replaced by a bicameral system.
 This act made significant changes in the Governor  The principle of communal representation was
General’s council.
extended with separate electorates for Sikhs,
 Lord canning who was viceroy at the time and
Christians and Anglo-Indians, besides Muslims.
nominated Indian's to the council.  Out of 6 member in viceroy's council 3 to be Indian.
 The portfolio system introduced by Lord Canning laid  25% of the budget was subject to vote, rest was
the foundations of cabinet government in India.
non votable.
 Secretary of state for India in Britain could also
 The act provide for the first time, to establish of a
dissolve any act passed by governor general council. public service commission in India.
 Act restored the legislative powers of governor in
council of the presidencies of Madras and Bombay. Simon Commission (1927):
 The British Government announced the appointment
Indian Councils Act, 1892:
of a seven-member statutory commission 2 years
 Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in
before the schedule. Chairman of the committee was
1885. There was growing feeling of nationalism and
Sir John Simon.
this led the INC put fourth demand to British
 The statutory committee was set up to report on the
authorities, demand was to reform
condition of India under its new.
legislative councils.
 Constitution. However, all the members of the
 Increased non-official members to the council, in
commission were British and hence, all the parties
1894 out of 24 only 5 were Indians.
boycotted the commission
 Right to ask question on budget with, but could not
 The commission submitted its report in 1930
ask supplementary question.
 Legislative council were empowered to make law and Recommendation:
repeal old law with permission of governor general.  Abolish dyarchy
 Extend responsible government in the provinces
Indian Council Act 1909:
 establishment of a federation of British India and
 Popularly known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, the
princely states
Act made the first attempt to bring in a
 Continuation of communal electorate and so on.
representative and popular element in the
 ‘White Paper on Constitutional Reforms.
governance of the country.
 The strength Legislative Council at Centre and Government of India Act 1935:
provinces was increased. Central 16 to 60 members The Act, with 451 clauses and 15 schedules, contemplated
and provincial level 50 members. the establishment of an All-India Federation in which
 The elected member would be elected indirectly. Governors’ Provinces and the Chief Commissioners’
 The member could discuss budget and move Provinces and those Indian states which might accede to
resolution and ask supplementary question. be united were to be included.
 Satyendranath P Sinha as the first Indian member to  Creation of all India federation
viceroy's executive council.  Division of powers: - federal list, provincial list and
 Governor General had veto power. concurrent list.
 The introduction of separate electorates for Muslims.  The viceroy vested with residual power.
 Provincial autonomy, dyarchy was abolished at the
Government of India Act 1919
provincial levels, governor head of the executive.
 The act is known as Montagu- Chelmsford reforms.
 Dyarchy at the center, federal public service
 Increasing Indian in every branch of administration
commission, federal court, central bank were some of
with due progressive devolution of responsible
its other recommendations.
government
 Dyarchy was introduced at provincial level.

Commi
Development of Education ssion
Recommendation Reasons Action Taken
According to
 Asiatic society of Bengal was established in 1784. him “Indian Opened a few
The limited
The aim of this society was to foster oriental learning was English schools
government
studies in India. James Prinsep was the founding inferior to and colleges
resources were to be
editor of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal European instead of a
devoted to teaching
learning”. large number of
and is best remembered for deciphering the Kharosthi Lord of Western sciences
British Elementary
and Brahmi scripts of ancient India. Macaul and literature
wanted an schools, thus
ay’s through the
Indian in neglecting mass
Initial Phase: Minute medium of English
blood and education. The
Founder Name and Year Purpose (1835) language alone.
color but commission
(Macaulay’s is
For the study of English in believed in
Warren Calcutta proponent of
Muslim law and tastes, in “downward
Hastings Madrasa 1781 Anglicist Education
related subjects. opinions, in filtration
for India)
Jonathan Sanskrit college For study of Hindu law morals and Theory”
Duncan Banaras 1791 and philosophy. in intellect.
For training of civil “Magna Carta of
English Education in
servants of the
Fort William India”
Wellesley Company in
college 1800 1. Government to
languages and
assume
customs of Indians
responsibility for
Purpose: Total English 1.In 1857,
education of the
educations universities at
The Calcutta Madras and the Sanskrit College were masses.
as well as Calcutta,
designed to provide a regular supply of qualified 2. Vernacular school-
downward Bombay and
Indians to help the administration of law in the Primary level;
filtration Madras were
Company’s court. Anglo-Vernacular
Theory set up and later,
High Schools,
failed to departments of
affiliated college at
Charter Act 1813: give desired education were
the district level;
output and set up in all
 It directed the Company to sanction one lakh rupees affiliating
thus to provinces
for encouraging learned Indians and promoting universities in the
increase the 2.An
knowledge of modern sciences in the country. Wood’s presidency towns of
penetration Agriculture
Dispatc Calcutta, Bombay
 The government also set up three Sanskrit colleges of education Institute at
h and Madras
at Calcutta, Delhi and Agra. and fulfill Pusa (Bihar)
(1854) 3.Medium of
imperial and an
Orientalist- Anglicist Controversy: Instruction
desires of Engineering
English-higher
About the government spending on education, studies
producing Institute at
working Roorkee were
vernaculars -school
Anglicists exclusively suggested for spending on class people, started
level
modern studies. How ever there was a debate should it Vernacular 3. In next five
4.stress on female
be in English or vernacular language. education decades rapid
and vocational
system had westernization
education, and
Orientalists: Western sciences and literature should be to be of Indian
on teachers’ training
taught to prepare students to take up jobs, emphasis clubbed Education
5.education in
with English. system.
should be placed on expansion of traditional Indian government
learning. institutions- secular
6.a system of grants-
in-aid to
Commissions and Acts: Encourage private
Various commissions and acts were introduced by enterprise.
government from time to time to suggest any
improvement and implement them.
www.laex.in Development of Education www.civilsprep.com

