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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.
A FIRST
LATIN READER
WITH EXERCISES
BY
H. C. NUTTING. Ph.D.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
NEW YORK •: CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
a'
^v
Copyright, 1912, 1913, by
H. C. NUTTING.
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London.
NUTTING. LATIN READER.

W.P. I
/,?
A3 5 18 4
444 *
PREFACE
With the Primer previously published, this Reader pro-
vides for a course of study leading up to Caesar or some
other author of like difficulty. Students who are to give
five years or more to preparatory Latin would normally
devote a year each to the Primer and the Reader ; but the
maturer pupils in the four-year course will cover easily in
their first year the work outlined in both books.
It ishoped too, that, aside from use in this regular
sequence, the Reader will be found to meet the needs of
many teachers who are looking for a carefully graded text
forsupplementary reading or for translation at sight.
The plan for " beginning Latin" embodied in Primer
and Reader differs from others most fundamentally, per-
haps, in that it concentrates so definitely upon the problem
of developing the student's power to read Latin ; and it is
quite in harmony with that general design that this second

book is called a " Reader," and that in it the Latin-English
exercises are massed at one point, with notes at the foot of
the page.
Teachers using the Reader can best cooperate toward
aim if each recitation period is divided
realizing the writer's
definitely into two parts, the first to be devoted, without
distraction, to the business of learning to read, the other
being reserved for grammatical and for composition
drill
work, oral or written. In this way, without loss in any

essential particular, it will be found possible to bring the
student along, by natural stages, to the point where he will
iii
iv FIRST LATIN READER
attack a simple passage from Caesar or Nepos, not as a

Chinese puzzle by laborious effort to be tortured into some-
thing remotely resembling sense, but as a story from the
reading of which some pleasure and profit is to be derived.
For the development of a system of Latin-English
exercises so graded as to serve the purpose for which the
Reader made, of course no Latin author was available
is
and the text, therefore, is necessarily for the most part
original. With the idea of stimulating interest, and to

bring into play the necessary vocabulary and syntax while
yet meeting halfway the many who do "not care for (for-
eign) war," the first hundred lessons have been made to
deal almost entirely with matters of American history, the
(1-45) summing up briefly and chronologically
initial series
the main events of the years 1492-1783, and the second

group (46-100) comprising short anecdotes assembled
without regard for chronological sequence. Next follow
two narratives from Caesar simplified (101-125), and the
concluding series (126-140) is made up of selections from
the original text of Caesar, Nepos, Suetonius, Sallust, and
Cicero. This final group, of course, is not a part of the
gradatim plan, but was added that the student might have
the satisfaction of reading some "real Latin. " The pas-
sage from Suetonius (131), chiefly because of its large
vocabulary, will probably be found too difficult for most
pupils ; if so, the intrinsic interest of the passage may
make it seem worth the teacher's while to undertake a
translation for the class.
With a view to discouraging the habit of constant re-
course to the general vocabulary, a series of lesson prepa-
rationshas been provided in the form of a word list
showing the important new words in each successive exer-
cise moreover, with the exception of proper names and
:
FIRST LATIN READER V
numerals, all words which are used in but a single lesson

are defined in the footnotes on that exercise. For teach-
ers who are using the Reader as a text for sight reading,
the cross references of the notes may prove helpful as pro-
viding a means of locating familiar material with which
to elucidate the lesson of the day.
In preparing the Latin text, I have derived some help
from the handbooks in common use, but my main reliance
has been Merguet's " Lexikon zu den Schriften Casars."
I would also acknowledge gratefully the generous help of
my colleague, Dr. M. E. Deutsch, who has read a large

part of the text and given me the benefit of several valuable
suggestions.
H. C. N.
Berkeley, California.
TO THE TEACHER
From the present vigorous discussion touching methods
of Latin instruction seems very clear that there is increas-
it
ing dissatisfaction with a course of study which begins with

memorizing forms and numerous abstract rules, and ends
(for students who do not persevere beyond the Caesar year)
with a microscopic analysis of very limited portions of
Latin text. From the disciplinary point of view, even
such a course of study is, beyond doubt, profitable ; but it
seems no large measure be

likely that criticism will in
disarmed, until more tangible results can be shown in the
matter of the student's power to read the language.
In framing the Primer and Reader, therefore, the author
has endeavored to formulate a plan for " First Year Latin,"
which, while retaining the chief merits of the old method,
will at the same time hold the pupil's interest, and lay the
foundation for a real power to read simple Latin at sight.
To meet successfully these additional requirements, two
things seem beyond all others essential, namely :
(i) To provide abundant easy reading matter, carefully

graded both in vocabulary and syntax ; and
(2) To relieve the reading lessons of the dragging
weight of constant, minute, grammatical analysis.
In conformity with these ideas, the Reader, as well as
the Primer, has been provided with a long gradatim series
of easy and interesting Latin stories, which, as stated in
the Preface, are designed to be handled briskly in class,
with a minimum of grammatical comment. Adequate time
viii FIRST LATIN READER
will thus remain for discussion of the material provided for

daily practice in composition, and here the teacher will find
a text for all needful grammatical drill.
With the helps provided in the way of footnotes and Word

List,some classes will doubtless be able to handle many of
the Latin stories of the Reader without previous prepara-
tion and, whenever this is the case, the practice should in
;
every way be encouraged for a story always has added ;
charm when taken up for the first time, especially if it be

not made the subject of unnecessary grammatical discus-
sion. As for daily practice in composition, the idea will
seem to some, at first sight, impracticable ; but, as a matter
of fact, it is really the most practical method of all. For
students who are required to write but once a week usu-
ally detest the task ; whereas those who have daily prac-
tice gain a facility which renders the work a pleasure.
In working out the composition exercises of the Reader,
the pupil should be urged to use as little as possible the
general English-Latin vocabulary at the end of the vol-
ume. For frequent recourse to this source of help there is
m
little for, aside from numerals, proper names, and

excuse ;
the material supplied in the footnotes, the whole series of

composition lessons calls for only about three hundred
Latin words, in addition to those carried over from the
Primer moreover, the footnotes give much help in the
;
way of paraphrase and cross-reference.

It has not seemed wise, either in the Primer or in the
Reader, to introduce many abstract rules regarding Latin

style. Frequent help, however, is given in the footnotes
of the latter book and the student, through abundant read-
;
ing, will learn much by induction. The teacher will need

to watch for, and curb, individual peculiarities here and
there but it will be found generally that this matter takes
;
FIRST LATIN READER ix
care of itself surprisingly well, so far as fundamentals are

concerned. And, at this stage of the work, correctness of
syntax is far more important than minute refinement of
style.
In cases where the Reader is taken up after the lapse of
the long summer vacation, it is very desirable that the
work of the new school year be begun with a review

of forms and of the few last lessons of the Primer; other-
wise the opening lessons of the Reader will seem to the
pupil unusually difficult. Even with this help, it may
prove in some cases that the first of the English-Latin
Exercises of Reader require more than the usual
the
amount of study if so, thorough work should be done at
;
this point, even though the reading for a time outruns the
composition. Where more mature classes are using the
Primer and Reader together as texts for a single year's
work, it has been founc. that the Primer can be covered
easily at the rate of a Lesson a day. Such classes will
naturally handle many of the Latin stories of the Reader
at sight; and the composition work of that volume can be
reduced one third by omitting the last paragraph of each
Exercise.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LATIN-ENGLISH EXERCISES
Early American History
PAGE PAGE
1. Christopher Columbus ... I 23. William Penn and the Friends 26
2. Christopher Columbus (con- 24. Nathaniel Bacon in Virginia .
27
tinued} 2 25. Nathaniel Bacon (continued) 28
3. Christopher Columbus (con- 26. Nathaniel Bacon (concluded) 30
tinued) 3 27. The Boyhood of George
4. Christopher Columbus (con- Washington 31
cluded) 4 28. Experiences on the Frontier 32
5. The Cabots 5 29. A Dangerous Mission . . .
33
6. Captain John Smith .... 6 30. A Dangerous Mission (con-
7. Captain John Smith (continued) 34.
tinued) 6 31. The Beginning of the French

8. Captain John Smith (con- and Indian War .... 35
tinued) 7 32. Braddock's Defeat .... 36
9. Captain John Smith (con- 23. Later Events of the War . .
37
cluded) 10 34. The Outbreak of the Revolu-
10. Pocahontas 11 tion 38
11. Henry Hudson 12 35. Operations about Boston . .
39
12. Henry Hudson (continued) . 13 36. The Battles of Long Island
13. Colonization in New Eng- and Trenton 41
land 14 37. The Retreat from Trenton . 42
14. A Soldier's Courtship ... 16 38. Burgoyne's Campaign ... 43
15. Unrest among the Indians . 17 39. Valley Forge 44
16. Old Friends become Enemies 18 40. Help from France .... 45
17. The Outbreak of King Phil- 41. Benedict Arnold 46
ip's War 20 42. A Roman who fought against
18. A Remarkable Deliverance . 21 his Country 48
19. Philip finds Allies .... 22 43. The Surrender of Cornwallis .
49
20. Captain Church 23 44. Washington retires to Private
21. The Death of Philip ... 24 Life 51

22. End of the War 25 45. The Father of his Country . 52
FIRST LATIN READER XI
Tales of Land and Sea

PAGE PAGE
46. The Settler's Daughter 54 74- The Treasure Seekers 88
47. The Trials of War . . .
55 75. A Dangerous Conspiracy 90
48. The Attempt to surprise De 76. A Dangerous Conspiracy
troit 56 (continued) 91
49. The Attempt to surprise De 77- A Quick- Witted Messenger 92
troit {continued) . . .
57 78. Fortune favors the Brave .
93
50. A Successful Ruse . . .
58 79- Andrew Jackson .... 94
51. How the Town was Saved 59 80. Pirates Ashore 95
52. An Example of Fortitude . 61 81. Carrying the Tribute ... 97
53. A Hasty Leave-Taking 62 82. A Successful Ambuscade . 98
54. The Capture of a Man-of- ^ An Intrepid Commander .
99
War 63 84. Burned at the Stake . . . 101
55. The Fall of New London . 64 85. An Early Morning Surprise 102
56. The Fall of New London (con Some Very Distinguished
tinned) 65 Geese 103
57. Captivity among the Indians 67 87 . An Army of Two .... 104
58. A Fresh Supply of Powder 68 88. Horatius at the Bridge . .105
59. A Battle against Great Odds 69 89. A Favor Repaid . . . .108
60. A Night Attack .... 70 90. An Earthquake in Colonial
61. A Choice of Evils . . . 7i Times 109
62. Lost in the Woods . . .
72 91. Evils of the Slave Trade . no
63. The Battle of Saratoga 73 92. A Pirate Outdone . . . .111
64. Unwelcome Visitors . .
74 93- Colonization in Africa . .112
65. The Boyhood of Daniel Boone 76 94. A Prize Won and Lost . .113
66. The End of the Pequots .
78 95- A Prize Won and Lost (con-
67. The End of the Pequots (continued) 114
tinued) 79 96. A Mysterious Disappear-
68. A Difficult Escape . . . 80 ance 116
69. Stories about Daniel Boone 81 97- Early Days in Liberia . .118
70. An English Privateer . . 82 98. An Experience with Rob-
71. A Roman Vandal . . . 83 bers 119
72. Indian Vengeance . . . 86 99. The Capture of Stony Point 120
73. A Tale of Brave Women . 87 100. Nathan Hale 121
Stories from Caesar Retold

THE WINTER OF 54"53 B.C.
101. Unexpected Trouble . . 123 I 103. Division of Opinion in the

102. A Parley with the Enemy 125 I
Roman Camp .... 126
Xll FIRST LATIN READER
104. The Advice of the Enemy is in. A Messenger eludes the

Taken 127 Enemy 137
105. The Romans are Ambushed 128 112. Caesar heads a Relief Force 138
106. The Enemy Prevail .130 113. The Besieged learn of Cae-
. .
107. Annihilation of the Roman sar's Approach . .139

. .
Force 131 114. The Enemy raise the Siege 141 .
10& The Gauls attack a Second 115. They are Outgeneraled by

Camp 133 Caesar 142
109. The Besieged attempt to 116. Arrangements for the Rest
Communicate with Caesar 134 of the Winter . . . .143
no. Heroic Defense of their
Camp 135
AN AFRICAN CAMPAIGN
117. Caesar lands a Force in 122. Narrow Escape of their
Africa 145 Commander 152
118. Operations about Utica . . 147 123. King Juba marches to the
119. Curio gains an Initial Ad- Relief of Varus . . . .154
vantage 148 124. The Numidians resort to
120. He maintains his Army's Strategy 155
Loyalty to Caesar . . .149 125. Curio's Army is Annihilated 156
121. The Pompeians suffer a
Second Reverse . . .151
Selected Passages from Latin Prose Authors
126-128. An Episode from the 131. The Death of Caesar. .166 .
Gallic War. . . . . 158 132-133. The Fate of Hannibal 169 .
129-130. An Episode from the 134-136. Catiline's Conspiracy . 172

Civil War 163 137-140. On the Eastern Frontier 178
Word List 186
List of Maps
Gallia 124
The Scene of Curio's Campaign in Africa 146
Asia Minor 179

FIRST LATIN READER xm
ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES
EXERCISE
I. Ablative of Time When and Within Which. Rela-
tive Clauses of Purpose 199
II. Ablative of Degree of Difference. Double Ac-
cusative. Future Active Participle . . 203
III. Tenses of the Infinitive in Indirect Discourse . 207
IV. Dum with the Present Indicative . . .212
V. The Gerund. Dative of Possession . . .215
VI. Review of Exercises I-V. Sequence of Tenses . 218
VII. The Ablative Absolute 222
VIII. Ablative of Manner. Review of the Gerundive 225
IX. The Indirect Object with Certain Verbs . . 229
X. Negative Connective 232
XI. Dative of Agency. The Gerundive in Purpose
Clauses 235
XII. Ablative of Specification 239
XIII. Review of Exercises VI-XII 242
XIV. The Dative of Interest 244
XV. Locative Case. The Gerundive in Purpose
Clauses (Continued) 247
XVI. Ablative of Cause . . . . . . .251
XVII. The Conditional Sentence 254
XVIII. The Construction with Verbs of Fearing . .258
XIX. Genitive of Quality or Characteristic . .261
XX. Dative of Service 264
XXI. Review of Exercises XIV-XX. Dependent
Clauses in Indirect Discourse .... 267
XXII. The Ablative with Certain Verbs . . . 270
XXIII. Result Clauses 273
Xll FIRST LATIN READER
PAGE
104. The Advice of the Enemy is in. A Messenger eludes the
Taken 127 Enemy 137
105. The Romans are Ambushed 128 112. Caesar heads a ReliefForce 138
106. The Enemy Prevail .130 . . 113. The Besieged learn of Cae-
107. Annihilation of the Roman sar's Approach ..139. .
Force 131 114. The Enemy raise the Siege 141 .
10& The Gauls attack a Second 115. They are Outgeneraled by

Camp 133 Caesar 142
109. The Besieged attempt to 116. Arrangements for the Rest
Communicate with Caesar 134 of the Winter . . . .143
no. Heroic Defense of their
Camp 135
AN AFRICAN CAMPAIGN
117. Caesar lands a Force in 122. Narrow Escape of their
Africa 145 Commander 152
118. Operations about Utica . . 147 123. King Juba marches to the
119. Curio gains an Initial Ad- Relief of Varus . . . .154
vantage 148 124. The Numidians resort to
120. He maintains his Army's Strategy 155
Loyalty to Caesar . . .149 125. Curio's Army is Annihilated 156
121. The Pompeians suffer a
Second Reverse . . .151
Selected Passages from Latin Prose Authors
126-128. An Episode from the 131. The Death of Caesar. .166 .
Gallic War. . . . . 158 132-133. The Fate of Hannibal 169 .
129-130. An Episode from the 134-136. Catiline's Conspiracy . 172

Civil War 163 137-140. On the Eastern Frontier 178
Word List 186
List of Maps
Gallia 124
The Scene of Curio's Campaign in Africa 146
Asia Minor 179

FIRST LATIN READER Xlll
EXERCISE
I. Ablative of Time When and Within Which. Rela-
tive Clauses of Purpose 199
II. Ablative of Degree of Difference. Double Ac-
cusative. Future Active Participle 203
III. Tenses of the Infinitive in Indirect Discourse 207
IV. Dum with the Present Indicative 212
V. The Gerund. Dative of Possession 215
VI. Review of Exercises I-V. Sequence of Tenses 218
VII. The Ablative Absolute 222
VIII. Ablative of Manner. Review of the Gerundivi 225
IX. The Indirect Object with Certain Verbs . 229
X. Negative Connective 232
XI. Dative of Agency. The Gerundive in Purpose
Clauses
XII. Ablative of Specification
Review of Exercises VI-XII
....
....
235
239
XIII. 242
XIV. The Dative of Interest 244
XV. Locative Case. The Gerundive Purpose
XVI.
Clauses (Continued)
Ablative of Cause
..... in
247
XVII. The Conditional Sentence .... 251
254
XVIII. The Construction with Verbs of Fearing . 258
XIX. Genitive of Quality or Characteristic 261
XX. Dative of Service 264

XXI. Review of Exercises XIV-XX. Dependent
Clauses in Indirect Discourse . 267
XXII. The Ablative with Certain Verbs 270
XXIII. Result Clauses 273
XIV FIRST LATIN READER
EXERCISE PAGE
Town Names
XXIV. 276
XXV. The Gerund in Purpose Clauses . . .
279
XXVI. The Impersonal Passive 282
XXVII. Review of Exercises XXI-XXVI . . .285
XXVIII. The Supine 287
XXIX. Summary of Purpose Constructions. Use of
quo 290
XXX. Ablative of Way by Which . . . .
294
XXXI. Partitive Genitive. Relative Clauses of
Characteristic 296
XXXII. Numerals 300
XXXIII. Review of Exercises XXVIII-XXXII . . 302
XXXIV. Numerals {Continued). Hortatory Subjunctive 305
XXXV. Summary of Gerund and Gerundive Construc-
tions 307
XXXVI. Indirect Questions 312
XXXVII. The Third Person Reflexives . . . .316
XXXVIII. Ablative of Quality or Characteristic . 321
XXXIX. I-Stems and U-Stems 324
XL. Review of Exercises XXXIV-XXXIX . .
327
XLI. Instrumentality or Intermediate Agency .
329
XLII. Indirect Object with the Impersonal Passive 332
XLIII. The Ablative with Comparatives . . .
335
XLIV. Contrary to Fact Conditional Sentences .
338
XLV. The Future Imperative 341
Summary of Forms . . .
345
List of Verb Constructions 382
Latin-English Vocabulary . . . ... . . 385
English-Latin Vocabulary 427
Index 443
FIRST LATIN READER xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
abl., ablative. interrog., interrogative.

absol., absolute. 1., line.
ace., accusative. lit., literally.
act., active. loc, locative.

adj., adjective. M., m., or masc, masculine.
adv., adverb. N., n., or neut., neuter.
C, or c, common (gender). nom., nominative.
cf., compare. obj., object.
compar., comparative. p., page.

conj., conjunction. part., or partic, participle.
dat., dative. pass., passive.
decl., declension. perf., perfect.
demon., demonstrative. pers., person.

e.g., for example. pi., plural.
etc., and so forth. pluperf., pluperfect.

F., f. f
or fern., feminine. posit, positive.
fif., (and) following. pred., predicate.
fin., footnote. prep., preposition.
fut., future. pres., present.
gen., genitive. pron., pronoun.
i.e., that is. reflex., reflexive.
imperf., or impf., imperfect. rel., relative.

impers., impersonal. sc, understand, supply.
indecl., indeclinable. sing., singular.
indef., indefinite. subj., subject.
indie, indicative. superl., superlative.
infin., infinitive. transl., translate.
intens., intensive. Vocab., Vocabulary.

XVI FIRST LATIN READER
Navis
The above illustration is taken from a Pompeian wall painting.

It is interesting particularly as showing the rather primitive steer-
ing-gear used by the Romans even for heavy ships of war. In large
vessels two helmsmen worked together, each controlling a single
sweep. On small boats one man attended to the steering, using
either one oar or two, according to the construction of the craft.
LATIN-ENGLISH EXERCISES
EARLY AMERICAN HISTORY

LESSON i
Christopher Columbus
Quodam in oppido Italiae olim natus est puer, qui

Columbus appellabatur. Diu in patris officina laboravit.
Sed prope erat mare, puerque saepe ad lltus ibat, ut vide-
ret naves, quae e portu ad terras exibant diversas. In

5 navibus erant homines multl, et Columbus mare ipse trans-
Ire saepe voluit turn autem pecuniam nullam habebat.
;
Sed postea, cum iam iuvenis esset, usque ad Britanniam

et Africam navigavit.
Illis temporibus nautae timebant mare Atlanticum, cur-
io sumque prope lltus tenebant. Interdum autem secundum

Africae oram longe navigatum erat, quod Henricus, rex
Lusitaniae, invenlre viam volebat, qua naves circum Afri-
cam progressae, ad Asiam pervenire possent.
Line 2. officina: officina, -ae, sailed, lit. it had been sailed (im-
F., workshop. personal passive).
7. usque ad: all the way to, 12. qua: by which', antece-
lit. even to. dent, viam.
9. illis temporibus: in those 13. possent: could; subjunc-
days. tive in a relative clause of purpose.
10. interdum: not interim. In translating the verb possum,
11. oram: i.e. litus (ora, -ae, some other rendering than "be
F.). — navigatum erat people had
: able " should often be chosen.
2 FIRST LATIN READER
Quidam turn credebant terram esse rotimdam, Colum-

busque etiam sperare coeperat se transire mare Atlanticum
posse, et ita ad Asiam pervenlre nemo enim intellegebat ;
terram tarn magnam esse, nee Columbus ipse suspicatus

5 est Americam interponl.
LESSON 2
Christopher Columbus ( Continued)
Interim Henricus rex mortuus erat. Columbus tamen

in Lusitaniam profectus est, ut regl turn ibi regnum obti-
nenti consilium suum aperlret ; sed pecuniam, quam pete-
bat, dare nolebat rex. Ex Lusitania igitur in Hispaniam
io iter fecit Columbus ; ubi rex Ferdinandus Isabellaque bel-
lum cum Mauris gerebant, nee quisquam advenam libenter
audiebat. Itaque ille, ubi cogn5vit regem et reginam nolle
ea f acere quae speraverat, ad Galliam versus profectus est
cum autem montes translret, nuntius est consecutus, qui
15 dixit velle iam Isabellam parare naves pecuniamque dare.
Qua re audita, Columbus laetus rediit, nautasque validos
quaerere coepit; sed paene omnes, penculum veritl, cum
eo navigare nolebant.
Postremo autem e portu exiit tribus cum navibus parvis,
20 quae Pinta, Nina, Santaque Maria appellabantur cumque ;
1. quidam: masc. pi., used as 12. ubi: temporal conjunction,

a noun. —rotundam: rotundus, -a, 13. ea : (neut. pi.) the things.
-urn, round, or spher ical. 15. velle: was willing.
4. nee and
: not.
. . . 16. laetus : gladly, or with joy.
5. interponi: lit. to lie be- A Latin adj. is often best trans-
tween. lated by an adverb or a phrase.
7. obtinenti : pres. part. 17. veritl: perf. part. of vereor
modifying regl. to be translated as a present,
10. ubi: {but) there. the Latin use being somewhat
11. nee quisquam : and nobody. inexact.
FIRST LATIN READER 3
paucos dies navigasset, ad insulas quasdam pervenit, in

quibus inveniuntur plurimae aves, quarum cantus est pul-
cherrimus. Turn per Ignotum mare f ortiter progressus est.
LESSON 3
Christopher Columbus (Continued}
Cum multa milia passuum Columbus navigasset neque

5terram vidisset ullam, nautae vehementer timere coepe-
runt, quod multa audlverant de navibus, quae longe per
mare Atlanticum pr5gressae domum numquam postea redi-
erant in Hispaniam igitur statim redlre volebant, dux
;
tamen noluit. Quare ill! primd habuerunt in animo Co-

10 lumbum etiam in mare iacere postremo autem eorum ;
animl Irati a duce mitigatl sunt.

Olim nauta quidam credebat se terram videre, et omnes
gaudebant nubem autem viderat ille, non terram. Sed
;
paucis post diebus ramum invenerunt et bacas in marl

15 natantes, ac Columbus sensit se iam terrae appropinquare.
Mox noctu ignem quoque in lltore viderunt, ac mane ad

insulam pervenerunt parvam, ubi laetl in harenam egress!
paucos dies morati sunt.
Inde profectus, Columbus alias quoque insulas adiit, in
20 quibus erat ea, quae Cuba appellatur. Gazas tamen inve-
nire non potuit, quas quaerebat. Putabat enim se iam ad
1. navigasset: i.e. navigavis- 14. paucis post diebus: a few

set. days later, lit. afterward by a
2. plurimae see multus.
: few days (abl. of degree of
4. neque: cf. nee, p. 2,1.4. difference).
6. multa: many {stories). 15. natantes: pres. part, of
11. mitigati sunt : were calmed nat5. — iam : at length.
(mitigo, 1). 21. potuit : see the note on pos-
13. nubem: nubes, -is, y., cloud, sent, p. 1, 1. 13.
Asiam pervenisse ;
quare incolas earum Insularum, quas
adierat, Indos appellavit.
LESSON 4
Christopher Columbus (Concluded}
Indl Columbum amabant isque, cum ad Hispaniam red- ;
iturus esset, in Insula quadam coloniam parvam rellquit.
5 Colon! tamen iniurias mox Indls f ecerunt ac brevl ad unum

ab els interfecti sunt.
Interim Columbus ipse domum properabat; subito autem,

cum laetus per mare navigaret, tempestate maxima coorta,
naves fluctibus paene completae sunt. Turn ille scripsit
iolitteras, quas in dolia conditas in mare iecit; credebat enim
nullam iam esse spem, putabatque dolia posse ad litus ven-
tis ferri, clvesque suos de els Insulis, quas
ita certiores fieri
ipse invenerat. Sed maris violentiam naves sustinuerunt,

et Columbus in Hispaniam incolumis pervenit; ubi rex et
15 reglna eius rebus gestis gaudebant, eumque fecerunt Insu-

larum praefectum.
Postea ad Americam Columbus semel atque iterum navi-
gavit. Rem autem haud feliciter gessit, inopsque po-
stremo mortuus est. Etiam turn terras, quas invenerat,
20 Asiae partem esse credebat.
3. rediturus esset: was about . 13. violentiam: violentia, -ae,

to return. f., force.
5. brevl : i.e. mox. — ad unum: 14. incolumis: for rendering,
to a man. cf. laetus, 1. 8. — ubi: there.
8. laetus: cf. p. 2, 1. 16. 15. eius rebus gestis : in his
10. dolia : dolium, -1, n., cask. — exploits.
conditas : freely, he placed ... 16. praefectum : cf. the predi-
(and) ;
lit. what? cate accusative (Indos) with ap-
12. certiores fieri : be informed, pellavit, 1. 2.
or learn, lit. be made more certai7i. 18. inops (-opis, adj.) : in pov-
Supply posse with this clause. erty.
;
LESSON 5
The Cabots
Interim vir quidam, nomine Cabot, a Britannia cum nave

parva nautisque paucis profectus est atque ad Americam
pervenit. Qui non solum insulas adiit, sed etiam earn ter-
rain, quae nunc Canada appellatur. Postea Idem cum filio
5 ad Americam iterum navigavit, ac multa milia passuum
secundum litus progressus, Indos vidit multos. Interim
nautae prope Insulas quasdam morabantur, ut piscls cape-
rent. Qui, cum domum incolumes redlssent, amlcls suls
multa narraverunt de rebus mlrls, quas viderant; quln
10 etiam dlxerunt se ursas vldisse in mare progredientes, ut
piscls raperent.
Cabot fllius postea omnis in partes navigavit, ac diu
conatus est viam invenlre, qua circum Europam navigare
atque ita ad Asiam pervenlre posset; earn tamen viam
isnumquam invenit, Olim, cum iam
neque nunc nota
est.
esset senex neque ipse diutius navigare posset, dona magna

dlcitur dedisse nautls quibusdam, quos forte cogn5verat
parva in nave ad terras Ign5tas profecturos esse; adeo
navis nautasque semper amavit.
1. a: froin. 13. qua : abl. of way by which

3. qui: he. — earn: the. cf. qua, p. 1, 1. 12.
8. qui, cum {and ) when they.
: 15. neque : cf. nee, p. 2,1.4.
— incolumes: cf. p. 4, 1. 14. 16. diutius: {any) longer.
9. multa: cf.ea,p.2, 1. 13, and 17. dlcitur : lit. he is said.
multa, p. 3, 1. 6. This noun use This personal passive construc-
of the neuter of adjectives and tion is common in the present,
pronouns isexceedingly frequent imperfect, and tenses of future
in Latin. The English rendering verbs of saying, thinking, and the
varies with the context. like.
10. ursas: ursa, -ae, f., bear. 18. profecturos esse: cf. redi-
12. filius: the younger. turus esset, p. 4, 1. 3.
LESSON 6
Captain John Smith
Quod colon!, qui ex Hispania in Americam deduct!

erant, aurum multum et argentum ibi inveniebant, Britann!
quoque colonos qu5sdam mlserunt, qui castra ponerent ea
in terra, quae Virginia appellatur. Qu5s colonos Indl mox
5 adort! sunt, sagittlsque occlderunt paucos castra tamen ;
prope ripam posita erant, ac nautae e navibus tela plurima

inmlserunt in hostes, qui se celeriter in silvas recipere
coactl sunt.
BrevI autem erat pencil lum etiam maius nam paene ;
ioomnis consumptus est cibus, quern col5n! a Britannia navi-

bus vexerant. Statim igitur eorum dux, nomine Faber, vir
fortis, cum scapha pauclsque militibus adverso flumine
longe progressus frumentum quaereret, quod incolae
est, ut
libenter dabant pro nug!s quas colon! secum ferebant.
15 Postea dux Idem, cum iterum profectus esset ut invenlret
viam, qua ad Asiam naves pervenlre possent (omnes enim
iam intellegebant Americam non esse Asiae partem), for-
titer pugnans ab Indls captus est.
LESSON 7
Captain John Smith {Continued)
Postremd tamen in coloniam incolumis reductus, Faber

20 postea per lltora omnia iter fecit; sperabat enim semper
3. p5nerent: cf. the note on 12. adverso flumine: up

possent, p. 1, 1. 13. — ea: modifier stream; lit. what?
of terra : for translation, cf. earn, 14. nugis : nugae, -arum, f.,
p. 5, 1. 3. trifles.
4. quos: these (adj.). 16. omnes: everybody; cf. the

10. navibus: freely, in their noteonqu!dam,p.2,l. 1. The noun
ships ; strictly, abl. of means. use of the masc pi. is very frequent.
. — :
se flumen esse inventurum, qu5 Americam translre et ita

ad Asiam pervenire posset. In itineribus et dux et mllites
noctu saepe frigora maxima ferre cogebantur turn, remoto ;
igni et haud procul collocato, hum! iacere solebant eodem

5 loco, ubi ignis modo fuerat. Interdum aquam dulcem non
habebant, eorumque panis fluctibus corruptus est.
Olim in eos, cum prope litus quoddam navigarent, ab
incolis sagittae subito ex arboribus missae sunt; mllites
tamen, cum postea in litore eosdem Indos corbulas manibus
10 tenentes vldissent, incolas velle frumentum sibi dare credi-
derunt. Dux autem, Insidias veritus, mllites iussit hostes
prius sono armorum terrere ; turn, cum Indi perterriti in
silvas fugissent, colon! ad litus venerunt, et in harena dona
posuerunt multa. Quae cum Indi invenissent, gaudebant,
15 ac colonis iam fact! amici, frumentum els libenter dederunt.
LESSON 8
Captain John Smith (Continued)
Dum haec flunt, Indi, qui prope coloniam habitabant,

colonorum copias saepe rapiebant; quin etiam interdum
1 esse inventurum : would corruptus est : corrumpo, 3, -rupi,
find. — quo: cf. qua, p. 1, 1. 12. -ruptus, spoil.
2. et . . . et: both . . . and. 9- corbulas: corbula, -ae, f. ?
3. maxima: for the various basket. — manibus: for syntax, cf.

renderings of magnus, see the navibus, p. 6, 1. 10.
Vocab. — turn: at such times. — 14- quae: these (noun),
remoto: removeo, 2, -m5vi, -motus, 15- factiamlci: freely, becoming
move. friendly (f acti from fio) English .
4. humi : on the ground] loca- often uses a pres. part, where the
tive case. — eodem loco : the prepo- perfect would be more exact,
sitions in and ex are often lacking 16. haec : these things. — flunt
with loc5 and locis. in connection with dum, the pres.
5. interdum: cf. p. I, 1. 10. indie, is rendered as an imperfect.
dulcem: dulcis. -is, -e. fresh. 17. rapiebant: would steal; a
6. panis (-is, m.) bread. :
— common meaning of the impf. kidic.
arma quoque e col5nia rapta sunt, d5nec unus ex Indls, qui

ea tractare nesciebat, ita ipse paene se interfecit.
Postremo e Britannia venerunt col5nI novi, qui Fabro,

de quo supra dixi, amlcl non erant. A quibus domum redlre
5 coactus, numquam postea ille ad Virginiam revenit. Sed
per mare Atlanticum saepe navigavit, atque olim pervenit
usque ad terram, quae nunc Britannia Nova appellatur.
Ibi nautae, loco idoneo complurls dies morati, pisces ce-
perunt multos, qu5s sale conditos postea in Britanniam
10 reportaverunt. Interim dux parva in scapha multa milia
passuum secundum litus progressus, frumentum pellesque
ab incolls emebat.
Qui, cum demum in Britanniam redlre vellet,Indos com-
plurls in naves accepit ac secum domum reduxit Quo ubi
15 est perventum omnesque iam e navibus egress! sunt, Onus
e praepositls Indos pauc5s se sequi navemque iterum con-
scendere iussit; turn clam ad Hispaniam cum captlvls
miseris profectus est. Ibi autem cum Indos vendere cona-
retur, sacerdotes quldam, qui de eius c5nsilio certiores facti
20 erant, ad navem statim properaverunt ; a quibus captivl
servati sunt.
1. ex: of, 13. cum: when

qui, he, . . .
2. tractare: (how) to handle. — vellet:was ready, for other

— ipse . . . se: freely, his own self, meanings of the word see the
4. domum : i.e. to England. Vocab.
5. revenit the prefix re- often
: 14. in naves accepit : translate
means " back " cf. reportaverunt
;
freely. — secum cum.
: i.e. se + —
(L 10), reduxit (1. 14), and re(d)- quo: there; lit. whither,
ire (1. 4). 15. est perventum: cf. the im-
7. usque ad : as far as. personal passive on p. 1, 1. n,

8. loco the note on p.
: cf. 7,1. 4. and translate according to the con-
9. sale conditos salted : down text here. — omnes : cf. p. 6, 1. i6<
(condio, 4, season; sal, salis, m., 16. praepositis : praepositus, -i,
salt) ; conditos modifies quos. m., officer.

11. pelles: pellis, -is, f., skin, 19. certiores facti erant: cf.
ox pelt. p. 4? 1- 12.
FIRST LATIN READER
Sacerdos
Above shown the statue of a Vestal Virgin found at Rome in

is
the ruins of the Temple of Vesta, a goddess upon whose altar a

pure bright fire- was always kept burning, and whose public
worship was in the hands of virgin priestesses chosen in childhood
for a term of thirty years
7
service. The Vestal Virgins were held
in the highest honor, even the consuls yielding them precedence
when they appeared in public ; and a condemned criminal was
saved, if he were but fortunate enough to meet some of them
as he was being led away to execution.
io FIRST LATIN READER
LESSON 9
Captain Jo Jin Smith {Concluded)
Faber interim coloniam in Britanniam Novam deducere

parabat, brevlque cum militibus ac nautls sedecim ad
Americam versus profectus est. Cum autem mare translret,
subito tempestas magna est coorta, ac naves fluctibus paene
5 fractae sunt ;
quare domum redire coactus est.
Sed paulo post cum una nave parva iterum profectus,
multos dies ad Americam versus feliciter navigavit. Turn,
plratis procul vlsls, frustra effugere conatus est. Piratae
tamen invent! sunt Europa milites esse, quos ipse olim in
ioduxerat; qui igitur ducem suum veterem volebant secum
navigare, is autem ad Americam cursum tenere maluit. Sed
paucis post diebus Galli quldam, qui per maria omnia prae-
damquaerebant, eius navemceperunt,ipsumque suamnavem
longam coegerunt conscendere. Ibi cum moraretur, eius
15 nautae, qui domum redire iam diu volebant, clam dederunt
vela, incolumesque in Britanniam pervenerunt. Ubi tamen

poenas postea dederunt cum demum redisset Faber, qui
cum Gallls diu navigare coactus erat. Numquam postea
ille coloniam deducere conatus est.
2. ad . . . versus: for; cf. 14. moraretur: was detained.

p. 2, 1. 13. 15. iam diu: in connection
6. paulo post : a little later, with such adverbial words and
lit. afterward by a little; cf. pau- phrases as iam, iam diu, etc., an
cis post diebus, p. 3, 1. 14. pro- — imperf. has almost the force of a
f ectus cf. the note on facti, p. 7,
: pluperf. dederunt vela :sc.ventis,
1. 15. i.e. set sail.
9. invent! sunt . . . esse: i.e. 16. incolumes : cf. p. 4, 1. 14.
proved to be; lit. what ? — Eu- — ubi: see the note on p. 4, 1.
ropa : note the case. 14.

FIRST LATIN READER II
LESSON io
Pocahontas
Prope coloniam, quam Britanni in Virginiam deduxerant,

habitabat quldam rex Indus, cui erat filia pulchra. Puella,
quae Pocahonta appellabatur, colonos amavit, olimque ser-
vaverat eum ducem, de quo supra multa dlxi; nam tra-
5 ditum est, cum ille ab Indis captus esset, hostesque eum
interficere vellent, regis filiam suum corpus interposuisse.
Id tamen multl credunt numquam esse factum, Fabrumque
postea mentltum esse. Sed frumento certe et carne Poca-
honta colonos saepe iuvit, et quondam ad oppidum nuntium
iomisit, cum hostes oppidanos occidere pararent.
Interdum coldnl, quorum copiae semper parvae erant,
fame paene perierunt quin etiam olim, quamquam libenter
;
equds quoque edebant, homines multl mortul sunt. Turn,

impetum Indorum timentes, oppidan! ipsam rapuerunt
15 P5cahontam mensesque mult5s pro obside tenuerunt, ut
pater, capta, amicus esse cogeretur.
f Ilia Puellam, dum in
oppido moratur, unus ex colonis amare coepit. Qui, cum
earn in matrimonium duxisset, ad Britanniam cum ux5re
est profectus ; ubi paulo post Pocahonta mortua est.
2. cui erat: freely, who had] noun; when it precedes the noun,
lit. what? it is often best rendered as suum
4. multa : much ; cf. multa, here,
p. 5, 1. 9. — traditum est : it is re- 7. id: i e. the incident. —
lated (trado is short for transdo, multl : cf. the note on quldam,
lit. hand over, pass along). p. 2, 1. 1.
suum: emphatic position,

6. 15. pro: as.
her own. When a possessive adj. 17. moratur: for the force of
is employed for clearness merely, the tense, see the note on fiunt,
it is apt to follow the modified p. 7, 1. 16.
LESSON ii
Henry Hudson
Hoc tempore Batavl, qui volebant viam invenire,

fere
qua circum Europam ad Asiam navigarl posset, paraverunt
navem, cui erat nomen Luna Dlmidia, et Hudsonem, virum
Britannicum, ducem f ecerunt.
5 Ille primo circum Europam navigare frustra conatus, ad
Americam deinde prof ectus est, quod ibi audiverat esse freta,
quibus naves in Asiam translre possent. Quo ubi perven-
tum est, multa mllia passuum secundum lltus navigavit;
cumque loca multa explorasset, postremo pervenit ad Insu-
iolam, ubi nunc est oppidum, quod Eboracum Novum appel-
latur. Hie Indi subito adortl sunt nautas, qui cum scaphis
portum explorabant, sagittisque hominem interfecerunt
unum.
Qu5 dux du5s Ind5s rapuit navemque conscendere
facto,
15 coegit. Turn insula relicta, adverso flumine profectus est
cum autem haud longe navigasset, captivi e navi se iecerunt
in aquam, et nandd ad rlpam incolumes pervenerunt. In-
terim navis leniter pr5grediebatur, moxque in conspectu
erant montes, quorum incolae frumentum copiasque alias
20 nautis libenter vendiderunt.
1. h5c . . .tempore: for syn- 9. cum explorasset: having

tax, cf. illis temporibus, p. 1, explored. For the form of the
I. 9. verb, cf. navigasset, p. 3, 1. 1.
2. navigari posset : lit. it could 14. quo : this (noun).

be sailed-, cf. the impersonal pas- 15. adverso flumine : cf. p. 6,
sive navigatum erat, p. 1, 1. 1. 12.
II. nand5: gerund, by swim-
17.
3. Dimidia: Half (dimidius, ming the phrase nandd
; per- . . .
-a, -urn). venerunt may be rendered freely

7. quo: cf. p. 8, 1. 14. "swam."
LESSON 12
Henry Hudson (Continued)

Cum inde dies paucos flumine adverso navigatum esset,
dux ipse ripam egressus incolas convenit, qui
e navi in
libenter sagittas suas fregerunt omnls, ut advenae intel-
legerent se esse amicos. Ibi haud diu moratus, Hudso
5 iterum leniter progressus est ; sed postremo flumen invenit
angustius fieri, ac sensit se hac ad Asiam pervenlre non posse.
Itaque ad mare rediit, brevlque domum profectus est.
Paucls post mensibus Batavi naves alias et homines

mlserunt, qui cum Indls negotiarentur ; ac postero anno dux
10 idem,cum a Britannia ad Americam iterum profectus esset,
mare maximum sub septentridnibus invenit, quod nunc eius
nomine appellatur. Ibi menses multos hiemare coactus est.
Turn demum, cum cibus iam omnis consumptus esset, nautae
sceleratl, duce in scapha relicto, in altum vela dederunt.
15 Hudsonem nemo postea vidit ; sed nautae, paucls amissis,

incolumes domum pervenerunt: — quamquam primo fame
omnes paene perierant paucis enim avibus exceptls, non;
habebant quod essent, donee in conspectum venit navis,

cuius magister eos frumento aliisque rebus iuvare potuit.
4. haud diu : freely, but a paratives may a high

indicate
short time. degree in without dis-
general,
6. angustius: predicate adj., tinctly comparing one thing with
agreeing with flumen, 1. 5. hac — : another. sub— septentridnibus :
sc. via; cf. the note on qua, p. i.e. toward the north (septentri-
5,
1. 13. ones, -urn. m., the " Great Bear").
9. negotiarentur: cf. the note 14. altum: the deep {sea).
on possent, p. 1, 1. 13. 15. amissis: i.e. by death.
10. cum . . . profectus esset: 17. paucis. . . exceptis : freely,
cf. p. 12, 1. 9, and the note. with the exception of a few.
11. mare: bay. — maximum: 18. quod essent {anything) to
:
mighty; absolute use of the su- eat (essent from edo). As anteced-
perlative. In a similar way, com- ent for the relative, supply id (ace).
i4 FIRST LATIN READER
LESSON 13
Colonization in New England

Paucis post annis BritannI complures, qui apud Batavos
Americam cum liberis atque uxoribus
diu habitaverant, in
emigrare constituerunt. Qui, cum pervenissent ad litus
eius terrae, quae nunc Britannia Nova appellatur, impetum
5 Indorum veritl, legatum, nomine Standisium, cum mlliti-
bus paucis mlserunt, qui loca undique exploraret. 111!

igitur multa mllia passim m secundum litus progressl
sunt, cum navigarent interdiu, noctesque autem in Htore
agerent.
10 Prlmo terrae incolas raro vlderunt; olim tamen, cum
mane proficlscl pararent unusque ex militibus omnium arma
in scapha iam collocavisset, Indi subito e silva magno cla-
more eruperunt, sagittisque vulneraverunt paucos. Sed
milites statim ad scapham cucurrerunt, ut arma caperent,
15 f ugere coacti sunt.

hostesque celeriter
Postremo ad portum tutum perventum est, ubi tribus ante
annis multl habitaverant Indi qui iam ad unum morb5 ;
perierant. Qua de re certiores factl, colon! reliqui quoque

ad eum locum venerunt, ibique e navl in litus egressi, dls
20 egerunt gratias castraque posuerunt. Est in lltore etiam
nunc saxum, quod AmericanI semper coluerunt colentque
2. liberis atque uxoribus : sc. 14. ut arma caperent: i.e. to

suis. arm themselves.
3. qui ? cum: cf. p. 5, 1. 8. 17. ad unum: utterly ; cf. p. 4.
6. exploraret note the mood.
: 1. 5.
8. cum navigarent: translate 18. qua de re: i.e. de hac
by a participial phrase. re.
10. raro: adv., seldom. 19. dls : from deus.
11. omnium: used as a masc* 21. coluerunt: colo, 3, colul,
noun, modifier of arma. cultus, venerate.

FIRST LATIX READER 15
I lno, RegTna Deorum
The chief deities worshiped by the Romans were twelve in

number namely, Jupiter, Neptune, Vulcan, Mars, Mercury,
:
Apollo, Juno, Minerva, Vesta, Ceres, Venus, and Diana. Besides

these, many minor divinities were recognized.
semper, quod hie demum e navl egress! sunt Britanni illi,
qui postea maiores peregrinantes appellati sunt.
LESSON 14
A Soldier's Courtship
Hieme proxima morbo aut fame colon! complures perie-

runt, quorum in numero erat StandisI quoque uxor. I lie,
suxore mortua, in matrimonium volebat ducere quandam

puellam pulchram, cui erat nomen Prissilla sed, cum se ;
sentlret militem asperum esse, rem ipse tractare noluit,

iuvenemque quendam patrem convenlret.
misit, qui puellae
quoque Prissillam amare coeperat,
Iuvenis, qui forte ipse
ioamlco tamen deesse ndlebat. Quare maestus profectus est,
leniterque per litus ad puellae domum versus ambulavit.
Quo cum pervenisset resque esset proposita, pater statim
se n5n nolle dixit. Cum autem iuvenis cum Prissilla ipsa
de virtute legatl eiusque rebus gestis loqueretur, ilia diu
iStacita audivit, turn ridens "Nonne pro te," inquit, "dic-:
turus es ?
" Qua voce ille vehementer commotus domum
ad legatum rediit. Qui primo amicum verbis acerbis
1. quod: conjunction. 11. domum:residence; with

2. maiores as noun, Fathers.
: domum meaning, the prepo-
in this
— peregrinantes: Pilgrim (pere- sition cannot be omitted (as in 1.
grinor,1 travel abroad )
, 16).
quorum in numerd
4. i.e. : 12. qu5 : cf. the note on p. 8,
a??wng whom. Standisi —
filius : 1. 14. — res: (his) errand.
and proper names in -ius and -ium 13. non with nolle.
: cum Pris- —
have regularly this short form of silla: we would say "to Pris-
the gen. ; so also some common cilia."
nouns in -ium. Accent, Standisi. 14. eius: i.e. of Standish. — re-
cum: causal conjunction ;cf.,
6. bus gestis: cf. p. 4, 1. 15.
however, the note on p. 14, 1. 8. 15. nonne : i.e. n5n + ne. —
10. maestus cf the rendering: . dicturus es : going to speak ; cf.
of laetus, p. 2, 1. 16. rediturus esset, p. 4, 1. 3.

accepit, postremo tamen sensit non illlus culpa rem ita ce-
cidisse. Itaque paucls post mensibus a iuvene Prissilla in
matrimonium ducta est, Standisius autem sibi uxorem aliam
sumpsit
LESSON 15
Unrest among the Indians
5 prope coloniam habitabant, paene omnes inimlci

Indl, qui
vehementer timebant legatum Standisium, de quo
erant, sed
supra dlxi; nam is, dux fortissimus, libentissime bellum
semper gessit, neque umquam perlcuium ullum recusavit.
Qui tamen non erat crudelis olim enim, cum ad oppidum ;
iolndorum inimicorum profectus esset hostesque vlcisset,

tres Indos vulneratos domum secum reduxit, ut eorum
vulnera ibi curarentur.
Hoc fere tempore colon! alii, a Britannia profecti, haud
procul condiderunt oppidum alterum. Turn demum Indi
15 vehementer commotl, concilio convocato, oppida ambo in-
cendere colonosque ipsos interficere constituerunt ; sed rex
quidam, qui colonos amabat, ad Standisium properavit,
eumque de hostium consilio certiorem fecit. Periculo c5gnito,
legatus statimcum militibus paucls ad alterum oppidum
20 profectus est. Ibi Indi, cum vidissent mllites esse paucos,
arbitrati se facile Standisium terrere posse, ei ostenderunt
1. illlus culpa: through {any) 15. concilio: contrast consilio,

fault of h/s, i.e. of the iuvenis 1. 18.
(culpa, -ae, f.). — rem : the affair. 18. periculo cognito freely, hav-:
8. neque umquam: and . . . ing learned of the danger A literal .
never] cf. the rendering of nee rendering of cognitus in the abl.

quisquam, p 2, 1. 11. In transla- absol. construction would often be
tion, nee (neque) should always, awkward.
if possible, be resolved thus into 21. arbitrati: cf. the use of
connective and negative. veriti, p. 2, 1. 17.
Turn demum oppidan! alterum fratrem, qui Philippus

appellabatur, ad coloniam deduxerunt, eumque coegerunt
arma omnia tradere, quae ipse comitesque ferebant; nee
vero dlmlserunt hominem, donee pollicitus est se reliqua
5 quoque arma traditurum, quae domi Indl habebant.
LESSON 17
The Outbreak of King Philip's War

Philippus, qui patre et fratre mortuls iam ipse rex erat,
Iratus domum profectus, Indos ad arma vocavit. Qui eum
libenter secutl sunt; quin etiam olim quendam civem suum
interfecerunt, quod regis consilia colonis prodiderat.
10 Complura iam erant colonorum oppida sed Indl primo ;
tantum villis admoverunt ignis bovesque rapuerunt nam, :
a sacerdotibus monitl, hominem occldere nullum ausi sunt,

donee a colonis unus ex ipsorum numero vulneratus est.
Turn demum, omnibus oppidls oppugnatls, caedes maxima
l
S est facta, ac colon! miser!, alii cum aquam peterent, alii
cum a villis in oppida fugerent, undique occisl sunt.

Olim hostes, cum in castellum quoddam impetum fecis-
sent sagittasque ardentes misissent in tectum, postremo

*ipsl quoque castello ignem admovere conati sunt. Qua re
2oanimadversa, colon!, qui se fortiter multas horas defende-
4. hominem: the man. 13. ipsorum: their own.

5. traditurum: sc. esse. — 15. alii. . .alii: some , . .
domi : at home ; for the case, cf. others. — cum : as.

hum!, p. 7, 1. 4. 17. hostes, cum: when the
8. suum: of theirs. enemy. Note the changed order
12. hominem: standing in con- of the English. in: upon. —
trast to villis and boves of the 19. ipsl: modifying castello. —*
preceding clause. qua re this.
:
— —
rant, omnem salutis spem iam depdnebant; sed subitd imber

coortus est maximus, qud ignes sunt extinct!. Quare Indi
conatu desistere coactl sunt.
LESSON 18
A Remarkable Deliverance
Hoc fere tempore alio in oppido latebat imperator quldam,
5 qui e Britannia paulo ante f ugerat, quod rex Britannorum
eum volebat interficere. Homo scilicet nolebat oppidanos
cognoscere se ibi latere. Sed olim, cum colonl in templo
adessent omnes, tuto se e latebrls exire posse credebat; ita-
que e fenestra prospexit. Primo neminem vidit; turn subito
ioanimadvertit multos Indos per agros clam properantes, ut

oppidum oppugnarent.
Quibus ille rebus vehementercommotus, exaedibus statim
erupit ac colonos ad arma vocavit. Qui cum celeriter e
templo advena duce cum Indis fortiter
cucurrissent,
15 pugnaverunt, hostesque postrem5 in silvas fugere coactl
sunt.
Imperator interim, postquam Indos fugere intellexit, ad
latebras statim se recepit, nee postea a col5n!s invenirl po-
tuit. Qui igitur crediderunt ducem e caelo a dls missum
20 esse, qui se adiuvaret, sicut multis ante annis Castor et
Pollux olim subito adfuerunt in acie auxiliumque RomanTs
1. deponebant: note the tense. 14. advena duce: abl. absol.,
— imber (-bris, m.) shower. : lit. the stranger {being) leader;
3. conatu desistere give up : transl. freely,
(lit. desist from) the attempt. 18. invenlri : note the last letter
6. homo: cf. hominem, p. 20, of the word. potuit : for the trans-
1. 4. lation. cf. the note on possent,
12. quibus . . . rebus: transl. p. 1,1. 13.
as singular (cf. quare, p. 20, 1. 19). 19. qui: cf. the rendering of
13. cum . . . cucurrissent: cf. qui in the note on p. 5, 1. 3.
the note on p. 14, 1. 8. ducem: a leader.

tulerunt, cum ill! horas multas pugnassent cum hostibus,

neque eos in fugam dare potuissent.
LESSON 19
Philip finds Allies
Dum haec geruntur, Indi quidam longinqui, quibus erat

castellum maximum, armls alilsque rebus Philippum iuvare
5Coeperunt. Quo cognito, colonl, quamquam iam hiems
erat, id castellum statim oppugnare constituerunt nam ;
putabant hanc quoque gentem prima aestate bellum gerere

parare, consiliaque hostium ipsi praeoccupare volebant.
Itaque via nival! cum exercitu valido profecti, per silvas
ioad castellum iter fecerunt. Ibi acerrime est pugnatum,
ac colonl multi interf ecti sunt ; castellum tamen expugnatum
est, Indorumque copiae omnes consumptae: qui-
ignl sunt
bus rebus factls, colonl vulneratos secum ferentes domum
leniter se receperunt.
15 Hoc detrlmento vehementer commoti, Indi iam undique

convenerunt, oppidaque colonorum oppugnare coeperunt
singula. Subito veniebant in conspectum ; turn, colonis
occisls villisque incensls, celeriter in silvas se recipiebant,
cum interim milites, qui arma graviora ferebant, nullo
20 modo consequi poterant. Itaque diu coldnl miser! undique
3. dum, etc. : cf. p. 7, 1. 16. 10. acerrime est pugnatum:

quo: neuter.
5. cognito: cf.— freely, a desperate battle was
the note on p. 17, 1. 18. fought; lit. what?
7. prima: the early, lit. the 13. vulneratos: as noun, the
first {part of). wounded. — ferentes: nom. case.
8. ipsi: may be omitted in 17. singula: modifying oppida.
translation. — veniebant: for the translation,
9. via : for syntax, cf. qua, p. 5, cf. the note on rapiebant, p. 7, 1. 17.
1. 13. — nivali: nivalis, -is, -e, 19. cum: while.
snowy, 20. consequi: sc eos (/.^.Indos).
interfecti sunt ; Standisius enim iam pridem mortuus erat

sed postremo dux alius inventus est, qui feliciter cum Indis
bellum gerere sciebat.
LESSON 20
Cap tain Church
Cercas, qui iam dux colonorum f actus est, non modo cum
5 hostibus feliciter bellum gerere sciebat, sed etiam Indos
interdum socios sibi asclscere potuit. Quo c5nsilio olim
profectus, ad quandam gentem pervenit baud longinquam,
cuius reglnae diu f uerat ipse amicus ;
quare sperabat eius
civibus facile se persuadere posse, ut colonos adiuvarent.
10 Ibi tamen ab Indis impetus acerrimus in Cercam eiusque
comites facta est ;
qui igitur in palude coacti sunt latere,
donee in scapha venerunt mllites complures, qui e5s ex
periculo eriperent.
Cercas, quamquam consilium turn perficere non potuerat,
15 convenlre tamen reglnam iterum cdnari constituit. Itaque
paucis post mensibus uno cum milite Indisque tribus pro-
fectus, in eiusdem gentis fines denu5 iter fecit; quo ubi
est perventum, comitibus in scapha relictls, ad reglnam ipse
progressus est. Cum ea dum loquitur, Indi multi, qui per
3. gerere: cf. the use of the civibus). — posse: replacing the

infin. with nesciebat, p. 8, 1. 2. fut. inrln., which is lacking in this
4. Cercas gen. Cercae,
: etc. verb.
— modo: the adv., only. 14. Cercas, quamquam: cf. the
5. etiam: also. note on hostes, cum, p. 20, 1. 17.
6. socios: (as) allies. — con- 15. convenire : dependent on
silio : design. conari.
8. reginae: dat. case. — ipse: 17. denuo : i.e. — quo:
iterum.
he. — eius: i.e. the queen's. cf. p. 8, 1. 14.
g. persuadere: persuade^ lit. 19. cum: preposition. — per:
make (if) agreeable (hence the dat. around in.
herbam latuerant, subito armati exsiluerunt. Qui tamen,

cum intellexissent Cercam minime esse territum, huml turn
sederunt concilioque habito pollicitl sunt se colonos adiu-
turos in bello, quod ill! cum Philippo gerebant.
LESSON 21
The Death of Philip
5 Cercas cum his socils sulsque militibus iam omnes in

partis iter fecit per silvas, et undique hostes in fugam
dedit.Quare postremo Philippus ipse paucis cum comiti-
bus per vallis multa mllia passuum in paludes longinquas
f ugere coactus est numquam enim colonls se dedere con-
;
iostituerat: quln etiam olim, cum quidam ex eius amlcls

dicere ausus esset pacem cum els faciendam esse, rex Ira-
tus hominem sua manu com- occldit. Cuius rel acerbitate
motus, frater mortui statim ad colonos perfugit eosque

certiores fecit.de palude, ubi Philippus turn latebat.
15 Itaque dux colonorum, qui multos dies frustra quaeslverat
regem modoque domum redierat ut uxorem consolaretur,
iterum celeriter profectus est, militesque suos prope illam
paludem sine mora mstruxit. Qua re animadversa, Philip-
pus eiusque comites per valles longius fugere conatl sunt;
20 rex vero Infellx, interceptus a militibus qui in silva collocatl
1. qui tamen. cum : but when the various meanings of res, see
. . . they ; cf. qui, cum, p. 8, the Vocab. — acerbitate : acerbitas,
1. 13. -atis, F., harshness.
2. hum! : cf. p. 7, 1. 4. — turn : 13. mortui :
of the dead
may be omitted in translation. (man) ; part., used as a noun,masc.
5. suls : his own; cf. suum, sing,
p. 11, 1. 6, and the note. 16. modo : (but) Just.
10. quidam: a certain one. 18. quare: cf. p. 20, 1. 19.
12. hominem: cf. p. 20, 1. 4. 20. vero: i.e. tamen. — Infellx
— sua: cf. suls, 1. 5. — rel: for (-Icis, adj.) : ill-starred.
—
eiusdem Indi interfectus est, quern ipse occl-

erant, a fratre
derat. Caput Philippi securi absclsum colon! secum domum
tulerunt ubi supra portam positum est, ut omnes viderent
;
regem re vera mortuum esse.
LESSON 22
End of the War
5 Qu5 detrlmento perterritus legatus Philippi, qui paucis

cum comitibus e palude effugerat, in silvls procul latebat.
Quem sed postremo Indum
Cercas diu frustra quaeslvit ;
senem viam ostendere coegit quo

cepit et puellam, quos :
modo in legati castra subito perventum est.

