Module No.

2 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games

WHAT IS THIS MODULE ALL ABOUT?

Have you heard of the traditional games your grandfathers and grandmothers played
when they were young? These games are part of your cultural heritage so they should be
handed down to you by your elders.

This module speaks of the fun and enjoyment Filipinos get from their traditional games
commonly known as “LARO”. These indigenous games are usually played during wakes,
festivals and town fiestas. Awareness and knowledge of these “Mga Laro ng Lahi” helps
every Filipino develop a sense of national- ism and the recognition of national identity as
a Philippine culture.

You will have time to play the games and enjoy them even by yourself. You need to
follow the directions carefully.

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT TO LEARN?

After reading this module and following the instructions carefully, you shall have;

1. discussed the origin of the different traditional Philippine /indigenous games

2. participated actively in Philippine or indigenous games
3. followed the basic rules of the game
4. explained the cultural value of Philippine/indigenous games
5. appreciated traditional/indigenous games showed desirable attitudes toward good
human relationship experienced good fun and lessen emotional stress.

HOW DO YOU LEARN FORM THIS MODULE?

This module is easy to understand. It makes use of some native words which are defined
simply for all readers to understand. Go over the module and follow these instructions:

1. Read carefully the text of each page.

2. Perform the activities as instructed.
3. Study the indigenous games described.
4. Complete all necessary materials, equipment and preparations including marked
areas before

starting to introduce the game.

5. Know the games thoroughly before conducting a trial game.

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Module No. 1 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games
6. Show sportsmanship at all times. You may either win or lose in the different
games. Congratulate the winner(s) and try your best, next time.
7. Keep the playground free of stones, broken bottles and other dangerous obstacles.
8. Practice safety precautions at all times to avoid accidents.
9. Have fun!

Pretest

I. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Use your notepads as your
answer sheet.

1. Playing traditional games help Filipinos develop a sense of ____________

a. cheerfulness b. national cooperation c. nationalism d. Preservation of life

2. _______________ is a group game played with a can and slippers.

a.Patintero b.Sangkayaw c.Tiyakad d.TumbangPreso

3. ____________ is a procedure of knowing who starts first.

a. bahayan b. labanan c. manuhan d. pamato

4. The throwing piece used in piko and tatsing is called _______________.

a. bahay b. holen c. pamato d. tansan

5. A group game played by five players from each team aiming to pass throughout
the four lines without being tagged is called _______________.
a. patintero b. piko c. tatsing d. tumbang preso
6. The game __________ aims to put bottle caps “tansans” out of the square using a
“pamato” thrown from the toe line.
a. patintero b. piko c. tatsing d. tubing preso
7. The game that makes use of a pair of bamboo stilts.

a. cadang b. culliot c. piko d. tiyakad

8. The game that uses a pair of coconut stilts.

a. cadang b. culliot c. piko d. tiyakad

9. __________ is the Pilipino generic term for all forms of recreational play
Before starting any activity, take the Pre-test to find out how familiar you are with the
different indigenous games.

a. laban b. lahi c. laro d. taya

Module No. 2 Propagate Philippine Indegenous Games

10. Traditional games are considered ___________ in nature because of the satisfaction
and joyous feeling players experience during the game.
a. physical b. mental c. recreational d. spiritual

Lesson 1

“LARO” is the Pilipino generic term for all forms of recreational play. Filipinos say
“Laro tayo” meaning “Let’s play whether they wish to play for fun without concern for
consequence or engage in a highly competitive contest.

Indigenous games widely known as “Laro ng Lahi” are Hispanic in origin. It is not only
played by youngsters but also by anybody who love childish humor. While these games
are recreational in nature, they are also used to test an individual or group’s strength,
endurance and dexterity.

Do you know that these indigenous games are

Do you know that these indigenous games

classified into individual, dual and team games?

are classified into individual, dual and team games?

Individual and Dual Games

Individual games are those played by a single player while dual games are games played
by two players.

All games are started by a procedure undertaken by the players themselves. The
procedures may differ but all of them are called “manuhan”.

“Manuhan” may be done in different ways. Here are some of them:

Module No. 2 Propagate Philippine Indegenous Games

 1. Tihaya o Taob – (top or bottom side up) wherein a clam shell, wooden shoe, leaf
or coin is used.
2. “Bunotan ng Patpat” – (Drawing Sticks) the one who draws the short one
becomes the first to play. The one who draws the longest one is the last player or
becomes the “It” (Taya).
3. Gansal o Pares – One player picks up in one hand as many tokens (seeds, shells,
pebbles) he can hold. He then asks his opponent to guess whether the total
number is odd or even. If the opponent guesses correctly, he wins and has the
right to play first.
4. Toe-line – Each player throws his “pamato” from a certain point agreed upon at
the beginning of the game towards the toe-line. Whoever is the nearest to the toe-
line plays first.

PIKO

Piko is a popular game played in yards or alleys. A geometric figure is drawn on the
ground and provided with divisions or compartments. Piko is unbelievably old. When
ancient Roman cities were dug up, drawings of hopscotch lines were found on the stone
floors.

Everywhere, it is played for one aim to win a place to call one’s own. In the Philippines
the game is also known as “kipkip”, “pikuba”, “laban” and “segking”.

Here are examples of single or dual indig- enous games. Study the instructions carefully
be- fore you attempt to play the game.

Do you know that these indigenous games are classified into individual, dual and team
games?

Module No. 1 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games

Preparations

Draw the playing court on the ground with a sharp stick. (Five rectangles arranged
vertically with rectangles 3 and 5 divided equally (3a and 3b) and (5a and 5b) and (a half
moon for no. 6) A horizontal line is also drawn on the 4th rectangle to be used for
manuhan purposes .

Note.

A piece of chalk, charcoal or a roll of masking tape may be used if the court will be
drawn on a stone or cemented floor.

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5a 3a

5b 3b

Make available flat pieces of stones which may be used as “pamato” A brick chips, the
bottom piece of a clay pot or a smooth chunk of window glass maybe used, too.

How to play the game?

1. Stand in front of rectangle no. 1.

2. Take turns in tossing your “pamato” to the dividing line in rectangle no. 4. The
player who tosses

his pamato closest to this line, plays first. This is called “manohan”.

3. If you are the first player, toss your pamato to rectangle no. 1. Neither the player
nor the pamato

must touch the line otherwise you lose your turn.

4. Start hopping or skipping through the compartments. Avoid stepping on the part
where your

“pamato” is.

Module No. 1 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games

5. Land on both feet when you reach compartment no. 6. Landing in both feet is
only allowed in this compartment and in other areas which you may earn after
successfully finishing the game. These areas will be called your home or “bahay”.
No other player can step on this are.
6. Pick your “pamato” on your way home starting from rectangle no. 5.
7. After you have played in the entire rectangle, toss your pamato strong enough
from compartment

no. 6 to pass over rectangle no. 1. Hop again passing no. 5 to no. 1 them jump
over your

“pamato”.
 8. Pick up your pamato and with your back turned against the rectangle play area,
toss your pamato

towards the direction of the play area. The compartment where the pamato lands
becomes your

home or “bahay”. You may write your name on your “bahay”.

9 Start the game all over again without passing through the homes won by players. The
owner of the

home or “bahay” is the only privileged player to land on his home or “bahay”.
10. Play the game all over again until all compartments have been won as homes. The
player with the

most number of homes, wins.

TATSING

“Tatsing” is a game enjoyed by youngsters in the backyard. “Tatsing” comes from the
English word touching.

The objective of the game is to hit the bottle caps out of the square with one’s stone or
“pamato” from the tow line. The player, who hits the most number of bottle caps out of
the square, wins.

The bottle caps may be substituted with marbles, rubber bands and coins.

Module No. 1 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games

Activity 1

1. The two games presented may be played alone or with another player. Try to play
the two games by yourself.
2. Describe yourself while playing alone.
3. What did you get in playing alone? Why?

Activity 2

1. Seek a partner or a playmate to play with. Who won?

2. Did you play the games well? Why? Why not?
3. How did you and your playmate show your sportsmanship after the game?

Lesson 2
TEAM GAMES

Filipinos are festive people. They love doing things with friends, relatives and neighbors
in a joyful mood. This is the reason why Philippine traditional games are enjoyed not
only by young people but also by adults.

This lesson discusses the most common team games played by Filipinos from among the
regions in the Philippines. The title of the game may differ from one region to another but
the same mechanics are used.

CULLIOT

This game is similar to tug of war in principle. It is sometimes called “Hatakang Lubid”.
The purpose of a team is to pull the other team over the borderline.

Module No. 1 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games

Preparation

 · Look for safe place where the players can play

 · Draw a centerline and two borderlines which should be one meter away from
the centerline.
 · Make available a 15 meter long rope with a diameter of 3.81 centimeters.

How to Play the Game

 · Have equal number of players for each team. The head player is the team’s
captain.
 · Separate the two teams who should be facing each other about five meters apart
with the centerline

in the middle of both teams.

 · Let each member of each team hold on the rope. The end of the rope should be
tied on the waist

of the last player.

 · Tie a piece of ribbon or handkerchiefs on the center of the rope which should
fall on the centerline.
 · On signal, each team pulls each other until one’s team captain crosses the
middle line.
 · The team that pulls the other over the borderline is declared as the winner.
 PATINTERO

Patintero or “Harang Taga” is the most popular among the Philippine games. It is
played every- where, anytime of the day most especially at night during full
moon.

A team is composed of five (5) players and a coach. The officials of the game are
the referee, scorer, timekeeper and five (5) linesmen. Two teams compete (the
offensive and the defensive teams) to accumulate as many points by passing the
lines without being tagged. The defensive team is called the line guards while the
offensive team is called the “passers”. The objective of a team is to accumulate as
many points by passing the lines without being tagged.

Module No. 1 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games

Preparation

Draw a patintero court with a length of 13.5 and a width of 7 meters. Divide the court
into six courts by dividing the length into three and the width into two.

How to play the game

 · Start the game by tossing a coin. Whoever wins becomes the passer.
 · A time limit of two minutes is given to each team to score.