Mainly for 1. Emphasis on

primary and primary
secondary education but no
education: Earlier An increase
compulsory
1.State need to schemes had in number
education.
pay attention for neglected Rapid growth of schools
2.Only deserving
extension and primary and and expansion and colleges
students to go
improvement of secondary of secondary had led to
for high school
primary education. and collegiate deterioratio
and college
education When education with n of
Hartog others to be
2.primary education the education
education should was shifted participation
Committee diverted to
standards.
be imparted to provinces of Indians. (1929) vocational
Hunter The Hartog
through in 1870, More course
Education Committee
vernacular primary and teaching-cum- 3.For
Commission was set up
3.Transfer of secondary examining improvements in
(1882-83) to report on
control of primary education universities standards of
developmen
education to further were set up university
t of
newly set up suffered like the Punjab education,
education
district and because the University admissions
municipal boards. provinces (1882) and the should be
4. Two divisions in already had Allahabad restricted
Secondary limited University 1)3-6 years age
Education-literary resources at (1887). group- pre-
and Vocational their primary
5. focused on disposal.
education
inadequate
6-11-free,
facilities for
universal and
female education
compulsory
For the
improvement of elementary
university education
education, high school
improvement of education for 11-
secondary 17 years age
education was a In the period group for The
It proposed
necessary pre- from 1916 to selected objective
no
condition: 1921 seven children, and a was to
Study and methodology
1.School course new university course create
report on for
to be of 12 years universities Sergeant of 3 years after within 40
problems of implementati
2.Less rigidity in came up at Plan of higher secondary years, the
Calcutta on and ideal
framing university Mysore, Patna, Education 2. Adequate same
University. of England’s
Saddler regulations Benaras, 1944 technical, Level of
Its achievements
University 3.A university Aligarh, Dacca, commercial and educational
recommenda may not have
Commission should function as Lucknowand arts education. attainment
tions were
(1917-19) centralized, Osmania. suited Indian
applicable 3. Abolition of as prevailed
unitary In 1920, the conditions
more or less intermediate in England.
residential- Government
to other course.
teaching recommended
universities 4. Liquidation of
autonomous Saddler
also. adult illiteracy in
body. reportto the
4.Female provincial 20 years.
education, governments. 5. stress on
applied scientific teachers’
and technological training, physical
education, education,
teachers’ training education for
should be the physically
extended and mentally
handicapped

For Various Acts: Development of Vernacular Education:

Name Provisions Reason Impact In early 19th century education mostly depended on
Raleigh
contributions from wealthy zamindars.
Commission,
1902 to study Year Course of Action
and give report 1835, William Adam’s reports on vernacular education
on Indian
1836, in Bengal and Bihar pointed out defects in the
Universities
1838 system of vernacular education.
and based on
report act was James Jonathan’s experimented in North-West
1843-
passed: Provinces (UP) by establishing model schools in
53
1.universities each tehsildar.
were to give
Lord Dalhousie expressed favour for vernacular
more attention Spur in private 1853
to study and Education
education.
research institutes thus Provisions of Wood’s Despatch for vernacular
2. Government quality of Outrage education:
to nominate Education had among 1854 1. Improvement of standards.
Indian
fellows and deteriorated nationalist
Universiti 2. Supervision by government agency.
their overall and educational leaders
es Act, 3. Normal schools to train teachers.
numbers were institutions due to
1904 1854- The number of vernacular schools increased by
reduced acted as these
3. Power to factories for measures. 71 more than five-fold.
veto, amend producing Recommendations of The Hunter Commission for
and pass political
1882 extension and improvement of vernacular
Universities’ revolutionaries.
regulations. education.
4.Stricter Education policy put special emphasis on
1904
conditions for vernacular education and increased grants for it
college These schools received encouragement from
affiliations 1937
Congress ministries
5.
5Lakh/annum
for 5 years for Development of Technical Education:
improvement  The Engineering College at Roorkee -1847
of education  The Calcutta College of Engineering -1856.
quality
 In 1858 Overseers’ School at Poona was raised to the
policy of
removal of status of Poona College of Engineering and affiliated
1906, the
Governm illiteracy and to Bombay University.
progressive
ent urged provincial  Guindy College of Engineering was affiliated to
state of Baroda
Resolutio governments to
introduced Madras University.
n on take steps to
compulsory Note:
Educatio Provide free
primary
n elementary  Medical training started with establishment of a
education
Policy education to medical college in Calcutta in 1835.
throughout its
1913 the poorer and  Agriculture College at Pusa by Curzon.
territories
more backward
sections.