IO Ibi Cercas, quamquam comites perpaucos secum habebat,
arma Indorum, quae hum! collocata erant, audacter rapuit.
Quo facto, legatus magna voce: " Captus sum," inquit.
Cercas vero " L^bi est cena ? nam veni ut voblscum cena-
:
rem." Turn legatus: " Equlnam carnem mavis," inquit,

15 "an bubulam?" Quo audito, Cercas scilicet dixit se malle
bubulam.
Carne sine mora consumpta, reliqui (noctu enim impetus
f actus erat) mox hum! iacebant sopitl ; sed Cercas et legatus
diu vigilabant. Postremo Indus surrexit et silentio egres-
2. absclsum: agreeing with 12. magna: i.e. loud.

caput. 13. Cercas vero : sc. inquit.
3. supra: preposition, over. equlnam: equinus, -a, -urn,

14.
4. re vera: in very fact (ve- (of) horse. —
mavis: what form of
rus, -a, -um, lit. true, or actual). malo ?
5. legatus: lieutenant. 15. an: conjunction,*?/-. bu-
7. quem : him. bulam : bubulus, -a, -um, (of)
8. senem: aged (from senex). cow.
10. perpaucos: the prefix per- 19. Indus: the Indian. — silen-
is intensive. tio : abl., used as adv.
sus est ;
quare alter credebat eum exlsse ut arma alia su-
meret. BrevI autem aderat legatus manibus ferens Insignia
quae quondam Philippus gesserat. " Haec nunc tua sunt,"
inquit, Inslgniaque ante Cercae pedes huml posuit. Ita
5bellum confectum est.
LESSON 23
William Perm and the Friends
Dum haec in Britannia Nova geruntur, in alias Americae

partes ex Europa veniebant colon! multi; in quibus erant
complures, qui se Amicos appellabant. Cuidam viro claro,
qui hanc religionem erat amplexus, rex Britannorum turn
iomagnam pecuniam debebat; quod aes alienum ut solveret,
in America provinciam novam hoc fere tempore constituit,
virumque ilium legatum fecit; quae provincia e nomine le-
gati Pennsylvenia appellata est.
Legatus, quod religio Amlcorum gentibus Europae grata
i5n5n erat, colonos plurimos statim ad Pennsylveniam prae-
misit, paucisque post mensibus in provinciam ipse profec-
tus est; ubi urbem
quae Philadelphia appellatur.
condidit,
Propter religidnem Amlci credunt bellum gerere nefas esse,
atque omnibus cum hominibus cdmiter vlvere volunt; itaque
1. alter: the other {i.e. of) . — debebat : debeo, 2, -ui, -itus,

Church). owe. — quod : this (adj.). — ut : the
2. aderat: was back {again). ace. preceding belongs to this pur-
— manibus : for syntax, cf. navibus, pose clause.
p. 6, 1. 10. — insignia: trappings 11 constituit : established.
(Insigne, -is, n.) . 12. legatum : governor. — e :
3. gesserat: had worn. — freely, after.

tua : tuus, -a, -um, yours. 14. grata: freely, popular
6. dum haec, etc. : cf. p. 7, 1. 16. {with) ; lit. what?
7. veniebant : note the tense. 17. ubi: there.
— in : among. 18. nefas esse : that it is a
10. magnam: {a) large {sum crime (nefas, indeclinable noun).
per multos ann5s continuos in provincia erat pax, etiam cum

legatus ille mortuus esset.
De comitate legati multa narrantur; quin etiam traditum
cum olim per provinciam iter faceret, parvam
est ilium,
5puellam vldisse ad templum euntem, eamque inipsius equo
positam ad templum ita deduxisse.
LESSON 24
Nathaniel Bacon in Virginia
Dum in Britannia Nova bellum gerit Philippus, in Vir-

ginia quoque Indl impetus saepe in colonos faciebant, mul-
tosque agricolas, qui procul ab oppidis habitabant, cum
iocruciatu occiderunt. Quo periculo commoti, colon! multa
milia passuum nuntios ad caput pr'ofinciae miserunt, qui
legatum orarent, ut mitteret milites)Hqtii hostls coercerent.
Legato autem nullo modd persuader! potuit ut colonos ad-
iuvaret, quod cum Indis ipse negotiabatur nee quaestum
15 dlmittere volebat; quin etiam iuvenis quldam, nomine Beco,
qui a Britannia tribus ante annls in provinciam venerat,
cum dlxisset se velle in Indorum finis ducere colonos pau-
cos, qui iam ipsi arma ceperant, a legato domi est iussus
manere.
20 Iuvenis autem, sine mora ad castra coldnorum clam pro-
1. per: freely, for. — con- 13. persuaderl potuit : lit. could

tinuos : continuus, -a, -urn, con- it be made agreeable ; cf. persua-
secutive. — cum: after. dere, p. 23, 1. 9.
3. multa: cf. p. 5, 1. 9.— tra- 15. volebat : cf. velle, p. 2,
ditum est: cf. p. 11, 1. 4. 1. 15.
5. euntem: from eo.- — earn: 17. cum : translate much earlier
her. — ipsius his own. : in the English sentence.
6. positam: part, (from pono), 18. ipsi: on their own tno-
agreeing with earn. tion, i.e. without waiting for
1 . caput capital.: the governor to act.
. . —
fectus, cum primum in eorum conspectum venit summo

assensu omnium dux factus est. Qui igitur, quamquam
sciebat legatum postea iratum se fortasse interfecturum,
in finis tamen Inddrum copias duxit, hostesque in fugam
5 undique dedit. Quod ubi est auditum, legatus ex oppido
Beconem caperet suppliciumque
celeriter profectus est, ut
de eo sumeret, quod iniussu suo bellum cum Indls gereret
LESSON 25
Nathaniel Bacon (Continued}
Brevi autem ad caput pr5vinciae legatus celeriter redlre

est coactus; nuntiatum enim est oppidanos, quos domi re-
roliquerat quique iuvenl duel amicissimi erant, res novas ibi

agitare. Quibuscum legatus turn pacem fecit; postquam
vero Beco demum e bello longinquo domum rediit, colon!,
legatum adhuc esse iratum arbitrati, noctes diesque ducis
cari aedes custodiebant; eumque, cum paulo post decuri5
15 factus esset, mult! comites armatl ad oppidum secutl sunt.
Ibi tamen legatus, qui quoque copias coegerat, Beconem
statim rapuit, mox autem ab oppidanis Iratis dimittere co-
actus est. Sed iuvenis, paucis post diebus certior factus
1. cum primum : i.e. as soon as. 10. iuvenl : here as adjective.

2. omnium: as (masc.) noun, res novas: r evolution] lit.
modifying assensu. — qui: cf. what?
p. 5, 1. 3. 11. agitare: agito, 1, plan.—
3. iratum: in {his) anger. — quibuscum : cf. secum, p. 8,
fortasse: adv., perhaps. — inter- 1. 14«

fecturum: sc. esse. 13. arbitrati: cf. the use of
4. copias : {his) troops. veriti, p. 2, 1. 17. — noctes diesque :
5. quod: this (noun). night and day

6. supplicium supplicium, -i,
: 14. decurio (-onis, m.) : mem-
N., punishment. ber of the legislature.
7. de:lit./r<?^. supplicium su- 16. coegerat: had called to-
mere is t he converse of poenas dare gether.
Ballista
Ancient " artillery" was not very formidable, as may be seen

from the above illustration, which gives a modern artist's concep-
tion of an attack upon a walled town. Roman "cannon" were
simply huge catapults, some of which threw stones or masses of
metal, others projected heavy darts.
legatum parare se iterum in custodiam dare, clam noctu f ugit
ex oppido, nee postero die ab inimicls suis invenlri potuit.
Colon! scilicet. undique libenter convenerunt, ut ducem
carum adiuvarent; isque iam menses multos, modo cum
5 Indis modo cum legato, feliciter bellum gessit. Olim, cum
obsideret urbem, quod erat caput provinciae, ballistasque
circum murds collocare vellet, uxores inimlcorum e praediis
proximis deductas ante milites suos posuisse dlcitur, ut sine
periculo suorum opus perficeretur.
LESSON 26
Nathaniel Bacon {Concluded)
10 Legatus, cum ea in urbe multos dies obsessus esset,

postremo cum comitibus omnibus navis conscendit, quae
in flumine propinquo ad ancoram c5nsistebant, ac sine
mora profectus est, ut auxilium peteret. Qu5 facto, Beco,
qui sentiebat legatum mox cum socils esse rediturum, ur-
15 bem statim incendit ; ipse autem, laboribus perlculisque
fractus, paul5 postmortuus est.
Turn eius comites, cum intellegerent legatum solere ini-
micos etiam mortuos contumeliis afficere, corpus ducis carl
tulerunt ad flumen et in aquam merserunt quare legatus, ;
20 cum redisset ad urbem amicosque Beconis multos interfe-

cisset, ipsius iuvenis corpus invenire non potuit.
2. invenlri : note the last let- 10. legatus, cum : cf. hostes,
ter of the word. cum, p. 20, 1. 17.
4. modo . . . modo: at one 17. cum intellegerent: cf. the
time . . . at another. note on p. 14, 1. 8. — solere: cf.
6. quod: relative, agreeing solebant, p. 7, 1. 4.

with the predicate noun. 18. mortuos (when) dead.
:
8. dlcitur: cf. p. 5, 1. 17, note. 19. merserunt mergo, 3, mersi,

:
g. suorum: to (lit. of) his mersus, bury, lit. sink.

men. 20. multos: many {of).
:
Paucis post annis ille legatus pessimus quoque poenas

dedit ; nam a rege domum revocatus, summa Ignominia
affectus ibi mortuus est. Interim Virginia reliquaeque
provinciae paulatim validiores flebant. Sed antequam de
5bello loquor, quod postea a colonls cum Britannis gestum
est, quaedam dlcenda sunt de puero, qui imperator summus
Americanorum futurus erat.
LESSON 27
The Boyhood of George Washington
Hie puer, qui Vasingto appellabatur, in Virginia natus

est sexaginta fere annis post bellum, quod cum legato eius
10 provinciae gesserat Beco ille, de qu5 modo dixl. Puero
erat frater rriaior, qui tribunus mllitum factus ad bellum
abierat, quod Britanni cum Hispanis turn gerebant els in
Insulis, ad quas Columbus prlmum naves appulit.
Vasingto, postqiiam frater ad exercitum profectus est, de
i5bello saepe c5gitabat; cumque ludebant pueri ac simula-
bant se esse milites, semper erat ille imperator. Postea
vero, puer magnus et validus factus, celerrime dlcitur cur-
rere potuisseneque equum timuisse ullum.
Frater iam volebatVasmgtonem nautam fieri, mater
2oautem noluit; itaque ille doml aliquamdiu mansit et didicit
omnia, quae ibi in ludo tradebantur. Sed paucis post an-
4. flebant: note the tense. 16. imperator: pred. nom.

6. quaedam: (neut. pi.) some- 17. vero: moreover. —et omit
:
thing. in translation. — factus : render by

7. futurus erat: was destined a clause introduced by "when."
to be] cf. p. 4, 1. 3, and p. 16, 1. —dlcitur: cf. p. 30, 1. 8.
15. 21. omnia : everything. — ludo
8. natus est: cf. p. 1, 1. 1. ludus, -1, w., school. — tradebantur:
9. post : here preposition. i.e. was taught ; lit. what?
:
nls vir quidam, cui erat maximum praedium longinquuni,

hominem conducere voluit, qui terminos praedil sul consti-
tueret ; ac Vasingto, qui hanc quoque artem didicerat, ab
eo conductus in praedium missus est.
LESSON 28
Experiences on the Frontier
5 In praedio, quod instar pr5vinciae erat, habitabant agri-

colae paucl, at multl Indl. Hie Vasingto menses multos
per silvas et montes longe ac saepe equo vectus
iter fecit,
rlvos et flumina transiit noctu autem solebat sub caelo

;
prope ignem hum! iacere, quod casas colonorum non ama-

10 bat. Olim cum ita sopitus iaceret, subito ignis in foenum
cecidit, ex quo lectus eius f actus erat quo ex- perlculo ipse ;
tamen servatus est ab agricola quodam, qui turn vigilabat.

Tres annos in praedio moratus est Vasingto, ibique mores
Indorum cognoscere coepit ;
quare, ubi domum undevlginti
15 annos natus rediit, a legato Virginiae tribunus mllitum fac-
tus est nam Virginia tota reliquisque provincils colon! arbi-
:
trabantur bellum cum Gallls mox gerendum esse. BritannI

\
enim multl iam transierant montes consederantque in valli-
bus, quae a Gallls prius exploratae erant ;
quibus rebus
2. terminos: terminus, -I, m., ii. ex quo! (out} of which. —

boundary. quo ex perlculo for word order,
:
3. hanc artem: i.e. of

. . . cf. ea in terra, p. 6, 1. 3.
surveying. 14. undevlginti annos natus
6. hie : the adverb. at nineteen years of age, lit. hav-
8. autem moreover. : ing been borii nineteen years.
9. humi: cf. p. 7, 1. 4 ama- — 15. tribunus mllitum: a major.
bat: fancy; for other meanings of 16. Virginia tota : throughout
this word, seethe Vocab. all Virginia. The prep, in is often
10. foenum foenum, -1, n.,
: omitted when the abl. is modified
straw. by totus.
Galli comm5ti, cum hanc regionem dimittere nollent, ca-

stella complura ibi ponebant, quae Britannos arcerent.
LESSON 29
A Dangerous Mission
Quamquam spes pacis iam paene sublata erat, legatus

Virginiae constituit tamen nuntium mittere, si ullo modo
5 res sine bellocomponi possent. Itaque Vasingt5, sine
mora delectus qui hanc rem difficilem tractaret, paucls cum
comitibus per silvas f ortiter prof ectus est cumque montes ;
quoque translsset, Indis quibusdam ad concilium vocatls

persuasit ut ad Gallorum castra se sequerentur.
10 Quo ubi perventum est, Galli nuntium comiter accepe-
runt, responderunt tamen se numquam nisi bello coactos
ex illls finibus discessuros. Quare Vasingto, qui Gallorum
copias maximas summa sollicitudine animadverterat, do-
mum statim properare coepit cum vero ad montes per- ;
15 ventum esset, impedimentis relictls, un5 cum comite et
duce Indo etiam celerius progressus est.

Via scilicet erat ipsa perlculdsa (nam hiems iam erat)
alterum autem f uit perlculum maius colonis enim inimi- ;
cus erat dux. Qui dlim, cum advesperasceret, telum subito
1. cum . . . nollent: translate 11. nisi: introducing the part,

by a participial phrase. coactos.
2. ponebant: note the tense. 13. copias: stores, or supplies.
arcerent: note the mood. — sollicitudine: sollicitudo, -inis,
si: *) perchance. F., anxiety.
4. (if
5. componi: compono, 3, -po- 14. vero: and.
sui, -positus, settle. 16. duce guide.
:
6. tractaret: note the mood. 18. alterum another : ; contrast

8. Indis : cf. the note on per- the commoner meaning of alter
suadere, p. 23, 1. 9. — vocatis : on p. 34,1. 1. — colonis: construe
modifier of Indis. with inimicus.
in Vasingtdnem mlsit. Quo facto, colonus alter Indum in-
terficere volebat. At Vasingto, qui te)6 vulneratus non

erat, hominem discedere incolumem passus est ; iam autem
non solum interdiu sed noctu quoque iter faciendum
5 arbitrabatur, quod perlculum sentiebat maximum esse.
LESSON 30
A Dangerous Mission (Cotztinued)
Paulo post ad men magnum perventum est; quod

flu
cum rate translrent, Vasingtd forte in aquam frlgidam

cecidit, unaque cum comite in insula parva morari coactus
est, donee dies postera illuxit demum per glaciem,
: turn
10 quae in flumine natabat, summo cum perlculo ad rlpam
alteram ambo Deinde, equ5 ab Indls empto,
venerunt.
facilius fecerunt iter, et postremo incolumes domum perve-
nerunt. Ubi legatus, cum de pertinacia Gallorum certior
factus esset, moleste ferens illos tarn audacter respondisse,
15 Vasingtonem iussit mllites trans montes ducere ad castella
eisdem in locis ponenda, e quibus ipse modo redierat.
Interim colon! alii, e provincia clam per montes pro-
fecti, in illis regionibus longinquls locum quendam, castris

maxime idoneum, audacter occupaverunt. Qui ver5 brevl
2oaGallIs se dedere coactisunt ; nam Vasingtd, quamquam iam
cogebat copias atque intellegebat omnia sibi esse facienda
1. in: at. 14. illos . . . respondisse: that

7. rate: ratis, -is, f., raft; they had replied.
for syntax, cf. navibus, p, 6, 1. 10. 15. ad castella . . . ponenda:
10. in : upon the surface of.
— to establish forts.
natabat: cf. natantes, p. 3, 1. 15. 16. quibus: the antecedent is
11. ab from. : locis.

12. facilius: i.e. more com- 21. sibi: dat. case, this being
fortably. the regular agency construction
13. ubi : cf. ubi, p. 4, 1. 14. with the gerundive. The whole
ut hie locus defenderetur, civibus tamen suis satis mature

auxilium ferre non potuit.
LESSON 31
The Beginning of the French and Indian War

At paucis post diebus, per loca aspera summo labore
progressus, in hostium fines pervenit Vasingto, castraque
5 ibi parva posuit. Deinde paulo longius profectus explora-
t5res cepit paucos; turn autem certior f actus Gallos Indosque
adesse plurimos, iterum se in castra recepit. Quo facto
Galli, cum socils Indls celeriter consecuti, in castra impetum
f ecerunt acerrimum ; sed postremo, colonls multas horas f ru-
iostra oppugnatis, e castris Vasingtonem cum armls ea con-
dicione exlre passl sunt, ut exercitum ex his flnibus statim
reduceret. Ille igitur invitus domum iter facere coactus est.
Postero autem anno e Britannia legiones complures mis-

sae sunt ad Gallos expellendos ex els locls, unde ill! modo
15 Vasingtonem discedere coegerant. Imperator f actus erat

vir Britannicus, nomine Braddoc, dux fortis, qui tamen cum
Indis bellum gerere nesciebat. Credebat vero se omnia
scire, neque a Vasingtone aut reliquis colonls se monerl
volebat ;
quare, cum ad bellum profectus esset, quamquam
2omulta mllia passuum pervias periculosas silvasque maximas
iter legionibus erat faciendum, exploratores praemittere
phrase may be rendered freely 14. ad Gall5s expellend5s pur- :
that he must exert himself to the pose clause cf. the similar phrase
;
utmost for the defense, etc. on p. 34, 1. 15.

1. suis : modifier of civibus. 17. gerertf: cf. the infinitive
8. Indis : here as adj. with nesciebat, p. 8, 1. 2.
10. ea condicione . . , ut: on omnia : all {about the subject)

these terms, that. 18. se : omit in translation.
12. invitus: cf. the note on 21. legionibus: for syntax, cf
laetus, p. 2, 1. 16. sibi, p. 34, 1. 21.
n5luit, nee gratias colonis operam suam ultro

egit, qui
pollicitl sunt : nam ne conspectum quidem legionum sua-
rum putabat Lndos esse laturos.
LESSON 32
Braddock s Defeat
Postremo vero, cum in fines hostium longe iter factum

5esset, subito in silvis Inddrum ululatus est audltus ; turn
tela plurima inmissa sunt, ac milites Britannic!, qu! ho-
stem nullum videbant, undique cadere coeperunt. Colon!
interim in silvam celeriter inruperunt, arboribusque inter-
posals cum Indis acriter pugnabant; at imperator legiones
10 in via habebat Instructas, nee suos loco cedere passus est,
quamquam caedem maximam fieri sentiebat. Itaque ill!
paene omnes aut Braddoc

interfecti sunt aut vulnerati, ac
ipse vulnus accepit, ex quo paulo post mortuus est. Va-
singto milites perterritos primo cohortari conatus, impera-
15 tore vulnerato exercitus reliquias ad castra reduxit, ubi
impedimenta maxima relicta erant. Ibi, concili5 convocato,
tribunl centurionesque celeriter e flnibus hostium sibi dis-
cedendum esse statuerunt.
Quo proeli5 admoneor ut dlcam de incommodo maximo,
20 quod a Romanls acceptum est apud lacum Trasumennum,
7. videbant : we would say 12. aut . aut either

. . :or. . . .
" could see." 14. imperatSre vulnerato trans- :
8. arboribus . . . interpositls late by a phrase introduced by

freely, getting behind trees; lit. " after.
what? 17. discedendum esse: imper-
habebat
10. : kept. — suos : cf. sonal use of the gerundive,
suorum, page 30, 1. —
9. loc5: 19. ut: to.
from their places ; cf. the note on 20. apud : at. — lacum Trasu-
p. 7, 1. 4. mennum : in north central Italy.
FIRST LATIX READER 37
cum Hannibal, dux Poen5rum, ibi Tnsidias clam fecisset.

Secundum lltus est via angusta, turn agrl apertl. In locd
aperto Hannibal castra posuit, milites autem multos in
latebrls prope viam collocavit. Turn, cum Roman! temere
5 via angusta ad Hannibalis castra versus iter facerent, subito
Poeni e latebrls eruperunt et hostis perterritos in lacum
compulerunt.
LESSON 33
Later Events of the War

Etsi in proelio, de qu5 supra dixi, Galll victoriam erant
adeptl Britannlque ex illis regionibus celerrime se recepe-
10 rant, Vasingtonis tamen virtutem omnes laudabant. Quern
igitur col5nI, copils tota ex provincia coactis, summum
fecerunt ducemmontes cum exercitu ad hostis arcen-
et in
d5s miserunt ubi bellum cum Gallis eorumque socils men-
;
ses multos fellciter gessit tribusque post annls, cum iam :
15 imperatores complures e Britannia ad Americam missi

essent, una cum legatis alils legiones quasdam ille e Penn-
sylvania trans montes duxit atque hostes ex els locis disce-
dere coegit, ubi illi quondam Britannls tantum detrimentum
intulerant.
20 Quo incommodo accepto, Gall! tamen minime anim5
demissi bellum alibi acriter gesserunt ; nam Indi, qui erant
paene omnes amid, eos omnibus modis adiuvabant. Sed
2. in loc5 aperto : freely, in 10. quern : not relative in the

the open ; lit. what ? • English translation.
5. via angusta: for syntax, 18. Britannis: dat. case; trans-
cf. the note on qua, p. 5, 1. 13; late"upon."
here the abl. may be rendered 20. animo demissi lit. cast :
*'along." down in mind, i.e. discouraged.

8. erant adept! : adipiscor, 3, The abl. case here expresses speci-
adeptus sum, gain, or secure. fi cation.
postremo, multls detrimentis fracti, pacem petierunt ;

quam
mox adept! sunt, Canada aliisque regionibus Britannis
traditls.
Vasingto interim ab exercitu domum redierat, ubi in ma-

Strimonium duxit matronam quandam, quae Marta appella-
batur turn annos paucos in praedio suo mansit otiosus.
;
LESSON 34
The Outbreak of the Revolution
Nunc mihi dicendum est de bello, quod colon! paucls

post annis cum Britannis ipsls gesserunt. Diu rex sena-
tusque Britann5rum a provincils vectlgalia quaedam exigere
ioerant conati, etsl hae leges latae erant in concilio, in quo
suffragium ferre Americano null! licebat. Id colon! moleste
ferebant ; ac postrem5, cum iam tanta iniuria non diutius
f erenda videretur, omnibus ex provinciis in unum locum viri
delect!, in eis Vasingto, ad consilium commune capiendum
15 convocati sunt. Hi, concilio habito, litteras ad regem
Britannorum miserunt, quibus postulabant ut colonls iura
eadem concederentur, quae domi cives reliqni obtinebant.
Quibus litteris acceptls, rex Iratus n5n solum iura concedere
1. petierunt: i.e. petiverunt. 13. f erenda : bearable; lit. what?

— quam: this (noun). — in unum locum: with convocati
2. adept! sunt : cf. the note on sunt, 1. 15.
p. 37, 1. 8. — Britannis: dat. case. 14. in eis : cf. in, p. 26, 1. 7.
6. otiosus : translate by an- — consilium . . . concilio : con-
other part of speech. trast the meaning of the two
9. vectigalia : vectigalia, -ium, words.
N., taxes. 15. litteras : for the force of
10. leges: lex, legis, f., meas- the plural, see the Vocab.
ure, or law. 16. quibus : in which ; strictly,
11. suffragium ferre: cast a abl. of means.
vote (suffragium, -i, N.). — id: this 17. obtinebant: freely, en~
{state of affairs). joyed.
noluit, sed etiam in Americam mlsit mllites multos, qui a

colonis audaciae poenas repeterent.
Apud oppidum parvum, nomine Lexingtonem, primum
pugnatum est, magna cum caede Britannorum nam agri- ;
5 colae, muris interpositls, tela plurima inmiserunt in hostes,

passuum se recipere coacti sunt ad urbem,
qui ita sex mllia
unde paulo ante profectl erant. Quibus rebus factis, con-
cilium idem, quod ad regem litteras mlserat, quaerere coepit
imperatorem, qui omnls c5pias Americanas duceret. Cl-
io ves scilicet memoria tenebant res gestas Vasingtonis in
bell5, quod paucis ante annis cum Gallis Indisque gestum

erat quare ille summo assensu omnium dux brevl factus
;
est.
LESSON 35
Operations about Boston
Sed antequam Vasingt5 in Britanniam Novam pervenire

15 potuit, iterum acriter pugnatum est in quodam colle, ubi
postea Americani columnam maximam eorum nomine
statuerunt, qui ibi pro libertate vltam suam largltl sunt.
Eo in proelio Britanni vlcerunt ; sed ne hostes quidem satis
laudare poterant virtutem colonorum, qui impetum vetera-
2onorum tarn audacter exceperant.
Vasingto, postquam illuc pervenit, hostls menses mult5s
2. audaciae : for (lit of) their 16. columnam: columna, -ae,

insubordination. f., monument. — nomine: in
3. apud: near. — primum: the honor.
adverb. 17. statuerunt : i.e. posuerunt.
6. ita: i.e. under a hot fire. — vltam: translate as though the
7. concilium: (deliberative) noun were plural.
body. 18. e5 : modifier of proelio.
g. elves: (his) fellow-citizens. 21. Vasingto, postquam: cf.
10. memoria tenebant : i.e. had the note on hostes, cum, p. 20,
not forgotten. 1. 17. — illuc : adv., thither.
Column a
In the picture shown a monument about a hundred feet in

is
height, erected at Rome

in 104 a.d., in honor of the emperor
Trajan. On its sides are sculptured scenes descriptive of one of
Trajan's important campaigns, a fact which makes this column a
very important source of information about the details of Roman
military life.
intra munitiones Bostonis continuit Turn, cum eius copiae

mai5res factae essent, subitonoctu prope urbem clam collem
quendam occupavit, atque ibi vallum summa celeritate
exstruxit ;
quin etiam ubi dies illuxit duxque hostium munlti-
5 ones novas animadvertit, vehementer commotus ille :
" Hi
coloni una nocte," inquit, " tanta opera perfecerunt, quanta
meus exercitus mense tdtd perficere non potest." H5c
vallo exstructo, cum cotldie tela plurima ballistis Americano-
rum in urbem mitterentur, hostes brevi naves conscendere
10 atque e portu f ugere coacti sunt.
Coloni adhuc bellum gesserant ut iura clvium Britan-
nicorum sibi concederentur ; iam vero, cum neque rex neque
senatus eos audire vellet, de Britannia desclscere novamque
condere rem publicam constituerunt.
LESSON 36
The Battles of Long Island and Trenton
15 Interim BritannI Novum Eboracum

marique oppu- terra
gnare parabant. Haud procul
quae Longa est magna insula,
appellatur. Ibi e navibus egress! hostes cum Americanis
acriter pugnaverunt. Quo proelio victus Vasingt5 non
solum ex Insula discedere sed etiam Novum Eboracum
20 dlmittere coactus est. His rebus factls, coloni omnes animo
6. tanta . . . quanta: such 13. deifrom. — desclscere: de-

. . . as. seised, 3, -scivi, -scltum est, sefia-
7. potest could, a common

: rate.
idiomatic use of the pres. indie, of 14. rem publicam : cojnmon-
this verb. —
hoc vallo, etc. the : wealth,
abl. absol. may be translated by a 15. terra marique: by land
"when " clause, and the following and sea, the abl. expressing place
words by a participial phrase. where.
8. ballistis : abl. of means. 20. animo . . . demissi : cf. the
12. cum: causal. — neque . . . note on this same phrase, p. -yj,
neque : neither . . . nor. 1. 20.

vehementer erant demissi ;

quare Vasingtd, quamquam toto
cum exercitu pugnare non audebat,
Britannico in acie
putavit tamen aliquid sibi faciendum esse, quod spem clvibus
suls adferret. Quam facultatem mox nactus est. Nam
5 BritannT, qui inviti cum Americanls ipsl pugnabant, multos
Germanos conduxerant, qui in exercitu stlpendia facerent ;
quorum Germanorum pars quaedam haud procul a Novo

Eboraco iam collocata erat. Quo cognito, Va-
in hibernls
singto noctu profectus, etsl erat tempestas maxima flumen-
ioque quoddam transeundum erat, ad eorum castra versus
audacter iter fecit quo in itinere duo homines f rlgore perie-
;
runt. Hostes, qui nihil suspicabantur diemque festum

celebrabant, ab Americanls facillime captl sunt. Turn
demum colon! iterum spem magnam habere coeperunt.
LESSON 37
The Retreat from Trenton
15 Paul5 post Vasingto, cum ausus esset iterum progredi ad

eundem locum ubi Germanos illos ceperat, perlculum adiit
maximum. Nam subito aderant Britanni plurimi, nee
propter natantem glaciem flumen translre AmericanI pote-
rant. Turn imperator Britannicus, qui Cornivallis appella-
2obatur, cum Vasingtonem crederet iam demum circumventum
esse, glorians, "Cras," inquit, "a me iste vulpes capietur/'
2. acie regular engagement.

: 16. illos : i.e. those mentioned
4. adferret:note the mood. in 1. 7.
— quam facultatem: freely, an 20. cum . . . crederet: trans-
opportunity for which. late by a participial phrase ; so
5. inviti: with reluctance.
— also on the next page, 1. 11. In
ipsl: in person. Latin the pres. part, is used much
9. erat: there was. than in English.
less freely
12. diem festum: aholi-
. . . 21. eras: adv., to-morrow. —
day (festus, -a, -um). vulpes (-is, c.) : fox.
At Vasingtd suos iussit sub vesperum in castris ignis

facere, ut cotldie solebant, cum interim pauci maximo cum
strepitu circum vallum opus festlnarent ;
quod e5 consilio
iussit, ut BritannI arbitrarentur ibi impetum hostium excipere
5 Americanos parare. Nocte tamen intempesta colon!, sine
strepitu 0115 ex castris egress!, vils devils iter fecerunt cir-
cum exercitum Britannicum, atque in agros apertos inco-
lumes pervenerunt. Itaque mane imperator Britannorum
vulpem istum " invenire non potuit Vasingt5 enim etiam
" ;
10 turn oppidum oppugnabat alterum, ubi quidam BritannI alii
castra posuerant. Quare Cornivallis, cum sentlret se elusum

esse, celeriter se recepit, ut impedimenta conservaret sua,
quae ad pugnam profectus post tergum longe reliquerat.
LESSON 38
Burgoyne s Campaign
Postero anno alius imperator Britannicus ex Canada per

15 provinciam Noveboracensem legiones quasdam ducere
conatus Cui omnia prlmo fellciter evenerunt; Tae-
est.
conderoga enim capta est una cum copils omnibus, quas

eo AmericanI comportaverant. Cum autem German!
mult! e Britannico exercitu in proximam provinciam
20 miss! essent ut equds aliasque copias colonorum raperent,
2. ut : as. — solebant : sc. 10. oppugnabat : note the

facere. — pauc! : here used as a tense.
(masc. pi.) noun. 13. ad pugnam: for a battle
3. vallum: of course, of their (merely), i.e. not for a campaign,
own camp. — festlnarent: festln5, 16. cui: for whom. omnia: —

1, hurry along. quod — : i.e. id note the gender.
quod, a thing which. — consilio: 18. eo: there, lit. thither; cf.
design. the note on quo, p. 8, 1. 14.

agricolae, qui a pueritia arma ferre solitl erant, undique

statim convenerunt Germanisque magno cum detrlmento
;
ex ilia provincia discedere coactis, imperatorem ipsum mox

acerrime adortl sunt AmericanI, quorum in dies copiae
5 mai5res f lebant.
Quo iam omnibus ex partibus
proelio victi hostes, qui
obsidebantur, in Canadam redlre primd frustra conati,
postremd Americanis in deditionem venerunt. Turn sci-
licet colon! omnes ecfrenate gaudebant, quod periculum
io maximum effugisse videbantur. Sed alibi hostes acriter
gerebant bellum cuius eventus adhuc maxime dubius erat.
;
LESSON 39
Valley Forge
Dum geruntur haec, de quibus modo dixi, Britanni Phi-

ladelphiam oppugnare parabant, quae urbs turn erat caput
rei publicae Americanae. Unde Vasingto, cuius copiae
15 numero erant multo Inferiores, hostes nullo modo arcere
poterat; quare senatus ad aliud oppidum se recepit, ac
Philadelphia nullo defendente a Britannls capta est.
4. in dies fro?n day to day.

: 13. quae urbs : the city which ;
6. omnibus ex partibus: on lit. what?

all sides. 15. numero: for syntax, cf.
Americanis: dat. case.

8. anim5, p. yj, 1. 20. —
multo: (by)
9. quod conjunction.
: much.
10. videbantur: sc. sibi, i.e. 16. senatus: Congress.
they seemed to themselves; freely, 17. null5: supplying the miss-
they thought that they, etc. ing abl. of nemo. —
defendente :
11. gerebant: note the tense. sc. earn Philadelphiam).

{i.e.
— maxime dubius by the prefix-
: For the pres. part., being active
ing of maxime, an adj. (or adv.) is in meaning, may take an object
raised to the superlative degree. even when used, as here, in the
12. haec : neut. pi. abl. absol. construction.
PaucTs post diebus circiter quinque milibus passuum ab

eadem urbe pugnatum est, sed turn quoque Vasingto
acriter
discessit inferior. Qui igitur, cum hiems iam adesset, mili-
tes suos in hibernls collocavit in quadam valle, ubi menses
5 multos summa cum inopia omnium rerum necessariarum

miserrime victum est. Nam non solum in aerario nulla
erat pecunia, sed in castris mox frumentum quoque deficere
coepit; militesque miseri, quibus erant saga nulla, saepe
noctes totas prope ignem vigilare coacti sunt. Quin etiam
iotraditum est, cum agmen in hiberna iter faceret, multorum
pedes nudos in nive vestigia cruenta fecisse.
Sed iam demum ex Eur5pa socii Americanis auxilium
ferre parabant multi enim etiam aliis ex gentibus mo-
;
leste ferebant Britannos iura clvium colonls concedere

15 ndluisse.
LESSON 40
Help from France
Ita hoc fere tempore factum erat ut Galli, qui Britannos

minime amabant, cum Americanis facerent foedus atque
trans mare imperatorem cum classe mitterent, qui colonos
i. quinque milibus passuum: 8. quibus: dat. case ; cf. cui,

abl. of degree of difference. — ab: p. 1 1, 1. 2.
{away) from. 10. multorum: as (masc.) noun;

2. pugnatum est: a battle was cf. multi, 1. 13.
fought; lit. what? Americanis: indirect obj.
12.
3. cum : as, or since. with auxilium ferre.

5. cum: freely, under the 13. aliis ex gentibus: i.e. of
stress of. other nationalities.
6. miserrime: misere (adv.), 16. factum erat: it had come
wretchedly. —
victum est: imper- to pass.
sonal pass, (from vivo). aerario: — 17. cum : preposition. — foedus:
aerarium, -ri, n., public treasury. foedus, -eris, n., alliance.
adiuvaret. Quibus rebus cognitls, Britanni illi, qui Phila-

delphiae consederant, cum sentlrent flumine classe obsesso
se undique oppugnari posse, celeriter sese coniunxerunt cum
copiis aliis, quae in provincia proxima collocatae erant. Ita
5 Philadelphia rursus in Americanorum potestatem pervenit.
Adhuc Britanni crediderant colonos facile vine! posse
sed iam demum senserunt se rem difficillimam tractare
cumque in quae ad meridiem spectant, colonl
provinciis,
rarl multls cum servis in praedils maximis habitarent, in
ioeas constituerunt exercitus suos mittere, si ibi rem gerere
fellcius possent. Nee vero eos consilium f efellit ; nam
Gorgia una cum quibusdam provinciis brevi est occu-
aliis
pata, et ubicumque in acie pugnatum est, AmericanI victl

sunt. Quibus detriments minime animo demissi, colonl
i
5
iam manus parvas coegerunt, quae in silvis paludibusque
latebant, donee occasion em rei bene gerendae nancl-
scerentur turn subito impetu fact5 aut capiebant Britannos
;
aut eos in fugam dabant.
LESSON 41
Benedict Arnold
Dum haec geruntur, in provincia NoveboracensI quldam

2oimperator Americanus, nomine Arnoldius, dux audax ac
1 quibus rebus : this. — Phila- 1 1 . nee vero, etc. : freely, and
delphiae : locative case. the plan w'AS successful ; lit. what?
2. flumine . . . obsesso: trans- 13. ubicumque: conjunction,
late by a conditional clause. wherever.
3. oppugnari: note the last 15. manus: companies, or
letter of the word. —posse could.
: bands.
— sese: i.e. se. 16. latebant: cf. the note on
8. cum: since, or inasmuch rapiebant, p. 7, 1. 17. — rei bene
as. gerendae (gen. case) : freely, suc-
10. eas : referring to provinciis, cessfid actioji. — nanclscerentur
1. 8. — si : cf. si, p. 33, 1. 4. translate the subjunctive "could."
—
strenuus, Britannls parabat prodere castra, quae colon! in

ripa fluminisHudsonis posuerant, quoque ab Americanls
comportata erant omnia, quae ad bellum necessaria erant;
nam castra natura loci munltissima erant, ac funis quoque
5 ferreus ibi trans flumen ductus erat, ne naves hostium
longius adverso flumine navigare possent
Britannl, cum iam dies proditionis appropinquaret, nun-
tium mlserunt, qui ducem convenlret Americanum, litte-
rasque ab eo reportaret. Incolumis ad Arnoldium pervenit
ionuntius; sed cum ad Britannds redlret, ab Americanls
tribus captus est qui captlvum sine mora in castra pro- :
xima deduxerunt, quamquam ille miser omnibus modis ab

els salutem impetrare conatus est. Qua de re certior fac-
tus, Arnoldius ad Britannos quam celerrime perfugit; qu5-
15 rum in exercitu imperator brevl factus est.

Nuntius interim, causa cognita, capitis est damnatus;
litteras enim, quas manu ducis AmericanI scrlptas ferebat,
delere non potuerat, antequam in castra a colonis tribus
ductus est. Arnoldius, cum contra suos elves acerrime bel-
20 lum gessisset, postremo apud Britannos mortuus est, etiam
els ipsls invisus quos tanta perfidia adiuvare conatus erat.
1. castra, quae, etc.: namely, 14- quam celerrime : as quickly

West Point. — quorum in exercitu:
as possible.
2. quoque : i.e. quo + que, and in their army.
and into which-, for quo, cf. the cognita:
16. — capitis: tried.
note on p. 8, 1. 14. i.e. to death. The charge or
3. omnia: note the gender. (less often) the penalty may be
— ad : for. expressed, as here, by the genitive.
4. natura: note the case. 17. manu: abl. of means with
funis (-is, m.) : chain. scriptas.
5. ferreus (-a, -um) : iron. 19. cum . . . gessisset: after
— ductus erat : had been stretched. waging. — suos
observe the em-
:
7. proditionis : proditio, -onis, phatic position (cf. the note on

F. ? betrayal; cf. the verb prodo, suum, p. 11, 1.6).
1. 1. 21. els ipsis: dat. case; con-
12. ille miser : he, poor fellow. strue with invisus.
)
LESSON 42
A Roman who fought against his Country
Quibus rebus admoneor ut pauca dicam de Coriolano,

claro duce Romano qui imperator fortissimus, a civibus
;
iniuria damnatus, ab urbe discessit seque coniunxit cum

hostibus, qui antea bellum Romanis saepe intulerant.
5 Denuo mox bello indicto, hostibus primo res undique
f eliciter evenerunt, Romanlque legatos pacis petendae causa
ad Coriolanum mittere coacti sunt. Qui autem, propter
iniuriam a civibus inlatam adhuc Iratus, asperius respondit
legatosque maestissimos domum dimlsit; quln etiam idem
10 nuntii a senatu iterum missl ne in castra recepti quidem sunt.
Quibus rebus cognitls, RomanI graviter permoti etiam
sacerdotes mittere constituerunt, si ab els saltern CoriolanI
animus f erox fleet! posset ; cum vero ne hi quidem quicquam
impetrare potuissent, turn mater ipsa uxorque CoriolanI una
15 cum alils matronls compluribus ad hostium castra maestae
profectae sunt.
Quo ubi perventum est, matris verbis vehementer com-
m5tus Coriolanus pollicitus est se sine mora cum exercitu e
flnibus Romanorum discessurum. Postea apud hostls mul-
1. pauca: a few {words). rendering of the comparative, cf.

2. qui: this (adj.). the note on maximum, p. 13,
3. iniuria: abl. used adverbi- 1. 11.
ally. — urbe : the city, i.e. Rome, 9. legatos : envoys or ambas-
often thus designated as being the sadors. — maestissimos : pred. adj.
city par excellence. — idem: pi.
4. Romanis: dat. case. 13. ferox (-ocis, adj.): fierce.

denuo: z>. iterum.
5. — flecti: flecto, 3, flexi, flexus,
6. pacis petendae causa i.e. : influence. — vero : and. — quic-
ad pacem petendam. Literally quam : any concession, lit. any-
causa means "for the sake of." thing.
8. asperius: rather harshly 15. maestae: in (the garb of
(aspere adv., harshly)
: for the ; mourning.
;
t5s ann5s vixit, nee libenter; nam traditum est eum esse
solitum dicere sen! miserrimum esse exsilium.
LESSON 43
The Surrender of Comwallis
Sed ut ad Americanos redeamus, ab els diu ac varia for-
tuna bellum cum Britannis gestum est. At paulatim oppida

5 provinciarum, quae ad meridiem spectant, rursus in pote-
statem Americanorum venerunt, ac Cornivallis, qui iam ibi
bellum gerebat, in Virginiam postrem5 se recipere coactus

est; qua in provincia summa cum licentia rapere et agere
coepit omnia.
10 Vasingto autem iam aderat cum exercitu sociisque Gal-
licls; et Cornivallis in urbe munitissima, quae Eboracopolis
appellator, undique obsessus,oppugnationem duos menses
aegre sustinuit. Turn hostes, cum frustra erumpere conati
essent parsque munltionum ab Americanls esset expugnata,
15 se suaque omnia VasingtonI dediderunt. Cornivallis autem
ipse, ne suis oculis Ignominiam exercitus videret, eo die se
esse aegrum simulabat, atque in tabernaculo, donee dediti5
est facta, maestus moratus est.
Hac victoria nuntiata, AmericanI ecfrenate gaudebant
20 ac senatus in templum convocatus dls gratias maximal egit.
1. vixit: from vivo. — nee steal (goods) and drive off (live
libenter: cf. the note on p. 17, stock).
1.8. 11. munitissima: strongly for-
2. sen! : for an old man \ sen! tified.
is from senex. 13. hostes: i.e. the English.
3. ut ... redeamus : to return. 16. ne . . . videret: freely,
6. ibi: in that region. in order to avoid seeing.
8. licentia: licentia, -ae, f., 16. suis cf. again suum,
: p. n,
lawlessness. — rapere et agere : 3. 6.
freely, rob and plunder ; strictly, 20. dis : cf. p. 14,1. 19.
5° FIRST LATIN READER
MuNiTlONES
Above may be seen the remains of a Roman camp, showing still
very well the nature of its defenses ; namely, a vallum, strengthened

at short intervals by small towers.
FIRST LATIN READER SI
Omnes enim sentiebant Britannis pacem iam demum esse

petendam.
LESSON 44
Washington retires to Private Life
Pace facta, Carleto, dux Britannicus, qui turn Eboracum

Novum praesidio tenebat, cum exercitu naves conscendere
5 domumque redire a rege iussus est.
. Illam in urbem Vasingto legatos suos paul5 post convo-
cavit. Cumque pauca locutus eos valere iussisset, legatl,
qui eo duce annos circiter octo stipendia fecerant, lacrimas
non potuerunt diutius continere, sed flentes imperatorem
iodextra tenuerunt. Legatls dimissis, Vasingto, ut imperium
suum deponeret, ad urbem statim profectus est, ubi senatus
turn habebatur.
Cum iter faceret, multitudines maximae ex oppidls omni-
bus egressae flores in via sparserunt; et inter fausta nomina
15 etiam pater patriae est appellatus. Sic progressus est usque
ad urbem, ubi eum senatus exspectabat ; turn, imperio depo-
sito, domum sine mora contendit, arbitratus se iam in prae-
dio iure otiosum vlvere posse, slcut f ecerat, antequam bellum
indictum est.
1. Britannis: cf. the note on freely, Congress was . . . in ses-

sibi, p. 34, 1. 21. sion.
6. legatos staff officers.
: 13. cum : as.
7. eos valere iussisset : had 14- sparserunt : spargo, 3,

bidden the?n (to) fare well (valeo, sparsi, sparsus, scatter. — fausta :
2, valui). faustus, -a, -um, complimentary

8. eo duce : cf. advena duce, p. 16. exspectabat: note the tense.
21, 1. 14. — circiter: cf. p. 45, 1. 1. 17. arbitratus: cf. the note on
— stipendia fecerant : cf. p. 42, veriti, p. 2, 1. 17.
1. 6. 18. iure: abl. of ius, used ad-
10. ut: for the purpose {of). verbially; cf. iniuria, p. 48, 1. 3.
n. senatus . . . habebatur: — otiosum: cf. p. 38, 1. 6, note.
LESSON 45
The Father of his Country
Laus maxima Vasingtoni tribuenda est, quod se regem

facere noluit. Sed eius nomen manet semperque mansurum
est in animis hominum, in aeternitate temporum, neque aliud
uraquam ab Americanls aeque amabitur. Quod ille pater
5 patriae appellatus est, hie est honor, qui paucls contigit.
Nam abhinc multos annos Cicero ita est vocatus, cum vl-
cisset clvls pessimos, qui rem publicam perdere voluerant
et antlquitus hoc idem cognomen Camilla a civibus gratis
iure datum est.
io Nam ille vir Romanus, dux fortis clarusque, iniuria in ius
apud Ardeates, cum
vocatus, abierat in exsilium, vlvebatque
Galli pluriml transmontes in Italiam subito profecti, proe-
lio acrl vlcerunt Romanos, urbemque ipsam incenderunt.
Turn Camillus, concilio convocato, Ardeates hortatus est ut

i5audacter fines defenderent suos, Romanlsque fortiter auxi-
lium ferrent. Itaque, illo duce, oppidanl noctu clam pro-
fecti, in quosdam Gallos, qui sine custodhs in agro aperto
i. laus (laudis, f.) : credit, few; masc, as noun. — contigit:

— tribuenda est due : is (tribuo, 3, contingo, 3, -tigl, fall {to the lot
tributus, give, or ascribe).

tribui, of), or happen (to).
— quod: that (conjunction). 7. perdere: perdo, 3, perdidi,
2. mansurum est : cf. futurus perditus, ruin.
erat, p. 31, 1. 7. 8. cognomen: cognomen, -inis,
3. aeternitate: aeternitas, n., title. — gratis: grateful.

-atis, f., endless extent. — tern- 11. Ardeates people of Ardea :
porum : the ages. — aliud : (any) (a town about twenty miles south
other. of Rome)
aeque
4. adv., equally.
:
— 12. Galli : the Gauls, a people
quod as for the fact that.
: inhabiting the country now known
5. hie est: this is; for the as France.
gender, cf. the note on quod, 13. urbem : cf. the note on urbe,
p. 30, 1.6. — paucls : (only) a p. 48, 1. 3.
hum! iacebant sopltl, maximd clamore fecerunt impetum,

eosque in fugam dederunt. Ac paulo post reliqui quoque
hostes, qui in castrls ad Romam morati erant, a Camillo
paene ad unum occisl sunt.
3. ad Romam: near (or at) Rome, 4. ad unum: cf. p. 4, 1. 5.

TALES OF LAND AND SEA
LESSON 46
The Settler s Daughter
In Britannia Nova quondam agricolae, qui semper im-

petus timebant Indorum, in agros cotldie secum arma ferre
solebant ac prope quendam vlcum in colle edito castellum
;
quoque positum erat, quo, si quando opus esset, colonl

5 llberos uxoresque statim deducerent. Qu5 ex castello olim
slgnum subito datum est Indos adesse. Hoc audlto, agri-
colae, equis in agrls sine mora relictls, ad villas cucurrerunt,
et mulieres ac llberos quam celerrime in castellum deducere
coeperunt.
10 At vir quldam, cui erat fllia tantum, ad castellum cum
ea pervenlre non potuit, priusquam Indl in conspectum
venerunt; itaque puellam parvam in arbore cava colloca-
vit, ne hostes earn invenlre possent, ipseque, ut auxilium
clvibus suls ferret, per agros fortiter contendit.
I5 In proelio, quod est ibi commissum, ab Indls captl, in
silvas longinquas deductl sunt agricolae pauci, in els ille
vir, de quo modo dlxl. OppidanI scilicet crediderunt flliam
una cum patre captam esse : sed ille multis post mensibus
3. edito : editus, -a, -urn, high. 8. quam celerrime : cf. p. 47,

4. quo: cf. quo, p. 47, 1. 2, 1. 14.
-si quando: if at any time, or 11. priusquam: i.e. antequam.
whenever. —
opus esset: there 15. est . . . commissum: i.e.
should be need. commissum est.

7. sine mora : i.e. instantly. 16. in els : cf. p. 38, 1. 14.
54
ex Indorum vlco clam eff ugit ; cumque postremo domum

pervenisset neque in oppido flliam potuisset invenire, clvls
suos ad arborem cavam deduxit. Ibi reperta sunt ossa
tantum et sagitta una.
LESSON 47
The Trials of War
5 Ab hostibus transmarlnis qui dlim bellum cum colonls

Americanls multos annos gesserunt, facinora atrocia facta
esse dlcuntur plurima. Nam cuidam col5n5 erant duo
equl pulcherriml, quos ille maxima dlligentia curabat; at
imperator hostium, qui hoc oppidum praesidio tenebat,
ioqulque erat omnibus oppidanls superbia maxime invlsus,
illos equos quondam ad se duel iussit, quod nuntium cum
litterls ad castra longinqua mittere vellet. Sed unum ex
equls nemo postea vldit, alterque paucls post horis in via
moribundus haud procul repertus est.
15 Praedam quoque e villls undique rapere solebant hostes
sed eds quondam duo servl Afri callide eluserunt post- ;
quam enim mllites appropinquare nuntiatum est, hi servl

fideles, tabula abrepta, argentum dominl celeriter sub aedi-
bus condiderunt. Unus autem ex els sub aedibus ar-

2ogentum vix ab altero acceperat, cum subito hostes in
conspectum venerunt. Itaque ille, qui supra stabat, tabu-
3. ossa : os, ossis, n., bone. construe with invlsus. — superbia :
5. transmarlnis : transmari- abl. of cause.

nus, -a, -um, fro??i across the sea. n. quod vellet: on
. . . the
6. atrocia: atrox, -ocis, adj., ground that he wanted,
dastardly. 16. callide: adv., cleverly.
7. dicuntur : note the pi. verb. 18. tabula: tabula, -&q,f.., board.
10. qulque i.e. qui + que.
: — 21. ille: the one. — tabulam;
omnibus oppidanls dat. case;
: cf. 1. 18.
lam statim demlsit, ne quid hostes suspicarentur ac servus ;
alter, qui nullo modo evadere poterat, tris dies noctesque
sub aedibus dicitur sine aqua cibove mansisse.
LESSON 48
The Attempt to surprise Detroit
Postquam bellum, quod a Britannls cum Gallls Indlsque
5
gerebatur, paene confectum multaque castella longin-est,
qua in potestatem Britannorum venerunt, quidam rex

Indorum, nomine Pontiac, dux fortis et acer, castella ilia
recipere Britannosque ita ex els regionibus expellere se
posse sperare coepit quare, concilils undique convocatls,
;
10 Indos hortatus est ut se fortiter sequerentur atque hostls

invlsos ad unum interficerent.
Cum iam ad caedem faciendam Indi omnia expedlrent,
e castello quodam mulier forte egressa barbaros in taber-
naculis arma parare animadvertit. Qua re nuntiata, legatus
15 Britannicus, qui ibi praeerat, nihil tamen verebatur, donee
puella Inda, quae eum amabat, castellum maesta intravit,
consiliumque totum Indorum ostendit. Turn vero castel-
lum custodiis maioribus flrmatum est, nee nimis mature;
nam postera nocte procul in silvls audlrl poterat cantus
1. demlsit: not dimisit. — 9. posse: could.

quid : i.e. aliquid. After ne and 10. se : him.
si, the short forms quis, quid, etc., 14. qua re : this observation.
are regularly used. 15. nihil . . . verebatur freely, :
3. dicitur: cf. dicuntur, p. 55, felt no concern; lit. what?

I.7. 18. nimis: adv., too. The
4. bellum, quod, etc. : namely, whole phrase may be rendered
the French and Indian War. freely and no7ie too soon.
8. recipere : a compound of 19. audiri : note the last letter
capio. This and the following of the word. — cantus: cf. p. 3,
iniin. depend on posse, 1. 9. 1. 2.
hostium, qui circum ignes saltabant : sic enim Indi se ad

caedem incitare solebant.
LESSON 49
The Attempt to surprise Detroit {Continued}
Mane ad castellum cum comitibus circiter sexaginta

venit Pontiac, conciliumque postulavit. Haud magno in-
5tervall5 sequebatur reliqua multitudo Indorum, qui simula-

bant se extra munltiones pila lusuros.
Portls castelll patefactls, Pontiac, qui nihil suspicabatur,
una cum comitibus, qui omnes arma vestimentls tecta fere-
bant, sine mora intravit deinde autem vehementer permo- ;
iotus milites omnes et complures negotiatores cum armls

circumstare animadvertit. Postquam vero ad prlncipia
deductus est ac vldit duos tresve tan turn adesse centuriones,
audacter cum legato loqui coepit.
Priusquam ad castellum perventum est, comites rex
15 monuerat se, cum pauca prius de pace locutus esset, legato
z5nam daturum quo signo impetum statim in legatum
;
centurionesque faciendum esse, cum interim Indi ceteri,

qui extra munltiones relictl erant, per portas inrumperent
praesidiumque adorirentur.
2. caedem: {the business of) 11. circumstare: i.e. in such

murdering. a way as to encircle Pontiac and
4. intervallo : translate the abl. his followers. principia : prin-
"at" (strictly, abl. of manner). cipia, -orum, n., headquarters.
6. pila: {at) bait ; abl. of means i5- pauca: note the gender;
(pila,-ae,F.). — lusuros: sc. esse. cf. multa, p. 5, 1. 9.
8. qui omnes all of whom. — 16. zonam : zona, -ae, F., belt.
— daturum:
:
vestimentls: abl. of means ; but would offer. — quo

when;
1
translate "under.
' 1
signo: abl. of time trans-
10. cum armls: i.e. {fully) late "at."
armed. *7- ceteri : i.e. reliqui.
—
Cum vero porrigere z5nam ille conaretur, legatus slgnum

dcdit, et subitd prlncipia son5 armorum completa sunt.
Turn demum barbarl, qui iam plane sentiebant omnia con-
silia sua patefacta esse, vultu demisso e castello silentio sunt
5 egressl, atquein silvas properaverunt ; ubi e conspectu Bri-
tannorum mox amissl sunt.
LESSON 50
A Successful Ruse
Coloni, cum bellum gererent, hostis saepe fallacils eluse-

runt. Sicut dux quldam Americanus, qui menses multos
cum exercitu fuerat, uxoris conveniendae causa olim clam
iodomum profectus est. Cuius adventu cognito, oppidani,
qui pauci hostibus favebant, certiorem fecerunt legatum
Britannicum, qui castrls praeerat proximls, ducem ilium in
oppido latere.
Itaque sine mora cum legione noctu profectus, legatus ad
15 oppidum celeriter contendit ; ubi statim aedibus American!
ignes admotl sunt. Quo animadverso, ille scilicet credebat
spem omnem iam esse sublatam sed fllia ex aedibus for- :
titer egressa legato, " Mater mea," inquit, "aegra est. Da

,,
mihi, obsecro, salutem eius saltern miserae.
1. zonam: see p. 57, 1. 16. — The word means literally "to be

signum dedit i.e. made a motion.
: before " or " to be over," notions
2. prlncipia: see p. 57, 1. 11. which, in Latin, call for the dative.
7. fallacils: tricks ox trickery 14. legione: (his) regiment.
(fallacia, -ae, f.). 15. American!: as noun, gen.
8. sicut: as, for instance. sing.
9. causa : cf. the note on p. 48, 16. ignes : translate as sing.,
1. 6. and turn the whole phrase into the
10. oppidani : (his) townsmen. active form. quo: neuter.
11. qui pauci: cf. qui omnes, 19. obsecro: I beg (you) (ob-
p. 57, 1. 8. secro, 1). — eius miserae: of
. . .
12. praeerat: cf. p. 56, 1. 15. her poor ", woman.

Qua re impetrata, mulier cum lecto leniter elata est;

mllites autem,ne dux ipse ullo modo effugere posset, aedes
interim omnibus ex partibus circumstabant quin etiam :
haud procul sunt morati, donee aedes totae igni con-

5 sumptae sunt. Turn laeti ad castra se receperunt, inter se
gloriantes unum Americanum sceleratum poenas
saltern
dedisse. At incolumis erat ille; nam, cum uxor eff erretur,
sub lecto manibus genibusque ambulaverat, neque eum
vlderat quisquam. Sic astutia filiae servatus mox ad ex-
io ercitum tuto rediit.
LESSON 51
Hozv the Town zvas Saved
Multis post annis, quam

quae modo dlxi, facta sunt, ea,
duae puellae Americanae, quae alio in oppido prope mare
habitabant, facinus memorabile ausae sunt. Olim enim,
cum pater earum longe abesset, in conspectum subit5 venit
15 navis longa Britannica ex qua, cum in portum pervenisset, ;
mllites multi scaphis vectT ad litus celeriter contenderunt

atque Americanorum coeperunt incendere navigia, quae
turn forte in portu ad ancoram cdnsistebant.
Fugam iam parabant oppidanl ceteri at puellae illae, ;
1. re: concession. — elata est: 9. astutia: astutia, -ae, f.,
from effero. quick wit.