Originally, the game was started thru “jack en poy” Each team was represented by
a leader and the winner in the “jack en poy” becomes the offen- sive team.

There was no time limit. At the whistle of the

referee, all offensive players enter the court and ad-
vance to the next line of the court until they reach home without being tagged. On
the other hand, the defensive players guard their lines so that nobody can cross
their lines going to the next box. Tagging was legal then even if one foot only had
contact with the line on the ground. Any player of the offensive team who reaches
home without being tagged, scored a point.

If the offensive team continues to earn a score for sometime, the defensive team is
shouted at “bagoong” by the offensive players. The game continues until a
turnover is called.

How to play the game (NOW)

 · The game is started with a toss of a coin. Whoever wins, becomes the offensive
team.
  · A time limit of two minutes is given to each team to score. A turnover is called
if the time lapses.
 · At the whistle of the referee, players enter the court with a risk of being tagged.
 · Passers cross the lines from the starting point and back.
 · Line guards who are positioned on the vertical lines keep their feet on the line
while trying to tag the

passers. The guard on the horizontal line (patotot) does the same.

 · If any of the passers is tagged, a turnover is called even if the 2 minute limit has
not elapsed. The

line guards assume the position of passers while the passers become line guards.

 · Tagging is legal only when both feet of the line guards have contact with the
ground. No tag is allowed when the players have already passed a preceding box.
The horizontal line guard (patotot

guard) is the only guard privileged to tag anywhere.

 · A run is scored every time a player enters a new box. The equivalent point for
each run is shown

below. Any player who reaches home scores 20 points for his team.

Module No. 1 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games

 · The game is played in three innings
 · The team with the highest score after the third inning wins the game.

C. Scoring
1. Each width line will have corresponding points as follows:

Going up 1st - 1 pt. 2nd- 2 pts. 3rd- 2 pts. 4th- 2 pts.

SANGKAYAW

Back to home ground 4th - 2 pts. 3rd - 3 pts.

2nd - 3 pts.
Home ground - 5 pts.

Sangkayaw is popularly known as coconut shell race. It is commonly played in the

Tagalog and Central Luzon prov- inces. This game makes use of a coconut shell tied to a
string under each foot. The string is placed between the toe and the next one. The loose
end of the string is being held by the hands.

Preparation

 · Draw a starting line and finish line with a distance of twenty (20) meters.
 · Make available a pair of cadang in front of each team. A team may be
composed of ten (10) to

twelve (12) players.

 · On signal, the first player of each team walks with his coconut shell (hush)
towards his goal line.
 · Upon reaching the goal line, be turns around with his stilt and returns to the
starting line.
 · The next player gets the pair of cadang and does the same.
 · The third, fourth, up to the last player repeat the procedure.
 · The first team to finish the race, wins.
 · A team whose player walks for more than two (2) steps after a fall will be
disqualified.

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Module No. 2 Propagate Philippine Indegenous Games

TIYAKAD

This is a Philippine game with the use of bamboo stilts. Two bamboo poles of equal
length are used with a foot size tongue in each pole to serve as platform for the player’s
feet. The prin- ciple of the game is to walk on stilt from a starting line to the finish line.
The length to be traveled is 100 meters.

Preparation

 · Draw two (2) parallel lines with a distance of 100 meters apart to serve as
starting line and finish line.
 · Mark every 25th meter

Rules of the Game

o · Have four players in each team.

o · Arrange the players in such a way that the first player stands behind the
starting line, the second

player behind the 25th mark, the third player behind the 50th mark and the
fourth and last player
 behind the 75th mark.

o · On the signal “G0” the first player mounts on his stilts and starts
walking to the 25th mark. He gets

off from the stilts, hand then down to the second player who does the same
while going to the 50th

mark.

o · The third and fourth players repeat the pattern until all players have
experienced the bamboo stilt

race.

o · The first team that reaches the finish line without getting off the stilts,
wins.
o · A team will be disqualified if:
1. a player falls twice from the bamboo stilts.
2. a player walks for more than two steps after a fall

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Module No. 1 Propagate Philippine Indigenous Games

Variation

· Each player walk on stilt from the starting line to the finish line. The length to be
traveled is one hundred (100) meters. The first player that reaches the finish line without
getting off the stilts, wins.

TUMBANG PRESO (Knock the Can Down)

This is a very common game played in the backyard or even in streets with less vehicular
traffic. It started during the Spanish regime in the Tagalog region. It was handed down in
the different parts of the country and was given different names. The equipment needed
are empty milk can, slipper or a piece of flat stone used as “pamato”.

Preparations

Any number of players may participate although it is recommended that players should
not be more than nine (9).

The object of the game is to hit and knock down the milk can with the pamato and for the
“It” to put back the can inside a small circle, a few meters away from the toe-line.
Whenaplayeristagwhilerecoveringhispamato, he becomes the new “It”.
  · Make available an empty milk can, some slippers or pieces of flat stones which
may be used as “pamato”.
 · Draw a starting line or a toe-line about five (5) meters away from a small circle
where the empty milk can will be placed to be guarded by the “It”.

How to play the game

 · Select an “It”. From the small circle where the empty milk can is standing,
throw your “pamato” to the starting line. Whoever has the farthest pamato from
the toe-line becomes the “It”.
 · Let the “It” guard the empty milk can in the small circle
 · Line up at the back of the starting line. When the “It” shouts “Game”, each of
you should hit the

can trying to topple it down.

 · The toe-line serves as your home base. You are safe once you stay in the home
base with your

slippers or stones with you.

12

Module No. 2 Propagate Philippine Indegenous Games

 · If the can topples down, you can retrieve your pamato and run immediately to
your home base. The “It” will try to return the can to an upright position inside
the circle. He then runs after the players who try to retrieve their stones. Any
player tagged becomes the next “It”.
 · If the can is hit and goes off the circle but remains standing, the “It” has the
right to tag the hitter once the hitter leaves the toe-line. In this case, you may kick
or knock down the can to save other players who have not retrieved their stones.

Activity 3

Match column A with column B by connecting a line between the title of the
game and its descrip- tion. Do this activity in your note pads.

AB

Activity 4

Culliot Patintero Sangkayaw Tiyakad Tumbang Preso

A game fun using a can and slippers

A game using a “pamato” in a geometric figure A group game using a pair of coconut
stilts
A group game using a pair of bamboo stilts
A traditional game which requires strength to

be able to pull one’s opponent

A popular game aimed at accumulating as many

points as possible by passing the lines without being tagged.

1. Form a group and play the different team games.

2. Were you able to play all of the team games presented in this lesson? If not, what
games were you

able to play?

3. Can you identity the desirable values derived from playing team indigenous
games?

13

Module No. 2 Propagate Philippine Indegenous Games

Activity 5

• Find out if you can identify these indigenous games by the equipment/materials or
playing field they use. Can you tell the title of the game of each picture

It is now time to evaluate what you learned from this module. Take the post test.

14

Module No. 2 Propagate Philippine Indegenous Games

Post Test

Rearrange the letters of the word or words to identify the statement. Write the rearranged
word on a separate sheet.

digineous semag wingroth

loas hamanun Ismlnanatio mapato yawkasang kadtiya nitteropa toilluc

1. traditional games Filipino love to play

2. a skill used in “Tumbang Preso”
3. Pilipino generic term for games
4. a procedure used to determine who plays first 5. value expressed in the demonstration
of traditional

games
6. a piece of flat stone used in throwing in “Tumbang

Preso” and “Tatsing”.

7. a game that uses coconut husks
8. A game that makes use of a pair of bamboo stilts. 9. A game played by five players
whose objective is

to make a clean pass to earn a score

10. A game that uses a long rope to be pulled by

team members.

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Module No. 2 Propagate Philippine Indegenous Games

Key to Correction

Pretest

1. c 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. d 8. a 9. c 10.c

Activity 3

Culliot Patintero Sangkayaw Tiyakad Tumbang Preso

Activity 5

Tumbang Preso

Patintero

Pretest

1. indigenous games 2. throwing

3. laro
4. manuhan

5. nationalism 6. pamato
7. sangkayaw 8. tiyakad
9. patintero 10.culliot

A game fun using a can and slippers

A game using a “pamato” in a geometric figure A group game using a pair of coconut
stilts
A group game using a pair of bamboo stilts
A traditional game which requires strength to

be able to pull one’s opponent

A popular game aimed at accumulating as many

points as possible by passing the lines without being tagged.

Tiyakad

Culliot Piko

Sangkayaw

Tatsing

16

TRADITIONAL GAMES
Upon the desire of the Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports (BPESS) to
foster patriotism, nationalism and appreciation of traditional games among the
youth, it embarked on a difficult but fruitful task to search and record the traditional
games from the different regions of the country.

Their patience, dedication and untiring effort to identify these games based upon
their popularity and competetive quality paid off. "Tumbang Preso," "Palo-sebo,"
"Kadang-Kaang" (bamboo stilt), "Patintero," "Dinoran," "Culliot" (Pushing with
bamboo), and "Bati-Cobra" (hitting sticks), are examples of these traditional games.

The successful launching of the first "Palaro ng Lahi" on February 10, 1984 at Laoag,
Ilocos Norte through the combined efforts of MECS, Office of the Provincial Governor
and Office of the Municipal Mayor, prompted the BPESS to include these "Laro ng
Lahi" as an activity for physical education.

These games can be played individually or by teams. They are very convenient to
play because of the limited space it requires and the simplicity of its rules.

Traditional Games - a symbol of our national identity and pride.

"Tumbang Preso"
This is a very common game among the youth all over the country, played in
backyards, parks or even in streets with less vehicular traffic. The equipment needed
are empty milk can, slipper or a piece of flat stone as "pamato."

For the purpose of making the game enjoyable and exciting, the composition of
players should not be more than 9. The principle involved is to hit and knock down
the milk can with the "pamato," and for the IT to put back the can inside a small
circle a few meters away from the toe-line. When a player is tag while re-covering
his pamato, he becomes thde IT.