press. pressure Ripon

Development of Indian Press repealed it in 1882
It empowered B.G. Tilak was
Press played key role in dissemination of information and
the magistrates to charged under this
connecting leaders with people. Many leaders had their Newspap
confiscate press and sent
own publications but they were not for profit making er
property which to Mandalay (Burma)
(Inciteme
purpose. nt to
published objectionabl for
e material likely to six years. Nationwide
Offences)
Enact Significance and cause incitement to outrage and workers
Acts Regulations Act, 1908
ed by Consequences murder/ went on for strike for
Censorshi Lord Wartime press restricti Reason: anticipating acts of violence days
p of Press Welle ons including pre- French invasion of Indian It revived the worst features of the
Act, 1799 sley censorship India Press Act, VPA besides requiring submitting two copies of
It was chiefly against 1910. each issue to local government free of charge.
Starting or using a press
Indian language
without licence was a
Licensing John newspapers or those Indian Sweeping powers to provincial governments
penal offence,
Regulatio Adam edited by Indians. Press to suppress propaganda for Civil Disobedience
extended to cover
ns, 1823 s Rammohan Roy’s Mi (Emergen Movement. Later amplified to include all
journals, pamphlets
rat-ul-Akbar had to cy activities calculated to undermine government
and books
stop publication Powers) authority
Repealed the obnoxiou Act, 1931.
s 1823 ordinance
The new Press Act
Defence of India Rules were imposed for repression
Press Act of political agitation and free public criticism during the
(1835) required a
of 1835 He earned the
Metc printer/publisher to First World War. In 1921, on the recommendations of a
or epithet, “liberator of
Metcalfe
alfe give a precise account
the Indian press”.
Press Committee chaired by Tej Bahadur Sapru, the Press
of premises of a Acts of 1908 and 1910 were repealed.
Act
publication and cease
functioning, if required Name of News Paper Associated Personality
by a similar declaration.
1st newspaper The Bengal
In addition to Metcalfe James Augustus Hickey
Gazette or Calcutta general
act the government (1780)
reserved the right to Due to the
Advertiser.
Licensing 1826 by pandi tJugal kishore
stop publication emergency caused by Udant marthand
Act, 1857 shukla 1s thindu
and circulation of any the 1857 revolt
book, newspaper or The Bengalee Surendranath Banarjee
printed matter
Voice of India Dadabhai naoroji
1.Name of printer,
publisher, location of It was more Hindu & Swadesamitran G SubramanyaAiyar
Registrati
press regulatory, not of res Indian Mirror N N Sen
on Act,
2.Submission of a copy trictive, nature.
1867 Amrit Bazar Patrika Gosh Brother
to local govt within a
month Kesari(Marati) & Maratha
1.District Magistrate was It was termed as “the B G Tilak
(ENG)
empowered to for search gagging act” due to (i)
and seizure (of deposits) discrimination Sudarak Gokhale
of any Vernacular press if between Hindustan & Advocate G P Verma
found publishing English and
anything. Against vernacular press, Modern Ramananda Chaterjee
government or antipathy (ii) no right of appeal Brahminical Magazine
Raja Rammohan Roy
between persons of Under VPA, Sambad Mirat Ul Akbari
Vernacula
Lytto different religions, caste, proceedings were Harijan,Young India Gandhi
r Press
n race through published instituted
Act, 1878 Tatva bhodini Patrika Maharshi Devendranath Tagore
material. If reoccurred, against Som Prakash,
confiscation of press. Bharat Mihir, Dacca Samachar darpan -
2. The magistrate’s Prakash and Samachar Serampore missionary
1st vernacular language
action was final and no Amrita Bazar
Bangadarshana Bankim Chandra Chaterjee
appeal could be made in Patrika turned overnig
a court of law. ht into an English Tribune Dayalsinghmajeetia
3. Exemptions to news paper. Indian sociologist ShyamjiKrishnavarma
Government censored Due to popular
www.laex.in Development of Indian Press www.civilsprep.com

Important Personalities social reforms.

 He set up Home
and their Contributions Rule League at
Poona in 1916.
Books and other
Personalities Contributions  Known as sher-i-
Publications
Punjab.
 In January 1890
 Associated in the
founded the Poona
foundation of
New English
D.A.V College.
School.
 Involved in the
 Associated in the He edited The
formation of
formation of Panjabee, The
Lala Lajpat Swaraj party.
Deccan Bande Matram
Rai, 1865-  LajpatRai entered
Educational and the English
1928 the central
Society and Weekly The
legislature as a
foundation of People.
Swarajists.
Fergusson College,
 He cooperated
Poona.
with Malaviya in
 He started akharas,
organizing Hindu
lathi clubs and
Sangathan
Anti- cow-killing  He started
Movement.
societies. two
 His books are:
 Celebrated Sivaji Newspapers
 He is known as 1. Indian
and Ganapati entitled ‘The
‘Father of Nationalism.
festivals to Maharatta’
Revolutionary 2. Nationality and
Bal inculcate the spirit (English) and
thoughts ‘in India. Empire.
Gangadhar of service to the ‘Kesari’
 He belonged to 3. Swaraj and the
Tilak, 1856- nation. (Marathi).
LalBal Pal trio that present situation.
1920  Tried for sedition  His books The Bipan
was associated 4.The Basis of
in Muzaffur Bomb Arctic Home Chandra Pal
with revolutionary social reform
case and of the Vedas (1858-1932)
activity. 5. The soul of
imprisoned and Gita
 He is a chief India.
 Played a leading Rahasya
exponent of  He worked for
role in organizing
Swadeshi, Boycott Bengal Public
extremist party.
and National opinion, The
 He declared
Movement. Tribune and
“Swaraj is my
New India.
birthright “.
 He is a  Karmayogin in
 He was called as
philosopher, yogi, English and
‘Father of Unrest in
guru and Dharma in
India’ by Britishers.
Sri nationalist. Bengali.
 He opposed
Aurobindo  Attended the 1906  Philosophical
intervention of
Ghosh congress meeting magazine
British in social
(1872-1950) headed by named Arya.
reforms and
DadabhaiNaoroji  His books are:
believed in
and participated in The Life
educating public
formulating four divine.
opinion to bring
www.laex.in Important Personalities & their Contributions www.civilsprep.com