3. omnibus ex partibus: cf. 11. post . . . quam: z.i.post-
p. 44, 1. 6. quam. — ea : the events.
4. totae: cf. the note on lae- 13. facinus: not as on p. 55, 1.
tus, p. 2, 1. 16. 6 (see the Vocab.). The phrase,

5. inter se: among themselves. as a whole, should be rendered
8. manibus, etc. : abl. of freely.
means; translate "upon 1
'
(genu, 19. parabant: were making
-us, n., knee). — neque . . . quis- preparations for. What are other
quam: cf. p. 2, 1. II. meanings of this word ?
6o FIRST LATIN READER
Musical Instruments
Among the ancients, music was a comparatively undeveloped

art. The scantiness of the music of the stage is indicated by the
above scene from a comedy, where the actor in the foreground is
manipulating a tambourine (tympanuni), while another in the rear

plays upon double pipes {tibiae).
In the Roman army, music was not employed as an accompani-

ment for the march ; but various trumpets were used for sounding
signals. In the picture below may be seen the long straight
trumpet (tuba) used by the infantry.
:
FIRST LATIN READER 6l
tibia tympanoque arreptis, secundum litus clam properave-

runt, ac colleparvo interposito clare canere coeperunt.
Qu5 sono vehementer commotl armatos
audlto, BritannT
plurimos appropinquare arbitrabantur (nam AmericanI mul-
Staeque gentes aliae tibia tympanoque canere solent, cum in
proelium progrediuntur). Quare, veritl ne interciperentur,
hostes, navigils oppidanorum relictis, celerrime se ad suam
navem longam receperunt ; nam non diutius de iniurils In-
ferendls cogitabant, sed sine mora navem solverunt atque
ioin mare apertum progressl sunt. Ita a puellis duabus
oppidum servatum est.
LESSON 52
An Example of Foi'titude
Indl AmericanI summum cruciatum sine gemitu patl

possunt, atque Indl AsiaticI nudl dlcuntur inter nives vltam
agere, neque edere gemitum, etsi ignes admoveantur. 111!
15 tamen cruciatu f ortiter ferendd Romanos nullo modo supe-

rant. Nam olim, cum diu neque fellciter bellum cum rege
1. tibia: tibia, -ae, f. flute. ?
— 13. nudl : pred. adj. — vltam:
tympano tympanum.
: -1, n., drum. translate as pi.
2. interposito: cf. p. 36, 1. 8. 14. edere: not edere. — etsi
— clare : adv., loudly. even though. — ignes : translate as
5. tibia tympanoque seel. 1;: sing. — admoveantur: sc. els ;
for syntax, cf. manibus, p. 59, 1. 8. subjunctive, because part of the

6. ne : (after a verb of fear- indirect discourse. Render the
ing) that. whole phrase freely.
7. suam: cf. suum, p. 11, 1. 6. 15. ferendo : in (the matter
8. inf erendis : inflicting; cf. of) bearing; cf. inferendis, 1. 8.
the force of the gerundive as seen The ablative expresses specirlca-
in the use with ad and causa in tion.
purpose clauses. 16. neque feliciter : andunsuc-
9. solverunt: lit. loosed, or cessfully ; cf. the note on p. 17,
released; see the Vocab. J. 8.
;.
Porsinna gestum esset, C. Mucius, clams iuvenis Romanus,

Tibcrim constituit solus translre regemque hostium, si pos-
set, interficere. Itaque telo veste tecto profectus est
cumque flumen clam translsset, in castra hostium incolumis
5 pervenit. Ibi tamen regem a comitibus internoscere non
potuit, ac pro Porsinna scribam occidit ; deinde frustra
effugere conatus ad regem ipsum deductus est. Qui cum
vellet penituscognoscere quae in se inita consilia,
erant,
ignes iussit admoverl, ut iuvenis omnia prodere cogeretur.
io Ille autem ultro dextram in ignem porrexit, cruciatumque
sine gemitu passus est. Quo viso rex, tantam fortitudinem

admiratus, captivum incolumem dimisit, ac paulo post a
Romanls pads condiciones petivit, quod cum gente, ex qua
erant iuvenes tantae virtutis, diutius bellum gerere nollet.
LESSON 53
A Hasty Leave-Taking
15 Prlmd bello, quod BritannI cum Americanis gesserunt,

hostes, cum ex Canada per provinciam Noveboracensem
1. Porsinna: king of Etruria, 8. penitus: adv., fully. — in:

a district of Italy just north of against. — inita erant ineo, : -ire,
Latium. C. —
i.e. Caius (Gaius).
: -ii
?
-itus, enter into.
2. Tiberim: ace. sing, of Ti- 9. omnia: everything.
beris. — si: if. 11. quo: neut.
3. veste: i.e. vestimento : cf. 13. quod: because (as he said}
p. 57, 1. 8. — ex qua . . . iuvenes: freely,/^
5. internoscereinternosc5 ? 3,
: young men of which.
-novi, -notus, distinguish. 14. tantae virtutis: the gen.
6. scribam: scriba, -ae ? m. ?
expresses characteristic or qual-
clerk. ity; translate first literally and
7. ad: before. — qui: the king. then freely.
— cum vellet: translate by a par- 15. primo bello: abl. of time
ticipial phrase. when.
ad mare iter facere conabantur, a socils Indls multum

adiutl sunt ; barbarl enim paulum ante exercitum progress!,
villls undique incensis, colonos summa crudelitate occide-
bant. Quare agricolarum omnium suspensi erant animl.
5 Dum res ita se habent, in praedi5 quodam servus Afer
olim subito ex horto perterritus fugit, dominumque certio-
rem fecit se Indum in herba latentem vldisse. Quo
audlt5, dominus statim ad fratris vlllam profectus est, ut
cum e5 consilium communicaret; interim uxorfllium iussit
ioequos carrumque parare. Turn, postquam rediit pater,
pauca in carrum imposuerunt, aedibusque ac bobus re-
lictis, ad ripam fluminis satis magni, quod prope fluebat,
sine mora pr5gressi sunt. Id cum translssent, celeriter

inde per agros contenderunt una cum colonls alils, qui in
15 his regionibus diutius morari non audebant. At ne sic
quidem sine laboribus perlcullsque effugerunt nam in ;
itinere, tempestate subito coorta, mater llberlque sub caelo
noctem agere coacti sunt sed postremo in provinciam :
proximam incolumes pervenerunt.
LESSON 54
The Capture of a Man-of- War
20 Olim multl armatl AmericanI ad Canadam versus iter

faciebant, ut ibi cum Gallis pugnarent. Qui postremo
pervenerunt ad lacum, qui transeundus erat, si longius pro-
1. Indls : here adj. 11. pauca: note the gender.

3. occldebant: cf. rapiebant, — bobus: from bos.
p. 7, 1. 17. 12. satis: quite.
5. res: matters. 14. alils : not reliquis or ceteris.
8. vlllam : farm ; cf. the com- 18. noctem agere: cf. vltam
moner meaning of the word in 1. 3. agere, p. 61, 1. 13.
9. communicaret: communico, 20. armatl: strictly, noun ; but
1, make . . . jointly. the phrase may be rendered freely.
: : .
gredl vellent; in lacu autem ultro citroque navis longa

Gallica navigabat, ne quis ibi scaphis transire posset.
American! scilicet navem longam sibi statim capiendam
esse intellexerunt. Concilioque convocato, cum variae sen-
Stentiae dictae essent, subito legatus quidam, maximae vir-
tutis vir, imperatori "Ego," inquit, " si mihi rmlites sex et
cuneos compluris dabis, celeriter rem conficiam." Mllitibus
cunelsque datls, legatus nocte intempesta ad navem longam
clam scapha vectus est; ubi cuneos sic inseruit, ut guberna-
iocula nullam in partem moveri possent.
Mane American! lacum translre coeperunt. Quo animad-
verso, Galli, qui nihil suspicabantur, veils passis in hostes
impetum facere conati sunt; at navis, ventis statim ad litus
delata, facile capta est a quibusdam Americanis, qui ad id
15 ipsum in litore Nave longa capta, scaphae

morati erant.
Americanorum sine Olio incommodo ad litus ulterius perve-
nerunt, militesque rursus ad Canadam per montes silvasque
leniter progress! sunt.
LESSON 55
The Fall of New London

Cum Britann! Novum Eboracum praesidio tenerent,
20 colon! classis onustas rebus omnibus, quae ad bellum
necessariae sunt, secundum l!tus Novae Britanniae ad
1. ultro: not as on p. 62, 1. 10 ;

inga clause of result. — guberna-
see the Vocab. cula: cf. the illustration facing p. 1
2. ne quis : so that no one ; cf. 10. moveri note the last letter
the note on quid, p. 56, 1. 1. of the word.
4. sententiae cf. sentio.: 12. passis from pando.
8. nocte intempesta: cf. p. 43, 13. ventis abl. of means.
1.5. 14. id ipsum this ve?y pur-
:
9. inseruit : insero, 3, -serui, pose.

-sertus, force in, — ut : introduc- 16. ulterius : modifier of litus.
occidentem navigantes interdum videbant ; turn, e portibus

liburnicls celerrime vecti, onerarias capiebant, si quae forte,
tardius progressae, intervallo maiore sequebantur naves
longas, quae els praesidio missae erant. Id BritannI diu rao-
5 leste tulerant ; cumque Insula Longa iam tota subacta esset,
ne postea umquam col5nI in naves suas impetum facere
auderent, Novum Londlnium delere constituerunt.
Itaque ab Insula noctu profectl, fretum clam transierunt;
sed ventls adversls impeditl portum n5n potuerunt intrare,
10 d5nec dies postera illuxit. Turn celeriter e castellis slgnum
colonls datum est hostes adesse, et agricolae armatl omni-
bus ex partibus in oppidum convenerunt. Qui, cum Bri-
tannI e navibus egressl essent, ad lltus versus f ecerunt iter,
murlsque interpositls tela plurima in hostes inmlserunt.

l
S At BritannI, qui numero erant multo superiores, mox inru-
perunt in oppidum atque ignes undique aedibus templlsque
adm5verunt. Qud viso, colonl, ut uxores liberosque in
loca tuta deducerent, ex oppido in agros se receperunt.
LESSON 56
The Fall of New London {Continued}
Prope oppidum erant castra quaedam, quae American!

20 praesidio haud magno tenebant. Quo cum hostes perve-
1. navigantes: modifying clas- for them, lit. for a protection to
sis, p. 64, 1. interdum not
20. : them, praesidio being a dat. of
interim. — videbant: used to sight. service. — id: i.e. this preying
2. capiebant : cf. rapiebant, upon their shipping.
p. 7,1. 17. — si quae: if any ; cf. 5. subacta: subigo, 3, -egi,
the note on quid, p. 56, 1. 1. -actus, subdue.
3. tardius . . . maiore: ab- 6. ne . . . umquam: so that
solute comparatives (cf. the note never,
on p. 13, 1. 11). — intervallo: cf. 8. fretum: sound.
p. 57, 1. 4. 15. numero: cf. p. 44, 1. 15.
4. eis praesidio : as an escort 16. ignes : translate as sing.

nissent, colonos statim se dedere iusserunt. Dato autem

responso minime grato, acerrime ibi pugnatum est sed :
BritannI, qui, ut supra dlxl, numero multo erant superiores,

postremo conscenderunt munitiones, castraque expugna-
5 verunt quin etiam virtute colonorum, qui animo obsti-
;
nato restiterant, adeo exacerbat! sunt, ut summa cru-

delitate occiderent deditos quosdam, qui arma iam proie-
cerant.
Deinde tamen, castra funditus delenda esse arbitrati,
iovulneratos prius efferre coeperunt ; sed id tanta saevitia,
homines miser! in carrum alius super alium abicerentur.
ut
Turn a Britannis circiter viginti carrus duel coeptus est ad
villam quandam, ubi vulneratl ab amlcis curari possent.
At praeceps erat via, ac postremo a mllitibus carrus diutius
i5retinerl non poterat, sed per decllve celeriter delatus, in
arborem inllsus est. Ipsa concussione quldam e vulneratis
interfectl esse dlcuntur; ac ceterdrum ululatus etiam trans
portum audltus est.
Sed iam undique colon! pluriml ad oppidum auxili ferendi
20 causa properabant, hostesque celeriter ad navls se recipere
coacti sunt.
2. resp5nso : noun, derived when the dependent infinitive is
from respondeo. passive.

3. ut : as. 13. possent: note the mood.
6. adeo: cf. p. 5, 1. 18. 14. praeceps (-cipitis, adj.) :
exacerbati sunt: exacerbo, 1, ex- steep.

asperate. 15. per declive: along the
7. deditos : as noun ; cf. vul- slope ; declive being used as a neut.
nerat5s, 1. 10. noun (from declivis, -is, -e, steep).
9. funditus: adv., totally, or — delatus : i.e. rolling down ; lit.
titterly. — arbitrati : cf. veriti, p. 2, what?

I.17. 16. concussione : concussio,
10. id : sc. fecerunt. -onis, F., shock. — e :
of.
12. coeptus est: the passive 19. auxili : cf. the note on
forms of this verb are used Standisi, p. 16, 1. 4.
LESSON 57
Captivity among the Indians
Priusquam pr5vinciae Americanae validae sunt factae,

Indi oppida longinqua saepe adoriebantur; miseraque erat
fortuna eorum coldnorum, qui ab els capti sunt. E quibus
unus haec fere de se commemorat
5 "Olim," inquit, " cum barbarl subito in conspectum ve-
nissent, ego cum oppidanis ceteris fuga petivl salutem, et in
paludem proximam quam celerrime contend!. Sed in luto
prolapsus, a tribus Indis captus sum, atque una cum reli-
quls captlvis in silvas longe sum deductus; ubi dies multos
10 per montes summo cum labore fecimus iter, cum interim
contumelias acerbissimas cotldie ferre cdgebamur.
"
Noctu hostes captivds huml suplnos collocabant, cu-
neisque in terra defixis, manus pedesque arte religabant, ne
quis nostrum per tenebras effugere conaretur. Interdum
15 autem tanta erat inopia cibi, ut barbarl, veriti ne frumen-
tum deficeret, nos etiam igni mandare semel iterumque in

animo haberent. At ego, postquam frigore fameque sum
paene necatus, paucis post mensibus a domino nov5 emp-
tus, postremo domum incolumis pervenl."
2. adoriebantur: cf. capiebant, 7. quam: cf. p. 47, 1. 14.

p. 65, 1. 2. lute: lutum, -I, n., mud.
4. haec: neut. pi. — com- n. contumelias: cf. p. 18, 1. 1.
memorat : i.e. narrat. The whole 13. arte : adv., tightly. — n5

phrase may be rendered freely quis: cf. the same phrase on p. 64,
discourses somewhat as follows, 1. 2.
etc. 14. nostrum : from ego.

5. inquit: present tense. 15. autem: moreover. — ne
6. fuga: abl. of means; we cf. p. 61, 1. 6.
would say, "in flight
11
cf. other ; 16. mandare: mand5, 1, con-
renderings of this abl., p. 57, 11. 6 sign. — semel iterumque: see the
and 8. Vocab.
;
LESSON 58
A Fresh Supply of Powder

Olim puella, quae Elizabeta appellabatur, oppidanls suis
ita salutl fuit. Subito ab Indis oppidum erat oppugnatum,
colonlque statim se receperant in castellum parvum, quod
barbari diu expugnare frustra conati sunt. At deficere iam
5 coeperat pulvis ille paene magicus, quo celeritate exitiall
telaAmericanorum aliarumque gentium multarum longis-
sime feruntur. Quare colon! vehementer erant animo
demissl; quamquam enim in villa haud longinqua copia
pulveris satis magna relicta erat, nemo earn putabat
ioullo mod5 ad castellum tuto adferri posse, quod Indi in
Tnsidils undique latebant. Multl tamen perlculum subire
volebant, sed Elizabeta: " Ego Ibo," inquit ; "puella enim
sum, meque carere facilius potestis."
Consilio a duce probat5, puella mox e castello palam
iSegressa est, leniterque ad villam versus ambulavit. Qua
re nova permotl, Indi prlmo eventum taciti exspectabant,
et Elizabeta nullo impediente ad villam facillime pervenit
cum autem, pulvere arrepto, ad castellum rursus celeriter
currere coepisset, turn barbari, qui iam se elusos sentiebant,
20 tela plurima undique coniecerunt. Sed puella fortis sine
2. ita : in the following way. xi. subire : subeo, -ire, -ii, -itus,
— salutl: for a safety

lit. ; cf. risk, lit. undergo.
praesidio, 65, and see the
p. 1. 4, 12. volebant: were willing.
Vocab. — erat oppugnatum: con- 13. me carere: spare me,
. . .
trast expugnare, 1. 4. lit. be without me ; me is abl. case.

5. quo: abl. of means. — potestis : you could; cf. potest,
7. animo demissl cf. p. 37, : p. 41, 1. 7.
1. 20. 16. re : performance.
10. mod5 : For
freely, chance. 17. null5 impediente: cf. nullo
other renderings, see the Vocab. defendente, p. 44, 1. 17.
vulnere intra portam castelli recepta est, coldnlque pulvere

sublevati impetus Inddrum potuerunt sustinere, donee
amlci auxili ferendi causa ex oppidls finitinns frequentes
convenerunt.
LESSON 59
A Battle against Great Odds
5 In quodam lacii maximo, cuius in lltore positum est oppi-

dum Taeconderoga, acriter quondam ab Americanis cum
Britannis pugnatum est. Americanis parvae erant naves
et paucae ; at dux Britannicus, qui facile e Canada copias
adferre poterat, multas naves longas summa diligentia In-
iostructas paraverat; se enim Taeconder5gam brevl expu-
gnaturum sperabat.
Imperator tamen colonorum, vir maximae virtutis, etsi
numero erat mult5 inferior, committere proelium minime
dubitavit; sed cum horas multas esset pugnatum noxque
15 iam adesset, naves vix nabant Americanae, telaque paene
defecerant. Quo quidem tempore BritannI, noctem veriti,
proelio destiterunt sed ad ancoram haud procul consiste-
;
bant, ne colon! per tenebras effugere conarentur.

At AmericanI nocte intempesta, lucernls extinctis, silentio
2odederunt vela, et magno circuitu hostes vltaverunt. Itaque
mane, cum BritannI proelium redintegrare vellent, vix
in conspectu erat navis ulla ;
quare illl, ancorls sublatis,
summa celeritate InsequI coeperunt. Postquam autem
Americanos fugientes paene adsecuti sunt, constitit ea
2. sublevati: sublevo, 1, help 17. proelio: for syntax, cf.
out. conatu, p. 21, 1. 3.

6. Americanis: dat. case. 19. lucernis : lucerna, -ae, F.,
9. instructas equipped.
: lantern.
12. maximae virtutis : cf. tan- 24. fugientes : participle as
tae virtutis, p. 62, I. 14. adj.
navis,qua vehebatur dux ipse colonorum, et sola hostium

impetum, donee reliqua classis Americana in por-
sustinuit
tum munitum pervenlre potuit quln etiam ne illam quidem ;
praedam ceperunt Britanni nam suo navigio, cum ad ; litus
5 appulsum esset, American! ipsT ignis admoverunt
LESSON 60
A Night Attack
Bello prlmo, quod a Britannis cum Americanls gestum

est, in flumine quodam Carolaenae Ulterioris insula parva
praesidio Britannico tenebatur : interim dominus insulae,
vir locuples reique publicae amantissimus, moleste scilicet
ioferebat castra hostium in praedio suo collocata esse, eo
magis quod mllites interdum se insolenter gerebant.
Postremo American! cpnstituerunt adverso flumine navi-
gare copiasque Britannicas, si possent, ex Insula expellere.
Itaque clam profecti, navibus nocte intempesta ad Insulam
15 silentio impetum acerrimum subito fecerunt. Qua
appulsis,
re nova permoti Britanni ad arma celeriter cucurrerunt; et
dominus quoque Insulae, qui nesciebat amicos adesse, im-
petum ab hostibus factum arbitratus, una cum uxore
llberlsque in silvas tardius se contulit ; ipse enim pedibus
4. su5 : cf. suum, p. 11, 1. 6. wealth (objective gen.) amantis- ;
5. appulsum esset : cf. appulit, simus is the superlative of the

p. 31, 1. 13. part, amans.
6. bello primo : cf. p. 62, 10. eo magis and all the more,
:
1. 15. lit. on this account {the) more.
7. Ulterioris : lit. Farther 11. insolenter: adv., insolently,

(from the point of view of the capi- or i?npudently.
talof the United States), i.e. South. 16. re: action.
9. rei publicae amantis-
. . . 19. tardius : absol. com par. —
simus : most loyal to his country, pedibus captus : being crippled, lite
lit. 7nost loving of the common- being incapacitated in his feet.

captus a servls turn sella f erebatur. Ubi sic ad casam lon-

ginquam perventum est, mater subit5 clamavit puerum
infantem in aedibus relictum esse. Quo audito, fllia forti-
ter domum cucurrit cumque
per tenebras profecta celeriter ;
5 inter telaamicorum et hostium in aedes pervenisset, puerum

e cunls rapuit incolumemque ad matrem secum reduxit.
LESSON 61
A Choice of Evils
Parvo in oppido Novae Britanniae habitabat quidam

agricola, cui erant liberi octo. Is 5lim, cum subito nuntia-
tum esset Indos appropinquare, ex agrls ad bona liberosque
ioservandos sum ma celeritate properavit ; aegra enim domi
uxor iacebat.
Quo igitur cum pervenisset, Hberis convocatis atque ad
castellum proximum statim praemissis, ipse uxorem ad
iter parare conatus est. Sed iam in conspectu erant Indi,
15 neque diutius ulla erat salutis spes. Itaque uxore bonisque
relictls, agricola, qui iam an tea statuerat cum llberis sibi
vlvendum aut pro els moriendum esse, equum conscendit,

atque ad castellum versus quam celerrime contendit. Ll-
beros mox adsecutus est, et omnes, etsi Indi vestigiis
20 sequebantur, in castellum incolumes pervenerunt ; nam
1. sella: sella, -ae, f., sedan the phrase as a whole, cf. ad Gal-
chair ; for syntax, cf. navibus, los expellendos, p. 35, 1. 14.—-
p. 6, 1. 10. aegra: pred. adj.
2. clamavit: cf. clamor. 17. vlvendum: sc. esse. Note
3. infantem: infans, -antis, that this and the following gerun-
adj., infant. dive are impersonal ; but translate
6. cunis : cunae, -arum, f., that lie must ',
etc.
cradle. — matrem: {her) mother. 19. vestigiis sequebantur : i.e.
servandos
10. : agreeing with were following the trail (lit. in
the nearer noun. For the form of their footsteps).
—
quotiens propius accesserant barbarl, pater consistebat in

via, eosque armis terrebat. Sed interim uxor aegra, mulier
magnae fortitudinis, una cum captivis alils ab Indls in
silvas deducebatur.
LESSON 62
Lost in the Woods
5 Mult5s abhinc annos quldam puer parvus matre insciente

in silvamclam profectus, diu ibi secum sub arboribus lusit.
Qui, cum iam advesperasceret, viam reperire non potuit ac
agendam esse. Itaque
brevl intellexit sub caelo sibi noctem
ex foliis cumque per arbores lunam stellasque
lectum fecit,
ioaliquamdiu suspexisset, postremo somno gravissim5 quievit.

Mane iterum viam invenire frustra conatus, famem bads
sustinuit; quo modo qulnque dies per silvas erravit. Deinde
noctu ignem animadvertit, et celeriter progressus in vicum
Indorum subito pervenit. A quibus comiter acceptus, mul-
15 tos dies ibi moratus est.
Dum haec fiunt, legatus provinciae una cum comitibus

paucis pueri quaerendi causa in scapha profectus erat, oppi-
daque Indorum finitima adlbat omnia. Quae res puero
saluti fuit nam postremo reperti sunt quldam barbarl,
;
20 qui nuntiaverunt ipsum incolumem esse viamque ostende-
1. propius: absol. compar., too 9. stellas : stella, -ae, f.,
near. — accesserant : translate as if star .
a perfect. — consistebat : note the 10. suspexisset : suspicio, 3,

tense, and contrast the force of suspexl, suspectus, watch, lit. look
the imperfect deducebatur, 1. 4. up at. — somno gravissimo : abl.
5. abhinc: cf. p. 52, 1. 6. of manner.
insciente: insciens, -entis, adj.: 18. res: proceeding. — puero
lit. not knowing; translate the saluti fuit: cf. oppidanis . . . sa-
abl. absol. freely. luti fuit, p. 68, 1. 1.
6. profectus: slipping away. 20. ipsum: he. — viam: i.e.
— secum : i.e. by himself. the way to reach him.

runt. Puero sic recepto, legatus sicas dedit els Indis, a

quibus ille servatus erat. Barbarl scilicet donis tarn gratis
gaudebant, puer autem domum reductus est.
LESSON 63
The Battle of Saratoga
Saepe pro patria fortissime pugnavit iste Arnoldius, qui

5 postea Britannls pr5dere conatus est ea castra munltissima,
quae in ripa fluminis Hudsonis posita sunt : et non nura-
quam etiam saluti civibus suis fuit ; tantopere enim a
militibus amabatur, ut ipso adventu suo ad victoriam eos
incitare posset.
10 Olim Saratogae, cum ordinem ademisset imperator,
eius
quocum simultatem gerebat, ille, sono proelii ad aures ad-
u
lato, Ego," inquit, " si dux esse non possum, at saltern
manipularis er5 " quae cum dixisset, iniussu imperatoris
;
oquum c5nscendit celerrimeque in proelium vectus est : ubi

15 milites, duce vetere cognito, clamore sublato laeti secuti
sunt, atque impetum acerrime fecerunt in earn partem, ubi
acies b ostium confertissima visa est. Ibi summa virtute
pugnans Arnoldius est vulneratus, victoria autem ab Ameri-
canls parta est.
2. ille: the boy. ?Hiladelphiae, p, 46. [. lm —

gaudebant: were delighted.
3. ademisset: adimo, 3, -emi, -emp-
— autem: omit in translation. tus. take away.
4. iste: that (in the disparag- 11. quocum: i.e. quo + cum.
ing sense), a frequent meaning of — simultatem gerebat: he was at
this word; cf. p. 42, 1. 21. odds (simultas, -atis, F., quarrel}.
6. non numquam : i.e. some- 13. iniussu imperat5ris : cf. in-
times. iussu suo, p. 28, 1. 7.
8. ipso: niere. 16. partem: direction.
10. Saratogae: for syntax, cf. 17. visa est from videor.
:
EtsI vulnera Arnold! non erant exitialia, tempus

tamen
mortl opportunissimum erat. qua Odium enim perfidiae,
ille postea usus est, gl5riam eius rerum gestarum semper
obruet quln etiam traditum est (ut supra commemoravl)

;
5 ne Britannos quidem, qui eius perfidia vict5riam se nactu-

ros speraverant, hominem ullo in honore habuisse, postquam
bellum confectum esset.
LESSON 64
Unwelcome Visitors
Britannl, cum iam iterum cum Americanls gererent bel-

lum pugnlsque navalibus saepe victi essent, postremo con-
iostituerunt usque ad Lovlsianam classem mittere, si ibi
felicius rem gerere possent. Quare appulsls navibus ad
eum locum, ubi in mare fertur flumen maximum, quern Indi
patrem aquarum vocabant, milites mult! in litus egressi
praedia finitimaexplorare coeperunt.
15 Sic factum est ut quldam adulescens Americanus, qui in
villa otiosus hora die! fere quarta morabatur, milites com-

pluris in horto latentes subito animadverteret. Qua re
nova graviter commotus, comites ut sine mora latebras
1. Arnold!: cf. Standisi, p. 16, 9. navalibus: navalis, -is, -e,
1. 4. — tempus: occasion. — ta- naval.

men: may be omitted in transla- 10. usque ad Lovlsianam :
tion. freely, to far-away L. — si: in the
2. mortl : note the case. — hope that ; cf. si, p. 33, 1, 4.

odium (-1, n.) : contempt. —per- 12. fertur: rolls; cf. delatus,
fidiae: objective gen.; translate p. 66, 1. 15. — quern: for gender,
« for." — qua: the case regularly cf. the note on quod, p. 30, 1. 6.
used with utor. i5- factum est ut it hap- :
4. obruet: obruo, 3, -rul, -rutus, pened that (factum est from flo).
dim, overwhelm.
lit. hora diel fere quarta: i.e.
16.
7. confectum esset: for mood, about 10 a.m. See the note on

cf. the note on admoveantur, p. p. 75.
61,1.14. 17. re: happening.
o ^ oM o î o o <> c> <> O O

oX
4V_ °\^ O o o 4
P7 ^^> * /$Ls^ "° O
\ f \A Â^
v O
o o o o
o 4 )y ^tS^^ °
j /| \U j> oooo
o X \. <S\
to M o
Canis
Just inside the street door of a Pompeian house is found worked

into the mosaic of the pavement this representation of a watchdog.
The words Cave canem signify " Beware of the dog."
Horae
The Romans divided the time between sunrise and sunset into
twelve equal hours — long in summer, and short in winter.
Above is shown a sundial used to mark the time in the great

public baths at Pompeii.
quaererent hortatus est, et ipse primo fuga salutern petivit;

sed ab hostibus statim circumventus, se dedere turn non
dubitavit. At paulo post fenestra patefacta erupit, cum-
que tela hostium undique in eum conicerentur, incolumis
Spervenit in paludem, ubi BritannI armis impedlti summo
labore sequebantur.
Itaque iuvenis, cum demum ab hostibus intervallo satis
magno arborem nactus idoneam in qua lateret,
abesset,
celeriter conscendit. Brevi autem sonum exiguum sub
ioarbore audivit cumque despexisset, ibi vldit canem, quam
;
maxime amabat. Quare periculum veritus, comitem fide-

lem, quae per paludem dominum secuta erat, invitus necavit,
multisque cum lacrimis sub folils texit. Deinde aliquamdiu
tacitus in arbore moratus est postquam autem BritannI ;
i
5
quaerend6 defessl ad villam se receperunt, magn5 circuitu
custodies hostium vltavit, eorumque de adventu certiorem
fecit imperatorem Americanum, qui oppidum haud longin-
quum praesidio turn tenebat.
LESSON 65
The Boyhood of Daniel Boone

Abhinc annos circiter ducentos in Pennsylvania natus est
2opuer, qui postea f actus est explorator clarissimus. Quin
etiam a prima pueritia ille arma ferre consueverat, ac in
1. fuga: cf. p. 67, 1. 6. 12. invitus: cf. p. 35, 1. 12.

2. turn : i.e. for the time being. 14. postquam: freely, when at
3. fenestra patefacta: abl. of length. — quaerendo : cf. nando, p.
way by which translate through.
; 12, 1. 17.
— cum concessive.
: 15. magno circuitu, etc. : cf. p.
7. ab : from. 69, 1. 20.

8. abesset \t.e. was separated. 20. f actus est : from f 16.
10. despexisset: despicio, 3, 21. prima: early; cf. p. 22,

-spexl, -spectus, look down; cf. 1. 7. — consueverat: *'•*. sole-
suspexisset, p. 72, 1. 10. bat.
silvisambulans feras saepe occidit. Olim, cum vespere

prim5 domum n5n redisset, vicini, veritl ne puer ab Indis
aut ferls esset interfectus, frequentes convenerunt, com-
plurlsque dies erraverunt per silvas, si ullo modo eum in-
5 venire possent; qui postremd pervenerunt ad casam ramls

caespitibusque aedificatam a puero ipso, qui frustum carnis
in ignem porrigens huml sine tim5re solus sedebat. Nam
e via non erraverat sed consulto se longius contulerat in
;
silvas, quod procul ab oppidis sine comitibus etiam turn
10 libenter habitabat.
Paucls post annis pater multa milia passuum ad loca
longinqua c5nstituit in silvas emigrare, quod ipsl quoque
urbes oppidaque minime grata erant. Quas ad sedes novas
ubi perventum est, puer, cum pater fratresque arbores ex-
i5Ciderent agrosque ad satus accipiendos pararent, ferls
carnem e silva cotldie domum reportabat. In-
interfectis
terdum noctu quoque venatus esse dicitur quo quidem :
tempore facibus ardentibus utl solebat; lumina enim, ut

saepe ab expl5ratoribus audivimus, ad feras e latebrls elici-
2oendas magno usui sunt.
2. ne : cf. the note on p. 6i, would say "in the woods. " —
1. 6. ipsl him ; construe with grata.
:
5. ramls caespitibusque: abl. 13. quas: this.
of means with aedificatam ; trans- 15. satus: satus, -us, m., crop.
late (freely) " of." 16. reportabat: note the tense.
7. sine timore : i.e. uncon- 17. venatus: note the case
cerned-, cf. timeo. (and that dicitur is personal).
8. longius: absolute compara- — quo tempore: i.e. at night;
. . .
tive. freely, on such occasions. In trans-
9. etiam turn: i.e. even when lating, quidem may be omitted.

so young. 18. facibus : fax, facis, f.,
10. libenter habitabat: *.*. he torch; for syntax, cf. qua, p. 74,
had a liking for living. 1. 2. — ut : as.
11. pater: sc. eius. 19. ah: from.
12. in silvas: ace, because of 20. magn5usui: cf. the note on
the verb of motion (emigrare) ; we praesidio, p. 6$, 1. 4.
LESSON 66
The End of the Pequots
Natio Indorum crudelissima, quae haud procul a Novo

Londlnio habitabat, quondam Insidias collocare ac colonos
singulos undique interficere subito coepit. Quibus rebus
nuntiatls, e provincia proxima manus exigua missa est, quae
5agricolIs auxilio esset poenasque ab Indls repeteret. At
mllites longe a lltore progredi non audebant ;
qui igitur,
parvo frumentl numero dlrepto tabernaculisque paucls in-
censis, e f Inibus hostium brevi domum se receperunt. Bar-
barl vero, hac iniuria graviter permotl, incendia ac caedes
io undique etiam crudelius iam miscuerunt.
Turn denique e provincia missa est classis, cuius prae-
fectus iussus erat mllites exponere in quodam portu parvo,
qui haud longe a castrls Indorum aberat. Ille autem, ho-
stes ita c5nsilium suum facile cogndscere posse arbitratus,
15 praeter ilium portum navigavit, cumque classis e conspectu
barbarorum longe discessisset, turn demum naves ad Htus
appulit. Deinde in terram egressus, sine mora per silvas
via devia cum exercitu profectus est, ut a tergo hostes ado-
rlretur. In itinere quasdam Ind5rum nationes flnitimas
2oadiit, e quibus multl armatl operam suam pollicitl sunt.
5. auxilio: cf. usui, p. 77, n. provincia: i.e. eadem pro'

1. 20, and see the Vocab. — poenas vincia.
. . . repeteret: cf. p. 39, 1. 2. 12. iussus erat: i.e. was under
7. numero: amount. — di- orders. — exponere: expono, 3,
repto : diripio, 3, -ripui, -reptus, -posui, -positus, land,
plunder (cf. rapio) 14. ita: i.e. if he followed
9. incendia . . . caedes : trans- orders. — posse note, : cf. p. 23,1. 9.
late as singulars. With incendium 18. via devia: cf. vils devils,
cf. incendo. p. 43, 1. — a tergo:
6. cf. the
10. crudelius : crudeliter, adv., use of ex in the phrase omnibus ex
savagely partibus
Sic postremo perventum est ad sedes hostium, qui, rati

propter timorem colonos praetervectos esse, iam minus
dlligenter castra sua custodiebant.
LESSON 67
The End of the Pequots (Contzmted)
Noctu castris appropinquaverunt colon!. Intus erant

5uxores quoque Hberlque Indorum, intusque audlri poterat
cantus barbarorum, qui, circum ignis saltantes, victorias
superiores celebrabant. ColonI aliquamdiu tacitl exspecta-
verunt; turn, cum dies iam illucesceret Indique saltando
defessl somno quiescerent gravl, subito in castra portis
ioduabus inruperunt.
Quo impetu repentlno commotl, hostes tamen celeriter e
lectls exsiluerunt, tabernacullsque interpositls, tela in mllites
coniceref ortiter coeperunt plurima. Quo animadverso, dux
colonorum statim intellexit consilium sibi mutandum esse,
15 suosque tabernaculls ignes admovere iussit, deinde celeriter
egressos undique castra circumstare. Quo modo Indl mi-
ser!, ign! e castris fugere coactl, a colonls paene ad unum
interfect! sunt; et si qui forte aciem perruperant, eos socil
Indl libenter occlderunt.
20 In proelio multl quoque e colonls sunt vulneratl, atque
exercitus statim Novum Londlnium se recipere coactus est;
1. rati: i.e. arbitrati. p. 72, 1. 10. — portis: cf. the

6. saltantes: cf. saltabant, note on fenestra, p. 76, 1. 3.
p. 57, 1. 1. 18. si qui . .
, eos: lit. if any
7. superiores : here, of time. . . , them (cf. the note on quid,
— exspectaverunt : waited. p. 56, 1. 1).
8. saltando: for syntax, cf. 19. Indi : as adj. — libenter oc-
nando, p. 12, 1. 17. clderunt : were glad to kill.
freely,
9. somno . . . gravl: cf. 21. Novum Londlnium: town
. —
quo, ut iussum erat, naves iam redierant, ut ibi ducem mili-

tesque exspectarent. Sed hostes paucls post mensibus al-
tera pugna victl sunt, neque umquam postea iniuriam ullam
colonis facere potuerunt; quln etiam brevi in mantis parvas
5 divlsl, alii in aliam nati5nem asciti sunt.
LESSON 68
A Difficult Escape
Quondam puerl duo sine timore in agrls apertls cotldie

laborabant; nam, etsi colon! turn bellum cum Gallls Indls-
que gerebant, in his regionibus nemo barbaros ullos nuper
viderat. Sed olim duo Indl subito ex arboribus eruperunt
io proximls, puerlsque arreptls se celerrime in silvam recepe-
runt. Qua re nova perterritus puer minor flere coepit; sed
alter, qui plane sentiebat fletum nihil profuturum esse, fra-
trem hortatus est ut se fortiter gereret. Per silvam una
cum iam properabant barbari. Qui, postquam sic
captivis
15 dies multos iter fecerunt, ad lacum pervenerunt longin-
quum, ubi cum alils clvibus suls hiemare constituerant.
Ibi dum morantur, linguam barbarorum discere coepe-
runt puerl. Qu5 mod5 maior prima aestate repperit Indos
in animo habere in Canadam ducere captiv5s, eosque ibi in
names in the ace. and abl. do not 11. minor: i.e. the younger-,
require prepositions to express the cf. maior, 1. 18.
ideas " to" and " from.*" 12. fletum: fletus, -us, M., cry-
iussum erat note the gender.
1 : ing; cf. fleo. — nihil : adverbial
2. altera pugna: we would say ace, not . . . at all, lit. in no re-
" in" rather than "by." sped. — profuturum esse: pro-
3. neque umquam cf. the note : sum. prodesse, profui, help, or
on p. 17, 1. 8. avail.
4. colonis: dat. case. 16. suls :
of theirs.
5. alii in aliam: some into one 18. maior: cf. minor,!. 11.
. . . , some into another. prima aestate : cf. p. 22, 1. 7.
servitutem Gallls vendere. Quare, cibo armlsque arreptis,

fratres duo ex hibernls noctu clam fugerunt; ubi autem
dies illuxit, in arbore cava se somno dederunt.
Interim Indi cum canibus undique puer5s quaerebant.
5 At frater maior, cum canes propius ad arborem accessissent,
e somn5 latratu excitatus, callido usus consilio frustum car-
nis els proiecit. Quae res puerls saluti f uit cum enim canes ;
carnem devorarent, barbari nihil suspicantes arborem prae-

terierunt. Quo viso, puerf rursus profectl per silvas erra-
ioverunt, d5nec fame laboribusque paene confecti sunt; turn
in quoddam oppidum colonorum sibi antea Ignotum subit5
pervenerunt.
LESSON 69
Stories about Daniel Boone
Ille expl5rator clarus, cuius de pueritia paulo ante dixi,

inter feras Indosque paene totam egit aetatem. Olim e
15 Carolaena Citeriore trans montes una cum aliis expl5rato-
ribus quinque audacter in valles longinquas contendit; ubi
uno cum comite ab Indis captus, postquam ab els septem
dies summa diligentia custodltus est, noctu clam surrexit,
comiteque e somnd excitato, incolumis ad casam pervenit,
2oquam ipse ceterlque exploratores pauld ante fecerant.
Paucls post annis easdem in regiones col5n5s cum uxo-
1. servitutem: servitus, -utis, 11. sibi: construe with igno-

F. ? slavery ; cf. servus. turn.
2. autem: and. 13. cuius: modifier of pueritia.
5. propius: quite close; what 14. aetatem: not aestatem.
use of the compar. ? 15. Citeriore: (citerior, -ior,
6. latratu : latratus, -us, m., -ius), Nearer, i.e. North ;
lit. cf.
barking. — usus : translate as if the note on Ulterioris, p. 70, 1. 7.

usus est ... et. 20. ceteri : contrast the force
7. quae: this. of aliis, 1. 15.
ribus llbensque deduxit ad locum, qui castell5 maxime ido-

neus videbatur. Ubi aliquamdiu fortuna prospera usus est;
sed quondam eius filia, quae errabat in agrls, ut fl5res car-
peret, una cum puellis alils ab Indls capta, in silvas com-
5 plura milia passuum ducta autem iter faciunt, est. Dum
puellae prudentes omnibus locls aut ramos fregerunt parvos
aut hum! pannos rellquerunt quae res magno usui erat patri- ;
bus Iratls, qui haud longo intervallo vestlgils Insequebantur.

Barbarls victls, puellae laetae domum reductae sunt.
io Paul5 post ille explorator ipse iterum captus, diu apud
Indos vlvere coactus est. Sed postremo, cum per aquam
profluentem cucurrisset, ne vestigia ulla faceret, ad amlcos
incolumis pervenit. Multls autem
mensibus uxor ante
Hberlque, patrem iam prldem mortuum rati, ad propinqu5s
15 suos in Carolaenam Citeridrem maesti se receperant.
LESSON 70
An Englisli Privateer
Abhinc mult5s annos, etsl illo ips5 tempore bellum

iustum cum Hispanis non gerebatur, quldam praefectus
Britannicus per maria navigabat omnia, gazamque ac naves
Hispanorum omnibus locls spoliabat itaque accidit ut, cum ;
6. prudentes: prudens, -entis, tis ? part., running, lit. flowing

adj.,wide-awake. omnibus — locls : forward.
cf. the note on e5dem loco, p. 7, 14. rati modifying the whole
:
1. 4; translate everywhere. — aut phrase uxor Hberlque. propin- —

. . . aut: cf. p. 36,1. 12. qu5s here, as noun.
:
7. pannos pannus,
: -i,m., j/tt^ 15. in: cf. the note on in
of cloth. silvas, p. yy, 1. 12. — Citeriorem:
8. intervall5: cf. the note on cf. p. 81, 1. 15.
p. 57, 1. 4. — vestlgils: cf. p. 71, 16. illo ipso: that particular.
1. 19. 17. iustum: iustus, -a, -um,
12. profluentem : profluens, -en- regular.
secundum litus Americae Ulterioris navigaret, urbes illius

regionis adlret multas, incolasque magnam vim aurl argen-
tlque tradere cogeret.
Llmae duodecim navigia in portu ad ancoram consiste-
5 bant; quae cum ille spoliaret, certior factus aliam navem
gaza onustam haud procul abesse, praeda e duodecim navi-

gifs conf estim in suum recepta, e portu statim solvit, sum-
maque celeritate coepit InsequI dlvitias enim etiam maiores ;
se iam capturum sperabat.

10 Mox in conspectu erat navis fugiens ;
quae null5 modo
evadere potuit, cum Britanni celeritate tantopere supera-
bant. Nave tradita, dlvitiae maximae intus repertae sunt;
quin etiam gubernator ipse duo pocula argentea habuisse
dicitur. Quae cum praefectus vldisset, gubernator!, " Duo
15 pocula tu habes," inquit ;
" alterum mihi dandum est."
Turn gubernator miser, qui omnia tradenda plane intellege-
bat, invitus praefecto in manus pocula tradidit arabo.
LESSON 71
A Roman Vandal
Quibus rebus admoneor ut de pessimis facinoribus Ver-

ris, hominis plane scelerati, pauca nunc dicam. Nam ille,
4. Llmae : a town name what ;
12. dlvitiae : cf. 1.8.
case? 13. gubernator: cf. guberna-
7. suum sc. navigium.
:
— sol- culum. — ipse: even.
vit : cf. navem solverunt, p. 61, 1. 15. alterum: one (of the two).
9. 16. tradenda: sc. esse.
8. dlvitias : divitiae, -arum, plane : full well.
F., treasures. 17. praef ect5 : dat. case;
10. fugiens: cf. fugientes, p. translate as a genitive.
if
69,1.24. 19. hominis: in apposition

11. cum: causal. celeritate: with Verris. — plane : utterly;
for syntax, cf. anim5, p. 37, 1. 20. cf. the rendering in the note on 1.
— tantopere: cf. p. 73, 1. 7. 16. — pauca: note the gender.

\ î jmmmwmmijiw
Fores
These remnants of a house door serve to show why the word for
"door" is plural in Latin. Roman house doors were arranged

almost always to open inward rather than outward; on the inside
there was a more or less primitive lock or bolt, and sometimes
a bar too was used.
cum praetor in Sicilia esset, omnibus locls oppida templa-

que spoliavit quin etiam tantae erat avaritiae, ut ne pau-
;
perrimi quidem Sicull bona videre posset, quin statim ea

possidere vellet. Interdum autem a suis comitibus est
5 elusus.
memoriae traditum est eum olim certiorem factum
Sicut
cuidam Siculo esse duo pocula argentea; quo audlt5, etsl
aedes eiusdem hominis nuper spoliatae erant, nuntium
statim mlsit, qui pocula ad se sine mora deferri iuberet.
ioSiculus igitur, veritus ne sibi malum accideret maius, c5n-
festim cum poculls ad praetorem profectus est. Qu5 ubi
pervenit, praetor forte iam quiescebat sed ante fores am- ;
bulabant quldam ex ipslus amicls, homines improbl, qudrum

tamen consilio ille multum uti consueverat: qui Siculo
15 statim, "Ubi sunt p5cula?" inquiunt. Turn homo miser
primo querl coepit bona omnia sibi eripi, deinde eos vehe-
menter hortatus est ut sibi auxilio essent. Quo audlto, illl
"Quantum nobis dabis/' inquiunt, "si pocula tibi non eri-
pientur?" Turn Siculus spe erectus, praemium satis ma-
1. praetor (-oris, m.) (as) : 10. malum: as noun, modified

governor. —
templa see the pic- : by maius.
ture of a Sicilian temple shown on 11. ad praetorem: to the gov^
p. 96. ernor^s residence (cf. 1. 1).
2. tantae . . , avaritiae : for 12. forte with the verb, render
:
syntax, cf. p. 62, 1. 14. — pauper- " chanced to " cf. the free treat-
;
rimi: pauper, -eris, adj., poor, ment of libenter, p. 77, 1. 10.

3. quin . . . vellet: without 13. ipslus : i.e. Verris. — impro-
wishing, lit. but that (quin) he bl: improbus, -a, -um, unprincipled,
wanted. 14. uti : freely, depend upon.
4. possidere: possideo, 2, — consueverat: cf. p. 76, 1. 21.
-sedi, -sessus, possess, — suis: 16. disadvantage
sibi: dat. of
note the position of the word. we would say "from him."
est elusus : was cheated. 17. auxilio : cf. p. 78, 1. 5.
6. memoriae traditum est : it 18. quantum: as noun.
is recorded, lit. it is handed down 19. erectus (-a, -um, part.) :
to remembrance. elated^ or inspired.

gnum pollicitus est, poculaque brevl domura laetus reportavit

comites enim praetoris, cum ille e somno experrectus esset,
audacl mendacio usl non dubitaverunt conflrmare pocula
sibi non digna viderl, quae in eius mensa ponerentur.
LESSON 72
Indian Vengeance
5 Indl American! non solum cum colonis saepe bellum

gesserunt, sed inter se quoque pugnare consueverant acer-
rime. Sicut in Britannia Nova rex quldam, nomine Mian-
tonimo, diu per insidias conatus est interficere Uncam,
regem finitimum, ut ipse solus duarum nationum regnum
ioobtineret; cum autem ista consilia eum fefellissent omnia,
subito magn5 cum exercitu in vicini fines quam celerrime
contendit : Uncas vero, de eius adventu ab exploratoribus
certior factus, copias coegerat et sine mora ad pugnam
profectus est.
15 Ubi acies duae Instructae sunt, Uncas, paulum ante suos

progressus, se velle dixit solum cum Miantonimone solo
dlmicare, ut sine detrlmento ceterorum res diiudicarl posset.
Quod cum ille recusaret, Uncas c5nsulto in terram pr5-
lapsus est, eiusque mllites, clam5re sublato, super ducem
2. experrectus esset: exper- 12. Uncas: for the declension,

giscor, 3, -perrectus sum, wake up. cf. the note on Cercas, p. 23, 1. 4.
3. mendacio: mendacium, -1, 16. velle: was willing. — s5-
N., lie. — usl: translate as if a lum: pred. adj. with dlmicare;
present. what other part of speech has the
4. digna . . . quae: with sub- same form? (cf. 1. 5).
junct .
9
worthy to (dignus, -a, -urn) 17. ceterorum: we would say
— mensa: mensa, -ae, f., table. «to the others." — diiudicarl : di-
8. insidias : see the Vocab. iudico, 1, decide, or settle.
9o duarum: the two. 18. quod: this (proposal).—
10. fefellissentfrom : fall5. ille : Miantonimo.
iacentem sagittas plurimas coniecerunt in hostis; qui re-

pentlna re perterriti se confestim in silvas paludesque con-
tulerunt. Qua in fuga perierunt multi, rexque ab Unca
ipso captus est. Ab inimico salutem petere dux victus
5 scilicet nolebat, et paulo post securl percussus est : quo
quidem tempore Uncas, cum inimlcum hum! moribun-
dum vldisset, eius umerum slca appetlvisse dlcitur, fru-
stumque carnis inde abscisum vultu laeto devorasse; tan-
tae enim saevitiae sunt mores Indorum.
LESSON 73
A Tale of Brave Women

10 Abhinc multos ann5s, cum in provincils, quae ad occi-
dentem spectant adhuc ran essent colon!, exploratores qui-
dam, domo trans montes profectl, per regiones Ignotas
multa milia passuum iter fecerunt, et postremo locum ido-
neum nacti, procul ab amicis in ripa pulcherrimi fluminis
i5castellum parvum collocaverunt ;
quibus rebus factls, nun-
tios eodem mulieres llberosque deducerent.
mlserunt, qui
Hiems iam appropinquabat omnes tamen cum nuntils ;
libenter domo egress! sunt, et navigils parvls vectl secundo
1. iacentem: prostrate; lit. 12. domo: the ace. and abl. of

what? — repentlna re : sc. hac. domus have the construction of
4. ab :
of. town names (cf. the note on p. 79,
5. securl percussus est: i.e. 1. 21).
was executed ; lit. what? 16. eodem: bearing the same
6. quidem: omit in translation. relation to idem, as eo to is. and
7. slca: abl. of means. quo to qui.

8. inde: i.e. frojn it. vultu — 17. omnes: i.e. the women and
laeto : cf. p. 58, 1. 4. — devorasse : children.
for the form, cf. navigasset, 18. secundo: cf. the force of
p. 3, 1. 1. the prep, secundum, and contrast
10. occidentem: cf. p. 65, 1. 1. that of adversd (flumine).
flumine ad castellum versus per aquam glacie impeditam

suramo labore contenderunt. Barbarl interim paene coti-
die e ripis tela coniciebant; et postremo mult! e colonorum
numero exitiall morbo affect! sunt. Qua re c5gnita, hostes
5 navigium ceperunt quo
e rlpa scaphis audacter pr5gressl,
aegri vehebantur, hominesque miseros Interfecerunt omnes.
Tantls in perlculls non virl solum sed etiam mulieres
virtutem maximam praestiterunt. Slcut, cum scapha quae-
dam in saxo abscondit5 adhaesisset, mulieres duae exsilue-
iorunt in aquam frigidam, scaphamque de saxo detruserunt,
cum alterius vir hostes armis deterrebat. Atque in libur-
nica quadam puella vix adulta omnibus salutl fuit; cum
enim ab Indis tela conicerentur plurima, virique se tegere
conarentur, haec virgo fortis, cum liburnicam vl fluminis
15 ad ripam deferri animadvertisset, gubernaculls arreptis
navem in cursu tenuit, donee vulnerata est quin etiam ne ;
turn quidem gemitum ullum edidit, neque e manibus guber-

nacula elabi passa est.
LESSON 74
The Treasure Seekers

Et hac homines creduli consueverant in
et alils aetatibus
2ocavernis maris frustra quaerere naves, quae olim gaza
6. aegri : as noun; cf. vulne- 15. gubernaculls: cf. p. 64, 1. 9.
rati, etc. 16. in cursu : i.e. in the chan-
11. alterius: of one (of the nel.
two). —-vir: husband. 18. elabi: elabor, 3, -lapsus
12. adulta: adultus, -a, -urn, sum, slip; cf. prolabor.
part., grown up. 19. et . . . et: cf. p. 7, 1. 2.
13. se tegere: i.e. get under -

— aetatibus: i.e. temporibus.
cover. creduli : credulus, -a, -urn, credu-
14. virg5 (-inis, f.) : maiden. bus.
— cum . . . animadvertisset: 20. cavernis : caverna, -ae, F.,
translate by a partic. phrase. cavern.
onustae in marl naufragium fecisse dlcuntur interdum ;
autem fortuna prosperi5re usl sunt. Slcut abhinc multos

annos quidam negotiator, e Britannia Nova paucls cum
comitibus profectus, ad locum navigavit longinquum, ubi
5 gaza maxima multis ante annls naufragio amissa esse
dicebatur. Quo cum venisset, arborem altissimam statim
excldit scaphamque fecit, quae ad freta fmitima exploranda
usui esset.
Aliquamdiu Olim tamen, cum nautae
nihil repertum est.
10 tot5 omnl paene sublata

die diligenter lab5ravissent ac spe
ad navem se defessi conferrent, quidam ex eis forte sub-
mersam animadvertit algam formosam, cuius pulchritudine
captus servum Indum e scapha exsillre eamque carpere
iussit; ille vero, ubi cum alga se ex aqua emersit, sub marl
15 confirmavit sese multa arma vidisse. Quo audito, omnes

ecfrenate gaudebant, cum sentirent se iam demum navi-
gium invenisse, quod menses multos quaesiverant. Quare
statim in mare exsiluerunt Indi alii a quibus brevl e navi- ;
gio laminae argenteae complures elatae sunt. Postero die

20 nautae, cum eodem prima luce cum praefecto redissent, e
marl vim argenti incredibilem una cum gemmis plurimis
facile receperunt.
1 naufragium naufragium, : -um, graceful. — pulchritudine :
-I, n., shipwreck (navis 4- frang5) . pulchritudo, -inis, y., beauty.

2. usisunt: they have had. 13. servum: helper.
8. usui esset : see the Vocab. 14. se . . . emersit: emerged,
10. toto die : translate as if or came tip (emergo, 3, -mersi.
ace. — omni : freely, entirely. -mersus).
11. quidam: as noun (sing.). 15. sese : i.e. se.
— forte: the note
cf. on p. 85, 19. laminae: lamina, -ae, f.,
1. — submersam
12. : sub mersus, plate, ox strip.
-a, -um, part., submerged, i.e. 20. prima luce : cf. vespere
under the surface. primS, p. yy, I. 1.
12. algam: alga, -ae. F., sea» 21. gemmis: gemma, -ae. f.,
weed. — f 5rm5sam : formosus, -a, jewel.

go FIRST LATIN READER
LESSON 75
A Dangerous Conspiracy
Olim Indorum ab Americanis constituta est

in finibus
provincia maxima, ex qua pars quaedam etiam nunc In-
diana appellatur. Provincia constituta rex Indus, nomine
Tecumsa, qui ne elves sui brevi patriam totam dlmitterent
5 timere coeperat, omnibus locis palam dicere ndn dubitavit
sine consensu omnium nationum Indls agrum nullum ven-
dendum esse ; ac postremo, concilils undique convocatls,
barbaros hortatus est ut se sequerentur hostlsque invis5s e
finibus suls expellerent.
io Deinde, cum ad caput pr5vinciae legatl conveniendi
causa iter fecisset, quamquam in legatl aedium vestibulo
ipsi comitibusque subsellia posita erant, ibi sedere noluit

terram enim conflrmavit esse Indorum matrem, seque in
ea stare malle ; itaque legatus ad colloquium in silvam
15 progredi coactus est. Ibi dum colloquuntur, Tecumsa ve-

hementer commotus, eiusqiie comites securis con-
est Ira
festim arripuerunt. Sed Americani paucT, qui adstabant,
statim expedierunt arma, militesque summa celeritate ad
legatum defendendum adcurrerunt; quibus rebus territi,
2oIndi nihil turn ausi sunt. At legatus, qui plane sentiebat
cum barbaris sibi mox dimicandum esse, copias satis magnas
4. ne : depending on timere, 12. ipsi : Tecumseh. — subsel-

1. 5. — totam: translate by an adv. lia: subsellium, -I, n., bench.
5. omnibus locis: cf. p. 82, 1. 17. pauci: the few.
6. 18. expedierunt : i.e. expedive-
6. consensu : consensus, -us, runt. — ad . . . defendendum :
m., concurrence. — Indls dat. cf. the construction with causa,

case. 1. 11.
11. vestibulo: vestibulum, -1, 19. adcurrerunt: adcurro, 3,
N., entrance court. -curri, -cursum est, run up.
quam celerrime cogere coepit. omnls Tecumsa interim, ut

Indos ad arma vocaret, reliquas gentes diligenter iam cir-
cumlbat.
LESSON 76
A Dangerous Conspiracy (Contimted)
Priusquam rex Indus cum socils redire potuit, legatus,

5 sibi initium belli esse faciendum ratus, consilio callido
usus est nam ex urbe ad pugnam profectus, legidnes
;
flumine adverso pauca mllia passuum duxit, turn subito in

ripam transiit alteram. Putabat enim (id quod factum est)
barbaros insidias collocaturds ea in ripa, in qua primo iter
iofacere ipse coepisset. Copiis igitur flumen traductls, sine
detrlmento ullo contendit ad oppidum, ubi domicilium Te-
cumsa habebat.
Cum legatus propius accessisset, regis f rater, qui turn
oppido praeerat, nuntium misit, qui diceret postero die
15 Indos condiciones pacis petlturos. Itaque American! prope
oppidum posuerunt castra, armisque expeditls se somno
dederunt. At vigilia circiter quarta subito audltus est
ululatusIndorum, qui undique castra iam obsidebant
quo son5 ad aures adlato, mllites e somno excitatl ignis
5. initium : initium, -1, n., be- flumen ductis (cf. trado for
ginning. The whole phrase may transdo).
be rendered freely, thinking that 11. domicilium: domicilium, -i
?
he ought to take the initiative in N., residence,

the war ;what?
lit. 14. praeerat: cf. p. 58, 1. 12,
8. id factum est:
quod as and the note.
actually proved to be the case, lit. 17. vigilia . . . quarta: i.e.
the thijig which {actually) hap- toward morning, the night being
pened. divided into four equal watches.
9. ea : modifying ripa. — in 19. quo sono ad aures adlato:
qua: upon {ox along) which. cf. p. 73, 1. II. — ignis: the
10. flumen traductls i.e. trans : (can/p) fires.
confestim extinxerunt, ne ab hostibus conspici possent.

Sic trls fere horas in nocte obscura ab Americanis fortis-
sime pugnatum est; turn prima luce, eruptione facta, in
fugam coniecerunt hostls, oppidumque incenderunt.
5 Oppido incenso Tecumsa, postquara rediit, consilia sua
perficere nullo modo potuit ;
paucis autem post mensibus,
cum American! Britannis bellum indixissent, in exercitu
Britannico legatus factus est.
LESSON 77
A Quick- Witted Messenger
cum in provinciis, quae ad meridiem

Olim, spectant,
io American! cum Britannis diu gessissent bellum ac saepe
dux quldam Americanus ad imperatorem
superat! essent,
alium litteras mittere volebat at primo reperir! poterat ;
nemo, qui eas deferre auderet, quod undique hostes vias

obsidebant. Postremo autem mulier quaedam, " Ego lit-
i$teras adferam,'' inquit; " quidvis audere malo, quam doml
animo morarl suspenso."
Equo adducto, nuntia sine mora conscendit, ac, confestim
profecta, in itinere ab hostibus intercepta est. Quam cap-
tam milites maxima dlligentia custodierunt, donee mulier
2ovocar! posset, quae litteras quaereret, s! quae forte nuntiae
vest!ment!s tectae essent.
Dum vero mulier exspectatur, nuntia litteras celeriter
i. possent: subject, milites 13. auderet:would venture.

(see p. 91, 1. 19). 15. quam: (rather) than.
7. cum . . . indixissent: 17. nuntia (-ae, f.) : messenger.
translate by a partic. phrase. 18. captam: i.e. after her
Britannis : translate the dat. capture.
" upon." 20. posset : could. — si quae : cf.
8. legatus : an officer. p. 65, 1. 2.

perlegit, cumque eas discerpsisset, fragmenta chartae edit

singula. Quae res el salutl fuit: altera errim mulier, cum
postremo venisset, nihil scilicet invenire potuit ;
quare
milites, venia contumeliae nuntiam incolumem ablre petlta,
5passi sunt. Ilia autem summa celeritate ad castra Ameri-
cana contendit, imperatoremque certiorem fecit de rebus

omnibus, quae in litterls scrlptae erant
LESSON 78
Fortune favors the Brave
In exercitu Americano olim erat centurid quldam, no-

mine Iasper, qui semper in periculls maximls libenter ver-
iosabatur. Slcut, cum BritannI castra quaedam oppugna-
rent, vexillumque Americanum tells abreptum in terram
extra munitiones cecidisset, inter tela, quae plurima ho-
stes coniciebant, e castris erupit ille, vexillumque arreptum
in vall5 rursus posuit.
15 Ac paulo post, cum cogn5visset Americanos paucos a
Britannis capitis damnatos Savannam ad mortem deducl,
uno cum comite profectus, ad fontem haud procul ab ea urbe
in Insidiis latebat, ut clvibus suis, si posset, auxili5 esset.
Mox in conspectum venerunt captlvi, quos milites decern
1. discerpsisset: discerpo, 3, 9. libenter versabatur : freely,

-cerpsi, -cerptus, tear up. — delighted to be.
fragmenta: fragmentum, -I, n., ii. vexillum (-1, n.) :
flag, cf.
bit. — chartae : charta, -ae, f., the Roman flags shown on p. 162.
paper, 12. plurima: freely, thick and
2. fuit : proved to be. fast.
4. contumeliae: translate the 16. capitis: cf. p. 47, 1. 16, and
gen. " for " (cf. audaciae, p. 39, the note. — Savannam : see the
1. 2). note on p. 79, 1. 21. — ad mortem:
6. contendit : pushed on. i.e. to execution.
— :
custodiebant ; e quibus octo, ubi ad f ontem perventum est,
armis sub arboribus relictis, aquam haurlre properaverunt.