Rules of the Game

1. An IT, the one to guard the milk can is chosen by throwing the "pamato" to the
toe line by all the players. Whoever player whose "pamato" is farthest from the toe-
line is the IT.
2. The hitters will line up at the back of the toe-line and at the sign of the IT, game
is started.

3. The "pamato" must be retrieved immediately once the can is knocked down,
otherwise once the IT has placed the can inside the circle, the one tagged becomes
the IT.

4. When the can is hit and went off the circle but remains standing, the IT has the
right to tag the hitter once the hitter leaves the toe-line.

5. The can maybe kicked or knocked down under situation No. 4.

6. If a hitter is not able to retrieve his "pamato," the others can save him by hitting
the can.

"Palo-Sebo"

The game "Palo-Sebo" is commonly played during "Fiestas." The equipment needed
is a 10- meter bamboo pole with a 10.16-centimeter diameter, small bag, a prize
and lard or grease.

It is an individual or single game. The pole is painted with lard or grease from top to
bottom and a small bag filled with prizes is tied on the top end of the pole before it is
set to stand. The objective of the game is to get the bag full of prizes by climbing the
bamboo pole. A competitor is given only one chance to climb. The game ends once
the prizes are taken.

"Kadang-Kadang" (Bamboo Stilt)

This is a very popular recreational game in the country. Several players may
participate in this game. The equipment needed is two pieces of wooden stilt with a
stepladder, the height of which is 30.48 centimeter from the ground. The principle of
the game is to walk on stilt from a starting line to the finish line. The length to be
traveled is 100 meters.

Rules of the Game

1. At the signal "Get Set," the players stand at the starting line with their stilts.

2. At the signal "Go," the players mount their stilt and start walking.

3. The first player that reaches the finish line without getting off the stilts wins.

4. A player losses if he get off the stilts twice before reaching the finish line, or gets
off the stilt after two steps.

"Patintero"

The most widely known and played game in the country is "Patintero." Due to its
popularity a set of official rules was established. The equipment needed is chalk or
paint, scoreboard, whistle, stop watch and powder.

A team is composed of 5 players and a coach. The official of the game is the scorer,
timekeeper, and 5 linesmen. The objective of a team is to accumulate as many
points by passing the lines without being tagged. A defensive team is called line
guard while an offensive team is called the passer.

Rules of the Game

1. The game is started with toss of a coin. Whoever wins becomes the passer. 2. A
time limit of two minutes is given to each team to score.

3. Once the limit elapses, the line guards assume the positions of the passer, and
vice-versa. 4. Passers are suppose to cross the lines from the starting point and
back.

5. Four line guards are positioned on the vertical line and one on the horizontal line
of the court. Their feet always be on the line.

6. Line guards tag the passer with powered hands.

7. If any of the passer is tagged, the line guard immediately assumes the position of
passer even if the 2-minute limit has not elapsed.

System of Scoring
From Entry Point From Exit Point First line - 1 pt. Fourth line - 2 pt. Second line - 2
pts. Third line - 3 pts. Third line - 2 pts. Second line - 3 pts.

Fourth line - 2 pts. First line - 5 pts.

(Home)
The duration of the game is three innings and each inning is divided into halves.

"Culliot"

The game is similar to tug of war in principle. Two or more players can play this. The
purpose of a team is to pull the other team over the borderline. The equipment
needed is a 15-meter long rope with a diameter of 3.81 centimeters.
Rules of the Game

1. Each team must have equal number of players.

2. The distance between team is five meters.

3. Both ends of the rope should be tied on the waist of the last player while the
others hold on to the rope.

4. A piece of ribbon or handkerchief is tied to the rope on the centerline.

5. Upon signal to start, each team pulls each other.
6. The team that pulls the other over the borderline is declared as the winner.
"Dinoron"

The game is the opposite of Culliot. Instead of pulling, it is played by holding the
bamboo pole and pushing the opponent to be able to step on the opponent's
borderline. Two or more

players can play the game. The equipment needed is a bamboo pole 10 meters long
with a diameter of 11.43 centimeters and a whistle.

Rules of the Game

1. The mode of competition is two out of three games.

2. The team that held the thinner end of the bamboo in the first game shall hold the
thicker end of the bamboo in the second game.

3. If there is a tie after the second game, a tossing of a coin will determine which
team will hold the thicker end of the bamboo.

"Bati-Cobra"

This game is popular among the kids in the province. The equipment needed are a
piece of stick 60.96 centimeters long which serves as the bat and another piece of
stick 15.25 centimeters long which serves as the ball.

Two or more players can play the game. Digging a hole on the ground 12.5
centimeters wide and 5 centimeters deep makes a permanent base. To determine
the first hitter, the player that strikes the smaller stick farthest from the base will be
the first to hit.

Throwing the smaller stick upwards and striking it hard plays the game. The other
player from afar tries to catch the stick. Whoever catches it becomes the next hitter.
If nobody catches the stick the non-hitter may choose to pick up the stick and strike
the longer stick laid down by the hitter beside the base. A player becomes the next
hitter if the longer stick is struck, but if not, the first hitter continuos playing.

Points can be score by measuring the distance from the base up to where the smaller
stick landed. The longer stick is used to measure the distance. Each length of the
stick is equivalent to one point. A layer that gets 100 points or more is the winner.
GAMES MECHANICS

1. PATINTERO (TUBIGAN)

BACKGROUND: Patintero is played outdoors. The players are divided into two teams
equal number, namely the runners and the taggers. The object of the runner is to
get through all the lines back and forth without being tagged.

PLAYERS: 4 players per team; 2 opposing teams

PLAY AREA: The ground is marked off in a 5 or 6 meter rectangle divided into 4
equal parts. MECHANICS:
1. Each team is composed of 4 players.

2. Winning the toss entitles the players on that team to be runners. The taggers
stand 1,2,3, and 4. Number 1 can go anywhere to tag the runners.

3. Taggers 2,3, and 4 tag the runners as they cross the lines or as they get near
them.

4. As soon as one of the runners crosses line 4, he returns to line 2 and call out
"Tubig!" a point scored in favor of his team.

5. The runners must score a clean pass within 2 minutes, otherwise, a turnover will
be called. 6. In tagging, the taggers must have both feet on the line.

7. If a runner is tagged while crossing a line or while trying to cross, the teams
exchange places.

8. The team with the highest point after 3 turnovers wins the game.

9. If after 3 turnovers and nobody has been declared as winner, 2 turnovers will be
added to the game for a total of 5..

2. SIPA (BILANGAN)

PLAYERS - Two

PROPS - Shuttlecock like flat lead washers with the flyer made of bright strips of
cellophane or rooster feathers.

MECHANICS:
1. Sipa Bilangan is played by two teams.
2. First team to play is determined by toss coin.
3. The flyer is kick up and down, until the ball touches the ground.
4. Point is counted on every kick made.
3. SIPA MUDANSA OR BY KICKING.
PLAYER - Two per team (one tosser & one kicker)
PROPS - Same as Sipa Bilangan
1. Sipa Mudansa or by kicking is played by two teams.
2. To determine the first tosser & kicker (players), a toss coin will ensure. 3. Tosser
stand facing kicker at a convenient distance.
4. A demarcation line is drawn 1 feet in front of the kicker.
5. Tosser throws a lobe toss to kicker, who will kick the fly at a distance.

6. Points will be made by measuring that distance where the Flyer landed using a
measuring tape as measuring device.

7. Three tries for both teams will be allowed, with the farthest distance considered as
point score.

8. In to event a kicker fails to hit the flyer, the kicker will forfeit his kick.

4. SUNGKA

For as long as anyone can remember, there has always been a sungka board in the
Filipino homes. The sungka board is a small treasure-the older it is, the more
precious, it sits on a side table or a top a bench, waiting to be played.

SUNGKA BOARD

A shallow boat made of solid wood at both ends of, which are large deep bowls
carved out of the wood. The whole length of the boat is lined with seven smaller
bowls carved in pairs.

PROPS Pebbles, "Sigay" or shells seeds

MECHANICS

1. Sungka is always played by two people.

2. Each players fills up his seven smaller bowls with 7 "Sigay" each. 3. Both players
start at the same time.

4. The object of the game is to put as many "Sigay" as possible in the large bowl as
to cause the opponent to lose one or two of his smaller bowls in the succeeding
games which means he losses.

5. If at the end of 15 minutes, nobody has been declared as winner, the game will be
called off. Each player counts the number of "Sigay" in the opponent's large bowl.

6. The player with the most number of "Sigay" wins.

5. TORSI/SUMPING

BACKGROUND: Torsi is the Ilocano term for finger wrestling. A popular pastime
among the Ilocanos, it is basically a test of strength.
Torsi Is played a top a table by two contestants to find out who between them have
the more formidable fingers. However, the other fingers are resorted to whenever a
competitor believes that he has a better chance of prevailing with it because it
happens to be stronger.
MECHANICS
1. Each team is composed of 6 players.

2. At a given signal, the first player of each team walk with his bamboo/or wooden
stilt towards the goal line.

3. Upon reaching the goal line, he turns around with his stilt and returns to the
starting line. 4. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, up to the 12th player do the same.
5. The first team to finish the race wins.
6. A team whose player walks for more than 2 steps after a fall will be disqualified.

7. A team whose player falls twice is disqualified. HEIGHT: JUNIOR DIVISION - 1 foot
from the ground SENIOR DIVISION - 1.5 foot from the ground
Relay Distance - 30 meters (15 x 2) for men

20 meters (10 x 2) for women

6. PALO-SEBO

To keep the Filipino people to the Catholic faith, Spaniards introduced fiesta, a town's
gathering in honor of its patron saint or to celebrate the towns funding. Along with
this, they means greased pole in Spanish.

Towering at the center of the merry-making is a row of greased poles with the
rewards at its top. All boys ages 12-19 are joined to participate. Beyond this
qualification, it is open to anyone regardless of his race, color or creed.

The essence of the game is most important thing for the players of the palo-sebo, for
it is not merely a test of his prowess in climbing but more importantly, it is to prove
his mettle and perseverance.

- 4 bamboo poles aligned at a distance with 3 colored banderas placed at the peak. -
In every game an assigned colored bandera will be picked.