Objective: Swaraj, 1. The synthesis of basis of social

Swadesh, Boycott yoga. order.
and National 2. Essays on the  The basic object of
education. Gita. Satyagraha was to
 He was arrested in 3. The secret of convert the evil-
1908 in connection the Veda doer.
with Alipore  He sought not only
Bombay case. political freedom
 Converted from but also material,
politics into social and moral
spirituality welfare of the
 He is a socialist, masses.
theosophist,  He started Gram
women’s rights UdyogSangh
activist, writer and (Village Industries
supporter of Indian Association), The
Self-rule. TalimiSangh (Basic
 In 1907 she Education society)
became president and the Cow
of theosophical protection
society. Association.
 She launched  He desired
home rule league abolition of
Annie
in India to inequalities based
Beasant
campaign for on birth, caste and
(1847-1933)
democracy in India wealth etc.
and dominion  Indian
status within revolutionary, Some of his
British Empire. radical activist, writings:
 She started a political activist, 1. Beyond
central Hindu philosopher and communism.
School in Benares. humanist. 2.Poverty or plenty
 Associated with  He was founder of 3. India’s Message.
Malaviyya in communist party 4. A political
establishing of India at biography.
Benares Hindu M.N. Roy Tashkent. 5. The historical
University in 1917.  He was role of Islam.
 He maintained that instrumental in 6. Science and
God is truth and establishment of Philosophy.
Truth is God. Radical Democratic 7. Radical
 His belief in non- Party in the year Humanist.
Mahatma 8. Reason,
violence was 1940.
Gandhi Romanticism and
indebted to  Developed a
(1869-1948) Revolution.
Buddhism, Jainism philosophy of
and Christianity. Radical Humanism
 He made satyaand
Ahimsa as the new
www.laex.in Important Personalities & their Contributions www.civilsprep.com

• It became armed rebellion under Vasudev

Peasant Movement 1857 to 1947
Balwant Phadke who is regarded as the
‘Father of modern Indian revolutionary
The impoverishment of the Indian peasantry was a direct
terrorism’
result of transformation of agrarian structure due to,
• The riots ended with Deccan Peasants
• Colonial Economic Policy.
relief act
• Ruin of handicraft led to overcrowding of land.
• New land revenue system. Changed Nature of the Peasant Movement after 1857:
• Colonial administrative and judicial system. The peasant movements of the 20th century were deeply
influenced by and had a marked impact on the national
The peasants suffered from high rents, illegal levies,
freedom struggle.
arbitrary evictions and unpaid labour.
● Peasants emerged as the main force in agrarian
Peasant Movement: movements, fighting directly for their own demands.
• Directed against British who forced ● The demands were centered almost wholly on
peasants to sign fraudulent contracts economic issues.
which forced them to grow Indigo even ● The movements were directed against the
when it was not profitable to them. immediate enemies of the peasant—foreign planters
• Rebellion organized under the leadership
and indigenous zamindars and moneylenders.
of Digambar Biswas & Bishnu Biswas of
● The struggles were directed towards specific and
Indigo Nadia district
limited objectives and redressal of particular
revolt • Peasants were supported by intelligentsia
1859-60. of Bengal grievances.
• Nildarpan, a play was written by ● Colonialism was not the target of these movements.
Dinabandhu Mitra based on this agitation. ● It was not the objective of these movements to end
• By 1860, planter closed the factory & the system of subordination or exploitation of the
Indigo wiped from Bengal peasants.
• It was the first Satygraha movement in
• Afterthe1857revolt,theAwadh
Modern India
Taluq darshad got back their lands.
• Zamindar enhanced rent from tenants
• Majority of the cultivators were subjected
from acquiring occupancy under act X of
to high rents, arbitrary evictions Bedakhali.
1859.
• The Home Rule activists organized Kisan
• Forcible eviction of peasant, seizure of
Sabhas in UP
cattle & crops and filing litigation against
peasant. United Provinces Gauri Shankar Mishra and
Pabna
KisanSabha Indra Narayan Dwivedi
agrarian • Peasant formed agrarian league to resist
The Awadh Kisan
leagues the demands of the zamindars. Baba Ramchandra
KisanSabha Sabha
• 1885Bengaltenancyactwaspassed, major
movement • Other prominent leader were:- Jhinguri
issue were solved, this was supported by
Singh, Durgapal Singh
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, R C Dutt&
• In October 1920, the Awadh Kisan Sabha
Indian association under Surendranath
came into existence
Banerjee.
• Kisansabha asked kisans to refuse to till
• During the deccan famine in 1875 AD,
bedakhali land and not to offer hari and
riots broke out in Ahmednagar and Pune
beggar, to boycott those who did not
Deccan district of Bombay presidency against the
accept these conditions and solve disputes
riots exploitation of moneylenders who were
through panchayats.
gujaratis, social boycott of outside
Eka • Towards the end of 1921, peasant
moneylenders by ryots.
movement
www.laex.in Peasant Movement 1857 to 1947 www.civilsprep.com

discontent resurfaced in some northern existence.