Turn Iasper eiusque amicus eruperunt e latebris, duobusque
custodibus occisls milites ceteros se dedere coegerunt
5 deinde cum captlvls Britannicis atque civibus, quos serva-
verant, confestim ad castra Americana se contulerunt.
Hatud semper autem Iaspero res tarn fellciter evenerunt;
paucls enim post annls interfectus est, cum summa auda-
cia pr5cucurrisset ex acie atque in hostium vallo vexillum
iodeflxisset Americanum.
LESSON 79
Andrew Jackson
Nunc mihi pauca dicenda sunt de rebus gestis American!
cuiusdam, nomine Iacsonis, qui obscuro loco natus, po-
stremo rei publicae prlnceps factus est. Qui adhuc puer in
bello,quod prlmum BritannI cum Americanls gesserunt,
isfortiter versatus, una cum fratre ab hostibus captus, in
carcere morbo gravi affectus est. Mater autem brevi effi-
cere potuit ut fllii ambo cum captlvls Britannis commuta-
rentur.
Multis post annis, cum BritannI iterum cum Americanls
i. quibus: *"./. militibus. 13. adhuc: (while) still. in —
ad : near. bello, quod prlmum i.e. in primo :
2. haurlre : haurio, 4, hausi, bello, quod.

haustus, draw. 16. efficere . . . ut : freely, ar-
3. duobus : the two. range that ; lit. what?
7. Iaspero, etc. : cf. the simi- 17. captlvls : translate as adj.
lar phrase, p. 43, ]. 16. — commutarentur : commuto, 1 , ex-
8. cum : conjunction. change ; connection with this
in
9. vexillum: cf. p. 93, 1. 11. verb, cum may be rendered "for."
12. loco: station; for syntax, 19. iterum: i.e. from the year
cf. the note on p. 7, 1. 4. 181 2 on.
beilum gererent, Indi, quodam castello Americanorum ex-

pugnato, non solum armatos sed etiam mulieres liberosque
summa crudelitate occiderunt. Qua caede nuntiata, Iacso,
dllectu habito, quam celerrime profectus est, ut hostls co-
5erceret; cumque multa mllia passuum iter fecisset, etsl
milites laborandd defessl semel iterumque negabant se
longius progressuros, pervenit postremo ad castra munitis-
sima, quae in rlpa fluminis Tallapusae posuerant Indi.
Ubi acriter pugnatum est ; castra tamen sunt capta, hostes-
10 que paene ad unum aut ibi perierunt aut in Floridam f ugere
coacti sunt. summa comitate regem
Victdria potltus Iacs5
Indorum equo vectus castra intrare est ausus
accepit, qui
petitum ut frumento AmericanI iuvarent mulieres libe-
rosque Indos, qui in silvls latentes famem aegre iam tole-
15 rabant.
LESSON 80
Pirates Ashore
Quondam in mari Atlantico secundum lltus Americanum

ultro citr5que navigabant piratae, qui omnibus locis naves
vel Americanas vel Britannicas spoliabant ; e quibus unus,
summae audaciae homo, liburnicls praeerat compluribus.
20 Is olim oppugnare constituit oppidum longinquum, quod
numquam antea spoliatum erat, cuiusque incolae locupletes
esse dlcebantur.
Sine detrlmento liburnicae in portum venerunt; turn
4. dllectu: dilectus, -us, m., petitum: supine; another

13.
levy. way saying ut peteret.
of —
5. etsl : modifying the pre- frumento {a contribution of)
:
ceding clause. grain.

6. laborando : gerund. 14. latentes in their hiding
:
11. victoria: the same con- places-, lit. what?

struction as with utor. 17. navigabant : kept sailing.
96
FIRST LATIN READER
Templum
The above building, found in Sicily, is of Grecian architecture.

It is known as the Temple of Concord. Roman temples were regu-
larly constructed on Greek models.
autem captlvus quldam, qui minus dlligenter cust5diebatur,

in mare clam exsiluit, ac nando incolumis pervenit ad lltus :
qui sine mora oppidanos de consilils piratarum certiores

fecit. Quo nuntio accept5, oppidan! summa dlligentia
5 bona sua celare coeperunt. Deinde, postquam plratae e

navibus egress! milites paucos, qui oppido erant praesidio
relictl, in fugam coniecerunt, elves ipsl, aedibus clausls,
tela in hostes prlmo coniecerunt plurima ; sed postremo,
timore detriment! etiam maioris coactl, se maest! dedide-
10 runt. Quos omnls plratae, victoria potltl, in templa quae-
dam coegerunt. Ubi ill! fame sunt paene necatl; victores
enim interim tarn bene se habebant, ut omnlno captivorum
miserorum oblivlscerentur.
LESSON 81
Carrying the Tribute
Abhinc multosannos American!, antequam res publica va-

15 lida facta est, tributum pendere solebant cuidam regl Afri-
cano, ne plratae earum regionum(quI sub eius imperio erant)

naves suas spoliarent. Olim, cum praefectus Americanus
tribut! istlus ferendl causa ad Africam navigasset, rex ille,
qui forte nuntium cum dono Byzantium h5c fere tempore
1 minus : not very ; what use 1 1 . coegerunt : crowded. — vic-

of the compar. ? tores: victor, -oris, M., victor.
4. nuntio: news, or informa- 12. tarn bene se habebant:
tion. were having so good a time.
5. celare: celo, 1, conceal, or 15. facta est: freely, had
hide. grown. — pendere: pendS, 3, pe-
6. pauc5s : cf. pauci, p. 90, 1. pendl, pensus, pay.
17. — praesidio: cf. p. 65, 1. 4. 16. ne: so that . . . not.
10. quos omnis : cf. qui omnes, 19. Byzantium: see the note
p. 57,1- 8. on p. 79, 1. 21.
ad regem supremum mittere volebat (nam ipse quoque tri-

butum pendere cogebatur), ab Americanis postulavit ut
nave sua hanc rem susciperent. Praefectus scilicet se nolle
respondit; sed rex, " Nonne servl estis?" inquit "nonne :
5 tributum mihi penditis ? Hanc rem mehercle nisi conf estim

suscipietis, naves omnes Americanae, quae in marl Medi-
terraneo navigant, a piratis statim capientur." Praefectus
animo haud aequo Byzantium proficisci coactus est
igitur
ubi autem rex supremus Americanos summo accepit honore;
iocumque discederent, duel etiam dedit diploma.
Cum navis paucis post diebus ad litus Africae rursus
appulsa iam oblltus erat se polli-
esset, rex Africanus, qui
citum esse nihil amplius ab Americanis postulatum Irl, prae-
fectum iussit iterum Byzantium navigare cumque id ;
15 recusaret, etiam mortem praesentem minatus est. Turn

praefectus diploma porrexit quo viso, tantus timor regis
;
animum occupavit, ut venia contumeliarum petlta Ameri-

canos sine mora redlre domum pateretur.
LESSON 82
A Successful Ambuscade
Ed tempore, qu5 colon! cum Philippd, rege Ind5rum
2oclaro, bellum gerebant, oppido quodam a barbaris incens5,
1. regem supremum: i.e. the 10. diploma: ace. sing, of di-
Sultan. ploma, -atis, n., passport.
2. pendere: cf. p. 97, 1. 15. — 13. postulatum Iri : what in-
ab: of. fin.?
4. nonne: i.e. non + ne: this i5- recusaret: object to; sub-
combination assumes the answer ject, praefectus. — minatus est:
"yes." minor, 1, threaten.

- 5. mehercle: interjection, by 16. diploma: cf. 1. 10.
my halidom; lit. (so help) me, 17. contumeliarum: cf. p. 93,
Hercules. 1. 4, and the note.
8. Byzantium: translate the 19. quo: when, lit. during
ace. "for"; cf. p. 97, 1. 19. which.
magna vis frumentl ab els integra in agrls relicta est. Quo

cognito, imperator colonorum, tantam frumentl copiam non
temere dimittendam ratus, ab oppido finitimo legatum cum
militibus proficisci iussit, ut fruges ad belli sedem reportaret.
5 Ille igitur iumenta carrosque statim coegit multos, ac con-
festim in agros illos contendit ; ubi nullo impediente fru-

mentum omne in carros sine mora impositum est.
Postquam tamen copias reducere coepit, legatus silvas

veritus (per quas tria milia passuum iter faciendum erat)
iomilites primo armls expeditis pr5gredi iussit. Cum verd
agmen e silva incolume evasisset, omnia pericula suos iam
effugisse arbitratus, via minus dlligenter explorata, in
insidias subito incidit, quas hostes fecerant in palude
quadam, per quam rivus parvus fluebat. Quern ad locum
15 ubi perventum est, repente audltus est undique ululatus
Indorum, telaque plurima inmissa sunt. Qua re nova
permotl milites nullo modo resistere potuerunt, praesertim
cum numer5 barbarl multo essent superiores. Quln etiam e
proelio colon! vix septem octove eff ugerunt ;
quare prop-
M
2oter cladem ibi acceptam hie locus postea " rivus cruentus
appellabatur.
LESSON 83
An Intrepid Commander
Eodem bello quldam colon! in scaphis olim e5 consilid

profect! sunt, ut cum Indls flnitimis aut pacem facerent,
3. flnitimo: i.e. to the burned 12. arbitratus, etc.: use but

town. one part, in the English sentence.
4. fruges: frux, frugis, ?., fruit 13. incidit: incido, 3, -cidi,
(of the earth); pi., crop. — belli fall into (in-f-cado).

sedem: i.e. the base of operations. 14. rivus: brook.
5. iumenta: iumentum, -I, N., 19. octove: i.e. octo + v#.
beast of burden. —
multos : §ee 22. eodem bello : for syntax,
the note on rati, p. 82, 1. 14. cf. primo bello, p. 62, 1. 15.
ioo FIRST LATIN READER
aut els indicerent bellum, si Philippum adiuvare per-

severarent. E scaphis egressi, per agros contendebant
col5nI, cum subito ululatus auditus est, et barbarl impetu
repentino milites ad litus se recipere coegerunt : nam in
5 eo quoque proeli5 Indl numero erant multo superiores; dux
enim colon5rum qulndecim tantum milites secum turn ha-
bebat.
Is autem, vir summae constantiae, locum idoneum
nactus, suos hortatus est ne se animo demitterent, et ipse
ioacriter dlmicavit. Dum res sic geritur, animadvertit
forte unum e comitibus ita territum, ut nullo modo
pugnare posset. Quo viso, hominem iussit lapides com-
portare, qui pro munitione usui essent : quod cum iste
faceret, sagitta subito lapidem percussit, quern manibus
isferebat; quo miraculo permotus (nam vltam a dis ita
servatam esse existimabat), animos homo resumpsit, sum-
maque virtute una cum ceteris pugnavit.
Brevi tela colonorum deficere coeperunt sed navis ;
adventu opportuno servati sunt. Dux tamen, cum nollet

20 Indos putare se timore discessisse, etiam turn in agrls
paulum moratus est ad petasum petendum, quern ad
fontem paulo ante reliquerat.
1. els : cf. the note on Britan- mood. — iste: the soldier,

nis, p. 92, ]. 7. 14. manibus : cf. p. 7, 1. 9.
4. ad: toward, 15. miraculo: mlracurum, -I, n.,

8. locum: position. providence, lit. strange happen-
9. animo : for syntax, cf. ing.
the more familiar phrase, animo 16. animos courage.
: — resump-
demissus. sit : resumo, 3, -sumpsi, -sumptus,
11. forte: cf. the note on recover.
p. 85, 1. 12. 19. cum nollet: translate by a
12. quo: neut.— lapides : lapis, partic. phrase.
-idis, m., stone. 20. timore: abl. of cause.
13. pro: as, or for. — usui: cf. petasum: petasus,
21. -i, M.,
p. 89, 1. 8. essent: — note the broad-brimmed hat.
LESSON 84
Burned at the Stake
De Ind5rum multa narrantur.

crudelitate Sicut, cum
oppidum colonorum quoddam a Gallis barbarlsque esset
expugnatum, ampliusque qulnquaginta oppidanl captl
essent, hostes cum captivis miseris confestim domum con-
5 tenderunt. Dum autem iter faciunt, Onus e captivis, homo
obesus, qui onus grave ferre coactus tardius sequebatur, se
posse clam effugere ratus, onus subito in via deposuit
atque in arbore cava latere conatus est.
Hie autem ab Indls brevl repertus, veste detracta per

ionivem nudus progredl est coactus; quo modo usque ad
noctem iter factum est. Turn barbarl, captlvo ad arborem
religato, ignem pedetemptim admovebant, donee homo
moribundus vlsus est; deinde rursus paulum reducebant,
quo diutius cruciaretur. Quin etiam, ne hoc quidem
15 content!, frusta absciderunt viscerum, ut cruciatu captlvi
ocul5s suos pascerent, cum interim canerent aut saltarent
rldentes; et postremo, ne contumelia ulla deesset, corpus
3. amplius i.e. 7nore {than)

:
;
14. quo : replacing ut, as it
cf. such expressions as " above a regularly does when the purpose
thousand." clause contains a comparative.
6. obesus (-a, -um): stout. — cruciaretur: crucio, 1, (keep hi) tor-
tardius: absol. compar. ture. — hoc: (neut.) noun.
7. onus: onus, -eris, n., load. 15. content!: contentus, -a,
9. hie : the adv. — veste: i.e. -um, with abl., content (with). —
vestimento. frusta: not frustra. — viscerum:
11. iter factum est: translate viscus, -eris, N., (sing, and pi.)
by an active form. flesh.

12. ignem: the fire. — admove- 16. pascerent: pasc5, 3, pavi.
bant: kept moving up. pastus, with abl., feast . (upon).
. .
13. reducebant: sc. eum (i.e. Strictly, cruciatu is abl. of means,

ignem). For the force of this im- 17. deesset: what is the literal
perfect, cf. rapiebant, p. 7, 1. 17. force of the word (de -f sum)?

. —
I02 FIRST LATIN READER
mortui in favlllam resldere pass! sunt, quo postea maiore

amid dolore afficerentur, cum eius casum viderent miserri-
mum.
LESSON 85
An Early Morning Surprise
Olim quoddam hieme expugnare

Gall! Indique castellum
5 constituerant. Quare per nivem altam summ5 lab5re pro-
gress!, nocte intempesta in silva haud procul ab oppido
castra collocaverunt deinde, impediments praesidio pau-
;
cls relictls, vigilia quarta fere exacta ad munlti5nes pede-

temptim accesserunt. Nam per nivem gelu rigidam iter iam
10 faciendum erat, timebantque ne sonus a colonis audiretur;
quam ob rem ab imperatore iussi erant paulum progredi,

turn paulum stare, turn iterum paulum progredi, ut strepi-
tus exercitus per nivem iter facientis sonus tantum vento-
rum videretur. At nihil suspicabantur colonl; quln etiam
15 custodes ipsl somno gravissimo quiescebant. Itaque hostes
facillime in castellum pervenerunt ; nix enim una ex parte
tarn alta fuit, ut munltiones vix exstarent. Turn demum,
ululatu acrl sublato, barbari colonos perterrit5s confestim de-
traxerunt e lectls, et undique caedes incendiaque miscuerunt.
1. mortui: as noun (gen. rigidam: rigidus, -a, -urn, crusted,
masc.)- — favlllam : favllla, -ae, f., lit. stiff.
embers. — resldere : resido, 3, -sedi, 10. ne note the nature of the

:
sink down. — quo: 101, cf. p. 1. governing vert

14.— maiore: {all the) greater. 13. facientis: modifying exer-
2. amlci: nom.pl. citus. — sonus: pred. nom. with
4. hieme: abl. of time when videretur (sc. esse). tantum:
or within which. the adv.
7. paucls : as (masc.) noun. 16. una ex parte : cf. omnibus
8. exacta: from exig5 ; con- ex partibus, p. 44, 1. 6.
strue with vigilia, and cf. the note 17. exstarent: exsto, 1, ,
on p. 91, 1. 17. , project, or appear {above).

9. gelu : gelus, -us, M., frost. — 19. caedes, etc. : cf. p. 78, 1. 9.
In castello praeda multa hostes potltl sunt atque ad

vesperum, caede incendilsque aliquando defessl, se ad
silvam contulerunt. Victoria tamen non incruenta parta
erat:nam intra castellum erant complura tecta minora;
5 qu5rum unum cum barbari expugnare f rustra conarentur,
tells inde coniectls multi interfecti erant.
LESSON 86
Some Very DistinguisJied Geese
Quibus rebus admoneor de impetu, quern Galli antiqui

abhinc multos annos in Capitolium fecerunt, cum exercitus
vicissent Romanos, urbemque ipsam incendissent. Primo
iointerdiu hostes adorti sunt, summaque audacia saxa aspera
ascenderunt ; sed Roman! desuper eorum aciem tarn facile
tantaque caede deiecerunt, ut numquam postea idem
auderent.
Deinde autem, cum multos dies Capitolium obsessum
i5essetnec praesidium (quamquam surama erat cibi inopia)
se dedere vellet, noctu Capitolium oppugnare hostes con-
stituerunt. Itaque semita aspera, quam paucis ante diebus
1. praeda: for syntax, cf. vie- they made no attempt to hold any
toria, p. 95, 1. 11. ad; toward. — part of Rome other than the lofty
2. aliquando i.e. demum. : and isolated Capitol.
3. incruenta : incruentus, -a, 10. interdiu : in contrast to
-um, lit. bloodless ; translate freely. noctu, 1. 16. — hostes: subject of
— parta erat from pario.
: the verb.
5. quorum: neut. 11. desuper: adv., from above.
7. Galli as on p. 52,
: 1. 12. 12.idem auderent: repeated
antiqui : antiquus, -a, -um, ancient. the venture ; lit. what ?
8. cum: after. — exercitus: 14. deinde: later.
note the u. 15. nee: and yet . . . not.
9.ipsam: proper. The Ro- 17. semita: abl. of way by
mans were so demoralized that which (semita, -ae, f., footpath).
Gallus quidam forte animadverterat, tertia fere vigilia Qnus

miles inermis paulum ascendit cui deinde arma tradita ;
sunt. Is sequentes adiuvabat, ill! rursus alios. Quo mod5

Gall! complures ad summum collem tanto silentio pervene-
5 runt, ut custodes nihil sentlrent ;
quin etiam ne canes quidem
Sed repente anseres Iunonis sacrl clangorem
excitati sunt.
clarum ediderunt: quae res Romanis saluti fuit; nam
M. Manlius, vir summae constantiae, sono acrl audito,
comites ad arma vocans confestim in primum Galium im-
iopetum fecit acerrimum, eumque de sax5 proiecit. Gallus
casu suo alios quoque deturbavit et hostes, magno detri- ;
ment5 accepto, etiam hoc conatu desistere coacti, in castra

maesti se receperunt.
LESSON 87
An Ar)ny of Two
Longum est consilia narrare, quibus usi sunt colon! els
15 in quae cum Britannls et Indls gesserunt.
bellis, Sicut
5lim, cum per provinciam Noveboracensem navis Britannica
adverso flumine navigaret, in ripa forte stabant liberi duo
qui veritl ne, si agricolas armatos exspectassent, auxilium-
2. inermis (-is, -e) : without 8. M. : i.e. Marcus.

{his) arms ', unarmed.
lit. 11. casu: fall. — deturbavit:
3. sequentes: ace. masc, those deturbo, carry off (one's) feet,
1,
following. — ill! : supply a verb 12. conatu desistere cf. p. 21, :
from the preceding clause. 1. 3.

4. summum : the top of; cf. 14. longum est "'twould be a :
the use of prima, p. 22,1. 7. long (tale); cf. the similar idio-
6. anseres : anser, -eris, m., matic use of the present indicative
goose. — sacri: sacer, -era, -crum, of possum, e.g. p. 41, 1. 7.
with gen., sacred(to).— clangorem: 17. forte: cf. the note on p. 85,
clangor, -oris, m., cry. 1. 12.
7. ediderunt: from edo (not 18. exspectassent: should wail

edo). for ; lit. should have waited for.
ser5 adferretur, constituerunt, si possent, Britannos ipsi
deterrere.
Post doraum, quae in pr5munturi5 posita erat, silva erat
parva. Itaque liberi, cum ad aedes cucurrissent, armis
5 cdnf estim arreptls, porta postlca in silvam clam egress!
sunt autem palam e silva in aedes cum armis prope-
; turn
raverunt. Quod idem cum saepius fecissent, Britanni, qui
conspiciebant procul nee quicquam plane videre poterant,
manum magnam in aedes convenisse rati, pedetemptim
10 tamen progredi perseveraverunt dum vero praeter pro- :
munturium navigant, subit5 alter ex Hberis inmisit telum ac

gubernatorem graviter vulneravit qui cum prolapsus gu- ;
bernacula e manibus dimlsisset, navis e cursu flumine se-

cundo ferri coepta est. Quam ob rem Britanni, se sic omnis
i5interfici posse arbitrati, animo minime aequ5 se receperunt
ad oppidum, unde nuper profecti erant.
LESSON 88
Horatius at the Bridge
Quae res memorabilis me admonet de f acinore simili sed

maiore, quod Romae antiquitus ab Horati5 quodam factum
esse traditur.Cum enim bellum a rege Porsinna esset
20 Romanls indictum, Ianiculum impetu repentin5 captum est
1. sero : adv., late ; in this con- 8. quicquam: neut. of quis-
text, too late. quam (cf. p. 2, 1. 11).
domum: (t/ie/r) home.
3. — 11. alter ex : one of (the two).
posita erat: had been built. 13. secundo : cf. p. 87, 1. 18.
5. porta: door; for syntax, cf. 14. coepta est: cf. the note on
semita, p. 103, 1. 17. — postlca: coeptus est, p. 66, 1. 12.
posticus, -a, -um, back. 18. Romae : note that this is a
7. idem : note the gender, and town name.
cf. p. 103, 1. 12. — saepius: over 20. Ianiculum: a hill on the
and over again ; what use of the west bank of the Tiber, opposite
compar. ? Rome.
io6 FIRST LATIN READER
Pons
Until the second century B.C., the only bridge across the Tiber
at Rome was of wood. Afterward several stone bridges were
built, one of which is shown above.
Romanique Tiberim in urbem quam celer-

perterriti trans
rime f ugere coeperunt. Turn Horatius, qui sentiebat hostes,
nisi pons esset perruptus, urbe quoque statim potlturos,
civis suos hortatus est ut pontem igni ferroque perrurnpe-
5 rent, cum ipse impetum hostium solus sustineret.
Itaque cum duobus amlcis fidelibus, quos pudor eum
deserere non patiebatur, ad prlmum aditum pontis fortiter
progressus, audacissime ibi constitit. Qua audacia obstupe-
facti, hostes prlmo paulum morati sunt, deinde impetum
ioacriorem f ecerunt ; Horatius verd, minas contumeliasque
vociferans, summa virtute dimicabat, nee loco cessit prius-
quam post tergum pons perruptus est. Turn in Tiberim
armatus ad ripam alteram incolumis pervenit,
desiluit, et
quo paulo ante, exigua parte pontis ad.huc relicta, amicos

15 duo se recipere coegerat.
Sic memoriae traditum est; Livius autem (a quo haec
narrantur) facinus hoc apud posteros plus gloriae quam
fidei habuisse palam confitetur.
1. quam celerrime : translate 11. vociferans: vociferor, 1,
free! y shout out. — dimicabat fought on :
3. pons (pontis, m.) : bridge. — loco: cf. the note on p. 7,

— esset perruptus: cf. exspectas- 1. 4.
sent, p. 104, 1. 18; for mood, cf. 13. desiluit: desilio, 4, -silui,
admoveantur, p. 61, 1. 14. leap down.

4. ferro: ferrum, -i, n., iron; 14. quo: the adv. ; cf. p. 47,
freely, the ax. 1. 2. — exigua parte, etc. : translate
5. cum: while. by a "while" clause.
6. pudor (-oris, M.) shame. : 16. memoriae, etc. : cf. p. 85,
7. patiebatur : we would say 1. 6, and translate freely. — haec :
1
"wo7ild not allow cf. videbant, ' ; neuter.
p. 36, 1. 7. —
aditum: aditus, -us, 17. apud posteros: i.e. in the
M., approach. —
pontis: cf. 1. 3. following generations ; lit. what?
8. obstupefacti : obstupefac- — plus: see multus. — gloriae:
tus, -a, -urn, part., amazed. partitive gen.
10. minas: minae, -arum, f.: 18. confitetur: confiteor, 2,
threats. -fessus sum, admit.

io8 FIRST LATIN READER
LESSON 89
A Favor Repaid
Olim Indus ignotus in deversorium esuriens venit; cum

autem diu frustra venatus erat, cibum emere non potuit.
Sed colonus quldam, qui animadverterat fame hominem
esse paene conf ectum, cauponam iussit cibum dare, ipseque
5 pecuniam solvit. Indus colono gratias maximas egit polli-

citusque est se semper beneficium memoria custoditurum.
Paucls post annis colonus ipse ab Indls captus est et in
Canadam deductus ; ubi a domino in silvas saepe lignationis
causa missus est. Olim, cum procul ab aedibus laboraret,
iosubito in conspectum venit Indus quldam, qui eum hortatus
est ut paulo post in locum certum ad colloquium veniret.
Colonus haud invitus pollicitus est; turn insidias veritus
consilium mutavit, neque ad locum venit constitutum.
Paucls post diebus Indus eum iterum convenit, iterumque
15 hortatus est ut alio die ad locum destinatum iret.
Quo ubi perventum est, Indus se sequi iussit, ac per silvas
celeriter profectus est. Alter, etsi timor eius occupabat
animum, flnemque itineris omnino nesciebat, est tamen
secutus ; cumque dies multos per silvas iter fecissent, po-
20 stremo ad oppidum pervenerunt, quod colonus laetus ut suum
cognovit. Turn dux, Ego is sum," inquit, " quern tu abhinc
"
,,
multos mensis cibo iuvistl. Hoc mod5 refero gratiam.
1. esuriens (-entis, part.): 15. destinatum: destinatus, -a,
hungry. —
cum inasmuch as.
: -um, designated.
4. confectum: exhausted. — 16. se : obj. of sequi.
cauponam: caupona, -ae, f., mis- 17. eius: modifier of animum.
tress of {the) inn. 18. finem : contrast fines.
8. lignationis: cf. the use of 20. utsuum: as his own.
the gerundive with causa to ex- 21. is: the man.
press purpose. 22. gratiam: contrast the
14. Indus: the Indian. meaning of gratias, 1. 5.
LESSON 90
An Earthquake in Colonial Times
Cum
iam col5nI pluriml Britanniam Novam incolebant,
olim noctu,dum homines fere omnes somno gravi quiescunt,
repente motus terrae maximus factus est. Sono horrendo
ad aurls adlato, colon! graviter perm5tl e lectis confestim
5 exsiluerunt, tecta rati undique labefactarl ;
quln etiam erant
qui timerent ne venisset dies mundi ultima aut certe ades-
set. Interim in marl nautae motum senserunt, credebantque
navis suas in saxa abscondita delatas esse ; in agrls autem
boves, cum mugltus maxim5s ederent, omnis in partes per-
10 territl cucurrerunt.
Quidam conflrmant se turn vldisse ignem per terram
currere ac certe qu5dam loco erat terrae hiatus, ex quo
;
pulvis levis fumo similis aliquamdiu efferebatur. Diebus

proximis complures consecut! sunt motus, sed minores
i5multique homines, qui adhuc religi5nem spreverant, prop-
tertimorem ad cultum deorum se converterunt. Traditum
quoque est, aquam cuiusdam fontis, qui terrae motu huml
depressus erat, postea hieme interdum glaciem factam
3. motus (-us, M.) : lit. move- 11. quidam : here, noun. — per:
ment. along.
5. labefactarl : labefacto, 1, 12. hiatus (-us, m.) : with gen.,
shake down. —
erant qui: there cleft (/>/), lit. yawning {of),
were (some) who. The subjunc- 13. levis (-is, -e) light
: (of
tive is used regularly after any weight) . — efferebatur : i.e. kept
tense of sunt qui or nemo est qui. rising] lit. what ?
6. mundi: mundus, -1, m., the 16.cultum: cultus, -us, M.,

world. worship.
8. autem: moreover. 17. huml: into the ground;
9. cum . . . ederent: note the what is the commoner meaning ?
e, and translate by a partic. phrase. 18. depressus erat : deprim5, 3,

— mugltus: mugltus, -us, m., bet- -pressl, -pressus, sink. — glaciem
lowing. factam esse ; i.e. froze solid.
no FIRST LATIN READER
esse, quamquam antea omnl tempore annl uberius fluere

consueverat.
LESSON 91
Evils of the Slave Trade
Gentes, quae Africam incolunt, quondam inter se saepe

dimicabant, captlvlque a negotiatoribus empti, navibus in
5 terras sunt transportati dlversas, ubi dominis novis traditl
summis laboribus aetatem in agris agebant. Dum autem
navigant, conditio captivorum miserrima erat; nam tra-
ditum est dominos, qui quaestum volebant facere quam
maximum neque aliud curabant, valetudini salutique ser-
iovorum operam minimam dedisse.
Qui igitur miser! in locls angustis foedlsque procul a luce
caellque splritu saepe claudebantur. Quin etiam interdum,
ut naves quam plurimos portarent, inter se vinculls iuncti,
suplnl dies noctesque iacere coactl sunt, spatio minimo
15 tantum relicto, ubi paucl vice alterna se exercere possent:
quorum cruciatus, tempestate coorta, maximus erat; turn
enim forls omnibus clausls vix resplrare poterant, multlque
1. quamquam: whereas. — 12. caeli : (open) air. — spiri-

uberius : adv. (positive not in use), tu : spiritus, -us, m., breath,
very freely. 13. inter se : i.e. to one another.
4. navibus: by ship. — iuncti: iungo, 3, ilinxi, iunctus,
6. laboribus : translate as sing. bind.
— aetatem : cf. vitam with the same 15. paucl : i.e. small groups. —
verb, p. 61, 1. 13. — dum . . . navi- vice alterna, abl. phrase, in turn.
gant, etc. : freely, it was, however, — exercere exerceo, : 2, -ui, -itus,
while they were on shipboard, — possent note the mood.

exercise. :
that, etc. quorum:

16. {but) — their.
9. aliud: anything else. tempestate coorta: translate by a
11. qui . . . miser! : the poor " when 1
'
clause.
wretches. — locis : quarters. — 17. foris : forus, -1, m., gangway.
foedis: foedus, -a? -um foul.
?
— resplrare: respiro, 1, breathe.
FIRST LATIN READER m
moriebantur. Quo mod5 saepe factum est ut vlvi, vinculls
mortuos iacere cogerentur, donee postero die
retentl, inter
nautae solverent mortuos corporaque in mare abicerent.
LESSON 92
A Pirate Outdone
Illis temporibus, cum servi pluriml ex Africa in terras

5 dlversas transportarentur, saepe in marl coniurationem
inter se nautae fecerunt, dominoque navis aut coniecto in
vincula aut interfecto, ducem novum ipsl deligebant; quo
modo plratae factl secundum litus Africae ultro citroque
navigabant et naves gentium spoliabant omnium.
10 Quorum e numero quldam in portum olim vecti longin-
quum, ubi in litore collocata erant castra parva Britannica,
legatum tela aurumque e castris ad se mittere summa
superbia iusserunt. Ille vero, vir maximae constantiae,
aurum respondit se non daturum esse, sed tela libenter mis-

15 surum, si e5rum navis propius accessisset Turn plratae
Ira commotl castra acerrime adortl sunt, ac legatus Britan-
nicus, postquam tela defecerunt e castris se recipere coac-

tus, postremo ab hostibus captus est; qui eum cum
custodibus cdnfestim ad ducem miserunt. Iste scilicet
1. moriebantur: cf. rapiebant, 12. aurum do : not confuse

p. 7, 1. 17.— factum est ut : cf. aurum with auris.
p. 74, 1. 15. 14. libenter: cf. the note on
3. solverent . . . abicerent: p. 93, 1. 9.
translate both the subjunctives 15. accessisset: cf. esset per-
" should." ruptus, p. 107, 1. 3.
5. marl: the high seas. 16. Ira commotl : freely, filled
8. plratae: predicate nom. with wrath.
9. naves : commerce. 18. cum custodibus : i.e. wider
10. e :
of. guard. — ducem : (thei?') chief.
ii2 FIRST LATIN READER
hominem horrendis exsecrationibus accepit, quod animo

tarn obstinat5 resistere ausus erat ; legatus autem minime
territus audacter respondit atque etiam maioribus exsecra-
tionibus quam.dux ipse usus est. Quae res el saluti fuit;
5 nam piratae ceterl, nova re delectati, cachinnos sustulerunt
maximos et ultrd vltam hominl concesserunt, quod male
dicendo ducem ipsum superare potuerat.
LESSON 93
Colonization in Africa
American! Britannlque, cum demum plane coepissent

quae ab emptione servdrum oriuntur,
cognoscere mala,
iocol5nias in Africam statuerunt deducendas esse, in quas
llbertlni mitterentur; illlsque temporibus erant etiam qui
servos fere omnes postremo sic in patriam reduci posse
exlstimarent.
Coloniae, quae prlmo sunt eo deductae, non erant validae,
J 5et saepe cum incolis Africanls pugnandum erat. Sicut
olim, cum coloni quldam promunturio Insulaque emptis
i . exsecrationibus : exsecratio, — oriuntur : orior, 4, ortus sum,

-onis, f., curse. arise (cf. coorior).
5. nova re : at the unexpected 10. in Africam . . . deducendas
tttrn (of events) ; of cause.
abl. esse: freely, ought to be planted in
— delectati: delectatus, -a, -um, Africa.
highly
part., ai7iused, lit. delighted. 11. libertini: libertinus, -I, M.,
— cachinnos: cachinnus, -i, m., freedman. — mitterentur : note the
roar of laughter. mood.
7. dicendo: abl. of specifica- 12. patriam: i.e. {their) right-
tion. fid country. — posse: could.
9. mala: as (neut.) noun; cf. 13. exlstimarent : cf. the note
the somewhat similar use of the on erant qui, p. 109,1. 5.
neut. bona. — emptione servorum: 14. eo : the adv. ; for meaning,
freely, traffic in slaves; lit. what? cf. quo, p. 107, 1. 14.
oppidum parvum in Htore condidissent, nationes proximae

moleste ferebant peregrlnos illic consedisse ; verebantur
enim ne iura sua Vetera amitterent, empti5que servorum
(qua ex re quaestum magnum faciebant) mox tota repri-
5 meretur. Quare, armatis undique convocatis, in oppidum
colonorum repente impetum fecerunt acerrimum. Intra
munltiones erant dux aeger et triginta quinque tantum
homines, qui arma ferre possent ; at illl, cum in proelio
quindecim ex ipsorum numero aut vulnerati aut interfectl
ioessent, hostes praeda occupatos postrem5 in fugam conie-
cerunt. Paucis autem post diebus oppugnatio a barbarls
redintegrata est; qui ne turn quidem rem bene gesserunt.
Itaque, pace iam demum facta, haec quidem colonia paulatim
numero vlribusque aucta est.
LESSON 94
A Prize Won and Lost

15 Olim, cum Americana per mare Mediterra-
navis longa
neum navigaret, nautae procul velum vlderunt; qu5 viso,
praefectus, liburnicas piratarum haud procul abesse ratus,
suos summa celeritate insequi iussit. Dum autem veils
remisque contendunt, subito navis in saxis absconditis
2oadhaesit, neque ull5 modo detrudl poterat. Qu5 casu
2. moleste ferebant, etc. : i.e. this particular colony] lit. what?

were much wrought up that, etc. (Do not confuse quidem with
— illic: adv., there. quldam.)
4. tota: translate as if an adv. 14. viribus : contrast the mean-
6. intra: behind. ing of vis and vires (see the
8. cum: after. Vocab.).
9. ipsorum://^//'. 19- re mis : remus, -i, If., oar.
10. occupatos : busied. Roman ships often had both sails
12. ne . . . quidem: see the and oars, and veils remisque came
Vocab. to be a standing phrase for -at
13. haec quidem colonia : freely. full speed/'
ii4 FIRST LATIN READER
secundum Htus nuntiatd, piratae oppugnandi causa undique

convenerunt, et Americanl, etsl, ut navem levarent, in mare
iecerant omnia, postremo se dedere coacti sunt.
Qua victoria parta, rex piratarum, veritus ne aliae naves
5 longae oppidum suum oppugnarent, Americanos miseros
munitiones firmare coegit, cum interim a piratis captivl
tanta diligentia custodiebantur, quamquam dies noc-
ut,
tesque de fuga cogitabant, rem numquam perficere possent.

Els nautls, qui noctu quoque laborare volebant, pecuniam
iodedit rex, cum opera sua vellet quam maturrime perfici;
ill! autem pecuniam acceptam statim profuderunt, et ebrii
per oppidum vagantes iniurias oppidanis saepe intulerunt.
Turn mliis modis poenas dedisse dlcuntur ; hominis enim
suplnl sola pedum verberabantur, idque saepe tarn vehemen-
x
5ter ut sanguis exiret. Interdum autem, pecunia lictoribus
data, storels interpositis nautae verberabantur, cum interim
tamen extra fores carceris
legatus huic rei praepositus (qui
morari solebat) ex clam5ribus iudicabat homines cruciatus
pati maximos.
LESSON 95
A Prize Won and Lost {Continued)
20 Interim piratae longam navem Americanam de saxls

detruserant; quam ob rem captivl scilicet etiam molestius
i. oppugnandi causa: freely, 14. supini : {placed flat) on his

to the attack. What part of the back. — sola : solum,
-I, n., sole (of
verb is oppugnandi ? the foot) .

verberabantur verbero, :
2. levarent: levo, I, lighten. 1, beat. — idque: freely, and that

10. vellet : he was anxious too ; strictly, id is subject of fiebat
(that) . — maturrime : from mature supplied
11. profuderunt: profundo, 3, 15. sanguis (-inis, m.) blood.
\
—
fudi, -fusus, sqtmnder. — ebrii : exiret : freely, flowed. — lictoribus :
ebrius, -a, -urn, intoxicated. lictor, -oris, M., policeman.

13. mirls modis : transl. as sing. 16. storels : storea, -ae, F.,
— hominis : modifying pedum, 1. 14. mat.
ferebant navem suam in hostium potestatem venisse:

itaque eorum dux, Benbrigius nomine, litteras clam misit,
quibus hortatus est alium praefectum Americanum, qui
eodem in marl navigabat, ut clvibus auxilid venlret prae-
5
damque e manibus hostium eripere conaretur. Ille, litteris
acceptis, susplcionis vltandae causa liburnicam misit ;
quae
nocte intempesta portum ingressa, ad navem longam cursu
tarn incerto navigavit, utplratae qui in ea custodias agebant,
veriti ne liburnica in navem inlideretur, magna voce guber-
ionatorl imperarent ut ancoras iaceret. Is autem respondit
ancoras amissas esse.
Quo responso decepti, plratae liburnicam vagantem pro-
pius accedere patiebantur, cum subito ex ea septuaginta
armati gladiis destrlctis in navem longam ascenderunt
15 atque in hostls perturbatos impetum fecerunt acerrimum.
Piratae fortissime autem paene ad
dimicaverunt ; brevi
unum occisl sunt. Turn, cum reliqul se in mare iecissent,
ignes multis simul locis navi longae Americani ipsi admove-
runt, quattuorque tantum vulneratis, liburnica salva ad
2oclassem se receperunt.
Paul5 post ipsum classe est oppugnatum,
oppidum
atque invitus rex plratarum captivos Americanos incolumes
abire patl coactus est.
3. quibus: cf. the note on decipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus, throw

p. 38, 1.16. off {one's) guard, —vagantem
4. clvibus auxilio: cf. the erratic; lit. what? (cf. vagantes,
same construction with the verb p. 114? 1- 12). — propius :
absol.
sum. compar., very close.
6. liburnicam: this being the .14- destrlctis: destrictus, -a,
type of vessel used by the pirates -urn, part., drawn.

themselves (cf. p. 113, 1. 17). 19- quattuor: as noun. — salva:
8. ea: nave longa.
i.e. i.e. incolumi ; translate the abl. by
9. magna: see the Vocab. for "with."
the varied meanings of this adj. 22. invitus: translate by a
12. responso: noun. — decepti: phrase. incolumes: scot free.
n6 FIRST LATIN READER
LESSON 96
A Mysterious Disappeamnce
Col5niis multls iam in Americam deductis, Galll etiam

in Indorum sacerdotes
mittere consueverant, non
fines
solum ut barbarl ad suam religionem converterentur, sed
etiam ut ill! amici essent, si quando cum Britannis dimi-
Scandum esset. Qui homines sancti interdum maximls in
perlculis versabantur ; sicut olim in regionibus longinquls,
quae postea civitatis Noveboracensis pars factae sunt, sacer-
dotes complures, qui cum negotiatoribus paucis castellum
parvum ibi tenebant, subito certiores factl sunt Indos pere-
10 grinds omnls occldere constituisse.
Palam fugere non audebant sacerdotes, neque els ullae
erant naves, quibus ad Canadam veherentur. Itaque clam
intra castellum scaphas facere statim coeperunt ; deinde,
postquam omnia ad fugam iam sunt parata, barbaros ad
i5Convivium vocaverunt. 111! convenerunt laetl ; cumque
edissent omnia, quae sacerdotes apposuerant, domum re-
gress! in tabernaculis mox sopltl iacebant. Turn Galli
silentio scaphas ad rlpam portaverunt, et flumine secundo
ad Canadam versus profecti sunt.
20 Mane Indi viderunt castellum clausum qua re ani- ;
madversa, primo sacerdotes vota facere credebant. Po-

strem5 tamen, fenestris ingress!, intus esse neminem
1. coloniis . . . deductls: 14. omnia: note the gender,

translate by a "when 1
'
clause. ,
15. convivium: convivium, -1,
4. si quando: cf. p. 54. 1. 4. K.,feasl. Cf. the illustration on
5- sancti: sanctus, -a, -um, the opposite page.
Pôus. 21. v5ta facere to be at prayers
:
versabantur:
6. freely, were (votum, -I, n., prayer},
exposed (to). 22. fenestris: cf. the note on
11. eis : dat. case. p. 76, 1. 3.
CONVIVIUM
The Oriental fashion of reclining at meals was much in vogue

among the Greeks and Romans. The above illustration is taken
from a wall decoration at Pompeii.
n8 FIRST LATIN READER
timore maximo senserunt; nesciebant enim Gallls ullas

esse scaphas, eosque arte magica effugisse iudicabant.
LESSON 97
Early Days in Liberia
Cum in Africa abhinc multos annos condita esset res

publica, quae Liberia appellator, incolae eius regionis no-
5vae clvitati inimlcissiml erant. Nam advenae statuerant
emptionem servorum reprimendam esse, Afrl autem quae-
stum suum dimittere nolebant.
Olim prope coloniam quandam subito multitudo barbaro-
rum armatorum per silvam viam rumpere audita est. Sed
ioin oppido arma multa apud sacerdotem quendam condita
erant; qui, una cum duobus fabrls, qui elsdem in aedibus
habitabant, tela confestim in hostis inmittere coepit, mul-
tosque vulneravit. Dux tamen Afrorum paucls cum comi-
tibus fortiter progressus iam coepit perrumpere palos, qui
i5circum aedes in terra defixl erant. Ilium autem unus ex
fabrls statim tel5 interf ecit, barbanque ceteri, h5c casu per-
territl, confestim verterunt terga et quam celerrime in sil-
vam se contulerunt. At paul5 post, moleste ferentes ducem
mortuum in col5norum potestate relictum, corporis quaerendi
i. timore maximo: to their 10. apud: at the house of ; what

great alarm ; lit. what ? are other meanings of this word ?
4. Liberia: note the signifi- 11. fabris : faber, -bri, m., car-
cance of the name (cf. libertas). penter.

6. emptionem servorum: cf. p. 12. tela . . . inmittere coepit:
112, 1. 9. —
reprimendam: trans- opened fire.
late the gerundive "must." 14- palos : palus, -i, M., stake*,
9. viam: {their) way. rum- — pi., palisade.

pere: translate as if a present 19. in . . . potestate: freely,
part, (rumpo, 3, rupi, ruptus, lit. in the hands. — relictum: sc.
break). esse.
causa redierunt, summaque virtute identidem impetum in

aedes fecerunt acerrimum, donee, cum horam amplius dimi-
catum esset, subit5 proelio destiterunt et rursus maestl in
silvam regress! sunt.
LESSON 98
An Experience with Robbers
5 Quondam in ripls illlus fluminis, qui lingua Indorum

pater aquarum appellabatur, plratae multi in speluncls
quae illis temporibus merci-
latebant, ut navigia spoliarent,
bus variis onusta ultro citroque navigabant; quln etiam
quodam loco castra parva fecerant, ibique summa audacia
10 naves vel maximas adoriebantur.
Quern locum olim negotiator locuples, ventum idoneum
qui autem
nactus, veils passls incolumis est praetervectus ;
ad rlpam navem suam appellere n5n ausus est, donee duo

dies inde advers5 flumine navigavit. Interim vero plratae,
15 qui navem viderant nee praedam tarn
praetereuntem,
pulchram dimittere volebant, recta via per silvam erant
secuti, et loco opportuno in Insidils iam latebant qui, nave ;
1. identidem: adv., time and 10. vel: even. — maximas: of

again. the largest size.
2. horam amplius: cf. p. 10 1, 12. nactus: freely, with the aid
1. 3, and the note. of; what ?
lit. passis— see the :
3. proelio: cf. p. 69, 1. 17. Vocab. under pandd.

5. qui: for gender, cf. quod, 13. duo dies: for the space of
p. 30, 1.6. — lingua : we would two days.

say, " in the language.''
1
15. praetereuntem: from prae-
6. speluncls : spelunca, -ae, f., tereo.
cave. 16. recta: rectus, -a, -um,
7. mercibus : merx, mercis, f., straight, or direct. The robbers
(sing, and pi.) merchandise. were able to gain upon the trader
9. ibi : at that point. because of the bends in the river.
ad ripam appulsa, e silva subito eruperunt, ac nautas captos

ad castra sua navem reducere coegerunt.
Ibi negotiat5ris coquus Afer consilio callido usus est
nam simulabat dominum
sibi iniurias intulisse, seque gau-
5 dere eum captum esse quo modo in amlcitiam plratarum

:
inrepsit, qui credebant hominem socium fidelem esse fu-

turum. Sed olim, cena omnibus in nave apposita, coquus
repente proximum plratam in flumen proiecit ;
qu5 signo
nautae ceterds quoque in aquam detruserunt. Piratae ad
ioripam nando pervenerunt ; negotiator autem navem con-
festim solvit ac summa celeritate domum profectus est.
LESSON 99
The Capture of Stony Point
Olim BritannI castra satis magna occupaverant in ripa

fluminisHudsonis, haud procul a castellis compluribus,
quae adhuc tenebant American! victl. Quare colonl, ca-
15 stella sua magno esse in perlculo rati, castra statim sibi
delenda esse exlstimabant. Quam ad rem conficiendam
delectus est quldam Ant5nius, vir fortissimus, qui antea
facinora saepe ausus erat audacissima.
Omnibus rebus American!, per silvas clam pro-
paratls,
2ofectI, solis occasu prope castra Britannica in latebrls con-
1. captos: translate as if cepe- 15. magno: modifier of peri-

runt et. culo.
3. coquus (-1, m.) cook. :
— 16. delenda esse : for the trans-
usus est: put into execution. lation, cf. the note on reprimen-
6. inrepsit: inrepo, 3, -repsi, dam, p. 118, 1. 6.
worm [one^s)way. 18. ausus erat : freely, had per-

7. omnibus: i.e. for the whole formed.
party. 20. solis : sol, solis, m., sun. —
8. quo signo: cf. p. 57, 1. 16. occasu: abl. of time when (occasus,
10. nand5: cf. p. 12, 1. 17. -us, m., lit. setting).
sederunt, ibique h5ras compluris moratl sunt ; turn tertia

fere vigilia silenti5 ad castra accesserunt, cum interim duce
uterentur servo Afro, qui Pompeius appellabatur.
Una cum servo praegrediebantur duo milites, qui vestl-
5 menta agricolarum gerebant. Quare custodes nihil suspi-
cantes homines propius accedere pass! sunt Pompeius enim ;
erat omnibus notus, quod antea ad castra saepe venerat ut

venderet bacas qum etiam slgnum el a Britannis interdum
:
datum erat. Ita factum est ut sine strepitu custodes a

io militibus duobus caperentur et legiones ipsae paene in ;
castra venerunt, priusquam BritannI senserunt hostes

adesse. Turn autem celeriter concurrerunt ad arma et for-
tissime dimicaverunt.
In proelio Antonius graviter vulneratus est castra ;
15 autem sunt expugnata ab Americanls, qui brevl deiecerunt

opera omnia, quae Britanni magna diligentia ibi effecerant.
LESSON 100
Nathan Hale
Postquam Britanni Longa insula tota potiti sunt, Va-

singto tamen Novl Eboraci aliquamdiu moratus est, cum
discedere nollet, donee de consiliis hostium certior factus
2. cum . . . uterentur: trans- 7. omnibus: as (masc.) noun

late by a partic. phrase. — duce: dat. case.
(as) guide. 8. slgnum countersign. :
3. qui . . . appellabatur: 9. datum erat had been : corn-

named, municated. —
factum est ut : cf.
4. praegrediebantur: praegre- p. 74, 1. 15. — sine strepitu : with-

dior, 3, -gressus sum, go on out (making any} disturbance,
ahead. 12. concurrerunt : sc. Britanni.
5. nihil suspicantes : i.e. with- 18. Novi Eboraci: locative

out suspicion. case; cf. domi and humi.
6. propius: cf. the force of the 19. factus esset : cf. exspectas-
word on p. 115, 1. 12. sent, p. 104. 1. 18.
—
esset. Diu ille hominem frustra quaerebat, qui veste mu-

tata castra Britannica speculandl causa adlre vellet ;
po-
stremo autem ad banc rem suscipiendam legatus adulescens
repertus est : puerorum sumptis,
qui, vestlmentls magistri
5 liburnica vectus ad insulam incolumis pervenit. Ubi Bri-

tanni, qui nihil suspicabantur, hominem llbere circum ca-
stra omnia ambulare passl sunt. Ille autem diligenter
faciebat descrlptiones; commentarios ver5, ne sibi essent

detrlmento, si in manus hostium venisset, Latlne scripsit.
ioTum paucls post diebus, re bene confecta, ad locum rediit,
unde ad continentem transiturus erat.

Dum autem ibi liburnicam exspectat, in deversorio a
perfuga quodam conspectus est, qui Britannos sine mora
de eius latebris certiores fecit. Itaque ab hostibus confe-
15 stim missa est navis longa, quae hominem interciperet.
Scapha e navi ad litus appulsa, legatus scilicet amicos adesse
credebat ;
quare e latebris palam progressus, in lltore fa-
cile captus est. Is paulo post a Britannis capitis damna-

tus, fortissime se gerebat cumque tempus moriendl iam
;
u
2oadesset, aequissimo anim5 Hoc solum me paenitet," inquit,
n
" quod mihi est una vita tantum, quam pr5 patria largiar.
1. ille: omit in translating. — p. 121, 1. 19. — Latlne : adv., in

qui . . . vellet: willing. — veste Latin.
mutata: i.e. in disguise. 11. transiturus erat: was to
2. speculandl causa : i.e. as a cross.
spy; lit. what? 18. is: omit in translating.
4. magistri puerorum : a tutor. capitis damnatus cf. the note on
:
6. llbere: adv., freely, or at p. 47,1. 16.

will, 19. moriendl : freely, of execu-
8. descrlptiones : descriptio, tion.
-onis, F., (a) drawing (cf. scribo). 20. aequissimo fully composed.\
— commentarios : commentarii, — me paenitet causes me regret

:
-orum, m., notes. (paenitet, 2, paenituit).

9. detrlmento: dat. of service 21. quod: that. largiar: sub- —
(cf. praesidi5, p. 65, 1. 4) ; translate junctive. For the phrasing of the
freely. — venisset: cf. factus esset, whole clause, cf. p. 39, I. 17.
STORIES FROM CAESAR RETOLD
THE WINTER OF 54-53 B.C.
LESSON 101
In 58 B.C. Julius Caesar became governor of northern Italy and the

vast country extending from the Alps to the North Sea, and spent the
next nine years in disciplining various tribes of that great territory.
Unexpected Trouble
Caesar, cum in Gallia bellum gerebat, totam aestatem

hostes premere solitus est, turn, ut vires mllitum conserva-
ret, exercitum in hlberna deducebat : nam caelum earum
regionum hieme asperrimum est; quare ille iudicabat
5 aestate sibi cum hostibus esse dimicandum, reliquos autem .
anni menses in hibernis milites retinendos esse. Olim,

cum translsset in Britanniam multosque dies cum incolis
eius Insulae bellum gessisset, aestate exacta ad continentem
rediit. Ibi certior factus est propter siccitatem in Gallia
10 summam esse f rumentl inopiam. Itaque exercitum in partes
complures divisum in diversis clvitatibus hiemandi causa
collocavit.
1. cum: at the time when. — 6. olim: freely, one year.

aestatem not aetatem. The ace.
: 8. aestate exacta : freely, at
may be rendered " throughout.' 1
the very end of the season ; cf.
2. vires: do not confuse vis vigilia . . . exacta, p. 102, 1. 8.
and vir. 9. siccitatem : siccitas, -atis,
3. deducebat : note the tense. F., drought.

— caelum : climate. 11. divisum : freely, after di~
4. asperrimum: i.e. as com- viding, etc. ; what?
lit. in — . . .
pared with that of Italy. — ille: collocavit: quartered upon. — di-

omit in translating. versis civitatibus : the tribes of
123
West 0° Lo
GALLIA
FIRST LATIN READER *2 5
Quo dux quidam Gallorum, nomine Ambiorlx, cum

facto,
Romanos iam demum
exercitus tot in partes divisus esset,
facile superarl posse ratus, una castra longinqua subito
est adortus impetus autem foftiter exceptus est a nostrls,
;
5 qui equites hostium confestim in fugam dederunt. Qua

spe deiectl, Galli clamaverunt se colloquium velle ;
quo au-
dit5, legatl qui illis castrls praeerant, extra munitiones non
dubitaverunt e5s mittere, qui cum Ambionge colloquerentur.
LESSON 102
A Parley with the Enemy

Ad colloquium missus est C. Arpineius, eques Romanus,
ioet Q. Iunius, Hispaniensis, qui iam ante a Caesare ips5
saepe delectus erat, ut cum Ambionge ageret.
Eis, cum extra munitiones egress! essent, rex c5nf Irmavit
Gallos universos constituisse eo ipso die omnia hiberna
Caesaris simul oppugnare, ne qua legio alterl legi5ni
Gaul were numerous, and more or 5. qua spe: the same con-
lessindependent of one another. struction as with desisto {e.g.
In dividing his force for the win- p. 119, 1.
3) ; translate freely,
ter, it was Caesar's idea, in view 7. castrls : for syntax, cf.
of the scanty crops, to distribute p. 58, 1. 12.

more widely than usual among the 8. eos : ?nen.
Gallic tribes the burden of supply- 9. C. : i.e. Caius {Gains). —
ing the grain needed by his soldiers. eques Romanus a Roman knight, :
1. cum: causal. i.e. a member of the middle order

3. longinqua: this particular in the Roman state,
camp (No. 4 on the map) was 10. Q. : i.e. Quintus.
distant about two hundred miles 12. rex: i.e. Ambiorlx.
from Caesar's headquarters at 13. univers5s : freely, gener-
Samarobriva. ally; lit. what?
4. nostris : the story being told 14. ne qua: so that no; cf.
from the point of view of the the note on quid, p. 56, 1. 1.
Romans. legio : legion (a body of about

subsidio venire posset tamen invitum castra oppugnasse,

; se
sed voluntatl ceterorum Gallorum civitatem suam resistere
non potuisse. " Nee tamen," inquit, " Caesaris in me
beneficiorum immemor sum itaque vos magnopere hor-

;
5 tor, ut quam celerrime exercitum vestrum ad proxima

hiberna deducatis. Magna enim manus Germanorum
Rhenum nuper transiit, quorum multitudini nullo modo
resistere poteritis. Quare saluti vestrae statim consulite."
Simul pollicitus est se Romanos per finis suos incolumes
ioiter facere passurum.
Qua 5ratione habita, discessit Ambiorlx; nuntii autem
redierunt in castra legatosque de regis verbis certiores
fecerunt.
LESSON 103
Division of Opinion in the Roman Camp

Q. Sabinus et L. Cotta legati, re repentina permoti, ea
15 verba, etsi ab hoste dicta erant, tamen non neglegenda
esse existimabant ; itaque, c5nsilio convocato, quid optimum
factu esset diu disputatum est.
Tribuni centuri5nesque complures nihil sibi temere agen-
4000 infantry, supplemented usu- 5. vestrum : vester, -tra, -trum,

ally by a small detachment of cav- your,
airy, mostly foreign). In the camp 7. transiit: has crossed.
attacked, the force amounted to a 12. legatos : the commanders.
legion and a half; the other camps 14. L. : i.e. Lucius. — legati :
were manned by a legion apiece. cf. 1. 12.

*
1. subsidio: dat. of service. 15. neglegenda: neglego, 3,
2. voluntati: voluntas, -atis, neglexi, neglectus, disregard, or
F., wish ; for syntax, see the ignore.
Vocab. under resisto. 16. consilio : council of war.
3. in me (ace.) tome. : 17. factu: supine, to do. — es-
4. immemor (-oris, adj.) : un- set : subj. in indirect question.

mindful. 18. tribuni (sc. militum)
dum, neque ex hibernis iniussu Caesaris discedendum iudi-

cabant cum enim castra munltissima essent, credebant se
;
Germanis facile resistere posse, donee Caesar cum legioni-

bus subsidio venlret. Sablnus autem, veritus ne Galli cum
5 Germanis se coniungerent, statim discedendum censuit
sciebat enim Germanis magno dolor! fuisse victorias supe-
riors Romanorum, neque arbitrabatur Gallos, qui tot con-
tumelias a Romanis acceperant, se cum hoste quovis
coniungere dubitatur5s.
) Oratione in utramque partem habita, cum Cotta senten-
tiae collegae sui acriter resisteret, Sablnus postremo iratus
"Fiat," inquit, " ut vobis videtur; ego non is sum, qui
mortis pericul5 magnopere terrear."
LESSON 104
The Advice of the Enemy is Taken
Quibus verbis commoti, omnes statim e consilio surrexe-

15 runt, legatosquevehementer hortati sunt ne sua pertinacia
rem in summum periculum deducerent neque enim ullum :
(military} tribunes. Of these there sententiae : for syntax, cf. Ger-

were six for each legion; in rank manis, 1. 3.
they stood next to the legion com- 11. collegae: collega, -ae, M., lit
mander. —
centuriones centurions : colleague ; here, brother officer
(subordinate officers, ranking from (namely, Sabinus).
captain down) 12. — ut vide-
fiat: let it be. . . .
3. legionibus : troops. tur : as (it) — seems

qui best. is . . .
6. dolorl: dat. of service. — cf. eos . qui, p. 125,

. . 1. 8.
superiores: as on p. 79, 1. 7. 16. rem: matters. — neque :
a: at the hands of.

8. se — in combination with enim and
—
obj.of coniungere, I.9. hoste: sc. other postpositive words, neque
Romanorum. — quovis: fromquivis. usually replaces non. In the trans-
in utramque partem:
10. freely, lation of this particular clause,
pro and con. — cum . . . resiste- combine the negative with ullum
ret translate by a
: phrase. —
partic. ( = nullum)
hostem timendum esse, si modo omnes idem probarent;

sibi
in dissensi5neautem nullam esse spem.