- Picking the wrong colored bandera means that player will repeat his climb until he
picks the right one.

- In the event, all players will not be able to reach for the banderas, scoring will be
made by how far the players climb the bamboo with a 3 color band placed near the
peak as indicator.

7. CULLIOT

To bring one's strength to the force, the game of culliot or rope pulling provides a
very effective way. Two players connected by a rope tied on their waists stand on
their respective circles and pull each other. The first player of three players to step
out of his circle losses.

Collective strength is also proven in this game when two teams of equal number of
players divided at a distant line pull each other using a rope.
A Mangyan counterpart of this game makes use of bare hands and arms around the
waists of the person in front with a line etched on the ground.

Filipino's endless innovativeness enters the game when they substitute the mudhole
as a demarcation line so that whoever gets pulled fall into it and everyone gets the
best medicine for all ailments -laughter.
Circle Diameter -2 meters
Distance of Circle 1 to circle 2 - 4 meters from the circle line.

8. PIKO

Piko is a game that joins all children of the world together wherever they live,
whenever they lived. Piko is unbelievably old. When ancient Roman cities were dug
up, drawings of hopscotch lines were found on the stone floors. Everywhere it is
played for one aim: to win a place to call one's own. In the Philippines, the game is
also known as kipkip, pikuba, laban ang segking.

PLAYING COURT

Stone floor drawn with chalk, charcoal

On the ground-drawn with a sharp stick (in this event, masking tape)
5 rectangles arranged vertically, rectangles 3 and 5 are divided equally (3a and 3b;
5a and 5b): no.6 is a drawing of a half moon.

PLAYING COURT

Pamato (maybe a flat stone, a brick chip, the bottom piece of a clay pot or a smooth
chunk of window glass)

MECHANICS

1. The players stand in front of a rectangle no.1. Each player takes turn in tossing
his pamato inside the 4th rectangle's dividing line. The player who tosses his pamato
closest to this line gets to play first. This is called manohan.

2. Only hops and skips are allowed using either the left or the right foot. Landing on
both feet is only allowed in the area or areas considered as home or "bahay" of a
certain player who has earned it after successfully finishing the game. No other
player can step on this area.

3. The 1st player tosses his pamato to rectangle no.1. Neither the
player nor the pamato must touch the line otherwise the player losses his turn.

4. The player then tosses his pamato to rectangle no.2, 3a, 3b, 4,5a, 5b and 6.
5. The player then plays the game all over again this time starting from rectangle no.
5.

6. After he has played in the entire rectangle, he tosses the pamato strong enough
to pass over rectangle no. 1. Hops passing rectangle no. 5 to 1 then jumps over the
pamato.
7. Player picks up the pamato. With his back turned against the rectangular play
area, he tosses his pamato towards the direction of the play area. Where the pamato
lands, that area becomes his home or bahay.

8. The game starts all over again for the 1st player. The rest continues with the
game they have left off.

9. The player with the most number of homes, wins.

11. SANGKAYAW

Sangkayaw or the coconut shell race is commonly played in the Tagalog and Central
Luzon provinces a coconut shell tied to a string under each foot; the string placed
between the toe and the next one. The hand holds the loose end of the string.

RULES:
1. Each team is composed of 10 to 12 players.

2. At a given signal, the first player of each team walks with his coconut shell (hush)
towards his goal line.

3. Upon reaching the goal line, he turns around with his stilt and returns to the
starting line. 4. The 2nd,3rd, 4th up to the last player will do the same.
5. The first team to finish the race wins.
6. A team whose player walks for more than 2 steps after a fall will be disqualified.

7. A team whose player falls twice is disqualified.

Relay distance - 30 meters (15 x 2) for men 20 meters (10 x 2) for women

THE GAME OF THE GENERALS STORY

by Ronnie Pasola HOW IT ALL BEGAN

(No other board game has caught the fancy of Filipinos the same way the Game of
the Generals did. In a short span since its public introduction in 1973, millions have
played this award-winning Philippine invention. No less than 2,500 GG clubs have
now been formed and the game has been introduced in 33 other countries. We recall
the humble beginnings of the game. )

Conceived and born out of two devastating floods, mistaken as subversive material,
frowned upon by the country's chess lords and snubbed by the All-Filipino Sports
Awards, the Game of the Generals has quixotically survived.

I invented it August of 1967 in Barrio Palanan, Makati, while Greater Manila was
choking through a big flood. Stranded with unprogrammed leisure in my hands, I
was deep in the study of chess having just won a tournament the week passed when
I thought about the game.
The idea first floated by and then lingered, longing for action. Why not something
different from chess? Why not a new game patterned after modern-day combat?
Something everybody

could identify with? After all, chess is of ancient origin - hardly relevant to battle
tactics of today.

My father chanced into my room as I was cutting out cartolina soldiers, marking
them with ranks of generals, middle officers and privates and pushing them around
on a chessboard.

"I am inventing a game," I said with the proud intonation of one at the verge of
discovery. Quizzically, quietly he left.

As I worked onto the third day, I had sadly succeeded in putting together a mere
variation of chess.

The fourth day was still one of frustration. With the movements and starting
formation I had developed, the pieces may well have been pawns, rooks and
bishops.

Two days later was D-day.

Calling on the systems used in mahjong and card games, I tried setting up the
pieces so that they were unseen by the enemy. It was a drastic departure from
chess, followed still by another - this time taking off from the way generals prefer to
fight. This meant allowing a player the free hand at deploying his forces, in contrast
to the chess method of forcing a player to start from one single formation.

Then came the tedious process of finalization.

Experimentation . . . tryout games with my father . . . flanking movements . . .

guerilla tactics . . . territorial coverage's . . . All these brought in the balance and
hierarchy of soldiers, the number of playing squares on the board and the various
ways of winning games.

Iwo Jima with its victorious marines provided the heroic angle for ending a game -
the symbolic raising of the flag signaling the capture of enemy territory.

James Bond and Mata Hari reminded me to put in a pair of spies, with the
introduction of the arbiter between two players securing their cloak-and-dagger
maneuvers.

Finally, the movie "Night of the Generals" wrapped it up inspiring the dramatic touch
needed for a name.

Thus, the Game of the Generals was born, conceived from a smorgasbord of events,
principles and people.
Except for a few games with friends at Philippine Advertising Counselors where I was
then employed, the game generally hibernated for five years until another
devastating flood, circa 1972, flushed it out.

Actually it was pushed into the public eye by enterprising journalist Iking Gonzales.
He insisted on writing the GG story as his contribution to the Times Journal's maiden
issue. It was with reluctance that I allowed details of the game to be released for
fear of impressions, martial law having just been declared the month before.

Nevertheless, with the birth of the Times Journal on October 21, 1972, the country
woke up to the Game of the Generals.

Gonzales wrote: "although the pieces stand for military personages, the game -
which is a cross between chess and cards - is as thrilling as it is educational for both
young and old.

"In chess you use cold logic. Here in the new game your move sometimes defies
logic. Putting in all the details of a battle plan on the board sharpens your memory
and psychological insight. The rules of the game can be understood in less time than
it takes to learn chess."

"It is safe to say that the Kings and his court will have their hands full against the
Generals and his men in the near future."

PREPARING FOR A SERIES OF GAMES

When preparing for a tournament or a series of games, it is best that you have in
handy at least six formations each with a different philosophy. The idea is to
constantly keep your opponent off-balance by launching against him a variety of
styles.

Note that a right-handed opponent usually has his best flank on his right side and is
very fluid when maneuvering with the right flank, Your selection of formation must
therefore take this into consideration.

Aside from this you must have an anti-blitz formation. Specially watch out for
beginners since they are usually the players who prefer to blitz their way through a
game. The other types of formation can include one geared for an aggressive
offensive on all flanks or one that is designed for highly defensive days.

It is also advisable to continually play practice games daily even when not preparing
for tournaments. By experience, even a one-week lay-off can remove the edge from
your game. On the other hand, a daily regimen the edge from your game. On the
other hand, a daily regimen upgrades your game immersely to a point where you
can predict and "see through" the pieces with uncanny precision.

COMPETITION RULES

GGF RULES 1. All games shall be conducted under GGF competition and playing
rules.
WHO CAN COMPETE 2. Only officially registered may compete.

SCHEDULE 3. a.) Games start per time schedule set

or if revised, per time schedule announced by the tournament director. It will be the
player's responsibility to note down any changes in schedule.

POSTPONEMENTS
DELAY b.) The tournament committee shall not
allow any postponements or delays for whatever reason. Entry into a GG tournament
means that the player is willing to adjust his time to the play schedule.

GRADE PERIOD 4. Players who are not in their respective

tables by official starting time shall be given a grace period of 30 minutes. Players
who are not seated at their assigned tables at the end of the grace period
automatically lose by default even if their opponents wish to play or waive the
penalty of default.

NO STEPPING OUT 5. Players present at the tournament site are required to enter
the official tournament playing area as announced by the tournament director.
Unreasonable delay will be penalized with a deduction of one point from the player's
score. Once inside the tournament area, no player will be allowed to step out unless
with the express permission of the tournament director and the player's opponent.

5-MINUTES FOR PIECES 6. A player shall be given 5 minutes to arrange his pieces
from the time both he and his opponent are present.

COMPLETE 7 a.) A player is said to have made a move upon

release of a piece on an adjoining square.
b.) A player is required to move the piece he has touched. In cases where the player
touches several pieces, he must move the first piece he has touched provided it shall
not constitute an illegal move.

TIME LIMIT PER MOVE 8. A player is allowed a maximum of 2

minutes per move. A player over-stepping this limit three times, automatically loses
the game by technicality. The arbiter is under no obligation to warn the player of the
approaching time limit.

EXPOSURE OF FLAG 9. A player may expose his own Flag at his own risk.