districts of the United Provinces—Hardoi, Many provincial ryot associations were active. The
Andhra
Bahraich, Sitapur. India Peasants’ Institute-N.G. Ranga, 1933.
• The meetings of the Eka or the Unity Earlier peasant mobilization here had been
Movement involved a symbolic religious organized by the Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha,
Punjab
ritual in which the assembled peasants the KirtiKisan Party, the Congress and the Akalis.
took vows that pay only recorded rent, not New direction by Punjab Kisan Committee, 1937.
leave when evicted, refuse to do forced
labour, not help criminals, abide by Post War Phase:
panchayat decisions. • North Bengal
• Leadership by Madaripasi. • Flood commission recommended
• Muslim cultivator of south Malabar Tebhaga—two-thirds’ share—to the
bargardars, the share-croppers also
• Moplahs were generally taken as Jemis or
known as bagchasioradhyar, instead of
Janmi (Bonded labour) by Namboodri the one-half share.
Mappila upper caste Hindu landlords. Tebhaga
• Main Participants -Rajhasis community
Revolt • Mappilas expressed their resentment Movement
and Muslim peasant
against the oppression of the landlords. • The movement dissipated soon-
• During the period 1836 to 1854 they took Bargardari Bill, an intensified repression,
22 Mappilauprisings. the popularization of agitation for a
separate Bengal & renewed riots in
• Dindigul Malabar and North Arcot began
Calcutta.
revolting against the company land • Biggest peasant guerrilla war of modern
Poligars revenue system during1790. Indian history.
• Sporadic Poligar uprisings continued in • Forced exploitation by Deshmukh,
Madras presidency upto1856. Jagirdars, Doras (landlords) in forms of
• In 1926 Government decided to increase forced labour (Vethi) and illegal
Telangana exactions of peasants
the land revenue by30 %, people refused
Movement • Andhra Mahasabha had lead local
to it.
struggles against them.
• Bardoli Satyagraha Patrika was published • The uprising began in 1946.
Bardoli
to organize movement. • It was suppressed by Nizams Razakars
Satyagraha
• Govt. finally settled at rise of 6.03 per cent and fizzled out after the Indian security
only. forces took over Hyderabad.
• The women of Bardoli gave VallabhaiPatel
the title of “Sardar”.
The All India Kisan Congress/Sabha (AIKS):

• Founded by Swami Sahjanand Saraswati as the
president and N.G. Ranga as the general secretary in
Lucknow, 1936.
• The AIKS and the Congress held their sessions in
Faizpur in 1936. The Congress manifesto (especially the
agrarian policy) for the 1937 provincial elections was
strongly influenced by the AIKS agenda.
Peasant Activity in Provinces:
States Activities
Peasants mobilised mainly by the Congress
Kerala Socialist Party activists,“Karshak
Sanghams” (peasants’ organisations) came into
www.laex.in Peasant Movement 1857 to 1947 www.civilsprep.com

Tribal Movements 1858-1868 kingdom.

 Led under the leadership of Roop
The reasons for the various tribal movements were: Singh and Jaria Bhagath.
1. British land revenue policy.  It took place in Rajmahal hills, Bihar
 It opposed British land revenue policy
2. Forest laws introduced in 1840 which prohibited
 It was led by Siddhu and Kanhu
shifting cultivation, imposed taxes, banned the Santhal
 They also declared formation of an
custom of sacrifice performed by some tribals. rebellion,
independent tribal kingdom
1854-56
3. New administrative setup was also being resisted by  This revolt exploded the myth of
the tribals. European invincibility and it also had
4. Christian missionary activities in the tribal regions. impact on 1857 sepoy mutiny.
Led by Govind guru against British revenue
Bhills, 1913
Some Notable Tribal Revolts: policy.
Chuars First to revolt against the British Land  It occurred in Nallamala Hills in Andhra
(1769) Revenue Policy in West Bengal. Chenchu, Pradesh.
 It occurred in Assam under leadership 1922-23  Revolted against British forest laws
of Tiruthsingh.  K Hanumanthu led the movement.
Khasis
 The cause was against the presence of
(1828)
army in the agency area and also
revenue policy.
Kols-Chota It occurred under the leadership of Buddho
Nagpur, Bhagath against the British policy of
1832 expansionism.
Khonds-
It was led by Chakra Besai when Lord
Orissa,
Hardinge I banned the custom sacrifice
1846-48
Kachanga,
Under leadership of Sambu Dan against
Assam,
British land revenue policy.
1882
 Under the leadership of ‘Alluri
Koya, SitaramRaju’ against British forest laws
Godavari,  Also against the tribe chieftans called
AP, 1922-23 as ‘Muthadars’.
 It is also known as Rampa rebellion.
 Revolted under the leadership of Birsa
Munda.
 It started against Christian missionary
Munda,
activities.
Bihar,
 Birsa founded a new cult called
1899-1900
Singbonga.
 Started ‘Sons of the soil’ movement
called Ulgulan.
Naikdas,  Against British policy of expansionism
Gujarat,  Declared the formation of a tribal
www.laex.in Tribal Movements www.civilsprep.com

Indian National Congress Focused on peasant’s welfare.