Cum iam ad mediam noctem disputatum esset, turn de-
mum Sablnl sententia superavit, ac mane castra motum
5 Irl militibus pronuntiatum est. Consumpta est vigilils re-
liqua pars noctis, cum mllites bona colligerent sua, nee
satis sclrent quid in hlbernis relinquendum, aut quid secum
portandum esset. Deinde prima luce e castrls longissim5

agmine maximisque impedimentls profectT sunt plerique ;
ioenim non suspicabantur Ambiorigem omnia ea, quae de

Germanorum adventu dlxerat, mentitum esse, cum speraret
ita se Romanos ex hlbernis elicere posse.
At interim h5stes, qui ex nocturno strepitu intellexerant

legatos constituisse confestim castra movere, in silvas
15 paulum se receperant Insidiisque loco idoneo collocatis

adventum Romanorum cupide exspectabant.
LESSON 105
The Romans are Ambushed

Ita factum est ut, cum maior pars agminis R5manorum
in magnam vallem descendisset, Galli subito e latebris
1. timendum esse: need be 5. vigilils: we would say "in

feared, a common force of the wakefulness." What is another
gerundive, esp. in negative phrases. meaning of this word ?
The indirect discourse at this point 6. colligerent : colligo, 3, -legi,

is due to the idea of saying (dixe- -IqcXus, get together. Translate this
runt) implied in hortati sunt, p. 127, clause by a partic. phrase.
I.15. —
modo: consult the Vocab. 7. relinquendum: sc. esset;
under si. —
idem probarent: i.e. for mood, cf. esset, p. 126, 1. 17.
should agree upon one plan] lit. — aut: we would say "and.""
what? 8. longissimo : and, therefore,
2. dissensione : dissensio, -onis, straggling.
F., disagreement. 11. cum speraret: cf. the cum-
4. m5tum iri : what part of clause in 1. 6.
the verb ?
erumperent, atque inlquissimo nostrls loco proelium cora-

mitteretur. Sablnus, qui adhuc nihil suspicatus erat,
acerrimd hostium impetu vehementer commotus, in omnis

partes properavit ac cohortes disponere conatus est : Cotta
5 vero, qui cogitaverat haec posse in itinere accidere, ob
eamque causam censuerat ex hibernis non discedendum
esse,virum magnum interim se praebebat omnibus enim ;
modis communi consulebat saluti, ac fortissime officia et

imperatoris et militis simul praestabat.
10 Turn, quod propter longitudinem agminis n5n facile
provideri poterat quid quoque loco faciendum esset, legatl
suis imperaverunt ut, impedimentis relictis, in orbem con-
sisterent. Quod consilium (etsi eodem imperatores summl
modi casu utl solent) turn haudfellciter accidit; nam
in eius
i5hostes, n5n sine maxim5 timore impedimenta a Romanls
relicta esse rati, etiam acrius iam dlmicaverunt.
1. nostrls: dat. case; con- 8. communi . . . saluti : for

strue with inlquissimo. — commit- syntax, cf. p. 126, 1. 8. — et . . .
teretur : note the termination, et : correlative,

which indicates the case of proe- 9. militis : a soldier (in the
lium. ranks)
3. acerrimo translate the su-
: 10. longitudinem: longitudo,
perlative " exceedingly." -inis, f., extent (cf. longus).
4. cohortes: ten cohorts con- 11. provideri: note the last let-
stituted a legion (p. 125, 1. 14, ter of the word. — quoque: from
note). quisque. — faciendum the note : cf.
5. haec: neut. — ob eamque on p. 128,1. 1.

causam: the prep, ob does not 12. in orbem: i.e. so as to form
combine with -que, which is, there- a circle.
fore, passed on to the following 13. eodem: referring to consi-
word. lium.
7. virum magnum pred. ace. : 14. modi : sort.
— praebebat : praebeo, 2, -ui, -itus, 16. etiam acrius : (all the) more
show. fiercely.
LESSON 106
T/ie Enemy Prevail
Accedebat ut milites multl ab slgnis discederent et bona

sua carissima ab impedimentls arripere conarentur : ceteri
autem, quamquam a Fortuna deserebantur, tamen omnem
spem salutis in virtute ponebant, et quotiens quaeque cohors
5 pr5currerat, ab ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat.
Qua re animadversa, Ambionx suos procul tela conicere
iussit nee propius accedere. Quam ob rem, cum iam aliqua
cohors excesserat ex orbe atque impetum fecerat, summa
celeritate fugiebant hostes; cum autem cohors rursus ad
ioaciem se recipere coeperat, turn Galli, undique coortl, no-
stros acerrime premebant.
Cum sic a prima luce ad horam octavam pugnatum esset,
T. Balventius, vir fortis et magnae auctoritatis, tragula
graviter vulneratus est; Q. Lucanius, fortissime pugnans,
isdum circumvento fllio subsidio venit, est interfectus; ac
L. Cotta legatus, cum milites hortaretur, funda percussus
est. Quibus rebus permotus Sabinus, cum procul Ambio-
rlgem suos cohortantem conspexisset, interpretem suum
1 . accedebat : impersonal use, -cessum est, move out. — orbe : cf.
itwas added (that) freely, matters ; p. 129,1. 12.

were made worse by the fact {that). 10. aciem : i.e. orbem. — coortl
— ab slgnis : i.e. from their places freely, closing in,
in the line. Each cohort had its 12. horam octavam: cf. the
own special standards. note on p. 74, 1. 16.
4. quotiens . . . procurrerat: 13. T. i.e. Titus.
:
cf. p. 72, 1. 1, with the note on 15. circumvents: translate by a

the pluperfect. relative clause.
ab cf. the use of this prep.
5. : 16. funda : funda, -ae, F., sling;
in the phrase a tergo. cadebat: — see the illustration on p. 140.
note the tense. 18. suos : reflexive to Ambio-
7. propius absol. compar.
: rigem. — interpretem : interpres,
8. excesserat : excedo, 3, -cessi, -etis, c, interpreter.
FIRST LATIN READER I3 1
Cn. Pompeium ad eum misit rogatum, ut sibi mllitibusque

parceret.
LESSON 107
Annihilation of the Roman Force
Rex respondit Romanls timendum

esse, seque Sabinl
nihil
ipsius salutem praestare, ad colloquium venire vellet. si ille
5 Quo audito, Cotta tamen negavit ad armatum hostem se

iturum, atque in ed perseveravit. Sablnus autem tribunos
militum centurionesque qui adstabant se sequl iussit
cumque propius Ambiorigem accessisset, iussus arma abi-
cere, paruit, ac suis ut idem facerent imperavit. Dum
10 autem ibi de condicionibus inter se agunt, Sablnus paula-
tim circumventus a Gallls occlsus est.
Turn vero hostes sustulerunt ululatum, impetuque in

nostros facto ordines perturbaverunt. Ibi L. Cotta pu-
gnans periit cum maxima parte militum. ReliquI se in
15 hlberna receperunt, unde erant nuper egressl. E quibus
L. Petrosidius aquilifer, homo magnarum vlrium, cum con-
fertissima multitudine hostium premeretur, aquilam intra
vallum proiecit, ipse pro castrls fortissime pugnans inter-
fectus est.
20 RomanI aegre ad noctem oppugnationem sustinuerunt;
1. Cn.: i.e.Cna.eus(G?/acus). — ard bearer, lit. eagle bearer. —

rogatum: cf. petitum, p. 95, 1. 13. Aside from the standards of the
4. vellet : cf. the note on ad- cohorts, each legion carried a sil-
moveantur, p. 61, 1. 14. ver eagle. —vlrium: from what
6. eo : (neut.) noun. nom. sing.? Give some of the
8. propius : with the force of meanings of the singular.
a prep., quite near to. 17. aquilam: aquila, -ae, f.,
9. idem: note the gender.

14. cum: i.e. una cum. 18. ipse: autem may be sup-
16. aquilifer (-eri, m.) stand- : plied.
Standard Bearers
The standards carried in the Roman army were numerous and

rather diverse (see also the illustration on page 162). As the eagle
was the chief standard of the legion, upon it was lavished all the
enthusiastic devotion which modern soldiers feel for their flag.
No disgrace was so deep and terrible as to have the eagle fall into
the hands of the enemy.
turn, desperata salute, ad unum omnes se ipsi interfecerunt.

Pauci, qui paulo ante e proelio effugerant, per silvas incertis
itineribus ad T. Labienum legatum in hlberna pervenerunt,
atque eum de rebus gestls fecerunt certiorenio
LESSON 108
The Gauls attack a Second Camp
5 Hac Ambiorix statim cum equitatu in

victoria sublatus,
Aduatucos, qui erant eius regno flnitimi, profectus est;
neque noctem neque diem intermisit, peditatumque se
iussit subsequi.
Re demonstrate Aduatucisque concitatls, postero die in

10 Nervios pervenit, eosque hortatus est, ne sui in perpetuum
llberandT occasidnem dlmitterent. Interfectos esse legatos
duo Romanos magnamque partem exercitus intensse docuit
facillimeque oppriml posse earn quoque legionem, quae cum
Q. Cicerone in flnibus eorum hiemaret. Qua 6rati5ne
15 facile Nerviis persuasit.
1. desperata: despero, 1, de- drew rein. — se : omit in transla-

spair of. — se ipsi : cf. ipse . . . tion.
se, p. 8, 1. 2. The men probably 9. concitatls: concito, 1 , stir up.
ran upon one another's swords. 10. sui : gen. pi.
3. ad T. Labienum: in con- 11. liberandi : gerundive, tak-

nection with in hiberna, this phrase ing its form from sui. Render the
may conveniently be rendered by a gen. (freely) " to."
genitive. For the location of Labi- 13. facillimeque: as governing
enus' camp, see the map on p. 124. verb for this clause, dixit may be
4. gestis lit. done;
: translate supplied.
freely, using a relative clause. 14. Q. Cicerone: another of
5. sublatus from tollo.
: in — : Caesar's lieutenants (see the map).
into the territory of. — eorum : i.e. Nervi5rum. hie- —
6. Aduatucos for this and
: maret : for mood, cf. admoveantur,
other peoples mentioned, see again p. 61, 1. 14.
the map on p. 124. 15. Nerviis persuasit: won
7. intermisit: sc. cursum, i.e. over the Nervii ; lit. what?
Itaque confestim dlmissis nuntils ad Ceutrones, Grudios,

nationesque alias, ut quam maximis copils auxilio statim
venlrent, repente ad Ciceronis hiberna hostes se ostende-
runt ; ubi nonnulli milites, morte Sablnl Cottaeque nondum
5 nuntiata, sine timdre extra munltiones officils varils operam
dabant. Ex his quldam, qui Hgnationis causa in silvas
discesserant, repentlno equitum adventu intercept! sunt.
Ceteri autem celeriter concurrerunt ad arma, vallumque
conscenderunt.
LESSON 109
The Besieged attempt to Communicate with Caesar
10 Missae sunt ad Caesarem confestim a Cicerone litterae;

obsessls autem omnibus vils, ab hostibus missi interceptl
sunt. Noctu ex materia, quam munltionis causa compor-
taverant, nostrl turres circiter CXX incredibill celeritate
exstruxerunt.
15 Postero die hostes, multo maioribus coactls copils, castra
iterum oppugnaverunt, fossamque complere conatl sunt.
Eadem ratione, qua prldie, nostrl restiterunt. Hoc idem
reliquis deinceps diebus factum est. Nulla pars noctis
laboribus mllitum carebat : non aegris, non vulneratis
2. alias: not reliquas or cete- 12. noctu: during the {follow-

ras. — ut : the construction is de- ing) night. materia: —
materia,
termined by the idea of urging or -ae, f., timber.
commanding implied in the send- 17. qua: freely, as; strictly,
ing of messengers. maximis co- — abl., in the same construction as

piis : abl. case; translate "with.'" eadem ratione.
3. ad: in the neighborhood of 18. reliquis: the foitowing. —
6. lignationis causa: cf. p. deinceps: adv., in turn.
108,1.8. 19. laboribus militum: freely,
7. equitum: i.e. of the enemy. toil for the soldiers. — carebat:

9. conscenderunt: manned. was without ^ or lacked ; cf. the note
11. missi: part., as(masc) noun. on me . . . carer e, p. 68, 1. 13.
facultas quietis dabatur : nee Cicero ipse, etsi tenuissima

erat valetudine, nocturno tempore ad quietem utebatur,
priusquam mllitum vocibus sibi parcere coactus est.
Turn duces Nerviorum, qui aliquam causam amlcitiae
5 cum Cicerone habebant, colloqul sese velle nuntiaverunt.
Facta potestate, eadem commemorant, quae paulo ante
Ambiorlx cum Sabino egerat. Addunt etiam de Sablni
morte, et conflrmant se nihil recusare nisi hiberna, atque
hanc inveterascere consuetudinem nolle; quam ob rem
10 Romanis licere incolumibus ex castrls discedere et quas-
cumque in partes velint sine timore proficisci.
LESSON 110
Heroic Defense of their Camp

At Cicer5, qui iniussu Caesaris castra movere nolebat,
Gallis -respondit non esse consuetudinem populi Roman!
ullam accipere ab hoste armato condicionem ; si ab armis
15 discedere atque legat5s ad Caesarem mittere vellent, spe-
rare se eos, quae petlssent, impetraturos.
1. quietis: quies, -etis, f., 9. hanc . . . consuetudinem:

rest. — tenuissima : tenuis, -is, -e ? i.e. the practice of quartering a divi-
slight ; here, poor. sion of the army upon them for the
2. valetudine : cf. p. no, 1. 9. winter. — inveterascere : invete-
The abl. phrase expresses quality rasco, 3, -veteravi, beco7?ie fixed.
or characteristic cf. the similar
; 10. incolumibus : pred. dat. —
use of the genitive. quascumque quicumque, quaecum-
:
4. causam : i.e. ground. que, quodcumque, whatsoever.

6. potestate: i.e. facultate. 14. ullam: modifier of con-
commemorant: i.e. dicunt. In dicionem.
animated narration, the pres\ in- 15. legatos : as on p. 48, 1 9.
die. is often thus used for the 16. quae: i.e. ea quae, lit. the
perfect. things which ; freely, the con-
7. cum Sabino egerat: had cessions which. — petlssent: i.e.
treated {in his dealings) with Sa- petivissent ; cf. also the note on
binus. exspectassent, p. 104, 1. 18.
.: .
Hac spe deiectl Nervil vallo pedum decern et fossa

pedum qumdecim hiberna circumdant. Els autem nulla
erat ferramentorum copia, quae ad earn rem usul sunt;
gladiis igitur caespites circumcldere et manibus saglsque
Sterram exhaurire cogebantur. Qua ex re hominum multi-
tudo cognosci potest; nam horis fere tribus decern milium
passuum in circuitu munitionem pedum qumdecim per-
fecerunt.
Septimo oppugnationis die, maximo coorto vento, hostes
10 tela quae celeriter compre-
fervefacta in casas iecerunt;
henderunt ignem, magnitudine in omnem locum
et ventl
castrorum distulerunt. Turn Galll, victoriam rati iam
demum esse partam, maximo clamore vallum scalls ascen-
dere coeperunt. At tanta erat virtus nostrorum, ut, cum
15 maxima telorum multitudine premerentur, suaque impedi-
menta omnia igni consumi intellegerent, de vallo decederet
nemo. Hie dies nostrls longe gravissimus f uit sed tamen ;
1. hac spe deiectl : cf. the 11. venti : gen. case. — magni-
similar phrase, p. 125, 1. 5. tudine : abl. of cause (magnitudo,
2. circumdant: for tense, cf. -inis, f., force, lit. greatness ; cf.
p. 135,1.6. — els : i.e. Nerviis. magnus)

1
; translate " by reason
3. ferramentorum: ferramen- of.'
turn,-!, matron implement. earn: — 12. distulerunt: sc. eum {i.e.
such. — rem : busiiiess. — usui sunt ignem)

are needed. 13. vallum : i.e. castrorum ; not
4. circumcidere : circumcido, 3, the vallum of 1. 1 .
— scalls : scalae,
-cidi, -cisus, cut out, lit. cut arowid. -arum, F., ladder (s).
5. exhaurire: exhaurio, 4, 14. cum: concessive,
-hausi, -haustus, remove, lit. haul 15. maxima . . . multitudine:
out. freely, a perfect storm.
7. pedum quindecim: freely, 16. de vallo: i.e. from {his
fifteen-foot (including both vallum positioitupon) the rampart. de- —

and fossa, as thus far completed) cederet decedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum
:
10. fervefacta : fervef actus, -a, est, withdraw.
-um, red-hot. — casas: barracks. 17. nostrls: dat. case; trans-

— quae: feminine. late "for."
hunc habuit eventum, ut e5 die maximus numerus hostium

interlret aut vulneraretur.
LESSON in
A Messenger eludes the Enemy
Quanto erat in dies gravior oppugnatio, tanto crebriores

litterae nuntilque ad Caesarem mittebantur; e quibus n5n-
Snulli, in conspectu nostrorum militum interceptl, cum cru-
ciatu necatl sunt. Intra hlberna autem erat Nervius
quldam, nomine Vertic5, qui ad Ciceronem perfugerat, cum
prlmum Hie servo spe llbertatis
castra oppugnata sunt.
magnlsque persuasit praemiis, ut litteras ad Caesarem de-
10 ferret. Ille celeriter profectus, et Gallus inter Gallos sine
ulla susplcione versatus, ad Caesarem incolumis pervenit.
Ab eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognitum est.
Caesar, acceptis litteris hora fere undecima diei, nuntium
c5nfestim in Bellovacos mittit ad M. Crassum, cuius
15 hiberna aberant ab eo milia passuum quinque et viginti;
iubet media nocte legionem proficlsci celeriterque ad se
venire. Alterum ad C. Fabium legatum mittit, qui el
1. ut : that. — eo die: i.e. with; lit. what? — sine: without

the day referred to on p. 136, 1. 17 (exciting).
as hie dies. 12. periculis: translate as sing.
quanto
3. tanto: with . . . 13. hora . . . undecima diei
the comparatives, the the, lit. . . . cf. the note on p. 74, I. 16.
by how much by so much. . . .
— 14. in: cf. the note on p. 133,
erat became.
: in dies cf. p. 44,— : 1. 5.— mittit cf. commemorant, p.
:
1. 4. — crebriores: creber, -bra, 135,1.6. —

ad M. Crassum: see
-brum, lit. frequent: transl. as adv. the map on p. 124.
8. serv5 : sc. suo (i.e. "of 15. eo i.e. Caesare.
:
his ") ; dat. case, to be construed 16. iubet : sc. eum (i.e. Cras-
with persuasit, 1. 9. sum). — ad: to (join).
10. ille: the slave. — Gallus: 17. alterum: sc. nuntium.
(since he was) a Gaul. — inter ad C. Fabium see the map again. :
. . . versatus: freely, mixing — ei : i.e. Fabio.

nuntiet, ut legionem in Atrebates adducat, quorum per

fines sibi iter faciendum sciebat. Labien5 ut, si Scrlbit
rei publicae commodd fieri possit, cum legione ad fines
Nervidrum veniat. Reliquam partem exercitus, quae

5 paul5 aberat longius, non arbitratur exspectandam; equites
circiter CCCC ex proximis hibernls cogit.
LESSON 112
Caesar Jieads a Relief Force
Hora fere tertia ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu

Caesar certior est factus. E5 die milia passuum vigintl
progressus Crassum Samarobrlvae praeposuit, legio-
est.
ionemque quod ibi relinquebat impedimenta exer-

el tradidit,
citus, obsides civitatum, litteras publicas, frumentumque
omne, quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa comportaverat.

Paulo post Fabius, ut imperatum erat, in itinere cum
legione occurrit. At Labienus, morte Sablni et clade
i5Cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae
venissent, veritus ne, si ex hibernls fugae similem pro-
1. legionem: sc. suam. — in 9. praeposuit: with dat., left

Atrebates : i.e. F. was to inarch in charge (of) .
south to join Caesar, as the latter n. civitatum: i.e. the Gallic

moved eastward. states; translate the gen. "from."
2. ut: in this connection, — litteras: documents.
scrlbit implies imperat also ; hence 12. eo : the adv.
the ut-clause. 13- imperatum erat: note the
3. rei publicae commodo lit. : gender.
with the well-being of the common- 14. occurrit : sc. ei (i.e. Caesarl) .
wealthy freely, without endanger- 15. cohort ium: freely, to the

ing the public weal. possit: it — cohorts. — cum: causal. — ad . . .
may. — legione : sc. sua. venissent had marched upon.

:
—
7. hora . . . tertia: i.e. of the Treverorum: see the map on p. 124.
day following. — antecursoribus: 16. fugae: dat. case; construe
antecursor, -oris, m., courier. with similem.
fectionem fecisset, hostium impetus sustinerl non posset,

litteras Caesarl remlsit, quibus ostendit quantum esset
periculum docuitque omnes peditatus equitatusque copias
Treverorum tria mllia passuum ab suls castas consedisse.
5 Caesar, consilio eius probato, etsi oplnione trium legionum
deiectus ad duas redierat,omnera tamen communis salutis
spem in celeritate Venit igitur magnls itineribus
ponebat.
in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivls cognoscit quae in
Ciceronis hlbernis gerantur, quantoque in periculo res sit.
LESSON 113
The Besieged learn of Caesar s Approach
10 Itaque cuidam ex equitibus Gallls Caesar magnis praemiis

persuasit, ut ad Ciceronem epistulam deferret. Hanc
Graecis litterls scrlptam misit, ne Gallo intercepto nostra
consiliaab hostibus cognoscerentur. HominI imperavit ut,
si hlberna intrare n5n posset, tragulam cum epistula ad
15 amentum deligata intra munltiones abiceret. In epistula

scripsit se cum legionibus profectum celeriter adfore;
Ciceronem hortatus est ut prlstinam virtutem retineret.
1. fecisset : cf. exspectassent, he had arrested as he marched. —

p. 104,]. 18. quae: neut. interrogative; trans-
2. quibus: cf. p. 38, 1. 16. late as sing. (quid),
esset: why subjunctive? 10. ex: of. — Gallls: with adj.
4. Treverorum: belongi?ig to force. The cavalry of the Roman
the Treveri. — suls : his. army was recruited largely from for-
5. oplnione : opinio, -onis, f., eign nations (cf. the note on legio,
expectation ; cf. the similar phrase, p. 125, 1. 14).
p. 125, 1. 5 ff. 11. epistulam: epistula, -ae, f.,
6. redierat : i.e. had been re- letter,
duced. 12. Gallo intercepto : translate
7. venit: what tense? (note by a conditional clause.
the e). — magnis itineribus: i.e. 15. amentum: amentum, -i, N.,
forced marches. strap. — deligata : deligo, \, fast en.
8. captivis : i.e. Gauls whom 16. adfore: i.e. adf uturum esse.
O^Q mO Q O O O Q iMO
Arma
The upper illustration is interesting as showing the very primi-
tive equipment of some of the light-armed troops. In the lower
picture maybe seen on the spears of the warrior the strap (amentum)
which was used to assist the hand when the weapons were hurled.
Gallus, cum ad hiberna venisset, perlculum veritus, ut

erat imperatum, tragulam cum litteris mittit. Haec casu
ad turrim adhaesit, neque a nostris statim animadversa,
tertio die a milite quodam conspicitur; qui earn sine mora
5 ad Ciceronem defert. Ille, epistula perlecta, milites laetus
docet Caesarem iam subsidio venire. Turn fuml incendio-
rum procul cernebantur; quae res omnem dubitationem
adventus legionum expulit.
LESSON 114
The Enemy raise the Siege
Galli re cognita per exploratdres, obsidi5ne statim relicta,

o ad Caesarem omnibus copils contendunt. Quo animadverso,
Cicero Galium quendam celeritercum litteris mittit, in qui-
bus scrlbit hostes ab se discessisse omnemque multitudinem
ad Caesarem convertisse. Quibus litteris circiter media
nocte adlatis, Caesar suos facit certiores, e5sque ad pu-
15 gnandum anim5 conflrmat.
Postero die, cum luce prima movisset castra et circiter
mllia passuum quattuor pr5gressus esset, trans vallem ma-
1. periculum: i.e. of trying to 9. re: the situation. — per:

enter the camp. iYt&y,from; lit. through.
2. litteris: i.e. epistula. 10. ad: against. — omnibus co-
casu : i.e. forte. piis : cum may be supplied with
3. ad . . . adhaesit : freely, this abl.
caught upon. 12. omnem multitudinem:
. . .
6. turn: later. — fuml : trans- sc. suam. The whole is obj. of con-
late as singular. vertisse.
7. cernebantur: cf. the ren- 14. pugnandum gerund, :
dering of videbant, p. 36, 1. 7. 15. animo : X\\.inmind. — con-

quae res: cf. quae urbs, p. 44. 1. firmat : fortifies. Render freely.
13. — omnem: any. — dubitatio- 16. movisset: subject. Caesar.
nem: dubitatio, -onis, f., doubt. 17. magnam : modifying both
gnam et rivum hostium multitudinem vldit. Erat magni

pericull res cum tantls copils iniquo loco dimicare; turn,
quoniam obsidione liberatum esse Ciceronem sciebat, de

celeritate aliquid sibi remittendum existimabat quare con- :
5 sedit, et, quam aequissimo loco poterat, castra munivit.
LESSON 115
They are Outgeneraled by Caesar
Postridie hostium equitatus prima luce ad castra accessit,

proeliumque cum nostris equitibus commisit. Caesar au-
tem suls imperavit ut cederent consulto seque in castra
reciperent; simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore valid
10 munlrl, portas obstrui, omniaque cum simulatione timoris
agi iussit.
Quibus rebus invitatl, hostes copias rivum traduxerunt
omnis, aciemque iniqud loc5 constituerunt ; turn Caesar,
omnibus portls eruptione facta equitatuque emisso, e5s
vallem and rivum, and agreeing 8. consulto : adv.

with the nearer. 9. altiore not a new
vallo :
2. res: a matter. copils sc. — : rampart, but the old built higher.
Galldrum. turn: furthermore. 10. obstrui: obstruo, 3, -struxi,
3. obsidione : translate the abl. -structus, block up. — simulatione
"from. 11 timoris: the purpose of this ma-
4. aliquid sibi remittendum : neuver is made clear by the follow-
freely, he should relax somewhat ing sentence.
lit. what ? 12. invitati : invitatus, -a, -um,
5. quam aequissimo loco po- part., invited-, freely, made bold.
terat : in as favorable a position — rivum traduxerunt : i.e. duxe-
as he coidd. This fuller form runt trans rivum; cf. flumen tra-
helps to show how quam and the ductis, p. 91, 1. 10.
superl. came to mean "as ... as 13. omnis: modifier of co-
possible.
11
— munivit : cf. the part. pias.
munitus. 14. omnibus portis : for syntax,
6. castra: sc- Caesaris. cf. fenestra, p. 76, 1. 3.
celeriter fugam
dedit.
in Longius autem insequi veri-
ties, quod paludesque intercedebant, omnibus suis
silvae
incolumibus eodem die ad Ciceronem pervenit. Turres
munltionesque hostium admlratur. Legione producta,
5cognoscit non decimum quemque esse reliquum mllitem
sine vulnere; qua ex re iudicat quanto in periculo res
fuerit. Cicerone mllitibusque laudatls, centuriones tribu-
nosque singulos appellat, quorum egregiam fuisse virtutem
testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat. De casu Sabini et Cot-
iotae certius ex captlvis cognoscit
LESSON 116
Arrangements for the Rest of the Winter
Dum haecad Labienum incredibili celeritate de

flunt,
victoria Caesaris fama defertur quln etiam, cum ab hiber-;
nis Ciceronis milia passuum Labienus abesset circiter sexa-

ginta, atque ad Ciceronem post horam nonam diel Caesar
15 pervenisset, ante mediam noctem subito ad portas Labieni

castrorum auditus est eorum clamor, qui legat5 gratularl
1. longius: absol. compar. 9. testimonio: testimonium,

2. intercedebant : intercedo, 3, -I, N., report. The abl. expresses
-cessi,-cessum est, intervene. — means; we would say "from.'"
omnibus suis incolumibus : abl. 10. certius as noun (neut.
:
absol.; translate " with." sing.); see the Vocab. under

4. hostium: freely, built by cognosco.
the enemy. 11. haec: this. — Labienum:
5. non decimum, etc.: order cf. p. 138, 1. 14 ff.
of lit. translation : non quemque 12. fama (-ae, f.) :

—
report.
decimum militem esse reliquum. defertur: i.e. by natives. — cum:
7. fuerit: perf. subjunctive; concessive,
why this mood? Note carefully 15. ad: before.
the force of the tense. 16. eorum: of those. — clamor:
8. egregiam: pred. adj. (egre- translate as pi. — gratularl: gra-
gius, -a, -um, conspicuous). tulor, 1, offer congratulation.
volebant, quod hostis Caesar superavisset. At Treverf, qui

poster5 die hiberna LabienI oppugnare constituerant, re-
pentlna re perterriti noctu domum celeriter se receperunt.
Postrldie Caesar contione habita mllites conflrmavit,
5 eosque docuit detrimentum, quod temeritate legati esset
acceptum, aequiore animo esse ferendum, quod beneficio
deorum immortalium et virtute eorum legiones ceterae
conservatae essent neque hostibus diutinum gaudium
relinqueretur. Fabium cum legione remisit in hiberna
ioipse cum tribus legionibus circum Samarobrivam hiemare
constituit : nam cum omnium Gallorum ad bellum
animi
incitati viderentur, totam hiemem sibi apud exercitum
manendum arbitrabatur.
4. contione habita : i.e. in the gods with the (earthly) life of

Cicero's camp. men. — edrum: *.*. the soldiers
5. temeritate: translate the abl. addressed.
" through. " — legati: i.e. Sabini. 8. diutinum diutinus,
: -a, -urn,
— esset acceptum for mood, cf.
: long-continued. — gaudium (-1, n.):
admoveantur, p. 61 1. 14. , exultation (cf. gaudeo).
6. aequiore animo esse feren- 9. Fabium, etc. : see again
dum i.e. should be taken the
: the map on p. 124.
more philosophically] lit. what? 11. cum: causal.
7. immortalium: immortalis, 12. tdtam hiemem: usually
-is, -e, immortal. In passages this was not necessary, the win-
like the present, the use of this ter months being normally a sea-
adj. is formal and conventional son of rest from active field serv-
properly, it contrasts the life of ice (see p. 123, 1. 3 ff.).
AN AFRICAN CAMPAIGN
LESSON 117
During the war which broke out between Caesar and Pompey
civil
four or five years after the events above narrated, there was fighting in
all parts of the civilized world, and more than once Africa was the
battleground.
Caesar lands a Force in Africa
Interim C. Curio duas legiones, D equites, ex Sicilia in

Africam transportavit. Ubi eius adventum L. Caesar cum
decern longis navibus exspectabat ;
qui autem, cum classis
Curionis in cdnspectum venisset, navium multitudinem
5 veritus, appulsa ad proximum Htus trireme, pedibus Ha-
drumetum fugit quo naves quoque eius reliquae, fuga
:
ducis cognita, statim se receperunt.

Curio Marcium Rufum cum classe Uticam praemittit.
Ipse eodem cum exercitu proficlscitur ; triduique iter pro-
iogressus, ad flumen Bagradam pervenit. Ibi C. Canlnium
Rebilum legatum legionesque relinquit ; ipse cum equitatu
antecedit ad Castra Cornelia exploranda, qui locus perido-
neus castris exlstimabatur.
1. C. Curio: one of Caesar's syntax, see the note on p. 79, 1. 21.

generals. — D. : the numeral ; sup- 6. qu5 : the adv. — fuga: de-
ply -que or et with this clause. fection.
2. L. Caesar: an officer in 8. Uticam: the base of opera-
Pompey's navy. tions of Pompey's forces in Africa.
5. appalled at.
veritus: tri- — 9. proficlscitur: from Anquil-
reme : sua (triremis, -is, f.,
sc. laria.
galley}. —
pedibus: we would say 12. antecedit: antecedo, 3,
" on foot " cf. manibus genibus-
; -cessi, -cessum est, push ahead,
que, p. 59, 1. 8. — Hadrumetum : lit. go on ahead. —
qui locus: cf.
consult the map on p. 146; for quae urbs, p. 44, 1. 13. perido- —
145
THE SCEJTE OF CURIO'S CAMPAIGN* IF AFRICA.

Hac explorata regione, Curio Uticae quoque munitiones

speculates est ; cumque animadvertisset plenissimis viis
undique portari agique multa, quae repentini tumultus
timore ex agrls in urbem conferebantur, equitatum mlsit,
5 ut praeda insperata potlretur. Simul ex urbe emissi sunt
DC Numidae, qui agricolis fugientibus auxilio
equites
essent. Concurrunt equites inter se neque ver5 primum ;
impetum nostrorum Numidae ferre poterant, sed interfectls

circiter CXX reliqui se in urbem contulerunt.
LESSON 118
Operations about Utica
10 Interim Marcius naves longas Uticam deduxerat ; cuius

adventu cognito, Curio pr5nuntiari iussit onerariis, quae
in portu ad ancoram stabant numer5 circiter CC, se in
hostium loco habiturum omnes, qui non statim ad Castra
Cornelia navis traduxissent. Qua pronuntiatione facta,
15 sine mora sublatls ancorls omnes reliquerunt Uticam et,
quo imperatum erat, transierunt. Quae res omnium rerum
copia exercitum nostrum complevit.
neus (-a, -urn) : particularly suit- 11. pronuntiari : cf. p. 128, 1.5 ;
able ; cf. the note on perpaucos, note the final vowel.

p. 25, 1. 10. 12. numero: for syntax, cf.
2. plenissimis : plenus, -a, -um, animo, p. 37, 1. 20. in hostium —

congested. — viis : translate the abl. loc5 habiturum: would regard as
u along"; cf. semita, p. 103,1. 17. enemies; lit. what?
3. portari agique cf. the note : 13. omnes: masc.

on rapere et agere, p. 49, 1. 8. 14. navis: i.e. the onerariae
4. tim5re : freely, in the panic of 1. 11. — traduxissent : i.e. across
strictly, abl. of cause. the harbor (see the map). For
5. insperata: insperatus, -a, mood and tense, cf esset perrup-
-um, unexpected. tus, p. 107. I. 3.
— pronuntiatione:
6. Numidae: with adj. force. pronuntiatio, -onis, F., announce-
7. neque: cf. p. 127, 1. 16. ment.
10. Marcius : see p. 145, 1. 8. 16. quo : the adv.
— ;
His rebus gestis, Curid se in castra ad Bagradam recipit,

posterdque die exercitum Uticam ducit et prope oppidum
castra ponit. Nondum opere castrorum perfecto, equites
ex statione nuntiant equitum peditumque amagna auxilia
5rege Iuba missa Uticam venire; eodemque tempore vis
magna pulveris cernebatur, et temporis puncto primum
agmen erat in conspectu. Qua re nova Curio permotus
equites suos praemittit, qui primum impetum sustineant
ipse, celeriter ab opere deductls legionibus, aciem Instruit.
LESSON 119
Curio gams an Initial Advantage
10 Interim equites cum hostibus proelium commlserunt et,

priusquam legiones plane explicarl possent, tota auxilia
regis, quae nullo ordine et sine metu iter faciebant, in fugam
coniecta sunt. Equites hostium per lltus in oppidum prope-
raverunt, peditum autem magnus numerus interfectus est.
15 Proxima nocte centuriones duo ex castrls Curionis cum
manipularibus suls duobus et vlgintl ad Attium Varum per-
fugiunt cui conflrmant t5tlus exercitus animos alienos esse
;
1. ad Bagradam: cf. p. 145, a mo?nent (punctum, -1, n., point).

1. 10. In connection with in castra, — primum agmen : vanguard; lit.
translate"at the Bagrada"; cf. what?

ad T. Labienum ... in hiberna, 9. opere: (the work of) con-
P- ! 33> 1- 3- struction (cf. 1. 3).
3. opere: i.e. construction. 11. legiones: sc. Curionis.
4. statione: statio, -onis, F., 12. sine metu: evidently they
outpost. — auxilia: auxiliaryforces. had not heard of Curio's arrival in
5. Iuba: king of Numidia, Africa.
friendly to Pompey (cf. p. 147, 13. oppidum: i.e. Utica.
1. 5 ff.). venire: i.e. appropin- 16. Attium Varum: com-
quare ad. — eodem . . . tempore: mander of the Pompeian forces
i.e. simul. at Utica.
6. cernebatur: cf. cernebantur, 17. alienos ... a: freely, dis-
p. 141, 1. 7. — temporis puncto : in affected toward. .

a Curione, multosque facilitate data libenter esse transituros.

Qua oratione adductus Varus postero die mane legiones ex
castris educit. Facit idem Curio, atque una valle non
magna interposita suas uterque copias Instruit.
5 Erat in exercitu Varl legatus quidam, cui not! erant
multi Curionis mllites. Hanc ille nactus appellationis cau-
sam, circumire aciem Curionis atque omnes hortarl coepit,
ut Varum sequerentur quln etiam praemium pollicitus est,
;
si qui ad eum translre voluissent. His verbis auditis, nullam

10 in partem ab exercitu Curionis fit significatio, atque ita suas
uterque copias reducit.
LESSON 120
He maintains his Armys Loyalty to Caesar
At in castris Curionis animl omnium solliciti erant; quis-

que enim ad id, quod ab alio audierat, aliquid sui timdris
addebat.
15 Consilio convocato, duae sententiae dictae sunt. Erant
qui castra Van statim oppugnanda censerent ; alter! autem
1 . f acultate data : translate as a eum : i.e. Varum. — voluissent
conditional clause. — esse transi- freely, were willing; cf. esset per-
turos : i.e. will desert (to Varus). ruptus, p. 107, 1. 3. — nullam in
3. castris: built just outside partem: seethe Vocab. under pars.
the city walls. — educit: educo. 3, 10. significatio (-onis, f.) : sign.
-duxi, -ductus, lead out. — idem: — ita: i.e. with the loyalty ofCu-
note the gender. rio's troops a matter of doubt.
still
4. uterque: as noun. 12. solliciti: sollicitus, -a, -um,

6. appellationis : appellatio, unsettled. —
quisque noun. :
-onis, F., accosting; translate here 13. ad id,quod : freely, to what,

accosting (them). — causam: freely, — sui: cf. suum, p. 11, 6; for
1.
excuse {for). syntax of the gen. phrase, cf.

8. Varum sequerentur : i.e. join gloriae, p. 107,1. 17.
the army of Varus. 16. censerent: cf. the note on
si qui:
9. if any (noun); cf. erant qui, p. 109, 1. 5. — alteri
the note on quid, p. 56, 1. 1. — i.e. the other party.
— — ;
ISO FIRST LATIN READER
optimum factu exlstimabant in Castra Cornelia legiones re-

ducere, ut maiore spatio temporis interposito militum mentes
sanarentur, simul ut exercitus, si proelio victus esset, in
transports posset. Curio tamen " Neutrum
Siciliam facile
5 consilium," inquit, " prob5 neque enim tanti sum animi, ut ;
castra tarn munlta temere oppugnanda censeam, neque tanti

timoris, ut spem statim dimittam, atque omnia prius ex-
perienda arbitror."
Quare, dimisso contionem advocat militum
consilio,
io quorum animos verbis conflrmat, docetque quid sit causae,
cur sibi Caesarique fideles sint. Qua oratione permoti mi-

lites eum etiam dicentem interpellabant, discedentem vero
ex contione universi cohortantur ut magno sit animo neve

dubitet proelium committere et suam fidem virtutemque
15 experiri.
1. factu: cf. p. 126, 1. 17; of the gen., cf. sui timoris, p. 149,
omit here in translating. 1.13-
2. maiore: absol. compar. 11. sint: lit. they should be;
mentes: mens, mentis, ¥., feeling, translate the clause freely.
lit. mind. 12. eum: i.e. Curionem.
3. sanarentur: sano, 1, heal, etiam dicentem : translate this and
pass., become normal. — simul : i.e. the following part, by clauses. —
furthermore. interpellabant kept interrupting :
4. neutrum: neuter, -tra, (interpello, 1 ) . — discedentem : sc.
-trum, neither (of two). eum.

5. consilium: contrast the 13. contione: the meeting. —
meaning here and on p. 149, 1. 15. universi : freely, one and alL —
— neque: p. 127, cf. 1. 16. magno . . . anim5 : for syntax, cf.
prius
7. before giving up
: i.e. the note on p. 135, 1. 2. — neve:
hope. — experienda experior, :
4, and not to (ne + ve) ; cf. neque
expertus sum, try. (in sense = non + que) .
contionem: assembly. — ad-

9. 14. fidem: loyalty; cf. fideles,
vocat advoco,: call together, 1, 1. 11.

verbis
10. — quid: sc. suis. . . . 15. experiri: make trial of;
causae : what grounds ; for syntax cf. 1. 7.
LESSON 121
The Pompeians suffer a Second Reverse
Quibus rebus confirmatus Curio constituit, cum prlmum

esset data potestas, proeliorem committere; postrldieque
milites productos eodem loco, quo ante constiterant, in acie
collocavit. Quo animadverso, Varus quoque copias pro-
5 duxit, ne, si aequo loco daretur occasio, dimicandi facultatem
dlmitteret.
Erat valles inter duas acies, ut supra demonstratum est,
non ita magna, at difficili et arduo ascensu. Hanc uterque
si adversariorum copiae translre conarentur, exspectabat,
ioqu5 aequiore loco proelium ipse committeret. Postremo

Van equites in vallem descendere coeperunt. Ad eos Curio
equitatum et duas cohortes mittit ;
quorum prlmum impetum
equites hostium non ferunt, sed admissls equis ad suos re-
fugiunt.
15 Qua re animadversa, legiones se sequi iubet Curio, et
omnibus cum copiis in vallem confestim descendit in- ;
terim autem hostes, veriti ne ab equitatu circumvenlrentur,

terga vertunt universi, ac summa celeritate se in castra
recipiunt.
2. esset data: cf. exspectassent, 9. si: in the hope that. — ad-

p. 104. 1. 18. — proelio: dat. case. versariorum : adversarii, -^rum, M.,
3. eodem loco: construe with the opposing party, — exspectabat:
collocavit, 1. 4. — quo: antecedent, cf. interpellabant, p. 150,1. 12.
loco. 10. quo : cf. the note on p. 101,
5. daretur: should present
i.e. 1. 14.
itself —dimicandi: gerund. 13. hostium: i.e.
1
Varus party.
7. supra namely, p. 149, 1. 3
: flf. — admissis : admissus, -a, -urn,
8. ita: — arduo: ar-
so very. part., let go, £4. at full speed.
duus, -a, steep. — ascensu:
-urn, 17. equitatu: sc. Curionis (cf.
ascensus, M., slope. — hanc:
-us, I. 12).
object of translre, — uterque:1. 9. 18. castra: cf. the note on
each (commander) p. 149, 1. 3.
— ;
LESSON 122
Narrow Escape of their Commander

Qua in fuga Fabius Paelignus, miles qiridam ex Curionis
exercitu, agmen fugientium consecutus, magna voce Varum
ita ndmine Onus esse ex eius militibus et velle
appellavit, ut
aliquid dicere videretur. Ubi autem Varus saepius appel-
5 latus constitit, et quis esset aut quid vellet quaeslvit, turn
Fabius eius umerum apertum gladio appetiit. Quod ille
periculum sublato scuto vltavit ; Fabius autem a pioximis

militibus circumventus interficitur.
Interim fugientium multitudine portae castrorum com-
iopletae sunt, atque iter erat ita impeditum, ut plures in eo
loco sine vulnere quam in proelio aut fuga interirent;
eodem cursu
nonnulll vero erant ade5 perterriti, ut protinus
per castra in oppidum ipsum contenderent. At Curionis
milites, ad proelium egress!, secum nullam copiam portave-
15 rant earum rerum, quae ad oppugnationem castrorum erant
usul. Itaque Curio exercitum turn in castra reducit.
Cuius discessu vulneratl e castrls hostium in oppidum
reducuntur; quo quidem tempore multl praeterea per
simulationem vulnerum propter metum eodem sese recipi-
1. in: during. 13. castra: see again the note

2. fugientium: sc. hostium. on p. 149,1. 3. — ipsum: proper.
4. saepius: absol. compar. 14. proelium: a battle {in the
5. aut: cf. the note on p. open). — egressl : sc. ex castrls;
128, 1. 7. translate the part, by a relative
6. apertum : u?iprotected, i.e. clause.
the right. ille : Varus. 16. turn : for the time being.
7. scuto : scutum, -1, n., shield. discessu
17. : abl. of time when
10. iter: roadway. translate " on."
11. sine vulnere : i.e. wound in- 18. quidem: omit in translat-
flicted by the enemy. ing. — per: freely, under.
12. ade5 the adv.
: eodem — 19. eodem: adv., to the same
cursu : without stopping.
i.e. shelter.
SCITA
This illustration, taken from the carvings on the column of

Trajan (see page 40), shows how Roman soldiers, by locking their
shields {scuta) , formed a solid roof over their heads as they came
up under a wall from which the enemy were sending down a
shower of missiles.
;
unt. Qua
animadversa exercitusque tim5re cognito,
re
Varus, bucinatore
tabernacullsque paucls in castris ad
speciem relictis, tertia vigilia reliquum quoque exercitum
silentio in oppidum reducit.
LESSON 123
King Juba marches to the Relief of Varus
5 Postrldie eius diei Curio obsidere Uticam coepit. Sed

iam ad urbem perveniunt a regeluba nuntil, qui ilium ad-
esse magnis cum copils dicant oppidanosque de defensione
urbis hortentur. Nuntiabantur haec eadem Curioni. Ille
tamen primo regem nihil contra se ausurum existimabat
10 sed ubi certior est factus copias Iubae ab Utica minus
quinque et viginti mllia passuum abesse, relictis munltioui-

bus sese in Castra Cornelia recepit. Hue comportare
coepit omnia, quae ad obsidionem sustinendam usui erant.
Dum haec fiunt, ex oppidanls perfugls audlvit Iubam
15 alio bello esse revocatum, et Saburram, eius praefectum,
parvls cum copils Uticae appropinquare. Quo audito,
consilium temere mutavit, proelioque rem committere con-
2. bucinatore : bucinator, -oris, 12. Castra Cornelia : see again

M., trumpeter. — ad
speciem: i.e. the map on p. 146.
to keep up the appearance of occu- 13. omnia : all sorts of things.
pancy. — obsidionem : of the same deriva-
5. eius diei: omit in translat- tion as the verb obsidere, 1. 5.
ing. The gen. depends upon the 14. perfugls : with adj. force,
die which enters into the compo- deserting.
sition of postrldie. 15. alio bello: abl. of means.
6. Iuba: see the note on p. Apparently this item of news re-
148, 1. 5. garding Juba's movements was
8. haec eadem: neut. ; trans- deliberately fabricated, the "deser-
late as singular. tions" from the city having been
10. minus less (than)
: ; cf. the planned for the express purpose
use of amplius, p. ioi, 1. 3. of deceiving Curio.
stituit.Quare equitatum omnem prima nocte ad castra

Saburrae praemittit qui hostis necopmantes adortus,
;
magnum eorum numerum occidit. Quo facto, ad Curionem

equites redeunt captlvosque ad eum reducunt.
LESSON 124
The Nnmidians resort to Strategy
5 Curio, cohortibus quinque castris praesidio relictls, om-

nibus cum copils quarta vigilia profectus, sex milia passuum
iam ipse progressus erat. Qui, vict5ria equitatus cognita,
etiam celerius iter fecit; Iubam enim credebat longe ab-
esse, exiguasque Saburrae copias facile se opprimere posse
ioexlstimabat.
Interim autem Iuba (cuius de discessu falso erat nun-
tiatum, quique iam haud longe aberat), de nocturn5 proelio
certior factus, duo milia equitum eamque peditum partem,
cui maxim e confidebat, Saburrae subsidio mittit, ipseque
*5 cum reliquls copils elephantlsque sexaginta lenius subsequi-
tur. Curionem ipsum adfore, Saburra
Suspicatus brevl
copias equitum peditumque statim Instruxit atque els
imperavit ut simul atque nostrl in conspectum venissent,
simulatione timoris paulatim cederent.
20 Quo facto, hostes fugere Curi5 ratus legi5nes de collibus
1. ad: i.e. to attack. 16. suspicatus: translate as a

11. falso: adv., lit. falsely; present. — ipsum: as contrasted
render the clause freely. with his cavalry, which had already
12. quique: i.e. qui + que. been action. — adfore:
in ad- i.e.
nocturno proelio : see 1. 1 ff. futurum esse.

14. confidebat : c5nfido, 3, 18. simul atque : i.e. cum pri-
-fisus sum, with dzi^rely {upon). mum. — venissent: cf. the note on
— subsidi5 : dat. of service. exspectassent, p. 104,1. 18.
15. elephantis : elephantus, -1, 19. simulatione: translate the
M., elephant. abl. "with."
—
in planitiem deduxit ; cumque longius esset inde pr5gres-

sus, confecto iam labore exercitu, loco inlquo constitit.
Turn suls signum subito dat Saburra aciemque explicat.
Peditatu prlmo ad speciem tantum utitur, equites in aciem
5 nostram inmittit
LESSON 125
Curio' s Army is Annihilated
Repentina re minime permotus Curio ordines circumiit

militesque hortatus est ut spem omnem in virtute ponerent.
Hi prlmo fortissime dimicabant ; sed hostes, qui numero
longe erant superiores, mox aciem nostram circumventam
10 a terg5 adorirl coeperunt. Turn Curio, ubi perterritls om-
nibus cohortationes suas non audlri intellexit, unam salutis
esse spem reliquam arbitratus, proxim5s colles capere at-
que eo slgna ferre iussit. Sed hos quoque praeoccupat
missus a Saburra equitatus.
15 Turn vero ad summam desperati5nem nostrl perveniunt,
et Cn. Domitius, praefectus equitum, cum paucis equitibus
circumsistens, Curionem orat ut fuga petat salutem, et se
ab eo non discessurum pollicetur. At Curio numquam se,
1. longius: absol. compar. 11. cohortationes: cohortatio,

— inde: i.e. from the point where -onis, F., exhortation.
he had left the hills. 12. spem: chance. — capere :
2. confecto: construe with make fori as subject, suos may

exercitu. be supplied.
4. prlmo the adv.
: 13. eo : the adv. — signa: see
8. dimicabant kept up the
: the notes on pp. 130, 1. 1, and 131,
fight. 1. 16. —
h5s i.e. colles.
:
9. circumventam: translate as 15. desperationem : desperatio,

if circumvenerunt eamque. -onis, f., despair.
10. a tergo cf. p. 78,]. 18.
: 18. numquam se, etc.: the in-
omnibus: noun, forming an abl. direct discourse depends upon con-
absol. with perterritls. firmat, p. 157, 1. 2.
amisso exercitu quern a Caesare accepisset, in eius con-

spectum rediturum confirmat, atque ita pugnans interficitur.
E proelio equites nostrl perpauci effugerunt ;

quibuscum
nonnulli, qui equorum reficiendorum causa in itinere paulum
5 morati erant, fuga totlus exercitus procul animadversa, in-
columes in castra se contulerunt. Pedites ad unum omnes

interfecti sunt.
4. reficiendorum: reficio, 3, 6. castra: i.e. the camp at

-feci, -rectus, refresh, Castra Cornelia.
—
SELECTED PASSAGES FROM LATIN

PROSE AUTHORS
AN EPISODE FROM THE GALLIC WAR
(Caesar, De Bella G allied, VI, 7, 8)
LESSON 126
Though disconcerted for the time being by Caesar's decisive victory

over the Nervii (Lesson 115), the Treveri subsequently more than
once threatened the winter camp of Labienus (cf. Lessons 112 and 116,
and see the map on page 124).
Dum haec a Caesare geruntur, Treveri magnis coactis

peditatus equitatusque copilsLabienum cum una legione,
quae eorum f inibus hiemabat, adorirl parabant iamque
in ;
ab eo non longius bidui via aberant, cum duas venisse

5 legiones missu Caesaris cognoscunt. Positis castrls a
milibus passuum xv, auxilia German5rum exspectare con-
stituunt.
Labienus hostium cognito consilio, sperans temeritate
;
eorum fore aliquam dimicandifacultatem, praesidio quinque
1. haec: i e. events mentioned scunt : cf. commemorant. p. 135,

in the narrative from which this 1. 6. — a: as adv., away (with
extract is taken. abl. of degree of difference).
2. cum: translate "and." 8. temeritate: cf. the adv.
una : the one. temere.
4. via: than a journey ; abl. 9. eorum: on their part.—
with the compar. —
venisse : i.e. dimicandl : i.e. before the Germans
to reenforce Labienus. should arrive. — praesidio . . . re-
5. missu: missus, -us, m., lit. licto : abl. absol. — quinque cohor-
sending; here, order. cogno- — tium: (consisting) of five cohorts.
158
cohortium impedimentls relicto, cum xxv cohortibus ma-

gnoque equitatu contra hostem proficiscitur, et mille passuum
intermisso spatio castra communit. Erat inter Labienum
atque hostem difficili transitu flumen rlpisque praeruptis.
5 Hoc neque ipse transire habebat in animo neque hostes
transituros existimabat. Augebatur auxiliorum cotldie
spes. Loquitur in consilio palam, quoniam GermanI ap-
propinquate dlcantur, sese suas exercitusque fortunas
dubium non devocaturum, et postero die prima luce ca-
in
iostra moturum. Celeriter haec ad hostes deferuntur, ut ex
magno Gallorum equitatus numerononnullos Gallicis rebus
favere natura cogebat.
LESSON 127
The Enemy are Deceived and become Overconfident
Labienus noctu tribunls militum primisque ordinibus

convocatis, quid sul sit consill, proponit et, quo facilius
1. impedimentls: at this time suamsalutem. —

exercitusque:^;/^/
Labienus had charge of the heavy {that) of the army.
baggage of Caesar's entire army. 9. dubium: i.e. periculum; lit.
2. hostem: sing, for pi., as what? —
devocaturum: devoco, 1,
in English. — mille : indeclinable bring-, lit. — castra moturum
call.
adj., here as genitive. i.e. he will fall back.

3. intermisso: i.e. relicto 10. ut : inasmuch as. — ex:
(namely, between him and the out of.
enemy). — communit: communio, 11. Gallorum: freely, recruited
4, intrench. front among the Gauls (cf. the

4. transitu: transitus, -us, If., note on p. 139, 1. 10). Gallicis —
passage (cf. transe5) . — praeruptis : rebus : the Gallic cause.
praeruptus, -a, -um, rugged. 13. ordinibus: i.e. centurionibus.
7. spes: namely, for the 14. quid sui sit consili : what
Treveri.— loquitur: subject, La- his plan involves what? (for ; lit.
Menus. — consilio: as on 126, Standisi, p.

p. consili, cf.
4). 16, 1.
I.16. — quoniam: inasmuch as. — proponit: ostendit. — quo: i.e.
8. suas o . . fortunas: i.e. see the note on p. 101, 1. 14.

. : —
i6o FIRST LATIN READER
hostibus tim5ris det suspicionem, maiore strepitu et tumultu,

quam popull RdmanI fert consuetudo, castra mover! iubet.
His rebus fugae similem profecti5nem efficit. Haec quo-
que per exploratores ante lucem in tanta propinquitate
5 castrorum ad hostes deferuntur.
Vix agmen novissimum extra munltiones processerat,
cum Gall! cohortatl inter se, ne speratam praedam ex
manibus dlmitterent — longum esse, perterritis Romanis,
Germanorum auxilium exspectare, neque suam pati digni-
iotatem ut tantis copiis tarn exiguam manum, praesertim
fugientem atque impeditam, adorirl non audeant — flumen
transire et iniquo loc5 committere proelium non dubitant.
Quae fore suspicatus Labienus, ut omnes citra flumen
eliceret, eadem usus simulatione itineris placide progre-
i5diebatur.
1 timoris : namely, on his part. thetical matter (between the

2. fert: calls for. dashes) until the rest of the sen-
3. similem : pred. adj. — haec tence is clear.
neut. 10. ut: that; dependent on
4. per by ; cf. p. 141, 1. 9.
: freely, pati. — tantis copiis: see p. 158,
— in tanta propinquitate freely, on : 1. 1.
account of the close proxi?nity 11. fugientem atque impedi-

(propinquitas, -atis, f., nearness). tam: modifying manum, 1. 10.
6.agmen novissimum name- : flumen : see p. 159, 1. 3 fF.
ly, of Labienus army. With this 1

13. quae: neut., this. fore: —
phrase cf. primum agmen, p. 148, supplying here a future infinitive for
1. 6. — processerat : procedo, 3, fid.— ut: depending on progre-
-cessi, -cessum est advance.
: diebatur, — omnes: them
1. 14.
7. inter se : freely, one another. all.— citra: prep., the near to

8. longum esse : itwas need- side of his side i.e. to of.
less (lit. too long). The indirect usus: keeping up. —
14. iti-
discourse is due to the idea of say- neris here, retreat. — placide

: :
ing implied in cohortatl, 1. 7. Do adv .

, — prdgrediebatur
steadily. :
not attempt to translate this paren- continued to move on.

LESSON 128
They are Decisively Beaten
Turn praemissis paulum impediments atque in tumulo

quodam collocatls, " Habetis," inquit, "milites, quam petistis
facultatem ; hostem impedlto atque iniquo loco tenetis :
praestate eandem nobis ducibus virtutem, quam saepenu-

5 mero imperatori praestitistis, atque ilium adesse et haec
coram cernere existimate." Simul signa ad hostem convertl
aciemque derigl iubet paucls turmis praesidio ad impedi-
;
menta dimissls reliquos equites ad latera disponit.

Celeriter nostrl clamore sublato pila in hostes inmittunt.
10 UlI ubi praeter spem, quos modo fugere credebant, Infestis
slgnis ad se ire viderunt, impetum ferre non potuerunt, ac
primo concursu in fugam coniecti proximas silvas petlverunt.
Quos Labienus equitatu consectatus, magno numero inter-
fecto, compluribus captis, paucls post diebus civitatem
isrecepit. Nam German!, qui auxilio veniebant, percepta
Treverorum fuga, sese domum receperunt.
1. tumulo: tumulus, -i, M., convertl: a signal to change front.

hillock. 7. derigi : i.e. instrul (derigo,
2. inquit: subject, Labienus. 3, -rexi, -rectus).
— milites : voc. case. — quam peti- 8. ad: on.
stis facultatem : i.e. earn facultatem 10. praeter: i.e. contrary to.
quam petivistis. — spem : expectation. — quos sup-
:
4. nobis ducibus : i.e. me duce ply as antecedent, eos, those (sub-

(abl. absol.). The use of the first ject of ire, 1. 11).
person pi. corresponding
for the 11. ad ... ire : freely, advanc-
sing. is very common. saepenu- — ing upon. — ac : freely, but.
mero: i.e. saepe ; strictly, numero 12. concursu: concursus, -us,
is abl. of specification. m., clash (cf. concurr5).
5. imperatori : freely, before the 13. consectatus: consector, 1,
eyes of your conwiander in chief follow up.
(i.e. Caesar). — haec: this action. 15. recepit : sc. in deditionem.
6. coram: adv., in person. — — percepta: ? 'e. cognita (percipi5,
cernere: i.e. videre. — signa . . . 3, -cepi, -ceptus).
l62 FIRST LATIN READER
SlGNA
With these standards compare those shown in the illustrations

on page 132. Flags (vexilla) were used for giving signals, and to
differentiate small bodies of troops. In the matter of inspiring
loyalty among the men, their effect was in general very slight as
compared with that of the flag in modern armies.
AN EPISODE FROM THE CIVIL WAR
(Caesar, De Belld Civili, III, 95-98)
LESSON 129
When, in 49 B.C., Caesar marched some of his troops south into Italy,
and thus precipitated the civil war between himself and Pompey (cf. the
episode in Lessons 1 17-125), Pompey was taken by surprise, and re-
tired into Greece. In the decisive battle of Pharsalus, fought there in
the following year, Caesar gained the first advantage, driving the Pom-
peians back to the shelter of their ramparts.
Caesar,Pompeianis ex fuga intra vallum compulsis,

nullum spatium perterritis darl oportere exlstimans, milites
cohortatus est ut beneficio Fortunae uterentur castraque
oppugnarent. Qui, etsi magn5 aestu fatigatl — nam ad
5 meridiem res erat perducta tamen ad — omnem lab5rem
animo paratl, imperio paruerunt.
Castra a cohortibus, quae ibi praesidi5 erant relictae, In-
dustrie defendebantur, multo etiam acrius a Thracibus
barbarisque auxilils. Nam qui ex acie refrigerant milites,
10 et animo perterriti et lassitudine confecti, missis plerlque
1. vallum: i.e. of their own 6. animo : abl. of specification ;
camp. translate freely.