EXPOSURE OF PIECES 10. a) Exposing one's own piece(s) either

intentionally or unintentionally causes the player to lose his next move. (This means
that if it is his next move.)

b) A player who causes the exposure of

pieces either intentionally or unintentionally automatically causes the offending
player to lose the game.
c) The exposure of piece(s) caused by nature, e.g. wind, falling objects, etc. shall
mean the automatic loses the match by technically.
REMOVAL OF PIECES 11. No player is allowed to remove his
opponent's piece(s) from the board. A player who removes his opponent's piece(s),
intentionally or unintentionally, automatically loses the match by technically.

30-MOVE RULE 12. If no challenge is made after 30 complete

moves from the start of the game, the player with more pieces past the mid-point of
the board wins the match. if no piece has gone beyond the mid-point, or if there is
an equal number of pieces beyond the mid-point, the game is automatically declared
a draw.

5-MOVE PERPETUAL 13. A 5-move perpetual position results in a

drawn game. This happens when an attacked piece, which faces immediate
challenge, move 5 consecutive move by the same attacking piece.

16-MOVE PERPETUAL 14. A player position results in a drawn game.

This happens when an attacked piece, which faces immediate challenge, moves 16
consecutive times through more than 2 squares in order to avoid being challenged
on the next, move by the same attacking piece.

DRAW FOR RESPECT 15. Games deliberately drawn "out of respect"

will only be allowed between two players of equal rank or title. Should two players
agree to

draw for respect, both must play at least 10 complete moves and sign the record slip
as having both agreed to draw for respect.

COLLUSION 16. Players found guilty of obvious or

surreptitious collusion with each other shall be banned from further participation in
the tournament and future tournaments. Collusion includes signals, deliberately
losing a game for the purpose of helping the other player move up in standings, or
any other similar form of dishonesty.

ARBITER'S
DECISION IS FINAL 17. As a general rule the arbiter's decision is final and carries a
heavier weight protests regarding an arbiter's mistake must be brought immediately
to the attention of the tournament director. Confirmation of the arbiter's mistake
shall mean the automatic replay of the game. No protest, however, will be
entertained if the game concerned has already been concluded.

APPEALS AND FINAL 18. Appeals and protests other than those
regarding an arbiter's mistake must be referred to the Tournament Committee in
writing within 24 hours of the questioned incident and submitted to the Tournament
Director.

TOURNAMENT 19. The tournament director shall have absolute

DIRECTOR authority over the conduct of the tournament. He may change or modify
rules, in consultation with the Tournament Committee, whenever necessary to
preserve the integrity of the event. His decision is final.

ADJUDICATION 20. The time limit per game will be 2 1⁄2 hours, 1
1⁄2 hours or one hour depending on the Tournament Director's discretion. Games not
finished after the period specified may be terminated and decided by adjudication or
settled by the Tournament Director accordingly. The arbiter and Tournament Director
are under no obligation to warn the players of the approaching time limit.

LARONGKATUTUBO
games indigenous people play

ARM WRESTLING * Arm strength is tested in the sport of arm wrestling where the
opponents grip one another's hand with their elbows firmly set on a sturdy table. At
the signal of a referee, the competitors try to pull the other's arm flat on the table.
The first to do so wins. Arm wrestling shows a person's staying power and strength.
Another version of arm wrestling involves only the middle finger. Two persons place
their fingers form a tight fist and at the signal of a referee, the competitors try to
overturn each other's hands. First to do so wins.

PILLOW FIGHTING * Two opponents saddled at each end of an elevated bamboo pole hit
each other with a two-foot pillow. The competitor who falls off the bamboo first
loses. This game requires not only strength but timing, body coordination, and good
balance as well.

STILTS RACING AND FIGHTING * A form of entertainment than a means of transportation, the
stilts are made of a sturdy bamboo-pole with a rigid step attached. Stilt' racing is a
favorite game, of children and adults too. In a race, six competitors line up at the
racing area and, at the signal, run on stilts on a course of 50 meters and back. The
first to arrive at the finish line wins. Experts attain great speeds at tall gallop. Stilts
can also be used in a friendly fight. Six competitors (or any pre-agreed member)
form a circle while on stilts. At the signal of a referee, the competitors engage in a
free-for-all, kicking each other with the stilts. The last person left standing on stilts is
declared the winner.

VOLLEYBALL (RATTAN BALL) * Unlike modern volleyball, indigenous volleyball uses a tightly
woven rattan ball hit over a vertically suspended pole. Rules are not as rigid as I
violations like palming and double touch are usually allowed. Rattan volleyball can be
played on a dirt court or concrete one.

GOSING (BIG WOODEN TOP) * The gosing is a big top entirely made of wood which spins just
as well as metal-tipped tops. The object of the games is to stop the target, a
spinning top, from a distance of about 15 feet with the thrower's own too if the
target spins longer than the thrower's the target's owner wins. If the thrower misses
he automatically loses. It is not only how well you can bit a spinning top but also
how long you can make your own top spin. On the other hand, a common game
using the metal-tripped top involves chipping the other top by aiming the throw if
the targeted stationary top by within a drawn circle on the ground. If the target is
missed or, if the top stopped spinning inside the circle, that top becomes the next
target.

COCONUT SMASHING * Two competitors have a husked coconut which he deems hardest
attack. They take a position 15 feet from each other and at the signal of an umpire,
roll the coconut hand, such that the impact will break or crack the other's coconut.
The first coconut to break or crack enders the owner defeated.
SIPA * Sipa a common street game of children involve kicking a metal pod attached to
a plastic fly (a half of rubber bands can also be used). The game can be played by
two players or by two teams. The object is to kick the pod repeatedly that or a team
reaches a pre-agreed number of repetitions.

POSITION PAPER HISTORY AND ORIGIN

"Ukbo Bunong Braso" is the generic name for our own homegrown art of arm
toppling maneuvers. Specifically, the rootword "Ukbo" is purely Visayan-Hiligaynon in
origin and Alibatan in character. It was originally developed and practiced by the
aboriginal aetas (Tribo- Ati-Atihan) who were born in the ancient twin-islands of
Negros and Panay found in the Central Philippines since time immemorial.

CULTURE AND PHILOSOPHY

The traditional and modern Ukbo Bunong Braso had been an integral part of our
national culture and the arts, which was transmitted to posterity as a lasting
ancestral legacy. Ukbo is an enjoyable native sports, which is a reflection of our
Great Ancestors' time-honored philosophy in life that connote very significant
meaning and purpose, to wit: U-K-B-O stands for ULAY (Indigenous)
KABUHI (Way of Life)
TABUNON ATIS (Brown Aetas)
Oyamut (Meek People).

Techniques and Practices

As the term implies, "UK" means "Arm Toppling" and "BO" means "Maneuvering
Tactics." That is why it is called Ukbo in the Visayas, Bunong Braso and Tumbahan in
Mindanao. The elbow- forearm bending position and finger-thumb gripping
techniques of ukbo was originally derived from the Bangkaw (Spear) and Taming
(Shield) carrying postures being practiced in the famous Ati-Atihan War Dance and
other Ethnic-Tribal Warriors' Festivals.

Ukbo Bunong Braso, therefore, is an open gesture of a gentleman-friendly sports

which is a symbol of true brotherhood, love and understanding wherein winning is
only secondary. It is a simple test of one's physical fitness and correct mental
aptitude.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

To promote our indigenous sports "Ukbo Bunong Braso" or Arm Toppling Maneuvers
(ARTIMAR) for brotherhood, enjoyment and social interaction regardless of sex,
creed and status among its avid enthusiasts and aficionados in our homeland.

MODUS OPERANDI

PHASE I - UKBO SA LANSANGAN for Street Children to divert them away Anti-social
conducts and other forms of vices to prevent juvenile Delinquency;
PHASE II- UKBO SA KABATAANG BARANGAY for Barangay folkpeople who cannot
afford to join glamorous sports to encourage social Participation at the grassroots
which is free for all;

PHASE III- UKBO SA BANTAY BAYAN for the Community Neighborhoods to promote
better coordination and inter-personal relationships to enhance the Citizens Crime
Watch;

PHASE IV- UKBO SA KALUNGSORAN for the City Urban Poor to involve them in a
worthwhile ukbo sports fest to spend their leisure time wisely and enjoy for free.

PHASE V- UKBO SA PROVINCIA for the countryside folkpeople to restrenghten the

moral fibers of our democratic society by providing a very simple ukbo sports activity
at a very minimal cost;

PHASEVI- UKBO SA METRO MANILA for our Pilot Project to be initiated first in Metro
Manila Area to put up a core group of ukbokiros / arm Topplers society; and

PHASE VII- UKBO BUNONG BRASO PARA SA BUONG BANSANG PILIPINAS which will
cover fourteen (14) regions for countrywide representation to provide a wide
membership-base to identify, recruit, select as to train skillful Arm Topplers /
ukbokiros; and

PHASE VIII- UKBO BUNONG BRASO SPORTS FOR ALL by conducting a priodic
ARTIMAR sports forum, clinics and seminar training for local Organizers, officiating
and sports propagation.

UKBO BUNONG BRASO (Draft Standard)

1st Draft: Jan. 1995-1997 2nd Draft: July 1998

3rd Draft: Sept. 1998

GENERAL PROVISION:

UKBO BUNONG BRASO is a generic term for Arm Toppling Maneuver, herein referred
to as ARTIMAR for brevity, which is an indigenous sport that truly originated in the
early Philippine since time immemorial which had been an integral pert of our
ancestral legacy.

ARTICLE 1. NATURE OF SPORT:

In accordance with our early tribal practices, customs and oral tradition, UKBO
BUNONG BRASO is friendly game of able-bodied men which is more of showmanship
and gentlemen sports for enjoyment and relaxation wherein winning is only
secondary. Rather it is a display of fine behavior, camaraderie and brotherhood to
test one's physical strength and mental alertness. In modern times, UKBO BUNONG
BRASO is open to all people from all walks of life regardless of sex, creed and status.
It is therefore a cultural sport or simply called in Tagalog as PALARO NG LAHI. UKBO
BUNONG BRASO is 100% risk free and 100% safety.