Inducted M.N. Roy into
Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated congress.
the Indian movement for independence from Great Last session before
Britain. 1946 Meerut Independence and presided
over by J.B. Kripalani.
Important Congress Sessions: First session after
Year Location Facts 1948 Jaipur Independence. Presided by
st
1 Session of INC Pattabhi Sittaramayya.
President: W.C. Bonnerjee
1885 Bombay
Lord Dufferin was the viceroy
of British India.
Badruddin Tyabji (First Muslim
1887 Madras
President of India).
George Yule was the
1888 Allahabad president(First English
President)
Congress Splits into
Moderates and Extremists.
1907 Surat
Rash Behari Ghosh was the
President of the session.
Jana ganamana was sung for
the first time in this session.
1911 Kolkata
Bishan Narayan Dhar was the
President.
Joint session with Muslim
league. Lucknow pact was
1916 Lucknow
signed. Ambica Charan
Mazumdar was the president.
Annie Beasant was the
1917 Kolkata president (First women
President).
Bombay and Two sessions were held in this
1918
Delhi year.
Mahatma Gandhi was the
1924 Belgaum
President.
1925 Kanpur Sarojininaidu
Resolution for Poorna Swaraj
or complete Independence. It
1929 Lahore
was presided by Jawaharlal
Nehru.
First rural conference of INC.
1937 Faizpur
presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.
www.laex.in Indian National Congress Sessions & the Facts about www.civilsprep.com
Thomas Munro, governor of Madras

Governors (1820).
Governors-General and Viceroys of India:  Abolition of sati and other cruel rites
Significant Events in their Rule (1829).
 Suppression of Thugs (1830).
Governor  Charter Act of 1833.
Contributions/Important Events
Generals/  Resolution of 1835, and educational
During their Rule
Viceroys Lord reforms and introduction of English as the
 Regulating Act of 1773. William official language.
 Act of 1781, under which the powers of Bentick  Annexation of Mysore (1831), Coorg
Jurisdiction between the governor- (1828- (1834) and Central Cachar (1834).
general in council and the Supreme Court 1835).  Treaty of ‘perpetual friendship’ with
at Calcutta were clearly divided. Ranjeet Singh.
 Pitt’s India Act of 1784.  Abolition of the provincial courts of appeal
 The Rohilla war of 1774. and circuit set up by Cornwallis,
Warren
 The first Maratha war in 1775-82 and the appointment of commissioners of revenue
Hastings
Treaty of salbai in 1782. and circuit.
(1773-85)
 Second Mysore war in 1780- 1784. Lord
 Foundation of the Asiatic Society of Metcalfe  New press law removing restrictions on
Bengal -1784. (1835- the press in India.
 Strained relationship with chaitsingh, the 1836)
Maharaja of Benaras, which led to  First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and the
Lord
Hasting’s subsequent impeachment in Treaty of Lahore (1846).
Hardinge1
England.  Social reforms including abolition of
(1844-48)
 Third Mysore war (1790-92) and Treaty of female infanticide and human sacrifice.
Sringapatnam (1792).  Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) and
 Cornwallis code (1793) incorporating annexation of Punjab (1849).
Lord several judicial reforms and separation of  Annexation of Lower Burma or Pegu
Cornwallis revenue administration and civil (1852).
(1786- jurisdiction.  Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and
1793)  Permanent settlement of Bengal, 1793. annexation of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and
 Europeanization of administrative Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852),
machinery and introduction of civil Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh
services. (1856).
Sir John  “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the
 Charter act of 1793. Lord Board of Control) Educational Despatch”
shore
 Battle of kharda, between Nizam and Dalhousie of 1854 and opening of Anglo-vernacular
(1793-
Marathas (1795). (1848- schools and government colleges.
1798)
 Introduction of subsidiary alliance (1798) 1856)  Railway Minute of 1853; and laying down
and the first alliance was with Nizam of of first railway line connecting Bombay
Lord Hyderabad. and Thane in 1853.
Wellesley  Fourth Mysore war (1799).  Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines
(1798-  Second Maratha war (1803-05). to connect Calcutta with Bombay, Madras
1805).  Took over the administration of Tanjore and Peshawar) and postal (Post Office
(1799), Surat (1800) and Carnatic (1801). Act, 1854) reforms.
 Treaty of Bassein (1802).  Ganges Canal declared open (1854);
 Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) and the Treaty establishment of separate public works
of Sagauli, 1816. department in every province.
 Third Maratha War (1817-19) and  Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
Lord  Establishment of three universities at
dissolution of Maratha Confederacy; Lord
Hastings Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857.
creation of Bombay Presidency (1818). Canning
(1813-23)  Revolt of 1857.
 Strife with Pindaris (1817-1818). (1856-
 Treaty with Sindhia (1817).  He is the first Viceroy of India, and he
1862)
 Establishment of Ryotwari System by ruled India as viceroy from 1858- 1862.
www.laex.in Governors www.civilsprep.com

 Transfer of control from East India (1904).