2. spatium: respite. perter- — 7. castra: namely, of Pom-
ritl8 modifying eis, supplied.
:
— pey. —industrie : adv., energetically.
dari oportere: should be allowed 8. multo : construe with
(oportet, 2, -uit, impersonal verb, acrius.
lit. it is fitting) 9. -que: and {other). — qui
4. aestu: aestus, -us, M., . . . milites: i.e. el milites, qui.
heat. — fatigatl: i.e. defessi (fa- — acie: *.*. proelio.
tigo, 1). 10. lassitudine : lassitudS, -inis,
5. meridiem: here, midday. f., weariness. — missis: discarded
— res :engagement. (cf, dimitto) . — plerlque : freely,
163
.
1 64 FIRST LATIN READER
armis slgnisque militaribus, magis de reliqua fuga quam

de castrdrum def ensione cdgitabant. Neque vero diutius,
qui in vallo constiterant, multitudinem telorum sustinere
potuerunt, sed confecti vulneribus locum rellquerunt,
5 protinusque omnes, ducibus usi centurionibus tribunisque

mllitum, in altissimos montes, qui ad castra pertinebant,
confugerunt.
Caesar, castris potitus, a militibus contendit ne, in
praeda occupati, reliqul negoti gerendl facultatem dimit-
ioterent. Qua re impetrata, montem opere circummunlre
Instituit.
LESSON 130
Unconditional Surrender of the Pompeians
Pompeiani, quod is mons erat sine aqua, difflsi el loco,

relictomonte, universi iugis eius Larlsam versus se recipere
coeperunt. Qua re animadversa, Caesar copias suas divisit,
in the majority of cases ; the word -f ugi, with in and the acc. ? take
agrees with milites, though in refuge (upon).
sense it belongs with the abl. 8. contendit: i.e. petlvit.
absol. Be careful to make the 10.montem: i.e. the particular
rendering of this sentence idio- height upon which the Pompeians
matic throughout. had finally assembled. — circummu-
1. militaribus: militaris, -is, nire : circummunio, 4, girdle.
-e, lit. military, signa militaria is ti. instituit: i.e. coepit (in-
the full expression for " stand- stituo, 3, -stitui, -stitutus).
ards" ; usually the adj. is omitted. 12. difflsi : diffido, 3, -fisus sum,
— de reliqua fuga: i.e. about re- with dat., lack confidence (in),
suming their flight 13. iugis: iugum, -i, N., ridge;
2. diutius : absol. compar. translate the abl. " along " (way by
3. in vallo : i.e. to defend it. which). —- eius : z>.montis. — La-
4. locum: (their) posts. risam: a town some miles north,
5. ducibus usi: lit. having toward which Pompey had already
(as) leaders ; translate freely. fled, making for the sea. versus — :
6. altissimos: absol. superl. translate as if ad .... versus (cf.
7. confugerunt; confugio, 3, the note on p. 79, 1. 21).

FIRST LATIN READER 16;
partemque legionum in castrls Pompel remanere iussit,

partem in sua castra remlsit, IV secum legiones duxit,
commodioreque itinere Pompeianis occurrere coepit, et
progressus mllia passuum VI, acieni Instruxit. Qua re
5 animadversa, PompeianI in quodam monte constiterunt.
Hunc montem flumen subluebat. Caesar milites cohortatus,
etsi totlus diel continentl lab5re erant confectl noxque iam
suberat, tamen munltione flumen a monte seclusit, ne noctu
aquari PompeianI possent.
io Quo perfecto opere, ill! de deditione missis legatis agere
coeperunt. PaucI ordinis senatoril, qui se cum his con-
iunxerant, nocte fuga salutem petlverunt. Caesar prima
luce omnes eos, qui in monte consederant, ex superioribus
locls in planitiem descendere atque arma proicere iussit.
15 Quod ubi sine recusatione fecerunt, passlsque palmls pro-
iectl ad terram flentes ab eo salutem petlverunt, consolatus
consurgere iussit et pauca apud eos de lenitate sua locutus,
quo minore essent timore, omnes conservavit.
1. Pompel: cf. the note on -urn, senatorial-, the highest order
Standisi, p. 16, 1. 4. — remanere: in the Roman state (cf. the note
remaneo, 2, -mansi, -mansum est, on p. 125,1. 9). — his :i.e. thePom-
remain. peian forces.
2. sua: note the position. 12. nocte : i.e. noctu.
commodiore
3. i.e. than the : 15. recusatione : recusatio, -onis,
route taken by the enemy. F., protest (cf. recuso). — palmls :
6. subluebat : subluo, 3, ,
i.e. manibus (palma, -ae, f.) —
, wash the base of. proiectl : freely, falling forward.
7. continentl: as adj. (abl. 16. salutem: /.£. (their) lives.
case), unbroken. — consolatus : sc. eos.
8. suberat: i.e. aderat (sub- 17. consurgere : i.e. surgere
sum, -esse, -ful) . — seclusit : se- (consurgo, 3, -surrexl, -surrectum
cludo. 3, -clusi, -clusus, shut off. est) . — apud e5s in their hearing,:
9. aquari: aquor, 1 ,
get water. i.e. to them. — lenitate lenitas, :
10. opere : i.e. the munitio of -atis, f.,humaneness.

1. 8. — de dediti5ne : construe with 18. quo: note the compar. in
agere. the clause. —
minore ... ti-
n. senatorii: senatorius, -a, more : abl. of characteristic.
; . ;
.
:
THE DEATH OF CAESAR

(Suetonius, fulius, 81, 82)
LESSON 131
As a result of the civil war, Caesar became master of the Roman

world. Many did not approve of his absolute power, and a plot was
formed to take his life. As he left home for the senate house on the
fatal day, some one pushed into his hand a document telling of the con-
spiracy but he did not stop to examine it.

;
Pluribus hostiis caesis, cum litare non posset, introiit

curiam spreta religione Spurinnamque irrldens et ut falsum
arguens, quod sine ulla sua noxa Idus Martiae adessent
quamquam is venisse quidem eas dlceret, sed non praeter-
5isse. Assidentem conspiratl specie officii circumsteterunt

Ilicoque Cimber Tillius, qui primas partes susceperat, quasi
1. pluribus: i.e. compluribus. — irridens (-entis, part.) : derid-

— hostiis : hostia, -ae, f., sacrifi- ing.— ut falsum : as (a) false
cial victim. — caesis caedo,
:
3, {prophet).
cecidi, caesus, — cum con-
slay. : 3. arguens (-entis, part.) as- :
cessive. — litare: lito, 1, -avi, sailing. —

quod as on p. 55, 1. 1 1
:
-atumest, secure favorable omens — sua noxa (noxa, -ae, f.) harm :
the condition of the entrails of the to him (Caesar)

slaughtered animals being sup- 4. is i.e. Spurinna.
:
posed to portend good fortune or 5. assidentem: sc. Caesarem

the reverse. — introiit: introeo, (assido, 3, -sedi, -sessum est, take
-ire, -ii, -itus, enter. one^s seat). — conspiratl (-orum,
2. curiam: curia, -ae, F., sen- M.) : the conspirators.— officii :
ate house. — spreta : from sperno. of {showing) respect,

— Spurinnam: a priest who had 6. Ilico (adv.) : i.e. statim. —
predicted peril for Caesar on the primas partes : i.e. the leading
15th of March (fdus Martiae, 1. 3)0 rdle.
166
Caius Iulius Caesar
A Roman of distinguished family, and one of the ablest warriors

the world has known.
;
aliquid rogaturus propius accessit, renuentlque et gestu in

aliud tempus differentl ab utroque umerd togam apprehen-
dit ; deinde clamantem, " Ista quidem vis est," alter e Ca-
scls aversum vulnerat, paulum Infra iugulum.
5 Caesar Cascae bracchium arreptum graphid traiecit,
conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus est; utque
animadvertit undique se strlctis pugionibus peti, toga ca-
put obvolvit, simul sinistra manu sinum ad ima crura
deduxit, quo honestius caderet, etiam Inferidre corporis
io parte velata. Atque ita tribus et vigintl plagls confossus
est, uno modo ad primum Ictum gernitu sine voce edito
etsl tradiderunt quidam Marco Bruto inruenti dlxisse, " Kal
i . aliquid rogaturus : intending 6. prosilire : prosilio, 4, -ui,

to make some request ; lit. what ? leap forward. — tardatus est : tar-
— renuenti : sc. Caesari (renuo, 3, do, 1, — ut
stop. ubi. : i.e.
-mil, shake (one's) head) translate ; 7. strictis: -um, strictus, -a,
by a clause introduced by "as"; part., drawn. — pugionibus : i.e.
the lit. meaning of the dat. is "for." sicis (pugio, m.). — toga -onis, : cf.
— gestu: gestus, -us, M., gesture. 1.2.
2. differentl : sc. eum, lit. put- 8. obvolvit : obvolv5, 3, -volvi,
ting (him) off. — ab : at ; cf. the -volutus, shroud. — sinistra : sini-
use of ex in phrases like omnibus ster, -tra, -trum, — sinum:
left.
ex partibus. — togam : toga, -ae, f., sinus, -us, M., fold*, translate here
robe. — apprehendit : apprehendo, as pi., (its) folds. — ad ima crura : i.e.
3, -prehendi, -prehensus, lay hold of. to his ankles (crus, cruris, N., leg).
3. clamantem: sc. Caesarem. 9. honestius : honeste (adv.),
— ista for istud (subject of est) in seemly fashion.
:
;
cf. the agreement of quod, 30, velata: tecta (velo, p. 10. i.e. 1).
1.6. — vis: (downright) violence. — plagls vulneribus (plaga, : i.e.
— Cascis: the two were broth- f.). -ae,

ers (nom. Casca). uno: construe with gemitu. 11.
aversum: from behind,
4. — modo tantum. — ad — lit. : i.e. : at.
turned away. — infra prep., below. ictum M., blow. — voce

: : ictus, -us, :
— iugulum iugulum, -i, N., neck.

: articulation.
5. bracchium: bracchium, -i, 12. inruenti: inruens, -entis,
N., arm. —
graphio graphium, -i, : part., pressing forward. — di-
N., stylus. — traiecit: traicio, 3, xisse : sc. eum (i.e. Caesarem) .
—
-ieci, -iectus, pierce. Kal o-v t€kvov ;
you tooy my boy ?
(tv retcvov)" Exanimis, diffugientibus cunctls, aliquamdiu

iacuit, donee lecticae impositum, dependente bracchio, tres
servoli domum rettulerunt. Nee in tot vulneribus, ut An-
medicus existimabat, letale ullum repertum
tistius est, nisi
5 quod secundo loco in pectore acceperat.
THE FATE OF HANNIBAL

(Nepos, Hannibal, 12, 13)
LESSON 132
The second Punic War, waged between the Romans and Carthaginians
from 218 to 201 B.C., ended in a complete victory for the Romans.
The latter, however, were suspicious that Hannibal, the most famous
general of the Carthaginians, was simply biding his time to renew the
war under more favorable conditions ;
and so they desired to arrest and
hold him as a prisoner. By hastening
Hannibal escaped into exile,
for some years, and improved the opportunity to stir up a great deal
of trouble for the Romans in the East.
Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu ut legatl Pru-

siae Romae apud T. Quinctium Flaminlnum consularem
1. exanimis (-is, -e) : lifeless. -e). — nisi quod: excepting {one)

— diffugientibus : diffugio, 3, -fugi, which.
scatter. — cunctls : i.e. omnibus, as 5. secundo: i.e. specially vul-
noun (cuncti, -ae, -a), nerable; lit. favorable. — pectore:
2. lecticae : lectica, -ae, f., pectus, -oris, n., chest.
litter. — dependente: dependens, 6. quae: *.*. events narrated
-entis, part., hanging down. — in previous chapters. — Asia: i.e.
bracchio: cf. p. 168, 1. 5. Asia Minor. — accidit : impersonal

3. servoli: servolus, -1, if., expression. — casu: i.e. forte.
young slave ; cf. servus. — rettule- Prusiae (nom. in -a, or -as) : king
runt: sc. eum. — in: among. — of Bithynia (cf. p. 170,1.5). The
ut : as. gen. may be rendered "from.*"
4. medicus (-1, m.) : physician. 7. consularem: consularis, -is,
— letale: i.e. exitiale (letalis, -is, if., ex-consul.
. . :
cenarent, atque ibi de Hannibale menti5ne facta, ex els

Onus diceret eum in Prusiae regno esse. Id postero die
Flaminlnus senatui detulit. Patres conscriptl, qui Hanni-
bale vivo numquam se sine insidiis futuros exlstimarent,
5 legatos in Bithyniam miserunt (in els Flamininum), qui ab
rege ne inimlcissimum suum secum haberet
peterent,
sibique dederet. His Prusia negare ausus non est. Illud
recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, quod adversus ius
hospitii esset; ipsi, si possent, comprehenderent; locum,
10 ubi esset, facile inventuros.
LESSON 133
Death ratlier than Captivity
Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat, in castello, quod ei a

rege datum erat munerl, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus
1. mentione : mentio, -onis ?

f., 8. id: a thing; antecedent of
mention. quod. — adversus (prep.): i.e.
2. diceret : in the same con- contra.

struction as cenarent, 1. 1. eum: — 9. hospitii: hospitium, -1, N.,
Hannibal. hospitality. — ipsi . . . comprehen-
3. patres conscript!: i.e. the derent : sc. eum, i.e. let them arrest
senators (conscriptus, -a, -um, lit. him the7melves.
enrolled).— Hannibale vivo: abl. 10. inventuros : sc. eos (sub-
absol. ; translate by a clause intro- ject). Tht indirect discourse
duced by " as long as. 11 depends upon the idea of saying
4. exlstimarent : subjunctive underlying recusavit, 1. 8 ; cf.
in a causal relative clause. longum esse, etc., p. 160, 1. 8.
5. in els: cf. p. 38. 1. 14. 1 1 enim : referring to what is
6. inimlcissimum suum: their said in the last clause of Lesson 132.

deadly foe. — secum haberet : i.e. — in : namely in ,
harbor, 12. rege : i.e. Prusia. — muneri

7. sibique dederet: i.e. eum- i.e. dono, dat. of service (munus,
que ut sibi dederet. — his : i.e. lega- -eris, n.). — aedificarat: i.e. aedi-
tes. —
illud . ne . : this . . . that. ficaverat.
partibus aedificii exitus haberet, scilicet verens ne usu ve-

niret, quod accidit. Hue cum legatl RomanI venissent ac
multitudine domum eius circumdedissent, puer, ab ianua
prospiciens, Hannibal! dixit plurls praeter consuetudinem
5 armatos apparere. Qui imperavit el ut omnls forls circum-
Iret ac propere sibi nuntiaret num eodem modo undique
obsideretur.Puer cum celeriter quid vldisset renuntiasset,
omnisque exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito
factum, sed se petl neque sibi diutius vltam esse retinen-
10 dam. Quam ne alien5 arbitrio dlmitteret, memor prlstina-
rum virtutum, venerium, quod semper secum habere
consuerat, sumpsit. Sic vir fortissimus, multls varilsque
perfunctus laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo.
i- aedificii: aedificium, -I ? n., 7. puer cum: i.e. cum puer.

structure. — verens : i.e. veritus. — renuntiasset: renuntio, 1, re-
usu veniret : sc. id (subject), i.e. port.
that {thing) would happen. 8. sensit : subject, Hannibal.
2. quod accidit: which {actu- — fortuit5 (adv.): i.e. casu.
ally) did come to pass (namely, the 9.factum sc. esse. reti-
: —
discovery by the Romans of his hid- nendam render the gerundive by
:
ing place). —
hue cf. p. 154,1- 12. : " could."
3. puer: i.e. servus. — ianua: 10. quam: i.e. vitam. — ne :
ianua, -ae, p., door. freely, to avoid (with part, in

4. modifying armatos,
plurls :
-ing) .
— arbitrio : arbitrium, -i, n.,
1. 5. — consuetudinem:
praeter bidding.
than usual; lit. beyond the ordi- 11. virtutum: freely, career
nary. of valor.
5. apparere : i.e. in conspectu 12. consuerat : i.e. c5nsueverat.
esse (appareo, 2, -ui). — qui: i.e. 13. perfunctus perfungor, 3,
— puero. —
:
Hannibal. ei : i.e. foris :

-functus sum, experience. This
i.e. exitus (cf. 1. 1). verb takes the same construction
6. propere (adv.) : i.e. cele- as utor and potior. — acquievit :
riter. — num : conjunction, whether* acquiesco, 3, -quievi, rest, i.e. die.

CATILINE'S CONSPIRACY
(Sallust. Be Hum Cati Una e, 40, 41, 60)
LESSON 134
In 63 B.C. Marcus Cicero (brother of the Quintus Cicero who sub-

sequently figured in the events described in Lesson 108 if.) had to deal
with a rather alarming conspiracy which aimed to revolutionize the gov-
ernment of Rome. The chief conspirator, Catiline, took the field with
an army, while Lentulus, who was secretly sympathy with him, su-
in
pervised matters in the city. One day Lentulus noticed there two Gallic
envoys who had come to Rome to complain that Roman officials were
oppressing their people, and he thereupon conceived the idea of
further embarrassing the government by inducing these Gauls to stir
up a revolt among their countrymen.
Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, utT legatos

Allobrogum requlrat eosque, si possit, impellat ad soci-
etatem belli, exlstimans publice pnvatimque aere alieno
oppressos, praeterea quod natura gens Gallica bellicosa
5 esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adducl posse.
Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerlsque
principibus civitatium notus erat atque eos noverat. Itaque
1. P.: i.e. Publio. — dat: sub- 4. oppressos: modifying eos

ject, Lentulus. — uti: i.e. ut. (i.e. Allobroges) supplied. — belli-
2. Allobrogum : a tribe of cosa : bellicosus, -a, -um, warlike.
southeast Gaul. — requlrat: re- esset: for mood, cf. the
5.
quir5, 3, -qulsivl, -quisltus, seek note on admoveantur, p. 61, 1. 14;
out, — impellat : impello, 3, -pull, translate as a present. tale — :
-pulsus, incite. — societatem: so- talis, -is, -e, such a.

cietas, -atis, f., with gen., partner- 7. civitatium: cf. the note on
ship (in). p. 123, 1. 11. — noverat: nosco,3,
3. publice pnvatimque s advs., novl, notus: become acquainted
as a people and as individuals. with.
172
Marcus Tullius Cicero
The first of his family to reach the consulship, Cicero won some
fame as a statesman by suppressing the conspiracy of Catiline but ;
his chief and lasting distinction was along literary lines. In oratory
he was hardly rivaled in his own generation and his writings are a
;
priceless possession.
—
sine mora, ubi primum legatos in foro conspexit, perconta-

tus pauca de statu civitatis et quasi dolens eius casum,
requirere coepit, quern exitum tantis malls sperarent. Post-
quam illos videt querl de avaritia magistratuum, accusare
5 senatum quod in eo auxill nihil esset, miseriis suis reme-
dium mortem exspectare, "at ego," inquit, "vdbis, si modo
virl esse vultis, rationem ostendam, qua tanta ista mala
effugiatis."
LESSON 135
The Envoys are Initiated into the Conspiracy
Haec ubi dixit, Allobroges in maximam spem adducti,

loUmbrenum orare ut sui miseretur: nihil tarn asperum
neque tarn difficile esse, quod non cupidissime facturi
essent, dum ea res clvitatem aere alieno liberaret. Ille
eos in domum D. Bruti perducit, quod foro propinqua erat
i. percontatus : percontor, i, of 7nen . — tanta : freely, over-

ask. whelming. — ista : those . . . of
2. statu: status, -us, m., with yours.
gen., situation {in) . — clvitatis : 10. orare : for oraverunt. — sui :
sc. eorum. — quasi : cf. p. 166, 1. 6. gen. pi. — miseretur : miseror, 2,

— dolens : doleo, 2, -ui, be con- miseritus sum, with gen., take pity
cerned about. (on) . — nihil, etc. : the indirect
3. requirere : inquire (cf. discourse is due to 'he idea of
p. 172, 1. 2). — exitum: solution, saying underlying orare.
lit., way
out (cf. p. 171, 1. 1). 11. neque: translate "or." —
tantis malis dat. case. : quod non . . . facturi essent : that
4. magistratuum : magistra- they would not undertake it ; a rel-
te, -us, M., official.- — accusare : ac- ative clause of result.
cuso, 1 , rail at. 12. dum: provided — ea
only.
5. quod: cf.the note on p. 62, res it. — aere alieno : translate
"of." —
:
1. 13. — eo : i.e. senatu. miseriis: — the abl. "from" or ille:
miseriae, -arum, f., troubles. — Umbrenus.

remedium : (as) a solution (reme- 13. in domum: cf. the note
dium, -i, n.). on p. 16, 1. 11. — D. : i.e.
7. viri esse : i.e. play the part Decimi.

neque aliena consili propter Semproniam nam turn Brutus :
ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabmium arcessit, quo maior

auctoritas sermon! inesset. Eo praesente coniurationem
aperuit, nominat socios, praeterea multos cuiusque generis
5 innoxios, quo legatls animus amplior esset. Deinde eos
pollicitos operam suam domum dimittit.
Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consili
caperent : in altera parte erat aes alienum, studium belli,
magna merces in spe victoriae, at in altera maiores opes,

iotuta consilia, pro incerta spe certa praemia. Haec illis
volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna rel publicae. Itaque Q.

Fabio Sangae, cuius patrocini5 civitas plurimum utebatur,
rem omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero, per San-
1. aliena: with gen., un- habuerunt) : freely, were undecided.

friendly (to) .
— Semproniam — quidnam : what . . . really,
wife of Brutus, who was him- -nam being an intensive particle.
self not a party to the con- — consili : for syntax, cf. quid . . .
spiracy. causae, p. 150, 1. 10.

2. quo compar. in
: note the 8. altera . . . altera (1. 9) :
the clause. was a Umbrenus the one . . . the other. — studium

freeclman, hence the need of call- (-1, N.) with gen., liking (for).
:
ing in a conspirator of better so- 9. merces (-edis, f.) induce- :
cial standing. ment. — opes: namely, those of

3. sermon! : sermo, -onis, M., the government (ops, opis, f., help
interview. — inesset : insum, inesse, pi., resources).
infui, with dat., lit. be (in) ;
trans- 10. illis : i.e. Allobrogibus.
late the phrase freely. — eo : i.e. 1 1 volventibus : volvo, 3, volvl,
Gabinio. volutus, turn over in (one's)
4. nominat: nomino, 1. name. mind; cf. the note on defen-

— praeterea: (and) in addition. dente, p. 44, 1. 17. —tandem:
5. innoxios: pred. adj. (innox- adv., at length. — re! publicae : sc.
ius, -a, -um, innocent) . — amplior : Romanae.

amplus, -a, -um, great (cf. the 12. patrocinio : patrocinium, -1,
adv. amplius). N., legal services. — plurimum see :
6. suam: modifier of operam. multum.

— domum: i.e. to their temporary 13. uti (/.*. ut) — cogno-
: as.
quarters in Rome. verant : sc. earn. — Cicero : see the
7. in incerto habuere (for note at the head of Lesson 134.
::
gam legatls praecepit, ut studium con-

consilio cognito,
iilrati5nis vehementer simulent, ceterds adeant, bene
polliceantur, dentque operam utl eos quam maxime mani-
festos habeant.
LESSON 136
The envoys, pretending that it would be difficult to persuade their

countrymen to revolt unless the matter were put into writing, easily
secured thus from the conspirators evidence sufficient to convict nine
of the ringleaders, five of whom were promptly executed in the public
prison. Shortly afterward, in the north country, the army of Catiline
(see the note at the head of Lesson 134) was brought to bay by the
government forces, and he chose to try conclusions with a division
which on the day of battle was under the command of a veteran officer
named Petreius.
5 Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius tuba slgnum

dat, cohortis paulatim incedere iubet ; idem f acit hostium
exercitus. Postquam eo ventum est, unde [a] ferentarils
proelium committl posset, maximo clamore cum Infestis
slgnis concurrunt : plla omittunt, gladiis res geritur. Ve-
1. praecepit (for praecipit) : use the pluperfect. — cohortis : sc.

i.e. imperat (praecipio, 3, -cepi, suas. — incedere : inced5, 3, -cessi,
-ceptus). —
studium cf. p. 175,1. 8. : -cessum est, advance. — hostium
2. ceteros i.e. the other con-
: i.e. Catiline and his followers,
spirators in Rome. 7. eo . . . unde to a point
:
3. uti: that. — maxime: cf. where (lit. whence}. ferenta-—

the note on p. 44, 1.— mani-11. riis: ferentarii, -orum, M., light-
festos: manifestus, -a, -um, obvi- armed troops {e.g. slingers cf. ;
ously guilty ; translate the phrase the top illustration on p. 140).

freely. 9. omittunt make no use of; :
5. sed: now. — exploratis: lit. omit (omitto, 3, -misi, -missus).
inspected. — tuba : tuba, -ae, F., Contrast the regular procedure for
trumpet. See the second illustra- beginning battle, p. 161, 1. 9.
tion on p. 60. —res : the fighting. — veteran!
6. dat : if rendered as a past, i.e. of the government army.
teranl, prlstinae virtutis memores, comminus acriter instare,

illl baud timide resistunt: maxima \i certatur.
Interea Catilma cum expedltis in prima acie versari,
laborantibus succurrere, integros pr5 sauciis arcessere,
5 omnia providere, multum ipse pugnare, saepe hostem
ferire: strenul mllitis et boni imperatoris officia simul ex-
sequebatur. Petreius, ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus
erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem praetoriam in medi5s
hostis inducit eosque perturbatos atque alios alibi resi-
iostentis interficit, deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros ad-

greditur. Manlius et Faesulanus in prlmls pugnantes
cadunt. Catilma, postquam fusas cdpias seque cum paucls
1. comminus: adv., at close tentus, stretch ; here, exert (one's

quarters. — instare : insto, 1, -stitl, self) . — medios : who occupy the
press thefight. Here, and several center.
times below, the pres. inrln. re- 9. inducit : induco, 3, -duxi,
places a third person of the perf. -ductus, lit.lead (agai?ist). —
or imperf. indie. atque : connecting the two parti-
2. illl : i.e. their opponents. ciples. — aliosalibi: some in one
— haud timide : i.e. boldly (timide, place, some in another; cf. alii
adv., with fear). — certatur: i.e. in aliam, p. 80, 1. 5.
dimicatur (certo, 1 -atum est)
, -avl, 10. utrimque : adv., on either
3. prima: the front of; cf. side. — lateribus : cf. latera, p. 161,
the use of summum, p. 104, 1. 4. 1.8. and (for the form of phrase)
4. laborantibus part. (sc. els), : omnibus ex partibus, etc. adgre- —

those hard pressed. — succurrere : ditur : adoritur (adgredior, 3,
i.e.
i.e. auxilio venire (succurro, 3, -gressus sum). Petreius first broke

-curri, -cursum est). — pro : freely, through the center, and then to the
to replace. — sauciis : i.e. vulne- right and left made a flank attack up-
ratls (saucius, -a, -um). on the remnants of the enemy's line.
3. ferire: i.e. percutere (ferio, 1 1 Manlius et Faesulanus :
4, , ). — exsequebatur : Manlius and the citizen of Faesu-

i.e. praestabat (exsequor, 3, -secutus lae (a town of Etruria), Catiline's
sum) ; cf. p. 129, 1. 9. chief lieutenants. — in primis : i.e.
7. contra : adv., lit. differently. in the front rank.

— ac than, lit. as.
: The whole 12. fusas : fundo, 3, fudi, fusus.
phrase = praeter spem. p. 161. 1. 10. scatter. — paucls : i.e. (but) a
8. tendere: tendo, 3, tetendl, handful.
— :
relictum videt, memor generis atque prlstinae suae digni-

tatis, in confertissimos hostis incurrit, ibique pugnans
confoditur.
ON THE EASTERN FRONTIER

(Cicero, Ad Fa??iilidres XV, i 4)
LESSON 137
About ten years after the suppression of the conspiracy of Catiline,

Cicero, much against his inclination, was appointed governor of Cilicia
and neighboring districts. Below are given extracts from a letter which
he wrote from the east to a friend at Rome, telling some of his ex-
periences as a provincial officer.
Cum in provinciam pr. K. Sext. venissem, et propter

5 anni tempus ad exercitum mihi confestim esse eundum
viderem, blduum Laodiceae fui, deinde Apameae quadri-
duum, trlduum Synnadls, totidem dies Philomelil. Quibus
in oppidls cum magnl conventus fuissent, multas civitates
acerbissimis tributls et gravissimls usurls et falso aere
1. generis. . . dignitatis: for 6. biduum: cf. bidui, p. 158,

his was an ancient and noble 1. 4. — Laodiceae: see the western
family, and he had himself held end of the map on p. 179. — fui:/
high offices. stopped.
2. hostis : i.e. the government 7. Synnadis pi. city names :
forces. — incurrit : incurro, 3, -curri, have the same form for loc. and
-cursum est : plunge (in a?nong} . abl. totidem: indeclinable adj.,
4. curn, etc.: translate by a the same number of. — Philo-

partic. clause. — pr. K. Sext. : i.e. melii : for case, cf. domi.
pridie Kalendas Sextilis, the day 8. conventus : conventus, -us,
before the first of August (Sextilis, m., circuit court. — fuissent:
-is, -e), namely, July 29, as the freely, had been held.
calendar was then arranged. 9. acerbissimis tributis, etc.
5. confestim for the winter : for syntax, aere alieno, p. 174,
cf.
would now soon come on (cf. p. 123, 1. 12. — usuris usura, -ae, f., rate
:
1. 1 ff.). — eundum: not eundem. of interest.

FIRST LATIN READER
i8o FIRST LATIN READER
alieno liberavl. Cumque ante adventum meum sediti5ne

quadam exercitus esset dissipatus, quinque cohortes sine
legato, sine tribuno militum, denique etiam sine centurione
ullo apud Philomelium consedissent, reliquus exercitus
5 esset in Lycaonia, M. Anneio legato imperavT, ut eas
quinque cohortes ad reliquum exercitum duceret, coac-
toque inunum locum exercitu, castra in Lycaonia apud
Iconium faceret. Quod cum ab illo dlligenter esset factum,
ego in castra a. d. vii K. Sept. veni, cum interea superio-
ioribus diebus ex senatus consulto et evocatorum flrmam
manum et equitatum sane idoneum et populorum liberorum
regumque sociorum auxilia voluntaria comparavissem.
LESSON 138
A War Scare
Interim, cum exercitu lustrato iter in Ciliciam facere

coepissem, K. Sept. legati a rege Commageno ad me
1. cumque: and ttmsmuch 10. ex: in accordance with. —
as. — seditione :• seditio, -onis, f., consulto: consultum, -1, n., decree,
mutiny. — et . . . et . . . et : both . . . and
2. quadam : a sort of. — esset . . . and. — evocatorum : evocatus,
dissipatus: dissipo, 1, disrupt. -i, M.< reenlisted man.
Supply et after this verb, and after 11. sane: adv., quite. Hbero- —
consedissent, 1.4. rum : liber, -era, -erum, independent,
4. apud: i.e. ad; so also in 1. 7. ox free. The genitives may be

8. quod : relative. rendered freely " supplied by " ; cf.
9. a.d. vii K. Sept. : i.e. ante Gallorum, p. 159, 1. 11.
diem Kalendas Sep-

septimum 12. sociorum : as adj., allied. —
tembres, the seventh (we would voluntaria: voluntarius, -a, -urn,
say, sixth) day before the first of volunteer. — comparavissem : com-

September, namely, August 24, as paro, 1, get together.
the calendar was then arranged. 13- lustrato: lustro, 1, review.
— cum, etc. translate by a partic.

: 14. K. Sept. : i.e. Kalendis Sep-
phrase. — superi5ribus : the pre- tembribus (abl. of time when). —
Commageno: an adj.
missl, tumultuose neque tamen non vere Parthos

in Syriam
translsse nuntiaverunt vehementer sum com- ;

quo audito,
motus cum de Syria turn de mea provincia, de reliqua
denique Asia.
5 Itaque in Cappadocia extrema non longe a Tauro apud
oppidum Cybistra castra feci, ut et Ciliciam tuerer et Cappa-
dociam tenens nova finitimorum consilia impedlrem.
Interea cognovl multorum litterls atque nuntils magnas
Parthorum copias et Arabum ad oppidum Antiocheam
ioaccessisse, magnumque eorum equitatum, qui in Ciliciam
translsset, ab equitum meorum turmis et a cohorte prae-
quae erat Epiphaneae praesidil causa, occldione occi-
toria,
sum. Quare, cum viderem a Cappadocia Parthorum copias

aversas, non longe a flnibus esse Ciliciae, quam potul maxi-
15 mis itineribus, ad Amanum exercitum duxi. Quo ut venl,
1. missl: not misi. — tumul- 7. tenens while occupying.

:
tuose : — non
adv., in great alarm. Cicero anticipated that the Par-
vere freely, without foundation in
: thian invaders would take this
fact (vere, adv., truthfully}. — lit. more northern route. nova — . . .
Parthos : two years before, the Ro- consilia: cf. res novas, p. 28, 1. 10.
mans had suffered crushing defeat — finitimorum : translate the gen.
at the hands of this warlike people. " on the part of."
3. cum . . . turn: not only 10. eorum: of theirs.
. . . but also. — de
with reference : 11. turmis: cf. p. 161, 1. 7.
to. — mea: note the position of the The forces here mentioned Cicero
word. had sent south at a venture (cf.
4. Asia: as on p. 169, 1. 6. the note on 1. 7).

5. Cappadocia see the map on : 12. occidione occlsum : had
p. 179. —
extrema: extremus, -a, been annihilated (occidi5, -onis, F.,
-um, lit. farthest; translate freely utter destruction )
(cf. the rendering of primus, sum- 14. quam potui maximis : i.e.
mus. etc.) — apud : as on p. i8o,l. 4. the longest possible ; cf. the note on
6. Cybistra : in apposition with p. 142, I.5.
oppidum ; render, however, as if a 15. Amanum a mountain range :
genitive. — tuerer: tueor, 2, , near the eastern border of Cilicia.

protect. — ut : i.e. ubi.
. — —
hostem ab Antiochea recessisse, Bibulum Antiocheae esse

cognovl. Deiotarum confestim iam ad me venientem cum
magno et firmo equitatu et peditatu et cum omnibus suis
copils certiorem feci non viderl esse causam, cur abesset a
5 regno, meque ad eum, si quid novi forte accidisset, statim
litteras nuntiosque missurum esse.
LESSON 139
Mountain Brigands claim the Governor s Attention
Cumque eo animo venissem, 1 utrique provinciae, si ita 11
tempus ferret, subvenlrem, turn id, quod iam ante statue-

ram vehementer interesse utriusque provinciae, pacare
10 Amanum et perpetuum hostem ex eo monte tollere, agere
perrexi. Cumque me discedere ab eo monte simulassem

1 ab from the neighborhood
: 5. me : subject of a new main
of (the town name without the clause in the indirect discourse. —
prep, would mean rather " from " ;
si quidif anything.
: — novi : as
cf. the note on p. 79, 1. 21). (neut.) noun. forte — : cf. the note
recessisse : recedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum on p. 85, 1. 12.
est, fall back. — Bibulum : the 7. cum : causal. animo pur- :
(Roman) governor of Syria. Sup- pose. — utrique provinciae : i.e. Cili-

ply -que with this clause. cia and Syria. —
ita tempus ferret :
2. Deiotarum: a friendly native i.e. I sJioidd have opportunity.
king, whose offer of aid Cicero had 8. subvenlrem: i.e. auxilio

been glad to accept. ad i.e. to — : essem (subvenio, 4, -veni, -ventum
join. —
venientem translate by a : est) . —
turn now. id: agere — . . .
relative clause. perrexi (1. n) Iproceededto carry

:
3. et . . . et . . . et : the first out a project (pergo, 3, perrexi,

of these conjunctions connects the perrectum est, proceed).
two adjs. the remaining two may
; 9. interesse: interest, -esse,
be rendered and and in fact. . . . -fuit,with gen., be to the interest
— suis copils : his following. (of). —
pacare namely, (the proj-
:
non viderl esse causam, cur

4. ect of) reducing to order.
abesset there did not seem to be
: 10. perpetuum hostem namely, :
(any) occasion for him to absent some troublesome robber hordes.

himself'; lit. what? 11. -que: translate as if itaque.
et alias partis Ciliciae petere, abessemque ab Amano iter
unlus die! et castra apud Epiphaneam fecissem, a. d. iiii
Id. Oct., cum advesperasceret, expedito exercitu ita noctu

iter feci, ut a. d. iii Id. Oct., cum lucisceret, in Amanum
5 ascenderem distributisque cohortibus et auxiliis (cum aliis
;
Qulntus frater legatus mecum simul, aliis C. Pomptlnus

legatus, reliquls M. Anneius et L. Tullius legatl praees-
sent), plerosque necoplnantis oppressimus qui occlsl cap- :
tique sunt, interclusl fuga. Eranam autem (quae fuit

ionon vlcl Tnstar sed urbis, quod erat AmanI caput) itemque
Sepyram et Commorim, acriter et diu repugnantibus, Pomp-
tino illampartem AmanI tenente ex antelucano tempore
usque ad horam diel X, magna multitudine hostium occlsa,
cepimus, castellaque vl capta complura incendimus. His
2. Epiphaneam: see the map 8. plerosque: sc. hostes.

on p. 179. — a. d. iiii Id. Oct. : i.e. 9. -que : we would say " or."
ante diem quartum Tdus Octobres, — interclusi: intercludo, 3, -clusi,
on the fourth (we would say, third) -clusus, cut off. fuga — trans- :
day before the Ides of October, late the abl. "from. Eranam: 1
' —
namely, Oct. 12. (along with the town names of 1.
3. expedito: as adj.; cf. the 11), object of cepimus, 1. 14.

noun use, p. 177, 1. 3. ita: 10. instar : the size (of) ; cf.
i.e. at such speed. p. 32, 1. 5. — quod : (and) which ;
4. a. d. iii Id. Oct. : Oct. 13 for the gender, cf. quod, p. 30, 1. 6.
(cf. the note on 1. 2). — lucisceret — item: adv., likewise.

luciscit, 3, ,
,
grow light. 11. repugnantibus : i.e. resisten-
5. distributis : distribuo, 3, tibus (repugno, 1) ; abl. absol. with

-ul, -utus, divide up, or make a iis (i.e. incolis) supplied. The
division of. — cum aliis Quintus two following clauses also are abl.
frater . . . praeessent : my brother absolutes.
Quintus . . . being in command tenente i.e. keeping to.
12. :
—
of some, etc. (cf. alii . . . alii, antelucano antelucanus, -a, -um,
:
p. 20,1. 15). preceding dawn.

6. legatus : (as) lieutenant 13. X: i.e. decimam, ordinal
cf. Quintus' similar relation to and cardinal having the same
Caesar in the Gallic war. — simul : sign ; cf. the dates above.
with mecum. 14. vl capta : i.e. expugnata.
—
rebus ita gestis, castra in radicibus Amani habuimus apud
Aras Alexandrl quadrlduum, et in reliquils Amani delendls

agrlsque vastandls, quae pars eius montis meae provinciae
est, id tempus omne consumpsimus.
LESSON 140
Completion of the Destruction of their Strongholds
5 Confectls his rebus, ad oppidum Eleutherocilicum Pin-

denissum exercitum adduxi. Quod cum esset altissimo et
munltissimo loco, ab Usque incoleretur, qui ne regibus qui-
dem umquam paruissent, cum et fugitlvos reciperent, et
Parthorum adventum acerrime exspectarent, ad exlstima-
iotionem imperl pertinere arbitratus sum comprimere eorum
audaciam, quo facilius etiam ceterorum animi, qui alienl
essent ab imperio nostro, frangerentur.
Vallo et fossa circumdedi, sex castellls castrlsque maxi-
mis saepsi, aggere, vmiis, turribus oppugnavl, ususque tor-
1. radicibus: foothills (radix, for the position of -que, cf. ob

-icis, f., lit. root). eamque causam, p. 129, 1. 5.
2. reliquils: i.e. the remain- regibus: namely, of their own.

ing landmarks ; cf. reliquias, p. 36, 8. cum: {and) since. — fugi-
1. 15. tivos : fugitlvus ? -I ? m. ? runaway
3. vastandis : vasto, 1, lay slave.
waste. — quae pars eius montis : 9. exist imationem : existima-
i.e. in ea montis parte, quae. — tio, -onis, f., prestige.
meae provinciae est: belongs to 10. imperi : (our) government.
(lit. is of') my province. — comprimere: comprimo, 3,
Pindenissum
5. in apposition : -pressi, -pressus, put a stop to.
with oppidum. The exact location 11. quo: note the compar. in
of this town is not known. the clause. —alienl ab ///
. . . :
6. quod cum esset: since this disposed toward', cf. p. 148,1. 17.
was {located). 12. imperio: rule.
7. munltissimo : transl. the su- 13. circumdedi: sc. oppidum.
perl, "strongly. " — iis . . . qui: 14. saepsi: saepid, 4, saepsi,

with subjunctive, such {people) as; saeptus, surround. — aggere: ag-
mentis multls, multls sagittariis, magno labore meo, sine

ulla molestia sumptuve sociorum, septimo qulnquagesimo
die rem confeci, ut omnibus partibus urbis disturbatis aut
incensis, compulsl in potestatem meam pervenlrent.
5 His erant finitiml pari scelere et audacia Tebarani. Ab
iis, Pindenisso capto, obsides accepl ; exercitum in hlberna
dlmisl; Qulntum fratrem negotio praeposui, ut in vlcis aut
captls aut male pacatls exercitus collocaretur.
ger, -eris, m., mound (of earth or clause. — disturbatis: disturbo, 1,
other material). — vlniis vinia, : wreck.

-ae, f., penthouse. — tor mentis : 4. compulsi : freely, in de-
tormentum, -1, N., catapult. Cf. spair, lit. forced (to it) ; sc. hostes.
the ballista shown on p. 29. 5. his: the people just sub-
1. sagittariis: Sagittarius, -1, dued. — pari : par, paris, adj.,
M., bowman. — meo : on my part. equal. — scelere: scelus, -eris, N.,
2. molestia: molestia, -ae, f., guilt, lit. crime ; the whole abl.
inconvenience. — sumptu sump- : phrase expresses quality. — Te-
tus, -us, M., expense. — sociorum: barani : subject of erant.
to (lit. of) the friendly natives 7. negotio ... ut ... ex-
(from whom a Romangovernor ercitus collocaretur : freely, the
usually felt at liberty to extort any business of quartering the army ;
service he desired). lit. —

what ? aut captls, etc. : trans-
3. ut : introducing a result late bv a relative clause.
;;
WORD LIST
The following list shows the new words introduced into each successive
reading lesson. Aside from numerals, words found in but one lesson are
treated in the notes on that lesson, and do not appear here. For proper
names, the general vocabulary should be consulted.
The designation (*) indicates that the word so marked occurs in four or
more lessons.
English words in italics are derived from, or otherwise related to, the Latin
words opposite which they stand. They may be found useful in helping
to to
recall the meaning of the Latin words as given in the general vocabulary. 1
1 Many Latin words are formed with the help of a prefix. Though the force of
this prefix does not stand out clearly in every case, it is worth while to become
familiar with the general meanings of the following :
—
a-, ab- : away, aside, off.
ad- : to, into, near, by, at.
circum-: around.
con-: with, together (con- being a form of cum). Often denotes completion (e.g.
conficio [facio]), or energy of action {e.g. contendo).
de- : from, down.
dis-: from, away, separately.
e-, ex-: forth, out, from, up. Often denotes success {e.g. expugno), or energy of
action {e.g. excipio [capio]).
in-: upon, on, in.
in- : not, or un-.
inter-: between.
0D-: before, against.
per- : through, across. Often intensive, very, exceedingly.
prae- : before, in advance, over.
praeter-: by, past.
pro-: before, forth, forward, out, fore-»

re-: back, again.
sub- : under.
trans- : across, over.
Some of the above prefixes take different forms according to the first letter of
the word with which they are combined. The following alternative forms should
in particular be noted : a-, ab- (abs-) ; ad- (ac-, af-, al-, ap-, ar-, as-, a[s]-, at-)
con- (col-, com-, co-) ; dis- (dif-, di-) ; e-, ex- (ec-, ef-, e[x]-) ; in- (ig-, il-, im-)
inter- (intel-) ; ob- (oc-, op-) ; re- (red-) ; sub- (sus-, su[s]-) ; trans- (tra-).
In some words united with these prefixes a vowel is regularly altered, e.g.:
a or e becomes i; as -ficio (for facio) and -tineo (for teneo).
ae becomes i as -cido (for caedd cf. caedes) and -iquus (for aequus in iniquus)
: ; .
1 86
neque, nee* advena* (ad -f venio)

ad* nullus,* nulli-iy aperio,* aper-twre
appello* (-axe), appella- olim* audio,* audi-tonwm
tion oppidum* avis, avi-a.t\on
autem* pater,* pater-na\ bellum,* re-&?//-ion.
circum,* cir cum -ference pecunia,* pecuniary cantus, chant

coepi* pervenio* COgnosco,* recognize
credo,* creed portus* COnsequor,* consequence

cum* (conj.) possum,* possibility consilium,* counsel
cursus* postea,* post-pone cum* (prep.)
diu* progredior* died,* dic-ta.t\on
diversus,* diverse prope* (adv.) dies,* aV-urnal
e, ex* prope* (prep.) do,* ^-nation
enim* puer,* puer-\\e facio,* fac-tox
e6* (verb) -que* fortiter,*/^r^*-tude
et* qui* (relative) gero,* be\\\-gere?it
etiam* quidam* ibi*
exeo,* exit quod* (conj.) igitur*
habeo* rex,* reg-dX lgnotus,* contrast noted
homo,* homi-e\de saepe* insula, insulate
ille* secundum* (prep.) interim*
in* sed* is*
intellego,* intelligent spero,* desperate itaque*
interdum* sui,* sui-e\o\e iter,* itinerant
interp5no* sum,* essence laetus*
invenid,* inven-tion suspicor* libenter*
ipse* tarn* mons,* mount
ita* tempus,* tempor-2\ morior,* mori-bund
iam* teneo,* xe-ten-X\\e nolo*
iuvenis,* juvenile terra,* /Vrr-estrial nuntius,* e-nunci-2\e
laboro* timeo,* tim-\d obtineo, cf. teneo
litus* transeo,* transit Omnis,* omn z'-potent
longe* turn* paene,* /<?/j-insula
magnus.* magni-\.\xde usque* paro*

mare,* marine ut, uti* parvus*
multus,* multi-tude via,* imper-z//-ous pauci,* pauci-ty
nascor,* nat-a\ video,* e-vident per,* per-for&te
nauta,* nauti-cal void,* z^Z-untary periculum*
navigo,* naviga-t\on peto,* prt-kion
navis,* nav-d\ postremo*
nemo ad . . . versus* proficiscor*
pulcher* non* subito*
quaero,* xe-quire numquam* sustineo,* cf. teneo
quisquam* passus* tempestas,* temp est
redeo* (red + eo) post* (adv.), cf. postea unus,* uui-ty
regina, cf. rex primo,* prim-2ucy ventus,* venti-lsitQ
regnum,* regn- ant puto,* com-pute

res,* rebus qua re* 5
suus,* cf. sui quo que* adeo (adv.)
tamen* ramus, rami-iy amicus,* amic-ab\e
tres,* /W-nity sentio,* se?iti-mexit capio,* cap-acity
ubi* (adv.) statim* conor*

ubi* (conj.) villus,* cf. nulius donum,* cf. do
validus,* valid vehementer,* vehement filius,* fili-sil
vereor,* xe-verent forte,* fort-uitous

idem,* ide n-tica\
minis, w/r-acle
amo,* #///-iable
narro,* narra-tion
a, ab* brevi,* brevity
nomen,* nomin-2\
adeo* (verb), cf. eo certus*
notus,* cf. ignotus
alius,* ali-b\ civis,* civil
nunc*
animus,* animated colonia*
piscis, Pisces
appropinquo* colonus*
quin* etiam
atque, ac* compleo,* comp/e -merit
rapio,* rapine
baca condo*
semper*
de* coorior*
senex, sen-\\\\.y
domus,* ^w-estic f eliciter,* felici-iy
solum,* soleAy
dux,* duke fero,* xe-fer
vir,* vir-\\e
egredior,* egress i 10, * fiat
gaudeo,* gaudy fluctus.y^/w-ate 6
gaza haud* adorior *
harena, arena incolumis* ad versus,* adverse
ignis,* ignite inhiria* argentum,* Argentine
incola* interficio* aurum, auri-ferous
inde* iterum,* iter-ate castra,* Chester
iratus,* irate littera* celeriter,* celeri-ty
iacio,* e-Ject pars* cibus*
mane* praefectus,* prefect COgO,* cogent
mille,* mile propero* consumo,* consum-ex
moror* relinquo,* relinquish deduco,* deduct
mox* scribo,* scribe fiumen*
nato semel fortis,* cf. fort iter
noctu,* noct-uxrial spes,* cf. spero friimentum*
hostis,* hostile 8 10
inmitto,* cf. mitto (be-
accipio,* accept Car6,* carn-2\
low)
captivus* certe
miles,* military
clam* corpus,* corpor-ea\
mitto,* xe-mit
complures,* cf. plur-A edo,* ^-ible
nam*
conscend5,* (a)scend equus,* <f^^-estrian
OCCido,* (sui) cide
copia,* copi-ous fames, * fam-'me
pono,* post-pone
demum* filia,* cf. filius
pro,* pro (and con^ *
donee impetus,* impetu-ous
pugno,* pugna-cious
dum* iuvo,* coad-//-tor
recipio,* receipt
emo,* xed-emption matrimonium, matri-
ripa,* ripa-xmri
habito,* /lafrita-tioxi mony
sagitta,* Sagittarius
hie* (pron.) mensis*
scapha*
idoneus* mentior
silva,* silvan
miser,* misery obses*
telum*
nescio,* contrast science oppidani,* cf. oppidum
veho,* ve/z-\c\e
novus,* noz'-e\ pereo,* cf. eo (verb)
quo* (adv.) puella*
reporto,* report quamquam*
aqua,* aqua-tic sacerdos,* sacerdot-zX quondam,* quondam
arbor,* arbor sequor,* consequence (adj.)
arma* servo,* con-serve trado,* tradition
colloco,* cf. locus (below) supra* uxor,* ux or Aqms
frigus, /rig-id tracto,* tract-3.b\e
fugio,* fugi -tive vendo,* vend-cx II
humus,* exdiuwe
conspectus,* conspectus
insidiae,* insidi-ous
deinde*
iaceo,* &o\-jacent
duo,* du-z\
iubeo* duco,* pxo-duce
exploro*
locus,* loco-nxotw^ effugio,* cf. fugio
fere*
manus,* manu-a\ frango,* frag-\\c
f return,/;-//// (?)
modo* frustra,* frustrate
hie* (adv.)
perterritus,* cf. terreo longus*
leniter,* leni-ty
(below) malo*
luna, lunar
prius,* pn-ox\ty paulo*
no*
procul* pirata*
rediico,* reduce poena,* penal 12
SOleo,* obsolete praeda,* preda-toxy altus,* a//z-tude
sonus,* sono-xovs sedecim amitto,* cf. mitto
terreo,* terr-ox velum,* veil angustus

venio,* cox\-vene vetus, veter-axi annus,* annu-2\
convenio,* convene loquor,* loau-a.c\ty bene,* bene-dt

excipio* maestus* dimitto,* cf. mitto
hiemo* -ne frater,* frater-na\
magister, magistr-aXe numerus,* numer-a\ gravis,* grave
negotior, negotiate propono, propose polliceor*
(posterus)* proximus,* proximity religio*
sceleratiis rideo, Waft-culous securis*
sub,* sud-tvact sumo,* resume venenum, venom
tacitus,* tacit vero,* veri-Xy
13 tu*
ago,* ag-it&te verbum,* verb-a\ 17
ante* (adv.), anti-cipa.te virtus,* cf. vir admoveo*
apud* vox,* voc-a\ animadverto*
clamor,* clamor ardens, ardent
constituo,* constitu-tion 15 audeo,* aud-a.cious
curro,* in-cursion alter,* alter-aX\on bos, bov-ine
deus,* dei-ty ambo,* ambi-gMovs castellum,* castle
emigro arbitror,* arbilra-tion conatus, cf. conor
erumpo,* eruption caedes,* sui-cide defendo*
gratia,* grace COgitO,* cogitate depono, depose
interdiu comes,* con- com it-ant desist5*
legatus,* de-legate concilium* extinguo
liberi* contumelia,* contumely hora*
morbus,* cholera morbus convoco,* convocation moneo, moni-tor
nox,* equi-nox crudelis oppugno,* (ob+pugno)
reliquus,* cf. relinquo euro,* n\a.n\-cure prodo*
saxum* facile,* facility salus,* salut-a.ry
tutus, /«/<f-lage incendo,* incend-\axy tantum,* tantamount
undique* inimicus,* inimic-a\ tectum, yxo-tect
vulnero,* vulner-able ostendo,* osten-x.aX\on villa,* village
reciiso* VOCO,* in-voke
14 sica*
acerbus, acerbi-ty signum* l8
ambulo,* ver-ambulate simul,* simul-ta,neous\y acies*
asper,* asperi-ty umquam* adiuvo,* co-aa)'u-tot
aut* vinco,* con-vince adsum*
cado,* de-cadence vulnus,* cf. vulnero aedes,* edi-hce
commoveo,* commotion ager,* agri-cu\t\ire
desum 16 auxilium,* auxiliary
hiems,* cf. hiemo afficio* caelum,* cel-estia\
inquam* amplector {eom)plexu$ fenestra

fuga,* cf. fugio persuadeo* prSvincia*

imperator,* imperat-xvz sedeo, sedent-^xy solv5,* dissolve
latebrae,* cf. lateo (be- socius*, soci-a\ urbs,* urb-z.x\
low) vivo,* xe-vive
lateo,* latent
21
postquam,* cf. post abscido, cf. occido
(adv.) caput,* capital (adj.)
24
prospicio, prospect consolor, consola-tion agricola,* cf. ager
scilicet* dedo* assensus, assent
sicut* instruo,* instruction COerceo, coercion
templum* intercipio* cruciatus,* cruci- fix ion
tuto, cf. tutus mora* iniussu,* cf. iubeo

pax,* pac-ihc maneo*
19 perfugio oro, ad-0ra-tion
porta,* portal primum,* cf. primo

acriter,* acri-monious
sine,* sine-cure quaestus,* quest
aestas
valles* superior *
detrimentum,* detri-
ment
exercitus* 22 25
expugno* ante,* (prep.) ante- adhuc*
gens,* gent-i\e chamber ballista
longinquus,* cf. longus audacter,* audaci-ty cams, chari-iy

modus,* mode cena custodia*
praeoccupo, preoccupy cen5 custodio*
pridem conficio* murus, mur-a\
primus* prime perpauci, cf. pauci niintio,* cf. nuntius
SCi6,* science pes,* ped-eA obsideo,* obsess
singuli,* singular silentium* opus,* oper-ztQ
sopitus,* sop-orific praedium*
20 surgo, insurgent
acer,* cf. acriter vigilo, vigil
26
armatus,* cf. arma ancora*
ascisco 23 antequam,* cf. ante
denuo aes* (adv.)
eripio alienus,* alien consisto*
exsilio,* ^«/-tation clarus,* clari-iy ignominia, ignominy
finis, * Jin-d\ COmitas, comity labor*
herba, herbage comiter malus,* ;/^/^-factor
minus,* minus gratus* paulatim*
paliis* praemitto,* premise propinquus,/r^/«^«?-ty
perficio,* perfect propter* revOCO, revoke
27 30 33
abeo,* cf. eo (verb) frigidus, frigid alibi, cf. alius
aliquamdiu,* cf. diu glacies,* glacier demitto*
appello* (-ere) illucesco,* ( trans) lucent etsi*
ars, art-ist magis* infero,* infer
conduco mature laudo, laud
disco, disc-\p\e moleste* matrona, matron
ludo, co\-lusion occupo,* occupa-tion otiosus, otiose
mater,* mater-T&S. pertinacia, cf. teneo tantus,* cf. tantum
post,* (prep.) post-pone satis,* ^7/?V-factory victoria *
sexaginta* trans,* trans-it
simulo,* simulate una,* uni-ty
34
tribunus*
audacia,* cf. audacter
communis, communi-ty
28 31
arced concedo*
condicio*
at* exigo, exact (verb)
expello,* expel
ius,*y//5-tice
casa* explorator*
licet, license
consido,* (sub) side
invitus*
instar memoria*
legio*
lectus* postulo,* postulate
ne . . . quidein*
mos, mor-a\ repeto, cf. peto
opera,* opera-twe^
regio*
senatus*
ultro*
sex,* ^jr-tant
rivus,* de-riv-ation
unde*
totus* videor,* cf. video
undeviginti
32 35
29 admoneo,* cf. moneo celeritas,* cf. celeriter
advesperascit, cf. vespers cedo,* re-cede collis*
deligo* centurio* contineo, cf. teneo
difficilis* cohortor* cotidie,* cf. dies
discedo,* (r<z)cede compello, compulsion exstruo, cf. structure
impedimenta,* impedi- incommodum, incom- intra,* intrant
ment mode largior, larg-ess
nisi* inrumpo,* cf. erumpo libertas
patior,* patient lacus* meus,* meum (and
periculosus, cf. pericu- proelium* tuum)
lum reliquiae, cf. reliquus munitio,* munitions
responded,* respond statuo,* statute publicus*
si* temere,* temeri-ty quantus,* auanti-ty
tollo,* ex-tot ululatus* vallum*
veteran!, cf. vetus cruentus graviter,* cf. gravis

vita,* vital deficio,* deficit indico,* (e)dict
inferior permotus,* cf. com-
36 inopia,* contrast ^/-ulent moveo
adfero* multo,* cf. multus saltern
aliqui (aliquis)* necessarius
celebr5 nix* 43
aeger*
facultas* nudus, de-nude
aegre
hiberna,* hibem-dXe quinque*
fortuna*
nanciscor* sagum
oculus, ocul-ist
nihil,* nihil-vsX. vestigium, vestige
oppugnatio,* cf. op-
stipendium, stipend
40 pugno
classis* tabernaculum,* taber-
37
coniungo,* conjunction nacle
circumvenio,* circum-
fallo,* fall-ib\z varius*
vent
meridies,* meridian
conservo,* cf. servo
occasio, occasion 44
devius, devious
potestas,* cf. possum contendo,* cf. tend
ego,* ^0-tism
rarus, rare dexter, dexter -o us
eludo,* elude
rursus* exspecto,* expect
glorior (vain)^r/-ous
servus,* serv-i\e fleo
intempestus*
specto,* specta-c\e fLos,fior-ist
iste*
imperium,* empire
pugna,* cf. pugno 41- inter,* inter-sect
strepitus*
audax, cf. audacter . lacrima, iackrym-ose
tergum,* /£r§7-versation causa* multitudO,* multitude
vesper, cf. advesperascit contra, conlra-dict OCtO,* oct-zgon
damno,* con-demn patriae patri-ot
38 deleo,* dele-terious praesidium*
comporto,* cf. reporto impetro* sic*
deditio, cf. dedo invisus*
dubius, dubious miinio,* cf. munitio 45
ecfrenate natura abhinc*
eo* (adv.) ne* antiquitus, antique
evenio, even-tu3i\.e perfidia, perfidy honor
eventus, event quam* hortor,* cf. cohortor
pueritia, cf. puer strenuus, strenuous
46
39 42 cavus, cavi-ty
agmen* antea,* cf. ante (adv.) committo,* commit
v circiter,* cf. circum exsilium mulier *
priusquam,* cf. prius 50 1 sententia,* cf. sentio

quando ulterior,* ulterior
adventus,* advent
reperid*
effero,* elation
V1CUS,* War-w*V£
faveo, fav-ox 55
impedio,* cf. impedi-
47 menta
51
abripio, cf. rapio liburnica*
absum,* absent
diligentia,* diligence OCCidens, Occident
arripio,* cf. rapio
dominus,* do win-ate oneraria, oner-ox^
cano, cf. cantus
evado, evade onustus*
memorabilis, memorable
facinus* tarde, tardy
navigium,* cf. navis
fidelis,*/^/*-ty
moribundus, cf. morior 56
quis* (indef.) 52
abicio,* cf. iacio
std,* sta-t\or\axy admiror. admire inlido {collision
super bia, superb edo,* edit obstinatus, obstinate
-ve* fortitudo, cf. fortiter proicio,* cf. iacio
vix* gemitus resisto*
solus,* cf. solum responsum, cf. respon-
48 supero,* in-super-ab\e ded
barbarus* vestis, cf. vestimentum retineo,* cf. teneo
expedio,* expedite
saevitia
firmo, con-Jirm
.53 super, super-impose
incito, incite
carrus, carr-iage viginti*
intro,* cf. intra
crudelitas,* cf. criidelis
praesum*
salto
flud,y?#-id 57
hortus, Aorti-cu\t\ixe commemoro
impono, impose defigo (pre)/*
49
multum,* cf. multo neco,* intex-nec-'mc
ceteri*
paulum* prolabor (re) lapse
circumsto, circumstance
suspensus, suspense religo, cf. liga -ture
extra,* extra-ox&maxy
intervallum,* interval supinus, supine
negotiator,* cf. nego- 54 tenebrae

tior citro*
patefacio cuneus, cunei-foxm 58
plane,* plain-\y defero* cared
porrigo* gubernaculum, guberna- conicid,* cf. iacio
tego,* tectum
cf. torial exitialis
vestimentum,* vestment moveo,* cf. commoveo finitimus*
vultus pando, ex-pand f requens, frequent
magicus tantopere, cf. tantum perrumpo, cf. erumpo

palam* iitor,* ut-ensi\ repentinus*
probd,* a.p-proba-tion
pulvis, pulver-ize 64 68
adulescens, adolescent callidus
59 canis, canine devoro
adsequor defessus* excitO,* excite
circuitus, cf. circum exiguus* lingua, lingu-ist
dubito,* dubitate quartus,* quarter niiper*
Insequor* praetereo, cf. eo
quidem* 65
redintegro ( dis) inte- aedifico, cf. aedes 69
grate caespes
aetas, ^/-ernal
Vlto,* ine-z/zV-able COnsuesco,* (de) suetude
carpo, ex-cerflt
consulto
prosper (-erus).
60 ducenti
prosperity
elicio, elicit
clamo, cf. clamor septem
excido, cf. occido
COnfero,* co7iference
f era, fero-o\.ov&
locuples 70
frustum,* frustum
sedes, cf. sedeo accido,* accident
61
timor,* cf. timeo argenteus, cf. argentum
accedo,* accede confestim*
usus,* cf. utor
bonus,* bonny duodecim, duodecim-dl
venor, z-^-ison
quotiens, quotient gubernator, cf guberna-
vicinus, vicini-Xy
culum
62 66 poculum
erro,* error spolio*
denique
folium, foli-age vis*
diligenter,* cf. diligen-
quiesco,* quiescent 71
tia
somnus,* somno-lent incendium, cf. incendo avaritia, avarice
misceo, pro-/;mouous confirmo,* cf. affirm
63 natio,* 7iation foris, per-/frr-ate
praeter,* /r^r-natural praemium,* premium

auris, aur-ist
praetervehor, cf. vend queror, quer-u\o\is
confertus
gloria, glory reor,* rate (verb)
manipularis 72
mors,* morior
cf. 67 appeto, cf. pet5
opportunus divido dimico*
ordo* intus, cf. intra percutio, percussion
pario* muto,* per-w«/tf-tion umerus
73 79 86
absconditus, cf. condo career, in-carcer-ate ascendo,* ascent
adhaeresco, adhere efficio, effect deicio,* cf. iacio
deterred, deter nego, nega-\\o\\ tertius,* terti-zxy
detrudo,* (intrusion potior*
eodem* princeps, princip-A 87
praesto* tolero, tolerate aequus*, eau-ab\e
secundus,* cf. secundum promunturium
80 88
74 claudo,* se -elude
desero
incredibilis, incredible obliviscor, obliv-ion
fides, cf. fidelis
lux,* cf. illucesco omnino, cf. omnis similis*
vel
89
75
81 beneficium,* (bene -f
adsto, cf. sto
facio)
circumeo,*
amplius, ample
cf. eo
suscipio
deversorium
colloquium,* cf. loquor
lignatio
colloquor, cf. loquor
tributum
refero, refer
ira, cf. iratus
82
90
clades converto*
76
integer, integer fumus, fume
conspicio,* cf. conspec-
praesertim horrendus, horr-ox
tus
repente,* cf. repentinus incolo, cf. incola
eruptio, cf. erumpo
sperno, spurn
Obsciirus, obscuri-iy
83
tradiico, cf. diico
constantia, constancy 91
vigilia,* cf. vigilo
existimo,* cf. estimate porto,* port-er
perse vero, persevere spatium,* spaci-ons
77
quindecim transporto,* transport
adduco,* adduce
valetu&O.valetudin-aridLn
perlego, cf. lectern
84 vinculum
quivls, cf. volo
casus,* casu-2\ vivus, cf. viv5
venia, venial
detraho, detract
dolor, dolor-ous 92
78
pedetemptim coniurati5
custos,* cf. custodio quinquaginta male, cf. malus
decern, decim-a\
quo* (conj.)
ions, fount 93
procurro 85 augeo, aug-ment
versor*, con-versant ob* emptio, cf. emo
FIRST LATIN" READER 197
peregnnus premo,* cf. reprimd 107

reprimo, repress tot
pareo
trlginta
102
108
94 consulo, consult
dem5nstro, demonstra-
iudico,* judic-\zxy magnopere, cf. magnus
tion
praepono, preposition oratio.* oration
doceo," doc-tor
vagor, vaga -bond subsidium,* subsidy
equitatus,* cf. eques
universL* universal
95 intereo, cf. pereo
intermitto, intermission
gladius,* gladi-2Xox 103
libero,* cf. libertas
impero,* cf. imperator
censeo nondum
incertus, cf. certus
disputo. disputa-\.\on nonnulli* (non
ingredior, ingress -f null!)
quis* (interrog.) opprimo.* oppress
perturbo, perturb
uterque* peditatus,* cf. pes
quattuor
septuaginta perpetuus, perpetu-^
104 subsequor, subsequent
suspicio
cupide, cupidi-ty
96 medius,* medi o-crity

109
nocturnus, cf. nox and
appono (ad + pono) addo, add-\x\ox\
noctii
civitas,* cf. civis
plerique* consuetudo,* cf. con-
regredior
suesco
pronuntio, pronounce
fossa, foss-\\ (adj.)
97 dies
pridie, cf.
105
verto, cf. con verto ratio, ratio7i-2\
cohors*
turris,* turr-tt
98 descendo, cf. ascendo
amicitia. cf. amicus dispono, dispose
iniquus,* cf. aequus 110
99 officium,* office circumdo
COncurro,* concourse orbis, orbit comprehendo, compre-
provideo, provide hend
IOO quisque* differo (dis -f fero)
COntinens, continent pOpulUS, pOplll-2,X
perfuga, cf. perfugio 106 septimus

speculor, specula-tot auctoritas, authority
III
OCtavus, octave
101 parco, ^r.f?'-mony commodus, cf. incom-
eques,* cf. equus rogO, inter-? fl£V7-tion modum
*
noster tragula undecimus
i g8 FIRST LATIN READER
112 121 131

occurro, occur refugio, refuge averto, avert
profectio, cf. proficiscor confodio, cf. fossa
122
remitto,* remit Idus
discessus, cf. discedo quasi, quasi (adj.)
113 praeterea, cf. praeter
cerno, dh-cem protinus
133
pristinus, pristine species, speci-o\y&
exitus, cf. exeo
114 123 memor, cf. memoria
obsidio, cf. obsided septuagesimus
defensio, cf. defendo
quoniam hue
necopinans, opin-ion
134
115 cf.
forum
decimus, decim-dl
124
emitto, emit
planities 135
postridie,* cf. pridie
arcesso
produco, produce 125 genus, genus
simulatio,* cf. simulo circumsisto. cf. consisto
116 126 136

contio expeditus, cf. expedio
nonus biduum, cf. triduum
praetorius
temeritas, cf. temere 127
117 dignitas, dignity 137
f irmus, cf. f irmo
triduum, cf.tres and dies 128
infestus interea,cf. interim
tumultus, tumult
latus, later-d\ Kalendae, calendar
Il8 pilum quadriduum, quadr-tn
pedes,* cf. pes and pedi- turma nium
tatus 129
139
119 negotium, cf. negotior
pac5, cf. pax
explico, (im)plicate and otiosus (neg-
metus = nee, i.e. "not")
perdiico 140
120
cur pertineo, pertain quinquagesimus
EXERCISE I
(I-2) 1
ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN AND WITHIN WHICH — REL-

ATIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE — I-STEMS
MODEL SENTENCES
Caesar aestate bellum gerebat, Caesar used to wage war
in the summer time.
Quinque diebus imperator captus est, Within five days
the general was captured.
Rule. Time When and Time Within Which are regu-

larly expressed by the ablative case, without a preposition.
Note i. The ablative of Time When has various translations;

thus, in addition to " in " (first) model sentence we may have die
vicesimo, " on the twentieth day," hora decima, " at the tenth
hour," etc.
Note 2. The ablative of Time Within Which must be distin-
guished carefully from the already familiar accusative of Extent of

Time (e.g. quinque dies imperatorem secuti sunt, "For ftve days
they followed their commander ").
MODEL SENTENCES
Miles missus est, qui Caesarem moneret, A soldier was
sent to. warn Caesar (/it. who should warn Caesar).
1 These numbers indicate the Reading Lessons to which an Exercise corresponds.