ARTICLE 2. INDIGENOUS GAME RULES:

2.1 SIKO-SIKO - It means that elbow to elbow starting position is at
45 degrees angle of two protagonists.
2.2 DUNGAB-DUNGAB - It is the correct and proper thumb-finger gripping
position at vertical angle.
2.3 TUMBA-TUMBA - It means "one direction" arm toppling down
technique to determine the winner and the loser.
2.4 EKIS-BRASO - The two wrist are entangled at "X" position.
2.5 PINTAL-BUNTOL - It means the pressure and counter maneuver to overcome
being toppled down (Pintal) on one hand, and in the other side is a judicious use of
force resistance to struggle for counter-reversal victory (Buntol).
2.6 TAOB-TIHAYA - It is the terminal deciding point to declare a winner is TAOB and
a loser is TIHAYA.
2.7 Time limit is one (1) minute and thirty (30) seconds for minimum active
engagement to a maximum of two (2) minutes only.
2.8 In case of stale male, a one (1) minute rest is called for and both and the bout is
resumed. 2.9 Any anticipatory move automatically means a restart.

ARTICLE: 3 THREE IN ONE TYPE OF GAMES:

3.1. Game 1. DUNGGAB-KAMAO - Fundamental Gripping Technique of the (5) Five

Fingers and Fist clenching;

3.2. Game 2. EKIS BRASO - Cross (X) wrists entanglement position of the two (2)
arms; and

3.3 Game 3. PINTAL-BUNTOL - Technically called "LLAVE" among

Ukbokiros, is a deciding game to determine the true winner (Pintal) and the loser
(Buntol). A toss coin will decide for the attacker & defender.

ARTICLE: 4 CHIEF REFEREE'S STANDARD COMMAND:

4.1. PUWESTO ! : The two Ukbokiros face each other in front of the Official Table
4.2. SIKO-SIKO ! : Elbow Center Engagement Position
4.3. DUNGGAB ! : Standard Gripping Command
4.4. HANDA ! : Preparatory Command
4.5. UKBO ! : Toppling Down Execution
4.6. TOPPED ! : Panalo / Winner (Pula o Asul). A winner is declared either Red or
Blue.

ARTICLE: 5 CONDUCT OF MATCHES:

5.1. Players shall be identified in Two (2) Separate and Distinct Color Coding:

RED - PULA in the left corner BLUE - ASUL in the right corner

5.2 The Chief Referee shall have the full command responsibility and complete
control of the UKBO matches who will be the "MIDDLE MAN" in between the two
players. His dress code is Stripe Polo Shirt (Black & White and Dark Pants).

5.3 UKBO participants or the players shall be categorized into the following: Age;
Weight; and Sex. Height does not matter. A Six (6) inch podium shall be provided for
underheight player.
ARTICLE: 6 PROHIBITED ACTS

6.1 No lifting of elbow from the center point of engagement.

6.2 The left hand is holding the Peg from the start to finish without releasing it until
the bout is over and out.
6.3 Two feet is properly planted on the ground. No horsing around.
6.4 Two fouls shall mean a disqualification.
6.5 No head tricks and no fancy play.

ARTICLE: 7 CLASSIFICATION OF PLAYERS

7.1 UKBOKIRO : A regular arm-toppling player duly recognized and accredited by the
Katipunan.

7.2 HUMALAMPANG : An avid enthusiast and participants in the scheduled arm

toppling maneuvers competitive sports activity.

7.3 DUMULUONG : Are observers and guests in the honorary status.

7.4 KAPANSANAN : Refers to the disabled participants either male or female.

7.5 KABATAAN : Refers to the Age Group Participants

7.6 KATILINGBAN : Open sports for all the different sectors of society.

ARTICLE: 8 UKBO GAMES OFFICIALS

8.1 The Technical Committee shall recruit, select, train and accredit the Referees,
Arbiters and Stewards.

8.2 Referees and Arbiters will be classified into the following categories:

CLASS "A" - International CLASS "B" - National CLASS "C" - Local

8.3 The Chief Referee shall be assisted by a Chief Arbiter a one Official Timer.

8.4 There shall be three (3) Games Officials for each Ukbo Official Table in a
Triangular position. The Chief Referee is at the Center in between Two Players. The
Chief Arbiter is standing at the right corner and the Official Timer is in the left corner.
See illustrations:

LEGEND:

Contest Area A-Chief Referee B-Chief Arbiter

C-Official Timer
D-Red Player

E-Blue Player
ARTICLE: 9 OFFICIAL CONTEST TABLE SPECIFICATION
9.1 Height : 41 1⁄2 inches / 106 CMS.
9.2 Length and Width : 38 Inches /97 1⁄2 CMS. - length
: 25 1⁄2 inches / 65 1⁄2 CMS. width
9.3 Four (4) Leg Stand : 1 1⁄2 inc. in diameter, with distance in between is 6 inches
from the corner of the square-base and 24 inches parallel. The square -base is 35
inches / 89 1⁄2 CMS. in length and 23 inches / 59 CMS. in width.
9.4 Elbow Engagement Center : 10 inches in diameter and the distance is 4 1⁄2
inches from the center point.
9.5 The Peg distance is edge to edge parallel to each other.
9.6 The Red Cushion and the Blue Cushion distance between is 16 inches / 41 CMS.
with an oblong square measuring 8 inches wide and 4 inches thick.

ARTICLE: 10 WEIGHT CATEGORIES FOR UKBO PLAYERS

10.1. 60 KGS. BELOW (Men & Women's Division) 10.2. 75 KGS. BELOW (Men &
Women's Division) 10.3. 85 KGS. BELOW (Men & Women's Division) 10.4. 95 KGS.
BELOW (Men & Women's Division) 10.5. 95 KGS. ABOVE or OVER

ARTICLE: 11 UKBO SPORTS COMPETITION MECHANICS

11.1 The elimination series is knockout system and the losers automatically
eliminated. The winners go to the final and Championships bouts.
11.2 The Final and deciding points is "two out of three" games. The Chief Referee
automatically declares a winner two successive wins in games 1&2. And in case of a
tie, game 3 is the deciding bout.

11.3 The pairing system shall be drawing of lots. The Standard Operating Procedures
(SOP) for pairing of players shall be in the following formulas:

11.3-A. For 3 Ukbokiros remaining in the Championship round, the binding decision
is "2 out of 3".
11.3-B. For 4 Ukbokiros, always cross out loser until a victorious winner is declared
in the end. 11.3-C. For 5 Ukbokiros, there are always Three (3) byes whatsoever
round.

11.3-D. For 6 Ukbokiros, there are always two (2) byes whatsoever round. 11.3-E.
"BYE" is a player who has no pair and can be paired in the
next round.

11.4. Chief Referees's decision is final.

FELIPE T. TAURO (PUWESTO) PRESIDENT

THE FILIPINO TRADITIONAL WRESTLING (A brief history)

Traditional wrestling commonly known as "DUMOG" in the Antiqueno dialect, is an

indigenous sport, which truly originated in early Pan-ay Island (now Panay) in
Central Philippines since time immemorial. The ancient art of "DUMOG" has been an
old Hiligaynon word "DUMO" which literally means to immerse oneself in search for
metaphysical powers called "Kina-adman" which was originally extracted from the
ancient teachings of "ALIBATA" otherwise known as the ancient language and
writings of the early Filipino Natives. Dumog therefore has been an ancient form of
Kina-adman originally practiced and developed by the aboriginal Aetas of Panay and
Negros Islands documented in Maragtas.

As early as the First Century A.D., the early Visayan Island was originally comprised
of SUGBU, LEYTE, BOHOL and PANILOGA. The islands of Sugbu, Panay and Paniloga
were later known as the early Cebu, Panay and Negros, which became the bastion of
traditional wrestling in the Philippines. The aboriginal of Aetas of Negros and Panay
were the original practitioner of Dumog, in it's antiquated from of hand-to-hand
combat used in "DUCOT-DUCOT" or close quarter fighting. The hand techniques are
called "PANGAMOT", PANGLAWAS, for the body mechanics in the leg techniques or
footwork as PANIL. The beauty grandeur and gracefulness of wrestling techniques
were derived from the ancient word KUNTAO and SILAT. Before the arrival of the 10
Bornean Datus in 1212, the native Aetas were already dexterous and tenacious in
the use of prototype weapons like blades, knives, wooden sticks, darts, bow and
arrows to aim an opponent or wild animals and as means of self-protection against
the sea bandits (tulisanis). The Filipino arts of combat fighting were weapon-oriented
which has been retranslated into empty hand fighting techniques, which constituted
the homegrown art of Dumog.

Our natives art have varied aspects and relationships especially DUMOG which
connotes significant meaning of life. Dumog close quarter techniques have been
applied and effectively used in the so-called mano-mano fighting found in the
indigenous art of blade-stick weaponry called Kali(s) Eskrima-Arnis. The Filipino
Martial Arts is unprecedented in the history of world fighting arts when Rajah Lapu-
lapu felled Magellan in Matoan (Mactan) island, in Cebu on April 21, 1521. Historians
have claimed that Rajah Lapu-lapu and his men were experts in unarmed combat by
pinning down Magellan's men with the use of Dumog ground fighting techniques to
finish the standing battle. This we cannot de-emphasize or over emphasize the
historical significance and implication of traditional wrestling or Dumog which is not
only a fighting art but it is a reflection of our National Culture and Arts in Borne-
talents, customs and folk tradition.

GENERAL INFORMATION OF WRESTLING I. WRESTLING

A sport without either a homeland or a founder. Wrestling, throughout the history of

mankind, has always proved to be a basis and decisive condition required for the
safeguard and evolution of the human being in his struggle for life. Gradually, it
changed into a way of expression, a social and personal value closely connected with
legends, cultures and religions, and finally a sports competition. In its historical
process common to all people, is an aboriginal, polycentric and multi-linear activity,
which cannot be separated from any civilizations or people at any stage of their
evolution or development. For this reason, wrestling is a sport without either a
homeland or a founder.

II. WRESTLING AT THE ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES

Wrestling was the major sport at the ancient Olympic Games. Wrestling was included
in three Olympic sports: WRESTLING, PANCRACE and PENTHATLON.