Company to the Crown, the Government (iii) Establishment of Department of
of India Act, 1858. Commerce and Industry.
 ‘White Mutiny’ by European troops in (iv) Calcutta Corporation Act (1899).
1859. (v) Ancient Monuments Preservation Act
 Indian Councils Act of 1861. (1904).
 Opening of the Rajkot College in (vi) Partition of Bengal (1905).
Kathiawar and the Mayo College at Ajmer (vii) Curzon-Kitchener controversy.
for political training of Indian princes. (viii) Young husband’s Mission to Tibet (1904).
Lord Mayo
 Establishment of Statistical Survey of (i) Popularisation of anti-partition and
( 1863-
India. Lord Minto Swadeshi Movements.
1872)
 Establishment of Department of II 1905- (ii) Split in Congress in the annual session of
Agriculture and Commerce. 1910 1907 in Surat.
 Introduction of state railways (iii) Establishment of Muslim League by Aga
 Famine of 1876-78 affecting Madras, Khan (1906).
Bombay, Mysore, Hyderabad, parts of  Creation of Bengal Presidency (like
central India and Punjab; appointment of Bombay and Madras) in 1911.
Famine Commission under the presidency Lord  Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi
Lord
of Richard Strachey (1878). Hardinge II (1911).
Lytton
 Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria 1910-1916  Establishment of the Hindu Mahasabha
( 1876-
assuming the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ or (1915) by Madan Mohan Malaviya.
1880)
Queen Empress of India.  Coronation durbar of King George V held
 The Vernacular Press Act (1878). in Delhi (1911).
 The Arms Act (1878).  Formation of Home Rule Leagues by Annie
 The Second Afghan War (1878-80). Besant and Tilak (1916).
 Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act  Lucknow session of the Congress (1916).
(1882).  Lucknow pact between the Congress and
 The first Factory Act (1881) to improve Muslim League (1916).
labour conditions.  Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram (1916)
 Continuation of financial decentralisation. after Gandhi’s return; launch of
Lord Ripon
 Government resolution on local self- Champaran Satyagraha (1916), Kheda
(1880-
government (1882). Satyagraha (1918), and Satyagraha at
1884).
 Appointment of Education Commission Ahmedabad (1918).
under chairmanship of Sir William Hunter  Montagu’s August Declaration (1917).
(1882). Lord  Government of India Act (1919).
 The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84). Chelmsfor  The Rowlatt Act (1919).
 Rendition of Mysore. d 1916-  JallianwallaBagh massacre (1919).
Lord  The Third Burmese War (1885-86). 1921  Launch of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat
Dufferin (  Establishment of the Indian National Movements.
1884-88) Congress.  Foundation of Women’s University at
(i) Factory Act (1891). Poona (1916) and appointment of
(ii) Categorisation of civil services into imperial, Saddler’s Commission (1917) for reforms
Lord provisional and subordinate. in educational policy.
Lansdown (iii) Indian Councils Act (1892).  Death of Tilak (August 1, 1920).
e 1888- (iv) Setting up of Durand Commission (1893) to  Appointment of S.P. Sinha as governor of
1894 define the Durand Line between India and Bihar (the first Indian to become a
Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and governor, also first Indian to become a
Afghanistan; a small portion of the line member of the Viceroy's executive Council
touches India in Pakistan occupied Kashmir). and the first Indian to become a member
(i) Appointment of Police Commission (1902) of the British ministry).
Lord
under Sir Andrew Frazer to review police Lord  ChauriChaura incident (February 5, 1922)
Curzon
administration. Reading and the subsequent withdrawal of Non-
1899-1905 1921-1926 Cooperation Movement.
(ii) Appointment of Universities Commission
(1902) and passing of Indian Universities Act  Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921).

 Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and the  First general elections (1936-37); Congress
Rowlatt Act of 1919. attained absolute majority.
 Kakori train robbery (1925).  Resignation of the Congress ministries
 Establishment of Swaraj Party by C.R. Das after the outbreak of the Second World
and Motilal Nehru (1922). War (1939).
 Decision to hold simultaneous  Subhash Chandra Bose elected as the
examinations for the ICS both in Delhi and president of Congress at the fifty-first
London, with effect from 1923. session of the Congress (1938).
 Visit of Simon Commission to India (1928)  Resignation of Bose in 1939 and formation
and the boycott of the commission by the of the Forward Bloc (1939).
Indians.  Lahore Resolution (March 1940) by the
 An All-Parties Conference held at Lucknow Muslim League, demand for separate
(1928) for suggestions for the (future) state for Muslims.
Constitution of India, the report of which  ‘August Offer’ (1940) by the viceroy; its
was called the Nehru Report or the Nehru Lord criticism by the Congress and
Constitution. Linlithgow endorsement by the Muslim League.
 Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian 1936-1944  Winston Churchill elected prime minister
States Commission (1927). of England (1940).
 Murder of Saunders, the assistant  Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from
superintendent of police of Lahore; bomb India (1941) and organisation of the Indian
Lord Irwin blast in the Assembly Hall of Delhi (1929); National Army.
(1926- the Lahore Conspiracy Case and death of  Cripps Mission’s Cripps Plan to offer
1931) Jatin Das after prolonged hunger strike dominion status to India and setting up of
(1929), and bomb accident in train in Delhi a Constituent Assembly; its rejection by
(1929). the Congress.
 Lahore session of the Congress (1929);  Passing of the ‘Quit India Resolution’ by
PurnaSwaraj Resolution. the Congress (1942); outbreak of ‘August
 Dandi March (March 12, 1930) by Gandhi Revolution’; or Revolt of 1942 after the
to launch the Civil Disobedience arrest of national leaders.
Movement.  ‘Divide and quit’ slogan at the Karachi
 ‘Deepavali Declaration’ by Lord Irwin session (1944) of the Muslim League.
(1929).  C. Rajagopalachari’s CR Formula (1944),
 Boycott of the First Round Table failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks (1944).
Conference (1930),  Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference
 Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) and suspension (1942).
of Civil Disobedience Movement.  End of Second World War (1945).
 Second Round Table Conference (1931) Lord  Proposals of the Cabinet Mission (1946)
and failure of the conference, resumption Wavell and its acceptance by the Congress.
of Civil Disobedience Movement. (1944-  Observance of ‘Direct Action Day’ (August
 Announcement of Communal Award 1947) 16, 1948) by the Muslim League.
(1932) under which separate communal  Elections to the Constituent Assembly,
electorates were set up. formation of Interim Government by the
 ‘Fast unto death’ by Gandhi in Yeravada Congress (September 1946).
Lord prison, broken after the Poona Pact  Announcement of end of British rule in
Willingdon (1932). India by Clement Attlee (prime minister of
1931-1936  Third Round Table Conference (1932). England) on February 20, 1947.
 Launch of Individual Civil Disobedience  June Third Plan (June 3, 1947) announced.
(1933).  Introduction of Indian Independence Bill
Lord
 The Government of India Act of 1935. in the House of Commons.
Mountbatt
 Establishment of All India Kisan Sabha  Appointment of two boundary
en 1947
(1936) and Congress Socialist Party by commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliff for
Acharya Narendra Dev and Jayaprakash the partition of Bengal and Punjab.
Narayan (1934).
 Burma separated from India (1935).

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LA EX MAINS

La Ex Mains Mentorship Includes,

Optional Mentorship Program:

Optional- Test Series and Value Addition Course:

E 14. Revolutionary Activity 1920's ........................................................ 40 to 41

Mysore Maratha Vs was imposed

www.laex.in All Wars that British Fought www.civilsprep.com

 Place of the Battle of Plassey: In Bengal on the Result of the War:

www.laex.in All Wars that British Fought www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in All Wars that British Fought www.civilsprep.com

Advent of Europeans 3. Portuguese State:

www.laex.in Advent of Europeans www.civilsprep.com

(Kasimbazar), Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, dowry for marrying a Portuguese princess

www.laex.in Advent of Europeans www.civilsprep.com

Early Setbacks to the French East India Company:

www.laex.in Advent of Europeans www.civilsprep.com

India on the Eve of British Conquest Later Mughal Rulers:

www.laex.in India on the Eve of British Conquest www.civilsprep.com

Rise of Regional States: the Sultan was involved in

www.laex.in India on the Eve of British Conquest www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in India on the Eve of British Conquest www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in India on the Eve of British Conquest www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features www.civilsprep.com

Significance of Bramho Samaj: and oppose decadent 2.no support

www.laex.in Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features www.civilsprep.com

Mehtaji 1849, religion and society caste people and the

www.laex.in Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features www.civilsprep.com

Ramkrishna Mission: 4. Recitation of the mantras of the Vedas and

Two Objectives of the Movement Were: Reforms:

www.laex.in Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features www.civilsprep.com

Naraya Samaj religious and social ideal social P.Tyag Presidenc

www.laex.in Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features www.civilsprep.com

Significance / of universal to end religious

www.laex.in Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features www.civilsprep.com

a revivalist • In 1925, a law was passed which gave the right of

www.laex.in Socio - Religious Reform Movements - General Features www.civilsprep.com

Socio-Religious Reform The socio-cultural regeneration of the India of the

www.laex.in Socio-Religious Reform www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in Socio-Religious Reform www.civilsprep.com

3. Widow Remarriage: facilities began to be provided to women with the

www.laex.in Socio-Religious Reform www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in Socio-Religious Reform www.civilsprep.com

The Revolt of 1857 The Beginning of the Mutiny:

www.laex.in The Revolt of 1857 www.civilsprep.com

 Poor Arms and Equipment: European Soldiers were

Note: There was widespread unity between Hindus and

Consequences of the Revolt:

Significance of the Revolt:

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Beginning of Modern f. Socio-Religious Reform Movements: They were

www.laex.in Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India www.civilsprep.com

Moderate Phase (1885-1905) Achievements of the Moderates:

They did economic critique using following arguments: Limitations of Moderates:

Moderates and their Modus Operandi:

www.laex.in Moderate Phase (1885-1905) www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in Era of Militant Nationalism www.civilsprep.com

www.laex.in Era of Militant Nationalism www.civilsprep.com

f. Swadeshi (Indigenous) enterprises:

www.laex.in Era of Militant Nationalism www.civilsprep.com

brothers, of Poona, Rand, and Lt. Ayerst.

www.laex.in Revolutionary Activities (1907-17) www.civilsprep.com