199
Equos emimus, quos mittamus, We are buying horses

to send {lit. wHich we may send).
Sagittas dabo, quibus ursa occidatur, I shall provide ar-
rows with which to kill the bear {lit. with which the bear
may be killed).
Rule. Purpose may 'be expressed by a relative clause
with its verb in the present or imperfect subjunctive.
Note. Observe the similarity between ut-clauses of purpose

and relative clauses of purpose, noting particularly that, in both,
the tense of the subjunctive is determined in exactly the same way.

Remark. In expressions of purpose, the relative is preferred
when the governing clause contains a more or less indefinite ex-
pression {e.g. "a soldier," " arrows," etc.) to serve as antecedent.
The relative construction should be written as often as possible,
until it is thoroughly familiar.
VOCABULARY
aestas, -atis, f., summer, S7im- ignotus, -a, -um, unknown.
mer time. Italia, -ae, f., Italy.
carrus, -i, m., wagon. lego, 3, legi, lectus, read;

certe, adv., certainly, at any may be construed with
rate. indirect discourse.
dux, ducis, m., leader, com- mons, montis, m., mountain.
mander, guide. moveo, 2, movi, motus, move.
fabula, -ae, f., story. castra mover e, to break
hiems, hiemis, f., winter, camp.
winter time. tempus, -oris, n., time, season.
Hispania, -ae, f., Spain.
Note. While imperator is a strictly military term, dux may be

used of a leader of any kind.
1 In these Exercises a knowledge of the words used in the Primer is, in general,
assumed. For words that are forgotten, see the English-Latin Vocabulary at the
end of this volume.
EXERCISE I 201
I-STEMS
It will be recalled that third declension nouns fall into
two classes, (i) Consonant Stems, and (2) I-Stems. The

I-Stems include
a) Masculines and feminines in -is which have the same

number of syllables in the nominative and genitive
singular (e.g. navis, gen. navis).
b) Feminines in -es which have the same number of syl-

lables in the nominative and genitive singular (e.g.
valles, gen. vallis).
e) Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.
Furthermore, the plural of
d) Masculines and feminines terminating in -ns or -rs, or

consisting of a single syllable ending in either -s
or -x preceded by a consonant.
Note. Memorize the above statement just as it stands ; and

find, in the Vocabulary of this Exercise, a word which falls
under (d).
Remark i. To become thoroughly familiar with the I-Stem

endings, it is necessary to write them frequently, even when op-
tional (e.g. -Is for the accusative plural of masculines and feminines).
And, in this connection, the inflection of I-Stem adjectives {e.g.
omnis) must not be forgotten.
Remark 2. As indicated in the Primer, the ablative singular

of masculine and feminine I-Stems varies too much to allow of
formulating a general rule. Of the words used in the Primer,

collis, hostis, nubes, ovis, piscis, and valles have -e in the ablative ;
avis has either -e or -i ; ignis and navis have either -1 or -e; and
securis has -1.
TRANSLATION
1.* i. The king
sending sailors to discover the hiding
is
1
place of the enemy. 2. In winter there are no roads by
which to take 2 wagons to the city; but at this season of

the year horses can very easily make their way over the
3
mountains. 3. Do not think 4 that the king is willing to

give us money with
which to buy ships.5
4. For two
6
years the soldiers had been detained in the town but on ;
that day 7 the general had ordered the army to break camp
so as to march into Italy.
2.* " Let's go into the tent, Quintus, and read our book/'
said Marcus. " Claudia says that in it is a splendid 8 story
about three little ships." Who was the commander?"
"
asked Quintus. " Columbus was the commander," re-
plied Marcus. " He set out from Spain to look for un-
known lands, and his little ships were almost broken by

the force of the waves. Some people 9 thought him de-
luded, 10 but certainly he was a very brave man. Come, 11
let's read the book."
1. Use the pi., as usual. 7. Review the gender of the

2. Turn the phrase into the Latin word.
passive. The verb possum need 8. Superl. of pulcher.
not be supplied. 9. some people : quldem (pi.,
3. make (oners') way over: as noun). This use of the mascu-
supero, 1 . line of adjectives and pronouns is
4. Note that this phrase ex- verycommon in Latin e.g. multi, ;
presses Prohibition. "many people, boni,

,,
"good
5. Describe two different ways men, 1
'
etc.
1
of rendering "with' into Latin. 10. Lit., thought him to be de-
Which is required here? luded; {be deluded: erro, 1).
6. Use moror. 11. age (imperative sing.).
* These numbers indicate the Reading Lessons to which the Exercises cor-
respond.
EXERCISE II 203
EXERCISE II
(3-4)
ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFEREXCE — DOUBLE

ACCUSATIVE — FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
MODEL SENTENCE
Paucis post diebus ad urbem rediit He returned to the
city a few days later, or, after a few days {lit. afterward by
a few days).
Rule. Degree of Difference is expressed by tJie ablative

case.
Remark. The ablative of Degree of Difference has many

applications in Latin, e.g. multo maior, " much greater" (Jit.
" greater by much ") ; but for the present the discussion is limited
to time expressions.
MODEL SENTENCE
Agricolam regem fecerunt, They made a farmer king.
Rule. Verbs of Makings Appointing, Naming, etc.,
may take a predicate accusative along with tlieir direct

object.
Note. In the corresponding passive construction, the direct

object, of course, appears as subject of the verb, and the predicate
noun too stands in the nominative ; e.g. Marcus rex puerorum
appellatus est, " Marcus was called king of the boys " (cf. the
familiar predicate nominative with forms of the verb sjm).
VOCABULARY
alter, -era, -erum, tJie other appropinquo, 1, -avi, -atum
(of two). est, drazv near, approacJi
amo, 1, love, like. construed with the dative,
appello, 1, call, name. or with ad and ace.
Europa, -ae, f., Europe. laboro, i, -avi, -atum est,
homo, -inis, c, man. work, labor.

incola, -ae, m., inhabitant, pars, partis, Y.,part.
native. post, adv., afterward, after,
incolumis, -is, -e, safe ; often later.
rendered by an adverb, sentio, 4, sensi, sensus, real-
safely. ize ; may be construed

interficio, 3, -feci, -fectus, kill. with indirect discourse.
trans, prep., with a,cc.,aeross.
Note i. Remember that alter belongs to a group of adjectives

peculiar in the genitive and dative singular ;
(consult, if necessary,
the Note on p. 352). With regard to the inflection of pars, see
the statement on p. 201.
Note 2. Homo is the general term for " man " in the sense of
"individual," or "human being." Vir, on the other hand, is a
proper designation for a warrior or hero ; or it may be used to
contrast " man" with "woman," "child," or the like.
Note 3. While both tutus and incolumis signify "safe," the

former properly means " sheltered," and the latter "unharmed "
;
e.g. locus tutus, " a safe (sheltered) spot," but imperator incolumis
est, "the general is safe (unharmed)."
THE FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

The future active participle of any verb may be formed
by changing the ending of the perfect passive participle
to -urus, e.g. amatus, amaturus, -a, -urn ; habitus, habiturus,
-a, -urn ; etc. Turning Forms, noteto the Summary of
form
particularly that deponents, as well as other verbs,
this participle and observe also that sum has the form
;
futurus, though (by reason of its meaning) it is a verb

that lacks the perfect passive participle.
Remark. Fugio, too, though lacking the perfect passive parti-

ciple, yet has the future active form fugiturus, -a, -um.
EXERCISE II 205
Used in connection with various forms of the verb sum,

the future active participle designates an action as about to
take place at the time indicated by the form of sum; e.g :
The army is about to break camp,

The army is on the point of break-
Exercitus castra motu-
ing camp,
rus EST,
The army is ready to break camp,
etc.
The armies zvere about to break

camp,
Exercitus castra moturl The armies were on the point of
ERAXT, breaking camp,
The armies were ready to break
camp, etc.
TRANSLATION
3. i. The king was on the point of sending a part of
the other 1 army to 2 capture the unknown commander; but
after a few hours he set out across the mountains, and on
the fifth day arrived home. 2. The settlers, 3 who were
now ready 4
to cross the larger river, made a sailor their 5
leader; and when at the third hour of the day they had
brought 6 the wagons by ship 7 to the other bank, they
marched quickly to the smaller hill. 3. They are about
to send men 8
to give axes to the soldiers whom the general
has allowed to break camp. 4. In summer, small towns
are often destroyed 9 with fire by the Indians; for then the
settlers are working in the fields. 5. The inhabitants of
10
all these cities 11 were called 12 Indians by Columbus.
4. " Sit down 13

in the shade, boys," said Claudia.
"Did you read that story about the ships of Columbus ? "
"We have read two thirds 14 of it," 15 answered Quintus.
;
2o6 FIRST LATIN READER

" I like do not like his sailors, who were
Columbus, but I
very bad men for they even 16 wanted to kill their 17 com-
;
mander/' "But," said Marcus, "when they saw 18 berries

in the water and realized that the ship was drawing near
5
to some shore, 19 then at any rate they were glad, 20 I
guess, 21 and praised 22 their 5 brave leader."" Did Colum-
bus get back 23 to Europe safely ?" asked Quintus. "Co-

lumbus returned to Spain safely himself," 24 replied Claudia;
" but all the settlers he 25 had left on an 26 island, the Indians
killed."
i. See the Vocabulary of this 17. suus, -a, -um, placed after
Exercise. the noun (like meus, tuus, etc.).
2. In choosing the relative, Until the function of this reflexive
note that "apart 11 is the antecedent. possessive adjective is later ex-
3. colonus. plained, the word should not be
4- nunc or iam ? used at all, except when sug-
5- Omit, gested in a footnote, as here.
6. veho. For the present, avoid also the
7- Use the pi. Name two reflexive pronoun sui apart from
ways of rendering " by " into its familiar use in indirect dis-
Latin which is called for here ? course.
8. PL of is. 18. Imperfect or pluperfect
9- deleo, 2, -evi, -etus. tense ?
10. Place this modifier after 19. If the accusative is used,

the noun. remember that the Latin word is
11.Note that urbs is a word neuter.

of one syllable ending in -s pre- 20. aetus.
ceded by a consonant. 21. opinor, 1. Here paren-
12. What is the gender of the thetical, as in the English.
subject ? 22. laudo, 1.
13. sit down : sedeo. 23. get back: redeo.

14. Lit., two parts. Cf. note 24. himself: intensive pronoun
11 above. (ipse).
15. of it: omit. 25. i.e. all the settlers whom

16. etiam (adv.) Put immedi- . he, etc. In a Latin sentence the
ately before the word meaning " to relative cannot be suppressed.
kill." 26. quidam.
EXERCISE III 207
EXERCISE III
(5-6)
TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

Using voco as a type, the six infinitives of a Latin verb
are as follows :
Active Passive
Present vocare vocari

Perfect vocavisse vocatus (-a, -um) esse
Future vocaturus (-a, -um) esse vocatum in
Note. The new forms in this list can, for the most part, be
learned very readily ; for the perfect infinitive active is found by
dropping the final -m of vocavissem, the perfect passive is formed
by adding esse to vocatus, and the future active by adding esse to
vocaturus. The future passive infinitive is a peculiar and little-
used formation ; its first element is the accusative of a verbal noun

of the same derivation as the perfect passive participle.
Of the three infinitives of deponent verbs, the future needs

to be made a subject of special study. In Exercise II it was
pointed out that deponents have a future active participle ;
and it now remains to note that, utilizing this participle, they

make a future infinitive that is active (not passive) in form.
Thus, the three infinitives of moror are: present, morari
perfect, moratus (-a, -um) esse ;but future, moraturus (-a,
-um) esse.
With the verbs here form all the infin-
cited as models,
itives of habeo, mitto, rapio, and audio also of polliceor, ;
proficiscor, patior, and adorior. Aside from fio, irregular

verbs call for little attention in this connection.
Rule. In Indirect Discourse the various tenses of the in-
finitive designate action as present, past, orfuture from the

point of vie w of the subject of the governing verb of saying,
thinking, hearing, etc.
:
Thus, to choose the tense of the infinitive correctly in

indirect discourse, only one thing is necessary ; namely, to
put one's self in the position of the person who says, thinks,
or hears, and thus discover whether he regards something
as in progress (present infinitive), or as already accomplished
(perfect infinitive), or as yet to be (future infinitive).
MODEL SENTENCES
Colonus dicit, The settler says
(i) nautam vocare, that the sailor is calling.

(2) nautam vocavisse, that the sailor has called.
(3) nautam vocaturum esse, that the sailor will call (is
going to call, etc.).
Colonus dixit, The settler said

(1) nautas vocari, that the sailors were being called.
(2) nautas vocatos esse, that the sailors had been called.
(3) nautas vccatum in, that the sailors would be called.
Remark. Note that in the perfect passive and the future active
infinitives the participles agree with the accusative subject ; whereas
the verbal noun of the future infinitive passive suffers no change.
It is only when the governing verb of saying, thinking,

hearing, etc. is in a past tense that there is likely to be any
difficulty in determining how the subject of that verb views
the action of the indirect discourse. If doubt arises in
such a case, recast the sentence in the Latin form, eg.
The soldier said
(1) that the sailors were on the way =

the sailors to be on the way (in progress).
(2) that they had met the general =
them to have met the general (accomplished).
(3) that they would arrive tired out =
them to be going to arrive tired out (yet to be).
EXERCISE III 209
Remark. Observe sentence (2) with special care, noting how

the English is obliged to use the pluperfect tense ("had met") in
order to show clearly that the meeting is past from the point of
view of the soldier •
and remember that it is only when the per-
son who speaks, thinks, hears, etc. so regards an action that the
perfect infinitive is to be used. If this fact is firmly fixed in the
mind, there will be little danger of confusing the types of sentence
illustrated by (1) and (2).
Note. The present infinitive found with verbs like volo {e.g.
volo "I want to go ") is known as the Complementary Infini-
ire,
tive, because it " fills out " a phrase. The complementary infini-
tive, on occasion, may have a subject accusative (e.g. iubeo te ire,
" I order you to go ").
As contrasted with this, the infinitive in indirect discourse should
always have a subject accusative, and any one of the three tenses
may be called for. Hence, to write correctly, it is absolutely essen-
to know whether a given verb governs the complementary in-
tial
finitive or whether it is construed with indirect discourse.

Including words used in the Primer, the following verbs govern-
ing the complementary infinitive have already been introduced :
coepi, cogo, conor, iubeo, malo, nolo, paro, patior, possum, and volo.
Those governing indirect discourse are : audio, cognosco, dico, doceo,
lego, polliceor, puto, and sentio. In case of doubt, consult the List
of Verb Constructions at the end of the book.
VOCABULARY
alius, -a, -ud, another; pi., credo, 3, credidi, creditus,

other. believe, think ; may be
ante, adv., before, earlier; construed with indirect
often accompanied by an discourse.
abl. of Degree of Differ- Faber, -bri, m., Smith.
ence. modo, adv., just now.
Cabot, -otis, m., Cabot. narro, 1, narrate, tell (with
2IO FIRST LATIN READER
dat. of the person spoken and abl. are supplied by

to) ; may be ponstrued nullius and nulla
with indirect discourse. nomen, -inis, N., name.
navigo, i, -avi, -atum est, novus, -a, -urn, new.
sail. pons, pontis, m., bridge.
nemo, defective noun (dat. spero, I, hope ; may be con-
nemini; ace. neminem),M., strued with indirect dis-
nobody, no one. The gen. course.
Note. For the declension of alius consult, if necessary, the

Note on p. 352. Then, turning back to the Vocabulary of Exer-
cise II, compare the meaning of this word with that of alter.
Above all, do not confuse either alter or alius with the plural
ceteri, -ae, -a.
Remark. The plural alii, as contrasted with ceteri, signifies

" (some) other": i.e. alii milites, "(some) other soldiers"; but
ceteri milites, " (all) the other soldiers."
TRANSLATION
5. was on the point of saying that I 1 had seen

I. I
him a few days before. 2. Did you think that they would
make Marcus teacher of the boys ? 3. At that time there
was nobody to send 2 with 3 us to the other river; but a
man named 4 Smith told 5 us that there were bridges not
far away. 4. We hope that the inhabitants of the moun-
tains are good people, 6 and 7 that they 8 will not 7 kill with
their 9
axes the settlers, who with the greatest bravery 10
are ready to cross the river without the army. 5. After

marching 11 a few miles, the soldiers 12 left a part of the
wagons in a safer hiding place, which the settlers said had
been discovered many years before by the wife of the
commander.
EXERCISE III 211
6. " Did you say that you liked Columbus, boys?"

asked Claudia. " Do you want me to tell you another
story about him?" "I said that I liked Columbus,"
answered Marcus; "but to-day we prefer to hear the 13
story you 14 were just now reading." " I was reading about
a man who was called
15
Cabot," said Claudia. " He sailed
with his son across the sea to unknown shores, hoping 16

9
that he would thus reach

17
Asia. A new part of America
at any rate was discovered by him but he 18 believed that ;
he had seen the coast of Asia. Don't tear 19 the book,

Quintus to-morrow I will tell you another story."
;
i . Do not forget that, in indi- 10. Lit.) most bravely.

rect discourse, the subject must be 1 1 Translate by a cum -clause,
expressed. taking care to select the proper
2. Turn into the passive (cf. tense of the subjunctive.
the second group of model sen- 12. As the cum-clause and the
tences in Exercise I). main clause have a common sub-

3. The preposition cum is ject (milites), that subject should
postpositive with the following pro- be placed first in the sentence.
nouns : ego and tu (personal), qui 13. is.
(relative), and sui (third person 14. Express the subject. See
reflexive). also footnote 25 on Exercise II.
4. Lit., by name. 15. Not voco.
5. Use dico (with dat.). 16. Use again a cum-clause;
Cf. footnote 9 on Exercise
6. for Latin employs very sparingly
I and remember that a predicate
; the nominative of the present
noun stands in the same case as participle. Here cum would mean,
the subject. literally, " since. 1 '
7. and . . . not: nee. 17. pervenio ad.

8. The subject of the indirect 18. The noun use
ille. of this
discourse need not be repeated by word is common.
inserting a pronoun at this point. 19. discerpo, 3, -cerpsl, -cerptus.
9. Omit.
EXERCISE IV
(7-9)
DUM WITH THE PRESENT INDICATIVE
MODEL SENTENCE
Dum haec fiunt, hostes subito castra adorti sunt, While
this was happening, the enemy suddenly attacked the
camp.
Rule. Dum (" while ") is used with the present indica-
tive to describe a past action that was in progress when
something else took place.
Note. It will be observed that dum with the present indica-

tive performs almost the same function as does cum with the im-
perfect subjunctive. But there is a slight difference which must
be noted ; e.g. :
Cum in horto essem, laetus eram, " While I was in the garden,
I was happy."
Dum haec domi fiunt, Caesar oppidum hostium cepit, " While
this was happening at home, Caesar took a town of the enemy."
In the first of the above sentences, the cum-clause indicates, not
time merely, but circutnstaiice as well, i.e. it implies that being in
the garden was the cause of the speaker's pleasant frame of
mind ; in the other sentence, the dum-clause shows that the
two events there mentioned were contemporaneous, but does not
necessarily hint at any other connection between them. Watch
carefully for opportunities to use the dum-construction.
VOCABULARY
arma, -orum, n., arms. semper, adv., always.
dum, conj., while. soleo, 2, solitus sum, lit., be
e, ex, prep., with abl., of. accustomed ; may be con-
Galli, -orum, m., Frenchmen. strued with the comple-
maneo, 2, mansi, mansum mentary infinitive,
est, remain, stay.

EXERCISE IV 213
Note i. E, ex in the sense of "of" is found with numerals

(particularly unus, duo, andand with the pronoun quidam
tres), ;
e.g. unus e puerls, "one of the boys"; quidam e militibus, "(a

certain) one of the soldiers."
Note 2. For soleo" the translation " be accustomed " is rather
formal ; but it other renderings of the word
gives the key to all ;
e.g. ire solebat, " he usually went," " it was his custom to go," "he
used\.o go," etc. In learning the principal parts of this verb, observe
that it is a semi-deponent; i.e. its meaning is active throughout,
but in the perfect tenses only passive forms are found. The full
list of such semi-deponents is : audeo, fldo, gaudeo, and soleo.
TRANSLATION
7. Let us hope that one of the soldiers will take
i.
the other boy to his 2 mother. 2. While this 3 was being

1
said to the general, the braver settlers were on the point

of breaking down the bridge with huge rocks.
4
3. Come,
boys, into the fields. Don't think that I am going to
allow you to dally few hours afterward5
at home. 4. A
horses were given to sailors to 6 take home. one of the
5. Had you realized that there was no one to call the
boys ?
7 8 2
8. 1. In those days the settlers usually took their
arms with them 9
into the fields; for they were always in
fear of 10
an attack from 11
bitter They cer-
12
enemies. 13
tainly were brave men. 14 Their leader was named 15 Smith.

2
2. Marcus says that America was discovered by Colum-

bus many people think that another man discov-
; but 14 1 2
ered it many years before. 3. I believe that the king's
son used to make one of the settlers leader against the 16
Indians.
9. "I have come to tell you 17
another story, Marcus,"
said Claudia. " Is your brother at home to-day ?
1 ;

"Quintus has gone to the shore to see a great ship that
has been broken18
by the waves," replied Marcus " but 7 19 ;
want to hear the story. About whom have you been

reading?" 20 "I was just now reading about a man
named Smith," 21 said Claudia. " He sailed often from
Europe to America, and once was captured by French-
men, who compelled him to remain with them 9
many days
however, 22 he at length 23 reached 24 home safely. But
look! 25 I think I see Quintus coming."
i. Cf. the latter part of the broken : /it., a . . . ship broken

Note on p. 210. (perf. pass, partic).
2. Omit. 19. When the subject is em-
3. Neut. pi. of hie. phasized, as here, the pronoun

4. break down : frango. must be written in the Latin sen-
5. moror. tence.
6. See the second group of 20. Perfect tense.
model sentences in Exercise I. 21. named Smith : lit.,Smith
7. PL of tempus. by na?ne. The word for " Smith 11
8. fero. should be in the same case as that

9. secum. for "man. 11
An amplifying or
10. be in fear of: timeo. explanatory noun may thus stand
u in apposition 11
with any of the
1 . Lit., of
12. acer. cases ; but examples of the nom-
13. ille ; cf. footnote 18 on Ex- inative are, of course, most fre-
ercise III. quent {e.g. " Ferdinand, King of
11
14. Cf. footnote 9 on Exercise I. Spain ).
15. Imperfect tense. 22. Be careful of the order of

16. contra, prep., with ace. words.
17. How many persons has 23. at length: i.e. at last.
the speaker in mind ? 24. Use redeo.
18. a . . . ship that has been 25. aspicio, 3, aspexi, aspectus.
EXERCISE V 215
EXERCISE V
(10-12)
THE GERUND — DATIVE OF POSSESSION
Unlike the gerundive, which is an adjective, the gerund

is a (verbal) noun, and is found only in the genitive, da-
tive, accusative, and ablative singular ; e.g.
Gen. vocandi
Dat. vocando
Ace. vocandum
Abl. vocando
With voco as a model, construct the gerund of one regular

verb of each conjugation. Deponents form their gerund
in the usual way. Among the irregular verbs, note that
the gerund of eo is eundi, eundo, etc., and that fio has
no gerund forms.
MODEL SENTENCE
Pugnando urbem ceperunt, By fighting they got posses-

sion of the city.
Note. For the present, the discussion is limited to the ablative

case of the gerund. In the model sentence, observe how pugnando
expresses Means, just as the ablative of any other noun might do.
Remark. An English word like " fighting " may be either a

verbal noun or a present participle. In dealing with such forms,
therefore, care must be taken to determine whether they are
nouns or participles before attempting to translate them into
Latin.
2i6 FIRST LATIN READER
MODEL SENTENCE
Colon! filio equus pulcher est, The settler's son has a fine
horse.
Rule. The fact of possession may be indicated by the

use of the dative case in connection with a form of the
verb sum.
Remark. This method of indicating possession should be em-

ployed in preference to the use of habeo until it is thoroughly
familiar.
VOCABULARY
adfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, morior, 3, mortuus sum (fu-
bringy carry (to). ture partic. moriturus, -a,
atque, ac, conj., and, -urn), die.
Britannia, -ae, f., England. Novum (-1) Eboracum, -1, n.,
Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar. New York (city).

cibus, -I, u.,food. scapha, -ae, f., skiff, open
copiae, -arum, f., troops, boat,
forces. scribo, 3, scrips!, scriptus,

evado, 3, -vasi, -vasum est, write ; may be construed
escape. with indirect discourse.
Hudso, -onis, m., Hudson. ubi, relative adv., where.
Note i. Of the forms atque and ac, the former should be

used when the following word begins with a vowel or h.
Note 2. The relative use of ubi may be seen in a sentence

like hie est locus, ubi ursae latent, " This is the place where {i.e.
in which) the bears hide."
translation
10. 1. Did you think that all the Indians would escape
by running? 2. The king has many children, but I be-
EXERCISE V 217
lieve that he has found no one to teach them. 3. The 1
natives called the island Cuba, and that

2
name has re-
mained these many years. 4. While the horses were
3
being taken 4 across the river on 5 a ship, two of the soldiers

quickly seized 6 an open boat, and another 7 brought the
arms. 5. Either 8 at that time or 8 a few days earlier, the
troops of our general, much disturbed by this happening, 9
were on the point of attacking the town.
11. 1. Don't fear the smaller waves. 2. We had axes

and daggers; 10 but 11 while the Indians were crossing the
hill, we were marching to the river, that there might be
some one 12 there to guard the longer bridge. 3. The boys

were busy 13 reading and writing 14 but one of the girls
;
told us a story about a man named Caesar, who once

15
sailed to England and captured a part of that island.

4. In the winter time Caesar used to stay in camp, 16 but
in summer he always would
17
march many miles across
mountains and rivers to attack the towns of the enemy. 18
12. "hope that Claudia will come to-day,'* said Quintus

I
to Marcus. " For I was not at home yesterday, and so I

did not hear the story about the man named Smith." 19
"7 20 have heard a new story," replied Marcus. " My
father told me that a man called Hudson set out from

15
Europe, and that the island, where New York now is, was
discovered by him. A little later Hudson came again M
21
to America, and there found a great unknown

23
sea but ;
24
when the sailors realized that they had used up nearly 26
25
their 28 commander, and many

27
all the food, they deserted
29 30
people believe that he died in a skiff on the open sea."
1. Usually an infinitive has no upon it. Hut the perfect infinitive

effect upon the tense of the sub- restricts the subjunctive in such
junctive in a clause dependent clauses to the imperfect and plu-
; .
2l8 FIRST LATIN READER
perfect. Express purpose here 16. Use the idiom: se castris

by means of a relative clause. tenere
2. is. 17. Translate by the choice of
3. dum. tense.
4. veho. 18. PL, as usual.
5. Lit., by. 19. i.e. who was called Smith.
6. capio. Use the imperfect tense (and cf.
7. Cf. the latter part of the footnote 15 on Exercise III).

Note on p. 210. 20. Cf. footnote 19 on Exer-
8. either . . . or: aut . . . cise IV.
aut. 21. Not indirect discourse.
9. i.e. circumstance, or thing. 22. came again: i.e. returned.
10. sica, -ae, f. 23. Place this second modifier
11. In connection with the after the noun.
conjunctions cum and dum, autem 24. Cf. footnote 12 on Exercise
is preferred to sed e.g. cum au-
; III.
tem, dum autem, etc. 25. Cf. footnote 18 on Exercise

12. Use the pi. of is. II.
13. occupatus, -a, -um. 26. i.e. almost.

14. i.e. with reading and 27. relinquo.
writing. 28. Omit.
15. Cf. footnote 21 on Exer- 29. apertus, -a, -um.
cise IV. 30. Be careful of the spelling.
EXERCISE VI
(T
3-i5)
REVIEW OF EXERCISES I TO V — SEQUENCE OF TENSES

VOCABULARY
arbitror, 1, think, suppose incendo, 3, -cendi, -census,

may be construed with in- burn, set on fire, fire.
direct discourse. legatus, -I, m., captain.
cum, causal conj., since, as. mensis, -is (abl. -e), m.,
Curio, -onis, m., Curio. month.

EXERCISE VI 219
nescio, 4, -scivi, not know; quamquam, conj., although,

may be construed with though.
indirect discourse. Standisius, -si, m., Standish.
Nova (-ae) Britannia, -ae, f., tamen, adv. and conj., still,
New England. yet, nevertheless.

Prissilla, -ae, f., Pris cilia.
Note i. When cum develops the full causal sense " since,"
"as," it is no longer and pluperfect
restricted to the imperfect
subjunctive, but may be followed by any tense of that mood.
Note 2. On the genitive (and vocative) form StandisI, see

Notes 1 on pp. 345-346. The other cases of the name,
and 2
of course, proceed regularly (Standisio, Standisium, etc.).
Note 3. Tamen should not be placed first in a setitence ; but

it often stands first in its clause, when balancing a word like quam-
quam in a preceding clause ; e.g. Agricola, quamquam iratus est,
tamen filium vocare non vult, " Although the farmer is angry,
still he is not willing to call his son." In no case should tamen
be placed later than second in its sentence or clause.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Of the constructions already familiar, the purpose clause
most clearly illustrates a fundamental law running through
all Latin sentence-structure, namely, that the tense of the
subjunctive in subordinate clauses is influenced by the
tense of the verb of the governing clause. This funda-
mental principle is known as the Law of Sequence of
Tenses. It may be summarized as follows :
Rule. In dependent subjunctive clauses, tlie present or

perfect tense is required when the verb of the governing
clause is a Present, Future, or Future Perfect {Primary
Sequence) ; the imperfect or pluperfect is required when the
verb of tlie governing clause is an Imperfect, Perfect, or P he-
perfect ( Secondary Sequence).
:
Note. With rare exceptions, the above rule holds good what-
ever the mood of the governing verb may be (for we often have,
for example, subjunctive dependent upon subjunctive). It is the
tense of the governing verb that is the decisive thing.
The following table illustrates the Law of Sequence of

Tenses as applied to clauses introduced by cum in the
causal sense
Cum virl vocent, Since the

7 men are calling, ego vocare nolo, I do
3 i
Cum virl vocaverint, Since not care to call.
the men have called,
Cum viri vocarent, Since the

men were calling, ego vocare nolui, I did
Cum virl vocavissent, Since not care to call.
the men had called,
Note i. While the general principle illustrated above accounts

equally well for the tense of the subjunctive in cum-clauses and
in purpose clauses, it is well to note here, at the very outset, that
the force of the present and imperfect subjunctive in purpose
clauses somewhat peculiar.
is In cum-clauses (see above) the
present and imperfect subjunctive denote action contemporaneoits
with that of the governing verb but, since a purpose is some-
thing looked forward to (e.g. venit, ut emeret, " He came that he
might buy "), the present and imperfect subjunctive in purpose
clauses necessarily have to do with action that is future from the
point of view of the governing verb.
Note 2. The perfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive

(not employed in purpose clauses) designate an action as ante-
cedent to that of the governing verb ; see the second and fourth of
the sentences in the table above. If the forms of the perfect sub-
junctive are not thoroughly familiar, they should be reviewed at
this point.
EXERCISE VI 221
TRANSLATION
1
13. i. Since this skiff is usually left on the shore, let's
2 3
call a sailor to take us to the island. 2. I can see one
of our sailors ; but I think that the other skiff has already 4
crossed While 5 the forces of the enemy
the river. 3.
were firing the town, some 6 settlers were bringing food in 7
wagons to the fort. 4. By lying 8 on the ground, the sailors

thought that they would deceive 9 the enemy. 5. Al-
10
though no farmer had a horse, do you yet believe that
the Indians will not capture 11 their wives?
14. 1. A
few days before, the same soldiers were on the
point of crossing the mountains but do not imagine 12 that ;
the army wanted to desert its 13

leader. 2. Although a
man named Curio had 14

been appointed commander, still
15
at that time there was no one to provide grain for the
army which had escaped across the river. 3. Since you
16
have made a boy your 3 guide, 17 guard your horses well. 18

We prefer another leader. 4. On all sides the Indians, who
had arms, now came together more readily to attack the
fort.
15. "Come into the garden," said Marcus; " to-day

/
19
will tell you a story." "Good," said Claudia and
Quintus; "let's hear it.
3 " "Once," said Marcus, "there
was a very brave captain named Standish. He had sailed
from Europe to New England along with a few settlers,
and 20 during the following 21 winter his wife died. A few
months later he thought that he was going to marry 22 a 6
pretty 23 girl, but she 24 preferred another man." 3 "What
was the girl's name?" 25 inquired Quintus. "I don't
know," answered Marcus. "Do you™ Claudia?" "I
think that her name was Priscilla," replied Claudia.
27
I. is . . . /<?/*/ : do not mistake 19. optime (adv.).
the tense. 20. Use atque (ac) occasion-
2. Relative clause. ally, in order to become familiar
3- Omit. with this conjunction.
4- iam. 21. proximus, -a, -um. Note
5- dum. that this phrase does not express
6. quldam. Extent of Time.
7- Lit., by. 22. in matrim5nium duco.
8. Cf. Exercise V. 23. Place this second modifier
9- ehido, 3, -lusi, -lusus. after the noun.
10. Not habeo. 24. ille ; cf. footnote 18 on
ii. The future active infinitive Exercise III.
is often written without esse. 25. Lit. j by what (qui) name

12. puto. was the girl called f I nterrogative
13- suus, -a, -um; cf. footnote words, when possible, should be
17 on Exercise II. placed first in the sentence.
14. Pass, of facio. 26. i.e. do you know (scio, 4,
15- do. sclvi, scitus). The particle -ne
16. Dative case. may be attached to a pronoun.
17- dux. 27. Recast the clause, and use
18. dlligenter. a dative of possession.
EXERCISE VII
(16-18)
THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

MODEL SENTENCES
Colonis interfectis, Indi villas statim incenderunt, After
killing the settlers (the settlers having been killed), the
Indians at once fired the farmhouses.
Venatore duce milites flumen transierunt, With a hunter
as guide (a hunter [being] guide), the soldiers crossed the
river.
The above sentences illustrate the two most important

varieties of the ablative absolute construction. The first
EXERCISE VII 223
type, consisting of anoun and the perfect passive participle,

is in the other, two nouns in the abla-
already very familiar ;
tive case are simply placed side by side, without any verbal
form to connect them.
Remark i. In ablative absolutes of the first type, the present

participle is occasionally used, with or without an object ; e.g.
Indis urbem incendentibus, naves ad litus appropinquabant, "As the

Indians were firing the town, the ships were approaching the
shore." And an occasional variant on the second type is afforded
by ablative absolutes made up of a noun and an adjective ; e.g.
Nautls incolumibus naves redierunt, " With sailors unharmed (the
sailors [being] safe) the ships returned.
Remark 2. Since the literal renderings of the ablative abso-

lute are so crude, it is almost always necessary to represent this con-
struction in some other way in English ; see the examples above.
VOCABULARY
audeo, 2, ausus sum, dare, construed with indirect

venture; may be con- discourse.
strued with the comple- oppidani, -orum, m., towns-
mentary infinitive. people.
auxilium, -II, n., aid, help. Pollux, -ucis, m., Pollux.
bos, bovis, m. and f., ox, Romanus, -1, m., a Roman;
cow ; pi. m., cattle. See pi., the Romans.
the Summary of Forms, sis, please; pi., sultis.
p. 348. telum, -I, x., weapon, telum

Castor, -oris, m., Castor. (tela) mittere, to shoot, to
conscendo, 3, -scendi, -scensus, fire.
climb, scale, board (a ship), vinco, 3, vici, victus, win;
longinquus, -a, -um, distant. with ace, overcome, sub-
nuntio, 1 , announce ; with due, defeat, beat.
dat, inform, tell. May be
Note i. Observe that audeo is a semi-deponent (cf. the latter

part of Note 2 on p. 213.
Note 2. On the declension of auxilium, see Note 2 on p. 219.
Note 3. Sis and sultis are short for si vis and si vultis {lit.
" if you will").
TRANSLATION
16. 1. With Marcus
for teacher, the boys are usually
tired with play, and 2 not with reading or writing. 2. Since
1
the son of one settler had promised that he would send

better horses, we stopped 3 a few hours in the shade, and
sent two of the boys into the town. 3. While 4 the cattle
were crossing the field, the sailors whom you saw on the ship
were hiding along 5 the shore, and 6 did not 6 dare to shoot
4. The hunters who were on the point of
7
at the soldiers.
boarding the ship had a bear and four monkeys. 5. Are
there more waves to-day ?
17. 1. After throwing 8 the food into the water, Marcus

escaped into the tent, and the other 9 boy ran home.
2. With Caesar for general, I hope that we shall over-
come the enemy. 10 3. We did not know that the captain
had died a few months before. 4. Although we hear that
arms are usually brought by the settlers from all 11 parts of
the mountains, still we do not dare at this time to set out
with the cattle. 5. Send forces 12 toguard 13 the wives and
children of all the settlers. 6. Have you heard about these
14 15
more important matters?
18. " Tell me a story to-day about the Romans, 16 please,"

said Quintus to Claudia. " We were just now reading about
Castor and Pollux," said Claudia. "The Romans think
that these gods once rushed 17 suddenly into the fight, 18
and that by their aid the enemy were beaten. Some 19
EXERCISE Mil 225
say too 20 that a few hours same gods met a 19 later the
Roman on a distant road, .and bade him announce to 21
his
22
townspeople that the Romans had won." "I don't
believe that
23
story/' remarked Quintus. "What do you
"
think of it, 24 Marcus ?
1 . Lit., with playing. second modifier after the noun
this ;
2. Omit. and place the whole prepositional

3. moror. phrase first in the sentence, omit-
4. dum. ting -ne.
5. per. 15. i.e. cir ami stances, or
6. and . . . not: neque. tilings.
7. in. 16. about the Rojnans : put

8. Cf. footnote 1 1 on Exercise first in the sentence.
III ; or use an abl. absol. 17. curro.
9. Cf. the latter part of the 18. pugna.

Note on p. 210. 19. quidam.
10. PI. ; and cf. Remark 1 on 20. etiam (adv.) ;
place before
p. 201. the verb of saying.
1 1 . Place this modifier before 21. i.e. ordered him to an-
the preposition. nounce.
12. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 22. suus, -a, -um; cf. again
ercise V. footnote 17 on Exercise II.
13. Use a relative clause. 23. hie.
14. i?npo?'tant : magnus. Put 24. of it : i.e. about it.
EXERCISE VIII
(19-21)
ABLATIVE OF MANNER — REVIEW OF THE GERUNDIVE
MODEL SENTENCES
Maxima celeritate hostes fugerunt, The enemy fled at
top speed (with the greatest swiftness).
Omnibus modis montem capere conati sunt, They strove
by every means (in every way) to take the mountain.
Rule. Marnier may be expressed by a noun in the abla-
tive case with an adjective modifier.
:
THE GERUNDIVE
Remember that, in distinction from the gerund (verbal
noun), the gerundive is an adjective, e.g. vocandus, -a, -um,
habendus, -a, -um, etc. ; also that, in connection with forms
of the verb sum, the gerundive indicates that a thing must,
ought, should, or needs to be done, eg.
Mulier vocanda est, The woman must be called.

Puto mulierem vocandam esse, think that the I woman
ought to be called.
Caesar sequendus est, Caesar should be followed.
Note particularly the above examples, observ-
last of the
ing that the gerundive of a deponent has the regular passive

force. For the verb eo, see the Summary of Forms, p.
374 ;and note that fio has no gerundive.
Remark. Deponent verbs have peculiarities that demand very
careful study. It has already been pointed out that for their
future infinitive they choose the active form (e.g. secuturus esse) ;
and to this is now added the interesting observation that their

gerundive is passive in meaning as well as in form.
VOCABULARY
celeritas, -atis, f., speed, ne . . . quidem, adverbial
swiftness. phrase, not even.
ceno, i, -avi, (-atus), dine. Pompeius, -el, m., Pompey.
dedo, 3, -didi, -ditus, surren- progredior, 3, -gressus sum,
der (something) ; con- advaiice.
strued in the same way quondam, adv., formerly,
as the verb do. once.
HispanI, -orum, m., the Span- senatus, -us, m., senate.
iards. Sertorius, -n, m., Sertorius.
modus, -I, m., way, means, virtus, -litis, f., bravery,
fashion. valor, courage.
EXERCISE VIII 227
Note i. The phrase ne . . . quidem is always divided, the

word or words to be emphasized standing between the two parts,
e.g. ne Caesar quidem hoc facere potest, " Not even Caesar can
do this."
Note 2-. On the declension of Pompeius and Sertorius, cf.
Note 2 on the Vocabulary of Exercise VI.
TRANSLATION
19. 1. Do not advance to the river, soldiers; for the
camp needs to be guarded in every way. 1 2. After call-
2 3 4
ing the settlers, the general appointed a sailor to be the
5
guide of the hunters, and sent them to give aid to the
who were now weary with fighting.
soldiers, 3. A way 6 7
must be made by the sword for the guide is now inform- ;
ing the general that the enemy have captured our ships.
8
4. Since we have in no way been able to take that town,

9 10
let us break camp, seize the cattle, and destroy the ships
11 12
with fire. 5. Did he say this to the brother of any
praetor 13
in the senate yesterday? Did he think that my
father ought to be warned ?
20. 1. I think that the townspeople, who have weapons, 14
should be seized; but 15

since our commander hopes that
in a few days they will surrender their 16 leader to us, I
suppose that we shall not kill them. 2. While our forces
were fighting with great bravery, one of the Indians set
out to burn some 17 distant farmhouses. 3. We are about
to send a sailor to board the vessel and get 18 the boy
whom you heard had escaped from the fort. 4. Have
19 20
they learned the cause of all these things? 5. All
those 16
who had dared to advance into the valleys were
overcome by our men, 21 and within a few days we shall
attack the towns.
.
21. Sertorins
A 17
leader named 22 Sertorius, who had crossed over to 23
Spain, was loved by the Spaniards most devotedly. 24 For
many years the Romans tried to capture him, 25
but not
even Pompey could subdue his armies. But 15 when the
war had been waged for a long time, the Romans won
in an inglorious
26
fashion. For one day, 27 as 28 he was
dining, Sertorius 29
was assassinated ^ by one 31 of his own 32
captains.
i. every way : use the pi. 20. Place this modifier after
2. Cf. footnotes 11 and 12 on the noun.
Exercise III. 21. nostri, -orum, m. (cf. foot-
3- facio. note 9 on Exercise I)

4- to be : omit. 22. Translate in two ways.
5- Lit., to bring (fero) aid. 23. transeo in.
This idiom governs the dative 24. most devotedly : unice

case. (adv.).
6. See Exercise V. 25. Use a relative, placing it
7- i.e. road. first in the sentence.

8. Lit., is . . . announcing to. 26. haud illustris, -is, -e. Place
9- -que. after the noun, and be careful of
10. deleo, 2, -evl, -etus. the spelling.
ii. Neut. pi. of hie. 27. olim.
12. ullus. 28. cum.
13- praetor, -oris, m. 29. Cf. footnote 12 on Exercise
14. Not habeo. III.
15- Cf. footnote 1 1 on Exercise 30. i.e. was killed.
V. 31. quidam (cf. Note 1 on the

16. Omit. Vocabulary of Exercise IV).
17- quidam. 32. his own : suus, -a, -um,
18. peto. placed before the noun, thus mark-
19. causa, -ae, f. ing the emphasis.
EXERCISE IX 229
EXERCISE IX
(22-24)
THE INDIRECT OBJECT WITH CERTAIN VERBS

It is a fact already familiar that, in addition to an
accusative, verbs of giving, saying, and the like may
govern also a dative of the indirect object ; e.g. canem
puero dat, " He is giving a dog to the boy."
Somewhat different, however, is another important
class of verbs, which, while lacking a direct object, yet
govern a dative of the indirect object. It happens, un-
fortunately, that verbs of this latter class are generally
most conveniently represented in English by expressions
that suggest the use of a direct object or of some other sub-
stitute for the dative which the Latin words require ; and it
therefore becomes necessary to memorize a selected list of

these Latin verbs, and to fix firmly in mind the fact that
they govern the dative case.
Rule. Credo, faveo, fido, ignosco, impero, invideo,

Irascor, minor, noceo, opitulor, parco, pareo, persuadeo,
placeo, resisto, servio, and suscenseo govern a dative of the
indirect object.
Note. Taking these verbs in the above order, they may be

rendered conventionally :
" trust,* favor, confide, pardon, com-
mand, envy, be angry, threaten, injure, aid, spare, obey, persuade,
please, resist, serve, be offended." As intimated above, hardly

any of these renderings suggest an indirect object, the reason
being (at least in great part) that they are not exact equivalents
for the Latin verbs ; thus, noceo, which iscommonly translated
"injure," really signifies "be injurious," "work injury," or the
like — meanings which obviously call for the dative case. For the
* When credo means " believe (a thing)," it takes a direct object.
present, only the Latin verbs should be memorized. The English
meanings are best taken up as the verbs are introduced into the
Exercise Vocabularies.
Remark. For the class of verbs here under discussion, the

passive construction (including the gerundive' is peculiar, and
should not be attempted until it has been explained in a later
Exercise.
VOCABULARY
Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero. with a purpose clause in-
comitas, -atis, f., kindliness. troduced by ut or ne.

consul, -ulis, m., consul. proelium, -1, n., battle.
no, 1, -avl, -atum est, sivim. quod, conj., because.

persuadeo, 2, -suasi, -suasum summus, -a, urn, greatest.
est, persuade ; governs the ter, adv., three times.
dative case, often along
Note i. Persuadeo strictly means something like "make (it)
agreeable," hence its construction with the dative case.
Note 2. Strictly, summus is the superlative of superior, -ior,
-ius, " higher," " superior."
TRANSLATION
22. Did you dare to persuade them to set out at
1.
1
this time of day ? 2. We thought that the children ought
to be addressed 2 with the greatest kindliness. 3. With
Cicero for consul, the Romans will in every way give aid 3
to those most wretched 4

settlers. 4. Since the enemy
were trying to escape by running away, we sentmen to 5
all parts of the city to warn the soldiers. 5. They think

that not even the son of this man 6
can persuade the senate.
6. Although nobody believes that the valor of our forces
was great, still only a few of 7 the enemy escaped from the
battle.
EXERCISE IX 231
23. 1. Not even Curio was able to persuade the other 8

regiment not to advance against 9 the fort. 2. Formerly
10
the farmers used to guard their cattle with weapons at
night ; but now they do not fear fierce attacks of the enemy.
3. After 11
the general had dined, he was surrendered to
the soldiers whom the enemy had sent. 4. While 12
you
were returning with all speed from the 13
ship, we were
persuading the hunters to bring weapons. 5. I did not
know that one of the generals had 14 a son.
24. A Wreck*
Formerly ships used frequently to be broken on 15 the

16
rocks, because there were no lights to warn the sailors.
Once when a great ship had been carried 17 by the winds 18
against a 19 reef, 20 and men 21 were being swept over-
board 22 by the waves, a certain man, 21 mounted on 23 a very
24 25
fine horse, rushed into the water with a rope, 26 which
with the greatest difficulty 27 he carried to the ship. A
few sailors seized the rope, and the powerful horse very
readily swam with them
28
to the shore. This 29 was done
three times. But then the brave animal 30 suddenly fell to
the ground, and a little later died.
1. The particle -ne divides even 7. only a few of: pauci.

a verbal phrase ; e.g. occlsusne est ? Place after the noun.
2. appello. 8. Be careful to choose the
3. Cf. footnote 5 on Exercise right word.
VIII. 9. ad.
4. Place this second modifier 10. Omit.
after the noun. n. Use cum; and cf. footnote
5. PI. of is. 12 on Exercise III.
6. In this phrase "this

11
is 12. Do not forget to use dum,
the emphatic word. • as occasion offers.
* It is not expected that the headings of stories will be translated.

:
13. Lit.) the greatest. Trans- 21. vir or homo ?
late "greatest " in two ways. 22. sweep overboard: in mare

14. Is this past ox present from proicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus.
the point of view of the subject of 23. Lit., carried (vend) by.
the governing verb ? Choose the 24. fine: pulcher.

tense of the infinitive accordingly. 25. Lit.) ran.
15. in (with ace). 26. funis, -is, m.
16. lumen, -inis, n. 27. labor, -oris, m.
17. adfero. 28. Lit.) by swimming carried
18. ventus, -1, m. (veho) them.
19. quidam. 29. Use a relative.
20. saxum longum. 30. Lit.) horse.
EXERCISE X
(25-27)
NEGATIVE CONNECTIVE
MODEL SENTENCES
Indi miserunt tela, nee fugerunt, The Indians fired, and

did not run.
Nauta ad litus fugit, nee quisquam eum vidit, The sailor
sped to the shore, and no one saw him.
Veni, neque umquam redibo, I have come, and shall
never return.
Rule. When two connected phrases are coordinate and

the second contains a negative, the negative element should
be united) if possible ', with the co7ijunction.
Remark. Clauses are called coordinate when they are of equal

rank ; e.g. "I came and I saw " (as contrasted with " I came that
I might see.").
Applying the rule to the model sentences above, ob-

serve that Latin makes the following combinations
EXERCISE X 233
for " and not " " nor " (nee)
for " and no one " " nor any one " (nee quisquam)
for " and never " " nor ever " (neque umquam)
Note. Of the forms neque and nee, the former should be used
when the following word begins with a vowel or /1.
VOCABULARY
Carthago, -inis, f., Cartilage, opperior, 4, oppertus sum, wait
Hamilcar, -aris, m., Hamil- for.
car. quisquam, , quidquam,
Hannibal, -alis, m., Hanni- any one, anything ; used
bal. mostly in negative clauses.
iterum, adv., again. See the Summary of
loquor, 3, locutus sum, talk Forms, p. 358.
construed with cum and umquam, adv., ever ; used
the ablative. mostly in negative clauses.
TRANSLATION
25. 1. The other sailors have not come, and we do not
think that they should be waited for. 2. Do you think
that you saw the settler following 1 the Indians? 3. Try, 2

soldiers, by running and fighting to make a way by which
to take
3
the horses to the fort. 4. The man says that the
4
kings of these cities are already 5 in the tent, and that 6
nobody is going to talk with them. 5. They are trying
to persuade the general not to wait for larger forces, and
they never will persuade him.
26. 1. Three times, by his 7 kindliness, Cicero has very
easily persuaded one of the men to talk. 2. Follow
quickly, Marcus, and, with me for leader, try to scale 8 this
mountain. 3. were swimming to the
While the settlers
other bank, we could in no way reach the hill, and did
not see the Indians advancing. 4. Since the consul had
escaped a few days later, not even his 9 wife thought that
the enemy should be attacked. 10 5. Upon 11 that fort many
assaults were made very fiercely by the enemy.
27. Hannibal
A great 12 general, named Hamilcar, had a small son
who was For a few years Hannibal lived
called Hannibal.
in Africa; but his 9
father was always waging war, 13 and
the boy could not see 14
him often. One time, 15 when
Hamilcar was about to cross over to 16 Spain, Hannibal
wanted to sail with him. 17 This 18 Hamilcar allowed, but
he made 19 his 9 son promise that he 20 never would love the
Romans; for he feared 21 that nation, and thought 21 that it
would at some time 22 again send armies into Africa to
attack 23 Carthage.
1. Review, at this point, the 10. In indirect discourse the
participles of deponent verbs. (In gerundive is frequently written
this connection it may prove help- without esse.
ful to write a complete synopsis of 11. in (with ace).
the deponent verb, as thus far 12. summus.
studied.) 13. Use the pi.
2. Note that this calls for a de- 14. Lit.) ineet.
ponent verb. 15. i.e. once.
3. Turn into the passive and, ;

16. Cf. footnote 23 on Exercise
here and elsewhere, bear in mind VIII.
the fact that the Latin infinitive is 17. with him : una (adv.).
not to be used to express purpose. 18. Cf. footnote 29 on Exer-
4. For the spelling, see the cise IX.
statement on p. 201. 19. i.e. compelled.
5. iam. 20. Namely, Hannibal.
6. Note that this and the pre- 21. Imperfect tense.
ceding clause are coordinate. 22. at some tune: aliquando
7. suus, -a, -um. (adv.).
8. See the Vocabulary of Exer- 23. In translating this phrase,
cise VII. bear in mind the first statement in
9. Omit. footnote 1 on Exercise V.