III. WRESTLING DURING THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE ANCIENT AND THE MODERN
OLYMPIC GAMES
After the prohibition from organizing the Olympic Games decided by Emperor
Theodose, wrestling survived and continued to be practiced, not only by the ordinary
man, but by soldiers and aristocrats.

During this period and even earlier, competitions of hundred of different types of
traditional wrestling were organized. Many of them, at least 200, are still practiced
today as an integral part of cultural and competitions are very successful.

IV. WRESTLING AT MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES

GRECO-ROMAN WRESTLING was included in the first Olympic Games held in 1896 in
Athens.

FREE STYLE WRESTLING was included in the 3rd Olympic Games held in Saint Louis.

Wrestling is a living link between Ancient and Modern Olympic Games as it has never
ceased to be practiced and to evolve to the present day.

V. FOUNDATION IF THE INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR WRESTLING FEDERATION

The International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA) was founded during the
Olympic Games held in 1912 in Stockholm.

1992 in Barcelona 36th Congress of FILA are:

Greco-Roman Wrestling, Free Style Wrestling, Traditional Wrestling

VI. WRESTLING PRESENT ON ALL CONTINENTS

Wrestling has developed throughout all 5 continents. The FILA has 130 member
National Federations, spread as follows through all the 5 continents:

- in Africa, 29 Federations
- in Asia, 30 Federations
- in America, 24 Federations
- in Europe, 41 Federations
- in Oceania, 6 Federations Total: 130 member Federations

VII. WRESTLING INCLUDED IN THE PROGRAM OF ALL OLYMPIC GAMES

Since the reaction of the Olympic and up to the present day, wrestling has always
been included in the program, except in 1990.

At the 1988 Olympic Games held in Seoul, there were 487 participating wrestlers in
both styles from all 5 continents. 650 wrestlers took part in the qualification rounds
on all 5 continents for the 1992 Olympic Games.

Greco-Roman wrestlers from 42 countries and free style wrestlers from 45 countries,
from all 5 continents, are qualified.
VIII. WRESTLING AT THE WORLD AND CONTINENTAL CHAMPIONSHIP So far, the
following Championships have been organized:

a) World Championships
- 30 Greco-Roman World Championships - 28 Free style World Championships

b) Continental Championships
Continental Championships are regularly organized on all continents (Europe, Africa,
Asia, America and Oceania).

IX. WRESTLING AT THE CONTINENTAL AND REGIONAL GAMES

Like other sports, wrestling is regularly included in the program of all Continental and
Regional Games:

- Mediterranean Games - Caribbean Games

- Central America Games - Bolivarian Games

- South Asia Games, etc.

X. POPULARITY OF WRESTLING a.) Spectators

- At the Olympic Games, the competition area is always full.

- Asian games in India: 30,000 spectators per session total number if spectators
over 100,00) - World Championships in Sofia (BUL), in an open stadium, 30,000
spectators per session (total number of spectators 150,000)
- Championships in Turkey: in an open stadium, 30,000 spectators per session (total
number of spectators 150,000), in the competition arena, 12,000 spectators per
session (total number of spectators 50,000)
- 1991 European Championships in Stuttgart: 3 competition days, over 25, 000
spectators
- Asia Championship in Teheran 1992, in closed arena 12,000 spectators per session

b.) Television

If we consider the total duration of television broadcasting of the Seoul Olympic

Games and the interest shown by the public, wrestling is placed 7th.

Eurovision in 1990, wrestling is included in the first half of the sports, which have
been covered by television.

The FILA has contracts with European, Asian and American television companies.
XI. INFLUENCE OF WRESTLING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALL-AROUND
INVIDUAL

With its physiological, functional and educative values, wrestling is highly

appreciated as an Olympic Sport. Already in ancient times, the wrestler's beautiful
body was used as a model for sculptures or other works, which can be seen today in
our museums.

Many philosophers, scientists, statesmen and Nobel prize holders etc., have practiced
wrestling.
Nowadays, more than 90% of those wrestlers who win medals at the Olympic and at
World event have been to university or completed higher education.

SEPAK TAKRAW

History

Sepak Takraw is a traditional game played by the Malays of the Malayan Peninsula.
In the 14th to the 15th century it was a very popular sport among the royal courts of
Malacca. At the time, the game was played by a group of people standing inside a
circle. The players try to keep the ball in the air by hitting it with the head and feet.
After World War II, a net called Jaring, a court and a set of rules were introduced,
hence, the game was called Sepak Raga Jaring. Since then, the rules were revised
several times. Today, a standard set of rules is implemented for competitions. Many
countries participate in Sepak Takraw competitions like Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei,
Indonesia, Ceylon, Laos, Burma, Thailand and the Philippines.

The Asian Sepak Takraw Federation (ASTAP) was formed in 1965 paving the way for
the sport to become popular in Asia.

How the Game is Played

Sepak Takraw is played with a rattan ball (bola takraw). It is played on a rectangular
court divided by a net. Each team is allowed three touches in propelling the ball to
the other side of the court with any part of the body except the arms from shoulder
to hands.

Basic Skills

Inside of the Foot Kick

This is done with either foot. The ball is hit just below the protruding inner
anklebone.

Outside of the Foot Kick

The ball is hit with the outside part of the foot just below the anklebone.

Instep Kick

Front part of the foot or laced portion of the shoe hits the ball. This broader part of
the foot allows for better control of the ball.

High Overhead Kick

This style of kicking the ball is similar with the bicycle kick in football. This kick is
done when the ball is set higher than the net and in front of it. The instep of the foot
is used in this kind of kick.

Punta Kick
The toe of the foot is used in kicking the ball. This kind of kick has less control and
accuracy on the direction of the kicked ball, but very little force is needed to drive
the ball for a good distance.

Heading

This method of propelling the ball needs good timing and control of the body. The
ball is propelled by using the broader portion of the head which is the forehead by
attacking the ball instead of waiting for it.

Thighs (Control or Pass)

The thigh is used to trap and set the ball for a good kick. Chest
The chest is also used to trap and set the ball for a good kick. Rules

1. The Playing area shall be rectangular in shape 44 feet in length and 20 feet in
width divided into two halves by a centerline. Two half circles with a radii of 3 feet
shall be drawn from the points where the centerline meet with the sidelines. There
shall be one "tekong" circle for each half of the court for service area, with a radius
of 1 foot. It shall be 8 feet from the middle baseline towards the centerline. The
width of all lines shall be 1 inch.

2. Two upright posts shall be erected on both sides of the court at least one foot
away from the sidelines, with a height of 5 feet and one inch. The net shall be 22 1⁄2
feet across with a depth of 28 inches and with a height of 5 feet at the center of the
court.
3. The ball shall be made of cane or rattan and plaited in layers. Its circumference
shall be from 16 to 17 inches with a weight of 1/3 lb.

4. The players must wear short pants or jogging pants, a T-shirts and a pair of
rubber shoes with thick pair of socks.
5. Each team shall have three players, one of whom shall be the "tekong" to serve
while the other two shall place themselves in the two-quarter circles in their half of
the court during the service. One of them shall throw the ball to the tekong to kick it
over the net as service.

6. The officials of the game are the Referee of Umpire and two linesmen.
7. The play is started with the umpire's toss of a coin. The Winner has the choice of
either ends or service. A game is usually 3 sets of 15 points. whoever wins the 2nd
set serves first in the final set.
8. The tekong shall keep one foot inside the tekong circle and the inside players
must not step on the lines in order for the serve to be legal. The inside players may
place themselves anywhere in the court once the serve is completed. The receiving
team may position themselves anywhere in the court during the service. Two re-
service shall be given when the ball touches the net and falls over the opponent's
court. If a serving team hits the ball and the ball touches the opponent's court, the
team wins a point. If a receiving team commits infractions of the rules, the serving
team gets a point. When the serving team commits a fault service-over is ruled.
9. Offenses by the serving team:

a) Tekong does not kick the ball thrown to him during service.
b) Tekong does not have one foot inside the tekong circle during the service.
c) Inside player throwing the ball to the tekong is not within the quarter circle or is
stepping on the line.
d) Served ball touches the net and drops on own portion of the court.
e) Served ball touches net and drops beyond the opponent's court outside the court
of play.

f) Served ball touches net and lands in the opponent's court. Two additional services
is given, but if a fourth reservice occurs it is considered a fault.
g) If one or both inside players are not inside the quarter circles during the tekong's
service. h) Served ball touches a serving team's player before passing over the net.

10. When the Ball is in Play

a) Receiving team distracts the serving team. b) Player steps on the centerline
during play. c) When ball drops outside or inside the court. d) Handling the ball.

e) Touching the net or net posts with the clothing or any part of the body. f) The ball
is played more than three times successively by a team.
g) Any player's outfit falls into the opponent's court.
h) The ball does not pass between the boundary line of the set.

i) The ball does not pass between the boundary line of the net.
j) Player's body or either part crosses over the center line beneath the net into the
opponent's court except when following through after hitting the ball.

11. Scoring. Each set is 15 points. The game shall be won by two out of three sets. If
there is a tie after two sets, the third set shall be the tiebreaker. On the 8th point in
the third set, the games change sides. Once the game is tied at 13 all, the first team
to reach 13 points has the option to set the game to 5 points. Once the game sets
tied at 14, the first team that reaches 14 points has the option to set the game to 3
points. When a team refuses the option of setting the game to either 3 or 5 points
during the initial opportunity they shall be barred from setting it if another
opportunity arises.

12. In case of injuries, an injured player cannot continue playing, a substitute maybe
used for replacement. A 10 minutes suspension of play is allowed but players may
not be given any refreshments.
13. The following offenses are to be penalised:

a) Use of bad words when talking with any official.

b) Aggressively confronting an official on decision made.
c) Kicks the ball aggressively when giving to the opponent.
d) Intimidating actions that might influence the official's decision.
e) Leaving the court without permission from the umpire except on occasions
allowed by the rules.
f) Other unsportsmanlike conducts.

RULESOFSEPAKTAKRAW 1. THE COURT

1.1 Area of 13.4m x 6.1 m free from all obstacles up to the height of 8 measured
from the floor surface (sand, grass court not advisable).
1.2 The width of lines bounding the court should not be more than 0.04 m measured
and drawn inwards from the edge of the court measurements. All lines should be
drawn at least 3.0 m away from all obstacles.

1.3 The Centre Line

The centre line of 0.02 m should be drawn equally dividing the court into two halves.

1.4 The Quarter Line

At the intersection of the centre line with each sideline, the quarter circle shall be
drawn from the side line to the center line with a radius of 0.9 m measured and
drawn outward from the edge of the 0.9 m radius.

1.5 The Service Circle

The service circle of 0.3 m radius shall be drawn on the left and on the right court,
the center of which is 2.45 m from the base line of the court, 4.25 m from center line
and 3.05 m from the side lines, the 0.04 m line shall be measured and drawn
outward from the edge of the 0.3m radius.

2. THE POSTS

2.1 The posts shall be 1.55 m [1.45 m for women] in height from the floor and shall
be sufficiently firm to keep the net strain. It should be made from very strong
materials and shall not be more than 0.04 m in radius.

2.2 POSITION OF POSTS

The posts shall be erected or placed 0.3 m away from the sideline and in line with
the center line.

3. THE NET

3.1 The net shall be made of fine ordinary cord or nylon with 0.06 m to 0.08 m
mesh. The net shall be 0.7 m width and not shorter than 6.10 m in length and taped
at both ends with 0.05 m tape from top to bottom to be in line with court sidelines,
called boundary tapes.

3.2 The net shall be edged with 0.05 m tape both at the top and bottom of the net
supported by a fine ordinary cord or nylon cord that runs through the tape and
strains over and flushes with the top of the posts. The top of the net shall be 1.52 m
(1.42 m for women) in height from the centre and 1.55 m (1.45 m for women) at
the post.

4. THE SEPAK TAKRAW BALL

The Sepaktakraw ball shall be a sphere of one woven layer having 12 holes with 20
intersections. It shall be made of natural rattan or synthetic fibers. If it is made of
rattan, it shall consist of 9-11 strands. The circumference shall not be less than 0.42
m and not more than 0.44 m (0.43 m to 0.45 m for women). The weight before play
shall not be less than 170 gm and not more than 180 gm (150 gm to 160 gm for
women).
5. THE PLAYERS
5.1 The game is played between two "Regus" consisting of three players on each
side. 5.2 One of the three players shall be at the back, and he/she is called "Back".

5.3 The other two players shall be in front, one on the left and the other on the right.
The player on the left is called "Left Inside" and the player on the right is called
"Right Inside."

6. PLAYER'S ATTIRE

6.1 The man players must wear jerseys/T-shirt and shorts (round neck T-shirts with
sleeves, shorts length at knee level for woman players), and sports shoes with
rubber soles. It is forbidden for players to wear anything that will endanger the
opponents during the game. In case of cold weather, the players are permitted to
use track suits.

6.2 The entire apparel of a player is regarded as a part of his/her body. All jerseys/T-
shirt should be tucked in.

6.3 Anything that helps to speed the ball or that helps the movement of a player is
not allowed.
6.4 Captain of each "Regu" shall wear an arm band on the left arm.

6.5 All jerseys/T-shirt must be numbered at the back. A player must

be assigned with a permanent number throughout the tournament. Only numbers 1-
15 are allowed to be used by each participating team. The size of the number shall
not be less than 19 cm in height.

7. SUBSTITUTION

7.1 Substitution of a player is allowed at anytime on request made by the Team

Managers or the Official Coach to the official Referee when the ball is not in play.

7.2 Each "Regu" is allowed to make one substitution only.

7.3 Player, who is sent off by umpire during the game, may be allowed to be
substituted, provided the substitution has not been made.

7.4 Any player having played in any "Regu" whether in the starting line-up or as a
substitute will not be allowed to play in another "Regu" for that team in the current
game.

7.5 Any "Regu" having less than 3 players will not be allowed to continue the game
and will be considered as having lost.

8. OFFICIALS
The game shall be managed by the following officials :

i.) 1 officials referee

ii.) 2 umpires
iii.) 6 linemen (4 sidelines and 2 baselines)
9. THE TOSS AND WARM UP

Before commencing the game, the umpire will toss disc and the side winning the toss
shall have the option of "First Serving" or of "Choosing Side". The "First Serving"
shall "warm up" first two minutes followed by the other "Regu". Only 5 persons are
allowed to move freely in the court with the official ball.

10. POSITION OF PLAYERS DURING SERVICE

10.1 At the start of play, the players of both "Regu" must be in their respective
courts in ready position.

10.2 Serving "Back" players shall have one of his/her feet inside the serving circle.
The other foot, must be outside the circle to kick the service ball.

10.3 Both of the "Inside" players of the serving side, must be in their respective
quarter circle.

10.4 The opponent is free to be anywhere within court.

11. START OF PLAY AND SERVICE

11.1 The side that chooses to start the game, shall start the first set. After the first
set both regu shall change side and the winner starts the second set.

11.2 The throw must be executed as soon as the umpire calls the score. If any of the
"inside" player throws the ball before the umpire call the score, it must be re-throw
and warning will be given to the thrower. During the service, as soon as the ball is
kicked by the server, all the players are allowed to move about in their respective
court.

11.3 The service is valid if the ball passes over the net, whether it touches the net or
not, within the boundary of two boundary tapes and falls inside the opponent court.

11.4 The execution of the serving by the "Back" player can be kicked in any manner,
provided one of his/her feet must always touch the ground in the service circle.

12. FAULTS
12.1 The Serving Side During Service

12.1.1 The "Inside" player who is making the service throw, plays, about with the
ball (throwing up the ball, bumping, giving to other "Inside" player, etc.) after all the
call of score has been made by the umpire.

12.1.2 The "inside player lifts his/her foot or steps on the line or crosses over to
touches the net while throwing the ball.

12.1.3 The "Back" player while kicking the service ball, the other foot does not touch
the ground or steps on the service circle line.
12.1.4 The "Back" player does not kick the ball on the service throw.
12.1.5 The ball touches his/her own player before crossing to the opponent court.
12.1.6 The ball goes over the net but falls outside the court.
12.1.7 The ball does not cross to the opponent side.
12.2 Receiving Side During Service
To create distracting manner or noise or shouting at his/her opponent.

12.3 For Both Sides During the Game

12.3.1. Stepping on the center line.

12.3.2. Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side.

12.3.3. Any part of players' body crossing over the opponent's court whether above
or under the net except during the follow through ball.

12.3.4. Playing the ball more than 3 times in succession.

12.3.5. The ball touches the arm.

12.3.6. The ball rolls over the body.

12.3.7. Stopping or holding the ball under the arm, between the legs or body.

12.3.8. Any part of the body or players' outfit e.g. shoes, head band, etc., touches
the net or the post or the umpire chairs or falls into the opponent's side.

12.3.9. The ball touches the ceiling roof of the wall (any objects).

12.3.10. Any player who delays the game unnecessarily.

13. CHANGE OF SERVICE

Change of service is given when any fault is made by the serving side or the
receiving side kills the return.

14. TIME OUT

Each "Regu" can request for one time out of one-minute rest by Team Manager or
Official Coach per set when the ball is not in play. Only five (5) persons are allowed
outside of the base lines.

15. SCORING OF POINTS

Any point is given to serving "Regu" when its opponents have made any fault
according to rule (12).

16. SCORING SYSTEM

16.1 The winning point for a set is a maximum of 15 points.
16.2 To allow for 2 minutes rest at the end of the first and second set respectively.
16.3 If each "regu" wins a set, the game shall be decided in the tie break.
16.4 TIE BREAK OF SIX (6) POINTS

16.4.1 Before the tie-break begins, the regu shall change side, then the umpire shall
announce the score followed by the toss of disc. The winner in the toss shall have
the option of choosing the courtside or of serving first.

16.4.2. The change of side will occur when one "Regu" reaches three (3) points.

16.4.3 The manager or official coach of each "Regu" can request one time out of one
minute during tie-break.

17. TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF PLAY

17.1 The Umpire can suspend play temporarily in the event of obstructions,
disturbance or any injury to player, which need immediate treatment, for not more
than 5 minutes.

17.2 An injured player is allowed up to 5 minutes injury time-out. If after 5 minutes,

the player unable to continue, a substitution must be made. If the injured player's
team has already made a substitution, the match will be declared a forfeit in favor of
the opposing team.

17.3 In the course of such suspension, all players are not allowed to leave the court
to received drinks or any form of assistance.

18. DISCIPLINE

18.1 Every player must abide by the rules of the game.

18.2 Only the Captain of the "Regu" is allowed to approach the umpire during the
game.

19. PENALTY

The following offenses will be penalized:

19.1 Showing dissent by words or action towards any officials, with regards to any
decisions and to any players or spectators.

19.2 Using foul or abusive language to any officials, players or spectators.

19.3 To take any improper step or action in order to influence any decision made by
the officials.

19.4 To leave the court without the permission of the umpire. 19.5 To give the ball
to his/her opponent with his/her foot. 19.6 To commit ungentlemanly conduct.
19.7 To disobey orders and rules of play.
Players disobeying rules (19) will be penalized by the umpire. The umpire will use
one of the following cards.

Yellow Card - Caution Red Card - Expulsion

Red Card should be given to the following offenses committed "INTENTIONALLY". i.)
Persist in misconduct after receiving a caution,
ii.) Violent conduct (e.g. striking, kicking, spitting, etc.)
iii.) Using foul or abusive language.

Note: Any player who is shown a Red card will be sent off the court and disciplinary
action will be taken against him/her. The player concerned will not be allowed to play
in any game until sanction has been made.

20. MISCONDUCT OF TEAM OFFICIALS

Disciplinary action will be taken against Team Officials or his/her team for any
misconduct or disturbances committed by the official or team during a tournament
whether in or outside the court.

21. GENERAL

In the event of any question or any matter arising out of any point which is not
expressly provided for in any of the rules of the game, the decision of the Official
Referee shall be final.

Ref: http://www.angelfire.com/games4/pigssai/tradrules.htm