EXERCISE XI 235
EXERCISE XI
(28-30)
DATIVE OF AGENCY — THE GERUNDIVE IN PURPOSE

CLAUSES
MODEL SENTENCE
Oppidan! mihi monendi sunt, must warn the towns-

I
people {lit. the townspeople must be warned by me).
Rule. With the gerundive and a form of the verb sum,

Agency is expressed by the dative case.
Note. When this construction occurs in indirect discourse,

and the agent is the same as the third person subject of a govern-
ing verb of saying, thinking, etc., the reflexive pronoun must be
used, e.g. Nauta putat oppidanos sibi monendos esse, " The sailor
thinks that he ought to warn the townspeople."
Remark. From this point on, special care must be taken to

keep clear and distinct the three following constructions :
(1) the
ablative of Means, (2) the dative of Agency, and (3) the regular
Agency construction (namely, the ablative with a, ab).
MODEL SENTENCE
Per silvam ad castra adorienda veniebant, They were
coming through the woods to attack the camp.
Rule. Purpose may be expressed by a plirase made up

of ad and the accusative\ with a gerundive modifier.
Note. This method of expressing purpose is suited to sen-

tences in which the verb of the governing clause expresses motion
(cf. the model sentence).
Remark i. Observe carefully that, in this construction, the

gerundive is still an adjective. Thus, in the model sentence, ad
governs castra, which, in turn, is modified by adorienda.
Remark 2. Note, too, that when used in a prepositional phrase

expressing purpose, the gerundive so far lacks its customary force
of " should," M ought," etc., that such a rendering would make very
poor sense.
Remark 3. Verbs of the class described in Exercise IX {e.g.
persuadeo) are almost wholly defective in the gerundive, and can-

not be used in purpose clauses of the above type.
vocabulary
bis, adv., twice. natus, -a, -um, partic, lit.,
idoneus, -a, -um, suitable; having been bom.

may be construed with totus, -a, -um, entire, wliole.
the dative case.
Note i. Most of the uses of the dative thus far illustrated call
for the rendering " to " ; but i; for " is a translation frequently re-
quired by the dative with idoneus.
Note 2. With an accusative of Extent of Time, the participle
natus states a person's age : e.g. mulier viginti annos nata, " A
woman twenty years old," or " twenty years of age."
Note 3. Remember that totus belongs to a group of adjectives

peculiar in the genitive and dative singular ; consult, if necessary,
the Note on p. 352.
translation
28. 1. Three times a place suitable for a bridge has
been found by the inhabitants of the cities; but to-day 1
their leaders must again interview 2 Caesar. 2. The men

said that sailors had twice been sent to the bridges 3 to
wait for 4 the commander. 3. I have refused to talk with
EXERCISE XI 237
the brother of that man, and the leaders of the entire

nation will not be able to persuade me. 5 4. Since they
are unwilling to send from the ship these men, 6 who have
better arms, let its ourselves 7 advance with greater speed,
and announce to the general that the worse leaders need to
8
be guarded still longer by the townspeople.
29. 1. One promised that he would go to

of the sailors
10
the shore to look for 9 a suitable skiff.2. While this was
being done, the soldiers, with us for leaders, advanced to
the hill to announce that all the enemy had escaped by
swimming. 11 3. Although the whole city must be guarded
by the soldiers, still we have 4 food and water, and no one
fears the armies of the enemy. 4. A few months before,
because not even then were there forces to follow the skiffs,
the general had been unwilling to advance into the great
forest.
30. A Popular Commander
" I see a soldier coming," said Marcus. " Don't run to
hide in the garden, Quintus ; I hope that he will tell us a
story." Then to the soldier: " Who are you, pray? 12
Have you fought in many battles? 13

Tell us a story,
please." 14
" When I was eighteen years old," said the
soldier, " Iaway from this town to the army
ran ; for I
15 17
loved the general. Even 8 in winter he 16 would lie on
the ground at night, and he never ordered his men to do 19 18
what 20
he was unwilling to do himself. 21
One night the 22
fire caught 23 his cloak; 24

but we 25 could never persuade
him to lie in a tent."
1. Be careful of tin* spelling. 5. persuade me: lit., per-

2. Lit., /tieet. suade me to talk. Be careful to
3. Cf. Remark 1 on p. 201. render the English infinitive cor-

4. Translate in two ways, rectly (consult, if necessary, the
. .
List of Verb Constructions, p. 15. Imperfect tense.

382.) 16. ille : cf. footnote 18 on Ex-
6. on Exercise I
Cf. footnote 9 ercise III.
7. What kind of pronoun is 17. Translate by the choice of

this? Do not confuse it with the tense.
third person reflexive (Latin sui). 18. his men: sui, -orum, m.
8. etiam (adv.). Cf. the similar use of nostri (and
9. peto. Translate the phrase see also footnote 9 on Exercise I).
in two ways. 19. to do : omit.
10. Neut. pi. of hie. 20. what: i.e. that which (id
11. Name the part of the verb quod)
for which this calls. 21. Intensive pronoun.
12. Lit., I beg (obsecro, 1). 22. one night: lit., once, at
13. See the Vocabulary of Ex- night.
ercise IX. Put this phrase first in 23. comprehendo, 3, -prehendi,
the sentence, allowing the word -prehensus.
for " many " to precede the prepo- 24. sagum, -1, n.
sition. 25. The pronoun may be ex-
14. See the Vocabulary of Ex- pressed, if autem is the conjunc-
ercise VII. tion chosen.
EXERCISE XII 239
EXERCISE XII
(3*S3)
ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION
MODEL SENTENCE
Hostes celeritate nostros vincebant, The enemy excelled
our men in speed (lit. in respect to speed).
Rule. That in respect to which anything is or is done

may be indicated by a noun in the ablative case.
VOCABULARY
acies, -el, f., battle line, line, parco, 3, peperci (future
donee, conj., until. partic. parsurus), spare.
donum, -I, n., gift. See the Rule in Exercise
exeo, ire, -ii, -itum est, go IX.
out. recipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus, take
inferior, -ior, -ius, inferior. back, se recipere, to with-
mille, indecl. adj., a tliou- draw, to fall back, to re-
sand; pi. (noun) milia, tire.
-ium, n., thousand(s). rideo, 2, risi (risus), smile,

numerus, -1, m., number, laugh.
numbers. superior, -ior, -ius, superior.
Note i. The plural milia, being a noun, is construed with the

genitive ; e.g. sex milia nautarum, " six thousand sailors " (///.
" six thousands of sailors "). Because the English idiom is so
different, this construction needs to be noted with special care.
Note 2. In English we may say either " superior in number"
or " superior in numbers " ; but only the singular of numerus
should be used in rendering such phrases into Latin.
Note 3. Fundamentally, parco signifies something like " be

merciful," hence its construction with the dative case.
Note 4. In the idiom se recipere, the pronoun varies, of

course, with the person and number of the verb ; e.g. me recipio,
te recipis, se recipit, nos recipimus, etc.
TRANSLATION
31. i. We hope that you spared no part of the senate.
2. Though we are inferior in numbers, let us march with
x 2 3
all speed to give help to the forces of the other general.
3. Since the Indians are on the point of attacking the
4 5
town, please send a boy at once into the fields to tell the
farmers that the horses must be taken by them 6
to a dis-
tant place in 7
the woods. 4. A girl nine years of age
named 8
Claudia, unwilling 9
to be outdone 10
in bravery by
the men, 11
ran to the shore, and did not return home until
she learned that all the skiffs were 12
safe. 5. Do not go 13
to look for horses.
32. 1. By larger gifts I think that we

persuade the
shall
14
Indians not to withdraw to those mountains which you
see. 2. After burning the ships, 15 the enemy fled, although
they were superior in number. 3. They appointed 16 him
leader of the hunters, and on the third day sent two thou-
sand soldiers to intimidate 17 the enemy. 4. We must
burn the city, although yesterday one of the enemies' gen-
erals twice tried to persuade us to spare the women and
the smaller children.
33. Veterans Displeased

"The same by 18 the road to-day/' said
soldier is sitting
Quintus. "Let's go out; perhaps he will tell us another
story." When the soldier 19 saw the boys coming, he
smiled and said, 20 " How are you, 21 boys ? I suppose that
you want to hear a new story. Very well. 22 In our 23

army was a regiment of very brave men. 11 Once, when
our forces M had fought fiercely for five hours, the general
EXERCISE XII 241
ordered the whole line to fall back to the hills. 25 When

27
this
26
was heard by the soldiers of that regiment, they
said to their
23
captain, '
We do not know how to fall back.
28
We came to fight, not to 29

run away/ 'But,' said the
captain sadly, 30
'we are ordered 31
to retreat.'
32
And so
those brave 33
men were forced to withdraw under protest 34
35
from the field of battle."
1 Lit., the greatest. 20. Be careful to place the

2. Cf. footnote 5 on Exercise verb of " saying " properly.
VIII. 21 How are you (pi ) t .
Quid
3. Be careful to choose the agitis ?
right word. 22. Very well: licet (lit. :
it is
4. Use the plural form (see permitted ")

the Vocabulary of Exercise VII), 23. Omit.
and do not place first in the 24. Lit., our (men).
clause. 25. Cf. Remark 1 on p. 201.
5. i.e.announce (to). 26. Cf. footnote 25 on Exercise

6. Reflexive pronoun (sui). VIII.
7. Lit., into. 27. Be careful to choose the
8. Translate in two ways. right tense.
0. Cf. footnote 16 on Exercise 28. how to fall back: lit., to
III. fall back; an idiomatic use of
10. outdo: vinco. the infinitive.
11. homo or vir ? 29. not to: i.e. (we did) not
12. Cf. footnote 14 on Exercise (come) to, etc. Do not translate
IX. the words in parentheses, but ren-
13. i.e. set out. der the remainder just as would be
14. not to: introducing what done if the whole were expressed.
kind of clause ? 30. Use an adj.
15. Use a (passive) participial 3i- we are ordered: present

phrase. tense.
16. i.e. made. 32- cedo, 3, cessi, cessum est.
17. i.e. to frighten. Translate 33- Place this second modifier

this phrase in three ways. after the noun.
18. Use in (and abl.). 34. under protest : invitus, -a,
19. Cf. footnote 12 on Exercise -um.

III. 35. field of battle : lit., battle.
EXERCISE XIII
(34-36)
REVIEW OF EXERCISES VII TO XII
VOCABULARY
Americanus, -a, -um, Ameri- Iacso, -onis, m., Jackson.
can. As noun, AmericanI, Lovisiana, -ae, f., Louisiana.
-orum, m., the America?is. quaero, 3, quaesivi, quae-
Britanni, -orum, m., the Brit- situs, look for, seek, find.
ish, the English. supero, 1, surpass, excel, over-
circiter, adv., with numerals, come, conquer.
about. vallum, -I, n., rampart.
classis, -is (abl. -e), f., fleet, vulnero, 1, wound.
TRANSLATION
34. The Indians think that they can surpass us in
1.
running; but we are sending settlers in every direction

1 2
to find men to beat them.

3 4 6
2. Since you have to bring
gifts to that town and nobody 6 wants them, we are going
to look for some Indians to whom they may be given.
7
3. Although with the greatest kindliness the generals of

those armies spared entire cities, still do not think that
I
the commanders 8 of the fleets will withdraw to the other

bank of the river. 4. With a king for guide, the whole
army was ordered to advance to the hills, so that the soldiers
of all the nations might there be arranged 9 in battle line.
35. 1. With a huge ax, a boy ten years of age killed a

bear which had come from the woods to look for sheep. 10
2. The sailors laugh, although the soldiers surpass them 11
inswimming. 3. When Caesar 12 found 13 that the enemy
were inferior number, he was willing to spare all their
in
forces. 4. You 14
will not need to fear the Indians, and
no one will attempt to frighten you. 5. Not even Cicero
EXERCISE XIII 243
surpassed me in kindliness, until our 15 best general was

wounded.
36. The Battle of New Orleans
Once an American general named Jackson had taken
an army into Louisiana to wage war there with the British.
Suddenly it was announced 16 to him that a fleet of the
enemy had come, and that soldiers were disembarking. 17
Hearing this, 18 Jackson at once built 19 a long rampart, as 20
the enemy's forces were superior in number. Though the
12 21 22 23
British charged three or four times with heroic brav-
24 25
ery against this rampart, they were finally forced to
withdraw baffled 26 to their 7 camp. In 27 the battle they had
28
lost about three thousand soldiers but of 29 the Americans
;
30 31
only eight were killed and thirteen wounded.
1. Express the subject, if 17. e navibus egredior (3,
autem is the conjunction chosen. -gressus sum)
2. in every direction: /it., 18. Cf. footnote 25 on Exercise
into att parts. VIII. Make the phrase passive.
3. PI. of is. 19. exstruo, 3, -struxi, -structus.
4. ille. 20. as: i.e. since.
5. have to bring: gerundive 21. Lit., made an attack.

of fero. 22. or four times: quaterve
6. and nobody: see Exercise X. {i.e. quater 4- ve).
7. Omit. 23 . Lit , the greatest
8. praefectus, -I, m. 24. in.
9. colloco. 25. i.e. at last.

10. ovis, -is, f. 26. baffled: re infecta {lit.,
11. ipse. the thing tuiaccomplished).

12. Cf. footnote 12 on Exer- 27. Express the preposition.
cise III. 28. Cf. Note 1 on the Vocabu-
13. i.e. learned. lary of Exercise XII.
14. Singular. 29. ex.
15. Place the possessive adj., 30. tantum (adv.). Place after
as usual, after the noun. the numeral.
16. Impersonal expressions are 31. Express sunt at the end of
neuter. the sentence only.
EXERCISE XIV
(37-39)
THE DATIVE OF INTEREST

MODEL SENTENCES
Res mihi bene eveniet, The matter will turn out well for
me.
Tibi omnia bona sunt, For you everything is good.
Rule. The person whose interest is concerned may be

indicated by a noun or pronoun in the dative case.
Remark. Observe that, while the dative of the indirect object
is fundamentally the " to " dative, the dative of interest is a " for"
dative (cf. the force of the case with idoneus).
VOCABULARY
audacia, -ae, f., boldness, male, peius, pessime, adv.,

daring. badly, worse, worst.
bene, melius, optime, adv., multo, adv., much; used
well, better, best. mostly with comparatives.
clam, adv., quietly, unob- opprimo, 3, -press!, -pressus,
served. crush.
diligentia, -ae, f., care, dili- PoenI, -orum, m., the Cartha-
gence. ginians.
evenio, 4, -veni, -ventum est, videor, 2, visus sum, seem,
turn out. appear ; may be construed
Fabius, -bi, m., Fabius. with indirect discourse.
lumen, -inis, n., light, torch.
Note i. On the declension of Fabius, see Note z on the

Vocabulary of Exercise VI.
EXERCISE XIV 245
Note 2. When used with a comparative, multo normally pre-

cedes ; e.g. multo maior, multo melior, etc.
Note 3. Because of the meaning of videor, the indirect dis-
course dependent upon it cannot have a subject accusative, and

a predicate noun, adjective, or participle in this indirect discourse
therefore stands in the same case as the subject of videor itself;
e.g. Dux esse videtur, " He seems to be the leader ;
" Roman! victi
esse videntur, " The Romans appear to have been beaten ;

" etc.
TRANSLATION
37. Although the enemy are much superior in ships,
1.
still we have * about ten thousand brave soldiers, and war
has never turned out badly for our commonwealth. 2

2. The Indians seem to come to burn 1 farmhouses, and 3
not to 4 steal cattle. 3. Do you realize that the town was
set on fire by a girl fourteen years of age ? 4. You must
guard this camp with greater care for 5 the other general ;
has a much higher rampart.

38. 1. I think that the battle will turn out well for the
senate ; for Pompey seems to have persuaded the sailors to
break down 6 a part of the bridges. 2. After killing 7 the
settlers in the fields, the Indians with the greatest bold-
ness twice attacked that fort, believing 8 that, by burning 9
and killing, 9 they had intimidated the soldiers also.
3. Although a few days before their forces had been much
smaller, they were then on the point of boarding the fleet

and crossing the sea to crush the enemy.
39. Hannibal s Stratagem

When Hannibal 10
had crossed the mountains and ad-
vanced into Italy,he defeated the Romans in " many
battles. On one occasion 12 a 13 general named Fabius l
; .
met him on the march 14 and since the Carthaginians

were hemmed in 15 by mountains, the Romans thought
that they would very easily crush the forces of the enemy
on the following 16 day. But during the night 17 Hannibal
18 3
let loose into the fields some cattle with torches fastened
to their heads. 19
Seeing the lights, the Romans were
7
alarmed, and nobody dared to investigate. 20 Meanwhile

Hannibal's army was quietly withdrawing to a location
more 21 suitable for a camp.
1. Translate in two ways. 1 1 Lit., by.
2. res (rel) publica, -ae, f. 12. 07i one occasion: i.e. once.
3. Omit. 13. quldam.
4. not to: cf. footnote 29 on 14. on the march : in itinere.
Exercise XII. 15. hem in: claudo, 3, clausi,
5. Do not put autem, enim, or clausus.

vero later than second in a sen- 16. (posterus), -a, -um.
tence, even though it be necessary 17. during the night: use an
to divide a phrase in order to adverb.
maintain this order of words. 18. emitto, 3, -misi, -missus.
6. frango : cf. footnote 1 on 19. (ad) the heads of
Lit., to
Exercise V. which torches had been fastened

7. Use a passive participial (deligo, 1). Remember that a
phrase. relative stands first in its clause.
8. Cf. footnote 16 on Exercise 20. investigate: lit., seek the
III. explanation (causa, -ae, f.) of
9. Name the part of the verb the thing.
here called for. 21. magis (adv.).
10. Cf. footnote 12 on Exercise
III.
EXERCISE XV 247
EXERCISE XV
(40-42)
LOCATIVE CASE — THE GERUNDIVE IN PURPOSE

CLAUSES {continued)
In with the ablative is already familiar as the regular
method of expressing Place Where. City names, how-
ever, do not follow this rule, but use, instead of in and the
ablative, a special case form (Locative) which requires no
preposition. City names that are singulars of the first or
second declensions have regularly, in the locative, the same
form as in the genitive singular.
MODEL SENTENCE
Saratogae et Eboraci Nov! erant exercitus hostium, Armies
of the enemy were at (in) Saratoga and New York.
Remark i. But a noun in -ium makes its locative in -ii.
Thus Londlnium has the genitive Londlni, but locative Londinii.
Remark 2. For all other city names than singulars of the first
and second declensions, the locative is regularly identical in form

with the ablative case \ e.g. Athenis, " at Athens " (Athenae,
-arum, f.), Carthagine, "at Carthage" (Carthago, -inis, f.).
Besides city names, three common nouns also form loc-

atives ; namely, domi, "at home," humi, "on the ground,"
and run, "in the country."
Rule. The names of cities, and the common nouns
domus, humus, and rus desig7iate Place Where by means
of the Locative case.
MODEL SENTENCE
Ibi morantur castellorum adoriendorum causa, They are
waiting there to attack the forts, lit. with (i.e. for) the pur-
pose of attacking the forts.
Rule. Purpose may be expressed by the ablative causa,

preceded by a genitive phrase made up of a noun with
gerundive modifier.
Remark i. Do not fail to note that causa must stand /as tin
the purpose clause.
Remark 2. Verbs of the class described in Exercise IX (e.g.
persuadeo) are almost wholly defective in the gerundive, and can-

not be used in purpose clauses of this type.
Remark 3. For the expression of purpose by means of gerun-

dive phrases, ad with the accusative and causa with the genitive
are practically equivalent forms. But while ad with the accusative
attaches itself most naturally to verbs of motion (cf. Exercise XI),
the rule for the use of causa with the genitive is without any such
limitation.
vocabulary
audax, audacis, bold ; (com- munitio,-6nis,F., fortification.

par. audacior ; superl. speculor, 1, spy upon, view.
audacissimus). rus, ruris, n., country (in dis-
causa, -ae, f., purpose. tinction from "city").
Londinium, -ni, n., London. Roma, -ae, f.,Rome.
Note i. Audax belongs to the class known as "adjectives of

one termination," i.e. it is a third declension adjective with the
same form for all genders in the nominative singular. See the
Summary of Forms, p. 350.
Note 2. Though rus is not an I-Stem, it has, along with rure,

the form run. And as this latter is seldom found except in the
sense " in the country," to it is assigned the name " locative,"
as already indicated above. Rure, on the other hand, is restricted
closely to the conventional ablative uses.
EXERCISE XV 249
TRANSLATION
40. i. In the summer we live in the country, but 1 our

grandfather prefers to remain the whole year in London.
2. hope that the war will turn out well for the entire
I
nation. 3. Meanwhile the inhabitants of all parts of the

mountain were going to the shore to look for 2 skiffs.
4. While
3
our soldiers 4 were lying on the ground in the
woods, the general of the enemy led his 5 forces very
quickly through the valley, hoping 6 that, by hurrying, he
would be able 7 to cross all the hills
8
unobserved. 5. Since
the king's fleet excelled in swiftness, our general had to 9
take that town at once; and so we spared neither 10 our-
selves
11
nor 10
our 5
brave horses, until we came to the
bridge.
41. 1. Why do you always prefer 12 to remain at Rome

and not to go to the shore to see the ships ? 2. Let us
13
hurry to the hill; for 1 I can 5 see the two lines, and the
enemy seem to surpass our men in valor. 3. With a dog
for guide, the boldest hunters ventured to go 14 farther
into the forest to hunt for bears; but Marcus says that
matters 15 turned out badly for them, 16 and that one of the
men 17
was killed by Indians. 4. The settlers now ad-
vanced with much greater boldness, thinking that they 6
saw 18 lights in the town. 5. Did you say that the hunters'
skiffs had twice been filled with the waves ?
42. The Spy
Once our commander persuaded one of his 19 captains

to cross the river, to spy upon the fortifications of the
Indians. Although the man 20 thought that the enemy
would perhaps capture and condemn 21 him 22 to death, 21
.
*5° FIRST LATIN READER
stillhe was very ready 23 to go. 24 By night he hid 25 in the

woods, and in the daytime 26 he would climb the highest
trees, to view the enemy's rampart and when at last he ;
had found out 27 the things which 28 the commander wished

to learn, he again crossed the river, and returned safely 29
to the army.
i. Cf. footnote 5 on Exer- 15. Lit., the thing,
cise XIV. 16. ille.
2. Translate in three ways. 17. PI. of is.
3. Do not forget to use dum, 18. Be careful to choose the

as occasion offers. right tense.
4. Lit., our (men). 19. suus, -a, -um.

5. Omit. 20. ille (and cf. footnote 12 on
6. Cf. footnote 16 on Exer- Exercise III).
cise III. 21 condemn . . . to death : ca-
7. The present infinitive of pitis damno, 1.
possum is frequently made to do 22. Reflexive pronoun (sui).

duty for the lacking future in- 23. Use a form of libenter.
finitive. 24. Lit., to set out,
8. Cf. Remark 1 on p. 201. 25. Before choosing the tense,

9. Gerundive. note the wording of the following
10. neither . . . nor: nee . . . clause.
neque (nee). 26. in the daytime: interdiu
11. nos ipsi. (adv.).
12. Reserve the verb of "pre- 27. invenio.
ferring " for the last place in the 28. the things which: ea . . .
sentence. quae (neut.).

13. i.e. battle lines (Vocabu- 29. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
lary of Exercise XII). ercise II.
14. Lit,, to advance.
EXERCISE XVI 251
EXERCISE XVI
(43-45)
ABLATIVE OF CAUSE
MODEL SENTENCE
Timore nautarum naves omnes fractae sunt, Because of

the panic of the sailors,all the ships were wrecked.
Rule. Cause may be expressed by a noun in the ablative

case.
VOCABULARY
abhinc, adv., ago. nuntius, -i, m., messenger.

adventus, -us, m., approach, Petreius, -el, m., Petreins.
arrival. simulo, 1, pretend ; may be
aeger, -gra, -grum, ill, sick. construed with indirect
Antonius, -ni, m., Anto?ii?ts. discourse.
Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline. timor, -oris, M., fear, panic.
Cornivallis, -is (abl. -e), m., undique, adv., from every
Comwallis. sidt\ from all sides {quar-
fit ut, with subjunctive, it ters) ; on every hand
happens that. {side).
hortor, i\urge; governs the Vasingto, -onis, m., WasJi-

acc, often along with an ington.
ut or ne-clause of purpose.
Note 1. Abhinc, "ago," unlike ante, "before," regularly

stands first in its phrase. Moreover, it differs from ante in two
other particulars : first, that it is associated with an accusative of
Extent of Time {not an ablative of Degree of Difference) ; and,
second, that it reckons backward from present time (whereas ante
reckons backward from a point in the past). Thus, abhinc multos
;
annos, " many years ago," but tribus ante diebus, " three days
earlier."
Note 2. For the declension of Antonius and Petreius, see

again Note 2 on the Vocabulary of Exercise VI.
Note 3. The phrase fit ut may, of course, exhibit any tense

(or mood) ; e.g. fiet ut, factum est ut, etc.
TRANSLATION
43. 1. Because of his 1

kindliness Cicero was loved by
all the best 2
Romans. 2. I must crush the enemy at
once; then we shallhave continued 3 peace. 3. Our
general is atNew York for the purpose of meeting his 4
captains. He will urge them to be bolder in spirit, 5 and
4
they never will desert 6 him. 4. It thus happened that
7 8
matters twice turned out well for the other general on
9
the sea and I think that he will soon send messengers to
summon 10
the soldiers who are now living in the country.
44. 1.Ten days ago a girl about six years old hurried
into our camp to notify 11 the commander of 12 the approach
of the women. 2. The women and children are terrified
because of the boldness of the enemy, and there is no one
at Rome to allay 13 their
14
fear. 3. It will soon happen
that horses will be brought from every side into that
Indian's camp, so that the enemy may not 15 steal them.
4. Afew months later our leader began to establish 16
more camps for the enemy then seemed to be on the
;
point of 17 sending larger armies by ship 18 from Spain.
45. Convenient Illness
When Cornwallis 19
was forced to surrender 20 himself
and his all 21
to Washington, he was not ill; but by pre-
EXERCISE XVI 253
tending it,
4
remain in his 4 tent, and did not
he was able to
himself 22
meet the generals by whom his army had been
beaten. And many years before, the consul Antonius,
4 23
sent from the city to crush Catiline, and not wishing to
be seen 24
fighting 25
against 26
a man 27
who had formerly
28
been his friend, on the day of battle gave it out 29 that he
30 4 31
was lame, and allowed his lieutenant Petreius to lead
32
the line against the enemy, who, upon a small hill, had
found a place suitable for a camp.
1. suus, -a, -um. 19. Cf. footnote 12 on Exercise

2. Place this second modifier III.
after the noun. 20. See the Vocabulary of

3. diutinus, -a, -um. Exercise VIII.
4. Omit. 21. himself and his all: se
5. animus, -I, m. Use the suaque omnia.

singular. 22. Intensive pronoun.
6. i.e. leave. 23. Use nolo (and cf. footnote
7. Sing, of res. 16 on Exercise III).
8. Be careful to choose the 24. to be seen : lit., hi?nself
right word. (se) to be seen (conspicio, 3, -spexi,
9. on the sea : place early in -spectus)

the clause, and be careful of the 25. Be careful to handle cor-
spelling. rectly predicate nouns, adjectives,
10. evoco, 1. Translate the and participles.
phrase in three ways. 26. cum.
1 1 moneo. 27. a man: is.
12. i.e. about. 28. friend: lit., friendly

his
n- levo, 1. (amicus, -a, -um) to him (ipse)

14. Masc. 29. i.e. pretended.
15- so that . . . not: intro- 30. Lit.) ill with respect to the
11
ducing what kind of clause ? feet (pes, pedis, m., "foot );
16. constituo, 3, -stitui, -sti- for construction, see Exercise XII.
tutus. 31. legatus.
17. See Exercise II. 32. in.
18. Use the pi.

EXERCISE XVII
(46-48)
THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional sentences of the commonest type state the
conditions under which something is, was, or will be true.
Such conditional sentences are known as Simple.
MODEL SENTENCES
Si nuntius pervenit, militem statim vocabo, If the mes-
senger has come, I will call the soldier at once.
SI Caesar in castris est, impetus hostium vobis non
timendi sunt, If Caesar is in the camp, you need not fear
the assaults of the enemy.
Rule. Simple Conditional Sentences, both in the con-

dition and the conclusion, use any tense of the indicative
required by the sense.
Different from the above are those conditional sentences

which tell what would be true, if something should take
place. This type of conditional sentence is known as
Vague Future.
MODEL SENTENCE
Si hostes flumen transeant, Caesar statim se recipiat, If
the enemy should cross the river, Caesar would at once
fall back.
Rule. Vague Future Conditional Sentences have the

present {or perfect) subjunctive in the condition, and the
present subjunctive in the conclusion.
Remark i. Though the difference between the above types
of conditional sentence is very marked and obvious, it is of the
utmost importance, here, at the outset, to fix that difference
firmly in the mind. Otherwise, mistakes will insidiously creep in.
EXERCISE XVII 255
Remark 2. Since "would" and "should" are put to so

many different uses in English, it may, perhaps, require a little
care to keep clear and distinct (1) the "would" and "should"
of vague future conditional sentences; (2) the "would" which is
merely a mark of customary past action and (3) the " should " ;
which calls for the Latin gerundive.
VOCABULARY
glorior, 1, boast; may be forms in parentheses),
construed with indirect any one, anybody, some
discourse. one, somebody ; anything,
hue, adv., hither, here. something. See the Sum-
qui (quis), qua, quod (quid), mary of Forms, p. 358.
indefinite pronoun : adj., si, conj., if.
any, some; noun (the
Note. Hue is used with verbs of motion only. But it is fre-
quently the required translation for English "here," since this

latter word is so often used loosely for " hither " (e.g. " Come
here!").
%
In memorizing the forms of indefinite qui, note that its
declension is just like that of interrogative qui, excepting

for the form qua (fern. sing, and neut. pi.). Indefinite qui
is used chiefly in combination with the conjunctions si, ne,
nisi ("unless"), and num ("whether"), being there a
regular substitute for the corresponding forms of aliqui ;
e.g.
f quis, if any one, if some one.

si quid, if anything, if something.
qua navis, if any ship, if some ship.
quis, so that no one (lit. lest any one),

ne quid, so that nothing (lit. lest anything).
[
qua navis, so that no ship (lit. lest any ship).
Note i. Study with special care the above examples with ne,
observing how English negative purpose clauses may need to be
recast in order to suggest the Latin form, introduced by the proper
conjunction e.g. " so that no one "
;
=
" lest any one " (ne quis),
" so that nothing " =
" lest anything " (ne quid), etc.
Note 2. When indefinite qui is used in combination with a

conjunction, it should be placed next after that conjunction, with-
out intervening word or words ; see again the examples.
TRANSLATION
46. 1. If. I should seem to be ill, they would think that
we had remained the whole day in London. 1
2. Don't sit
on the ground, children we did not come here to gather 2
;
flowers. 3. Because of the heat 3 the stream is dry 4 and ;
the natives are burning the crops, 5 so that no one may find
6
food. 4. If anything turns out well for us, not even the
Romans will excel our men in boldness.
47. 1. If the general has been killed, you must send a

messenger once to urge Caesar not to appoint 7 Curio
at
If the enemy should pretend to
8
leader. 2. be on the
point of burning the city, we should still try to persuade
our general to remain in camp, and should not venture to
go out ourselves. 9 3. At the time of Caesar's arrival, 10
11 12
it happened that the boldest hunters were advancing
very bravely through the woods to attack the smallest of
the fortifications. 13 4. Spy upon 14 the larger camp with
the greatest care ; for when the assault is made, 15 the two
lines will come together 16 near that rampart.
48. A Youthful Warrior

" The boys are always boasting about the stories they 17
18
hear," said Marcella to the girls. " If anybody comes
from town to-day, perhaps we shall hear something to
boast about." 19 "I see my grandmother coming," re-
EXERCISE XVII 257
marked Julia. Then to her 20

grandmother: " Tell us a
story, please." Once," said her grandmother, " when a 21
"
battle line was advancing to make an assault upon

22
the
enemy, suddenly one of the soldiers spied a little baby 24
23
lying on the ground; and, although bullets 25 were flying 26

in every direction,
27
the line halted, 28 and the captain
ordered the man 29
to carry the boy to his own ^ tent.
Four days later, when the distracted 31 mother came
across 32 the fields looking for her M baby, the boy was found
safe 33
among the soldiers."
1. See Remark 1 on p. 247. 15- Indicative mood. For the
2. carpo, 3, carpsi, carptus. tense, cf. footnote 6 above.
What part of speech is the ge- 16. come together: use the
rundive ? idiom inter se (ace) concurrere
3. aestus, -us, M. Use the (concurro, 3, -curri, -cursum est)
and do not confuse the ablative
pi., 17- Cf. footnote 25 on Exer-
of catise with the purpose con- cise II
struction involving causa. 18. Cf. footnote 6 above.
4. aridus, -a, -um. 19. Lit., things (ea, neut.)

5. PL of frumentum. about which to boast : cf. the sec-
6. turns out : i.e. shall turn ond group of Model Sentences in
out. English is often far from pre- Exercise I.
cise in the wording of conditions. 20. Omit.

7. i.e. make. 21. quidam.
8. What construction with the 22. in (with what case?).
verb of " pretending" ? 23- i.e. saw.
9. Cf. footnote 7 on Exercise 24. baby : Infans, -fantis, m.
XL 25. telum.
10. This whole phrase may be 26. Passive of mitto.
translated by an abl. of Time 27. i.e. on all sides.
When (two words only). 28. consisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum est.

1 1 Lit., it happened by chance 29. Use miles.
[by chance : forte, adv.). 30- his own: gen. of ipse.
12. What mood is required ? Place next after the preposition.
13. Lit.) the smallest fortifica- 31- Lit., thoroughly frightened.
tion .
32- per.
14. Note the deponent verb. 33- Cf. Note 3 on p. 204.

,
EXERCISE XVIII
(49-51)
THE CONSTRUCTION WITH VERBS OF FEARING

Clauses dependent upon verbs of fearing look, at first
sight, very much like purpose clauses but they differ ;
from them in important particulars. In the following

models, note especially the force of ut and ne.
MODEL SENTENCES
Timemus ut videant, We are afraid that they are not
looking.
Timebam ne quis veniret, I was afraid that some one was
coming.
Rule. Verbs of Fearing are construed with subjunctive
clauses introduced by ne (" that ") and ut (" that not ").
All tenses of the subjunctive are found in clauses de-

pendent upon verbs of fearing, the choice being deter-
mined by the Law of Sequence as laid down in Exercise
VI. Used in this construction, the present and imperfect
subjunctive may refer either to action coiitemporaneous with
that of the governing verb, or to action future from the
point of view of that verb ; e.g. :
_ J I am afraid that he is boasting.

8 I am afraid that he will boast.
{
_. _ _ ,. ._ _ f
I was afraid that he was boasting.
Timebam ne glonaretur \ T
'
. , . ^ , 7 ,
[ I was afraid that he would boast.
Note. Observe that, in the phrases where the present and
imperfect subjunctive designate action contemporaneous with that
of the governing verb, the force of these tenses is the same as in
causal cum-clauses ; but when they refer to action that is future
from the point of view of the governing verb, the tense force is
like that seen in purpose clauses (cf. Note 1 on p. 220).

EXERCISE XVIII 259
VOCABULARY
certus, -a, -um, certain, (ali- constituo, 3, -stitui, -stitutus,
quem) certiorem facere, to decide\ determine ; may be

inform (a person); may construed with the com-
be construed with indirect plementary infinitive,
discourse. Faber, -bri, m., Carpenter.

cohors, -rtis, f., company (of .
soldiers).
Note i For the idiom (aliquem) certiorem facere (lit. " to

.
make a person more certain "), cf. the double accusative con-
struction of Exercise II. The comparative certior, of course,
takes any form called for by the context, e.g. imperator milites
certiores faciet, " The commander will inform the soldiers," and
the passive is formed in the regular way, e.g. Caesar certior fit,
" Caesar is informed.
Note 2. On the declension of cohors, see the statement on

p. 201.
TRANSLATION
49. Did you fear that the general's son had not been
1.
informed ? 2. Because of the diligence of these com-

panies, at New York everything is safe, and we do not
1
need to march to the coast ourselves to guard the ships. 2

3. If you should persuade Caesar to spare the whole
nation, we should fear that the other captains would blame 3

you. 4. At Rome they will guard the streets with the
4
greatest diligence, so that nothing be lost; but the fear 5
of the consuls and the senate is extreme. 6 5. If any one
7 8 9
meets him on the road, he will surely be informed.
50. 1. In diligence we perhaps seem to be much inferior;

10
but do not fear that matters will very long turn out badly
for us. 2. If, by boasting, you are able 7 to frighten the
enemy, inform 11 the general at once, and hurry hither 12 to

meet the soldiers. 3. Since the captains 13 have been in-
formed 14 about the attack of the Indians, and are afraid
that the fleet has not arrived, they will at once destroy 15
the bridge with fire and fall back 16 to the hills.
51. Ten to One

Many years ago 17
a certain captain named Carpenter
decided to try to take and burn a town into which the
farmers from all sides 5
were bringing supplies 18 to aid the
enemy. He had with him 19 only 20 about twenty men; 21
but they 22 marched boldly 23 a few miles through the woods,
and suddenly attacked a company of the enemy, which was
guarding the town. Carpenter had divided 24 his men, 25 and
had ordered them 26 all to pretend that they were officers, 27
and to shout out 28 commands 29 as 30 they made the attack.
The enemy of course 31 thought that many companies were
pressing forward 32 through the woods, and fled at full
speed. 33 After burning 34 the town, Carpenter 13 returned
to camp with but two men wounded. 35
1. Neut. pi. of omnis. 11. Do not forget the irregular

2. Cf. Remark 1 on p. 201. imperative forms: die, due, fac,
Translate the phrase in three ways. and fer.
3. culpo, 1. 12. Place next after the word

4. See Note 1 on p. 256. for "and."
5. See the Vocabulary of 13. Be careful of the order of
Exercise XVI. words.
6. summus. 14. What verb determines the
7. Cf. footnote 6 on Exer- tense in this and the following
cise XVII. coordinate clause ?
8. Cf. footnote 14 on Exer- 15. consumo.

cise XIV. 16. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
9. sine dubio {lit. "without ercise XII.
doubt"). 17. See Note 1 on theVocabu-
10. very long: compar. of diu\ lary of Exercise XVI.

EXERCISE XIX 261
18. commeatus, -us, M. Use 27. legatus. Cf. footnote 25

the singular. on Exercise XVI.
19. secum. 28. shout out: clare (adv.)
20. tantum (adv.). Place after pronuntio, 1.
the numeral. 29. mandatum, -1, n.

21. miles. 30. cum.
22. Cf. footnote 25 on Exercise 31. of course: scilicet.
VIII, using autem as the conjunc- 32. procurro, 3, -cucurri or

tion. -cum, -cursum est.
23. audacter. 33. i.e. with the greatest speed.

24. divido, 3, -visi, -visus. Use a cum-clause.
34.
25. his men: sul, -drum, m. 35. Lit. two (men) only
, (tan-
26. Omit. tum) having been wounded.
EXERCISE XIX
(5 2 -54)
GENITIVE OF QUALITY OR CHARACTERISTIC

MODEL SENTENCE
Caesar est summae virtutis vir, Caesar is a man of the
greatest courage.
Rule. A noun in the genitive case, with a modifier,

may be used to designate a quality or characteristic of a
person or thing.
Remark. Observe that a genitive, to be used in this con-
struction, must be accompanied by a modifier.
VOCABULARY
animus, -I, m., spirit, mind. dolor, -oris, m., pain, suffer-
Caius, -ai, m., Gains, a boy's ing.
or man's name. fortitudo, -inis, f., fortitude.
civis, -is (abl. -e), c. (pi. m.), Marius, -ri, m., Marius.
citizen, countryman. medicus, -i, m., doctor.
clamo, 1, -avi, -atum est, cry solus, -a, -um, alone, only.
out, shout.
Note i. By exception, the letter c has the sound of g in the

proper names Caius and Cnaeus. On the declension of Caius, cf.
Note 2 on the Vocabulary of Exercise VI. In connection with a

family name, a first name is usually abbreviated; e.g. C. Caesar,
" Gaius Caesar," M. Crassus, " Marcus Crassus," etc.
Note 2. Remember that solus belongs to a group of adjectives

peculiar in the genitive and dative singular (cf. the Note on p. 352).
TRANSLATION
52. you were afraid that this 1 was turning out
1. If
well for me alone, why did you not send men 2 of greater
boldness to help the others? 3 2. If any one should find
a sword with which to kill the king's brother, we should
4
be informed at once by the Indians. 3. Although Cicero 5

is himself 6
a man of the greatest kindliness, still he used to
fear that some one 7 would kill the consuls. 4. Three thou-
sand 8 baskets were given to the Indians by the settlers, so
that they would not steal the hunters' horses. 5. In London

10
the fear of those days 9 still makes 11 the citizens 12 uneasy. 11
53. 1. Do you think that the general has sent more

companies into the valley, or 13 are you afraid that he 14 has
fallen back to the mountains ? 2. Because of the arrival
of Caesar's ships, the soldiers feared that the sailors had
not escaped. 3. While 15 at Rome and in the country many
people 16 were hoping that 17 our men would win, the enemy,
who were much superior in numbers, 18 suddenly boarded
their 19 fleet, and sailed to the island. 4. We fear that, by
20
talking and urging, the townspeople have very easily per-
suaded the general not to set out 21 with the Indian for guide.
Power of the Will

54.
The Romans thought that men should bear 2

pain
bravely, and they were never willing to cry out, though
EXERCISE XIX 263
22
their sufferings were very severe at times. 23 In those
days 24
the doctors used to strap a man down, if they 25 2 25
were about to operate, 26 so that the patient 27 might not

hinder 28 them. 29 But when Gaius Marius, 5 a general of
great 30 fortitude, needed 31 to be operated upon, 26 he refused
25
to be strapped down, wishing
32
thus to teach his 33 country-
men that 34 the body 35 can be controlled 36 by the mind.
1. Neut. of hie. 18. Cf. Note 2 on the Vocabu-
2. homo or vir ? lary of Exercise XII.
3- ceteri. 19. Omit.

4- Turn into the passive. 20. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
What sort of relative clause is ercise X.
this? 21. See the Note on the Rule
5. Be careful about the order in Exercise VI.
of words. 22. severe: magnus.
6. Intensive pronoun. 23. at times : inter dum.
7. Cf. the statement follow- 24. PI. of tempus.
ing the Vocabulary of Exercise 25. strap . . . down: religo, 1.
XVII : and, for the tense force 26. operate, operate upon
in this clause, see the Note on seco, 1, secui, sectus.
p. 258. 27. the patient : use ille simply,

8. Adj. or noun in Latin? placing it after the other pronoun
9. Review again the gender in the clause.
of dies. 28. impedio, 4, -Ivi, -itus.
10. adhuc. 29. Reflexive pronoun (sui).
1 1 ?nakes . . . uneasy : sol- 30. Lit., the greatest. Trans-
late u greatest
?1
licito, 1. in two ways.
12. See Remark 1 on p. 201. 31. Gerundive.
13. an. As this is itself an in- 32. Cf. footnote 16 on Exercise
terrogative word, do not add -ne. III.
14. ille. 33- suus, -a, -um.

15. Do not forget to use dum, 34- Consult, if necessary, the
as occasion offers. List of Verb Constructions, p. 382.
16. Cf. footnote 9 on Exer- 35. corpus, -oris, n.
cise I. 36. vinco.
17. Be careful to write the
correct construction.
EXERCISE XX
(55-57)
DATIVE OF SERVICE
MODEL SENTENCES
Caesar nautas subsidio venatoribus misit, Caesar sent the

sailors to reenforce the hunters {lit. for a reenforcement
for the hunters).
Cohors mulieribus liberisque praesidio fuit, The company
served as a protection for the women and children {lit. was
for a protection for the women and children).
Rule. The dative singular of various abstract nouns is
used to designate that for which a thing serves, or for which

it is i7it ended to serve.
Remark. The Dative of Service is generally used in connec-

tion with a dative of interest ; cf. the Model Sentences above.
Occasionally it is accompanied by a dative of the indirect object,
and sometimes it stands alone.
VOCABULARY
arcesso, 3, arcessivi, arces- nociturus), injure, harm.
situs, summon, call. See the Rule in Exercise
captlvus, -1, m., prisoner. IX, with the Note.
conservo, 1, save. praesidium, -1, n., protection.
euro, 1, care for {e.g. the sic, adv., thus, in this way.
wounded). subsidium, -I, n., reenforce-
noceo, 2, -ul (future partic. ment.
Note. The verb euro governs the accusative, the " for " of the
English rendering being a part of the definition of the verb, and
not the sign of the dative case,
EXERCISE XX 26;
TRANSLATION
55. i. If any one should send two companies as a rein-
forcement for us, not even the fiercest assault 1 of the
enemy would alarm us. 2. Be men 2 of the greatest forti-
tude; do not fear that the enemy will prevail. 3.
3
If the
soldiers cry out

4
because of pain, we shall not send doctors
to
5
care for them. 4. Since they were afraid that we were
weak 6
in spirit, they called all the sailors to help 7 us.
5. We thought that they were burning the cities in order
8
to injure the senate.
56. 1. Though you fear that men 2

of very little cour-
9
age have been sent with us, still do not think that the
enemy will be able 10 by an assault to injure any 11 company.
2. Let us protect 12 the children of the leaders, and urge
the other men not to stay at home to guard the horses.
3. Thus it happened
by shouting, a boy ten years of
that,
age twice saved that town. 4. If they 14 were informed
13
a few days later about these matters and the arrival of

the fleets, they are now in the valley and we need not fear
an attack from them. 15
57. Luckless Prisoners

" I see a soldier sitting alone in the shade, Quintus,"
said Gaius. " Let's ask 16 him to tell us a story." Seeing
them, 17
the soldier smiled and said, " Do you want
hear to
a story was
? Once I in an army which was waging war
with the Indians, and I heard much 18 about their cruelty. 19
One of the soldiers informed me that they 20 would 21 put 22
prisoners upon 23 the backs of wild 24 horses and bind 25 them 26
25 26
fast, and (that they would) let loose the horses into the 27
woods, so that nobody 28 might find the wretched 29 men 2

and care for them. In 30 this way very many of
31
our citi-
. "
zens whom the Indians captured, have been killed. Do

you 32 not 33 think that they died in a frightful 34 manner ? 35
i. The emphatic word of this 18. Neut. pi. of multi.

1'
phrase is "fiercest. 19. crudelitas, -atis, f.
2. homo or vir ? 20. ille.
3. Either supero or vinco. 21 Use soleo, putting this verb

4. Cf. footnote 6 on Exer- early in the clause.
cise XVII. 22. pono, 3, posui, positus.
5. Translate in two ways. 23. in, with the abl. ; cf. the
6. demissus, -a, -urn. Model construction with colloco.
the phrase on numero superior, etc. 24. ferus, -a, -um.
7. Use auxilium (with the 25. bind . . .fast: arte (adv.)

verb sum), thus illustrating the religo, 1.
new principle in the day's gram- 26. Omit.

mar lesson. 27. emitto, 3, -misi, -missus.
8. Cf. Remark 2 on p. 248. 28. What kind of clause?
9. See the Vocabulary of 29. Use the superl.
Exercise VIII. 30. Not continuing the indirect
10. Cf. footnote 7 on Exer- discourse begun in the preceding
cise XV. sentence.
11. ullus. 31. very 7nany of: superl. of
12. Use praesidium (with the multi. Put the other modifier
verb sum). after the noun, as is usual with
13. What mood is required? possessive adjectives.
14. ille. Be careful of the 32. How many persons are ad-
word order (cf. footnote 12 on dressed ?
Exercise III). 33. Introduce the question by

15. Lit., of them. nonne {i.e. non -f- ne), this com-
16. Lit., urge. bination presupposing the answer
17. Lit., whom when he had "yes."
seen (cf. footnote 25 on Exercise 34. horrendus, -a, -um.
VIII). 35. i.e. way. Use the pi.
EXERCISE XXI 267
EXERCISE XXI
(S8-60)
REVIEW OF EXERCISES XIV TO XX — DEPENDENT

CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
MODEL SENTENCES
Arbitror venatores, quibus pecunia sit, ad oppida ituros,

I think that the hunters who have money will go to the
towns.
Nonne putabas milites, quos imperator arcessivisset, oppi-

dum Did you not think that the soldiers whom
custodire ?
the general had summoned were guarding the town ?
Rule. The subjunctive mood sJiould be used in all

dependent clauses in indirect discourse.
Note. The tense of the subjunctive in these dependent clauses

is usually determined (under the regular rule for sequence) by the
tense of the verb of saying, thinking, hearing, etc., which governs
the indirect discourse ; but clauses dependent upon a perfect in-
finitive are limited to the imperfect and pluperfect tenses of the

subjunctive (cf. footnote 1 on Exercise V).
VOCABULARY
auctoritas, -atis, f., authority, profecto, adv., surely, cer~
influence. tainly.
civitas, -atis, f., state. vulnerati, orum, m., the
expugno, 1, take by storm. wounded.
occupo, 1, occupy.
Note. Contrast certe, " certainly " (" at any rate "), with pro-
fecto, "certainly" ("beyond a doubt").
;
TRANSLATION
58. i. If men of great influence are a protection 1 to the

state, why do you fear that 2 we shall not
2
prevail ? 2. Be-
cause of Cicero's authority, I believe that the companies
we left
3
at Rome are safe. 3. To save 4 the leaders of
the states, who will not be willing to die thus? 4. If 5
something 6 should be given to the other sailor, and noth-

ing 7 should fall out to his disadvantage, 8 he would soon be
able to return home 9
to care for his sick children. 5. I
10
suppose that they have never felt the violence of the waves.
59. 1. We think that those 11 who surpass us in influence

fear that we have tried to injure them. 2. If
12
with sword
and 13
ax we can be a help 14 to the consul, we will by no
means delay 15 in the country. 3. We feared that at Lon-
don some one had ventured to interview 16 the captain for ;
he is a man of the mildest

17
temper. 18 4. If, after burn-
ing the city,
19
they have stopped 15 to care for the wounded,
surely no one will ever say that they hurried home for 20
21
fear of the enemy. 5. Did the leader's son tell the con-
suls the number of days ?
60. The Dispatch-Bearer
"A
few days ago," 22 said the soldier, "our general per-
suaded a bold messenger to attempt to carry some 9
powder 23 to a fort which the enemy had hemmed in 24 on
all sides with strong 25 fortifications. Though the man 26
27 9
was lame, he thought that his father had a horse which
28
could carry him 12 safely through the country 29 which the
enemy had occupied. 28 He therefore set out at night
and when his horse was killed by a bullet, 30 he found
9
another, and thus in a few hours came to the bank of a

31
EXERCISE XXI 269
large river. Here, 32 his 9 second 33

horse having been killed,
he seized a skiff, and floated 34 many miles down the
stream, 35 and finally in safety 36 brought the powder 23 into
the fort, which the enemy were now 37 on the point of
taking by storm."
1. Not nominative. phrase first in the indirect dis-

2. that . . . not: note the course.
kind of verb upon which this 21. dico (with dat. of the per-
clause depends. son spoken to).
3. Cf. footnote 25 on Exer- 22. Be word
careful about the
cise II. order (Note on 'the Vocabulary
1
4. What kind of clause ? of Exercise XVI).

5. 7iot be willing: i.e. be un- 23. pulvis, -eris, m.
willing. 24. claud5, 3, clausi, clausus.
6. Cf. the statement following 25. Lit., very great.
the Vocabulary of Exercise XVII. 26. Use ille.
7. and nothing, see Exer- 27. pedibus captus, -a, -urn;

cise X. (pedibus, Abl. of Specification,
8. Lit. , should turn out badly from pes, pedis, m., "foot 1
').
for him. 28. Be careful of the mood.

9. Omit. 29. Use the pi. of locus, recall-
10. sentio. ing the peculiarity of its declension.
11. PI. of is. 30. telum.
12. Reflexive pronoun (sui). 31. i.e. within.
13. -que. 32. Lit., where (rel. adv., be-
14. Cf. footnote 7 on Exercise ginning a new sentence. Cf. the
XX. similar use of qui when it replaces
15. moror. a demonstrative pronoun).
16. Lit., meet. 33- alter -
17. mild : mitis, -is, -e. 34. no, 1.
18. Lit., spirit. 35. down the stream: secundo

19. Use a passive participial flumine.
phrase. 36. in safety : i.e. safely.
20. i.e. because of. Put this 37. nunc or iam?
270 FIRST LATIJNr READER
.
^ EXERCISE XXII
(61-63)
THE ABLATIVE WITH CERTAIN VERBS
MODEL SENTENCE
Hoc telo miles profecto non utetur, This weapon the

soldier surely will not use.
Rule. Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor govern the

ablative case.
Remark. This list should be memorized as it stands, though

not all of the verbs are to be used immediately. As the Eng-
lish renderings are taken up, it will be found that they give little or
no clue to the Latin construction. Only constant vigilance, there-
fore, will insure against error in connection with the use of verbs of
this class.
VOCABULARY
exspecto, 1, wait for. reduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus,

Gallus, -1, m., a Gaul ; pi., bring back, carry back,
the Gauls. withdraw {e.g. troops),
ratus, -a, -um, partic, think- utor, 3, usus sum, use.

ing ; construed with in-
direct discourse.
Note. Ratus belongs to a small group of deponent perfect

participles used loosely with the force of presents. The rather
frequent occurrence of these participles is doubtless one of the
reasons why the nominative forms of present participles are em-
ployed so infrequently in Latin (cf. footnote 16 on Exercise III).
EXERCISE XXII 271
TRANSLATION
61. I. If Pompey should use his 1

authority to save 2
is the one man

the citizens would say that he 3
the state, all
who does not fear 4

any one fears 5 that the
Caesar. 2. If
companies will not be brought back safely, let us seek
leaders of greater courage. 3. If my sons have been a
help to the state, I hope that our soldiers will use .my
horses also. 4. Because of their 6 love 7 of battle, the
boldest Gauls were unwilling to wait for the wounded,
but 8 hurried across the mountains to occupy the territory 9
of other 10 nations. 5. The cavalry 11 of this one state will
not be able to injure our armies.
62. 1. We must burn that forest, so that nobody may find

there a spot suitable for an ambuscade. 12 2. Men of the
greatest fortitude are often inferior in influence because
they live in the country, and no one informed 13 of 14 their is
courage. 3. They said that they had persuaded those

15
hunters to come who had used up all their food. 4. In

the consulship of Cicero and Antonius, 16 while forces were
being gathered 17 into the camps, many were anxious 18 that
citizens be enrolled 19
at Rome to protect the senate.
20
63. An Inspiring Leader
"Are you not going to 21

tell us a story to-day?" said
Gaius to the soldier. " We promise that we will not
bother you 22
to-morrow." "Many years ago," said the
soldier, "our army was marching through a long valley,
where a few days before all the crops M had been burned.
Our general, therefore, 24 thinking that the enemy would
not follow, left his 6 army, and proceeded 25 a few miles to a
.
small town not far distant. 26 But during the night 27 a very
fierce attack was suddenly made upon our men, who were
obliged to retreat 28
in haste. 29 The general, hearing the
30
sound of battle, rode back 31 at top speed. Seeing him, 32
33
the panic-stricken soldiers took heart again, 34 and soon
put the enemy to flight."
1 suus, -a, -um. tus. Use the construction regu-

2. Translate without using larly found with volo.
ut or qui. 20. More literally: to be a pro-
3. the one man : solus. tectionfor the senate.
4. Note that this is a de- 21. See Exercise II; and, for
pendent clause in indirect dis- the form of the question, cf. foot-
course. note 33 on Exercise XX.
5. Choose mood and tense 22. Lit., be troublesome (moles-
without regard for the form of the tus, -a, -um) to you.
other clause of the sentence. 23. PL of frumentum.
6. Omit. 24. itaque (placed first in the
7. amor, -oris, m. sentence, as usual).

8. Lit., and. 25. i.e. advanced.
9. ager. 26. not far distant: haud
10. Do not confuse ceteri and longinquus. Place this phrase
alii (see the Remark on the Vocab- after the noun.
ulary of Exercise III). 27. during the night: use an
11. i.e. horsemen. adverb.
12. insidiae, -arum, f. 28. i.e. were forced to fall
13. is informed: present tense. back.
14. i.e. about. 29. i.e. quickly.
15. Order for translation: 30. sonus, -I, M. Turn the
those (is) hunters, who had used phrase into the passive.
up all their (suus, -a, -um) food, 31. Pass, of reveho, 3, -vexi,
they said that they had persuaded -vectus.
to come. 32. Use a relative, turning the
16. Lit., Cicero and Antonius phrase into the passive.
(being) consuls. 33 i.e. thoroughly frightened.
17. Pass, of cogo. 34. animum resumo, 3, -sumps 1,
18. volo. -sumptus (sing, object retained
19 conscribo, 3, -scrips!, -scrip- with pi. verb).
EXERCISE XXIII 273
EXERCISE XXIII
(64-66)
RESULT CLAUSES
MODEL SENTENCES
Iter tarn longum est, ut liberi defessi esse soleant, The
journey is so long that the children are usually tired.
Carrus tarn magnus erat, ut equi duo eum ducere non
possent, The wagon was so large that two horses could not
draw it.
Rule. Result may be expressed by an ut-clause with its
verb in the present or imperfect subjunctive.
Note. So far as form is concerned, the most important differ-
ence between result clauses and subjunctive purpose clauses is
that negative purpose requires the special introductory particle

ne, whereas negative result is marked in the ordinary way by non
(cf. the second of the Model Sentences above).

Remark. Some Roman writers employ, in result clauses, the
perfect subjunctive also. This, however, is a special and difficult
use, not to be attempted at the present stage of the work. Hence
the omission of that tense from the rule above given.
VOCABULARY
animadverto, 3, -verti, -ver- fleo, 2, flevi, fletum est, weep,
sus, notice ; may be con- cry.
strued with indirect dis- iuvenis, -is, m., young man,

course. youth.
consuesco, 3, -suevi (-suetus). tarn, adv., so. Used with
Perfect tense with force adjectives and adverbs.
of present, be accustomed, usus, -us, m., use. usui esse,
May be construed with the to be useful, to be used.
complementary infinitive.
Note For the rendering of consuevi given above, see the

i.
Note on soleo in Exercise IV. As the perfect consuevi has the

force of a present, the pluperfect consueveram necessarily represents
any and all past tenses.
Note 2. Iuvenis, like canis, is not an I-Stem.
Note 3. As utor (" use ") is deponent, special devices are

needed to translate the passive " be used " into Latin. The
phrase usui esse provides one such device.
translation
64. 1. Do not fear that the prisoners are using our
wagons ; for the cattle are so frightened that they cannot
be brought from the Did you think that men
fields. 2.
*
who wanted to harm you had sent this messenger to wait

2
for us at London? 3. If by delaying or sending they
should try to help 3 us, we should surely 4 appear mean-

spirited, if we did not
5 6
inform the consuls. 4. Because
of the aid of the inhabitants of these mountains, the Ro-
mans were so secure that they ventured to send
7
a part of
their 8 army to the banks of the other river to look for grain.
65. 1. We
were accustomed to use all the cattle to carry
grain, so that no one would be able to claim 9 that he had 10
no food. 2. For drawing 11 the wagons, the cattle were
so very useful 12 that we did not think that we needed to
If you think that men of little in-
13
call for horses. 3.
fluence should not be sent, I fear that we shall not find

many to send. 14 4. Thinking 15 that they have come
here 16 to care for the wounded, they will go at once to
the tents, and 17 will say nothing 17 to us.
66. A Resourceful Mother
Once some suddenly noticed that a ship of war 18

settlers
was rapidly approaching 19 the shore. Seeing this, 20 they
EXERCISE XXIII 275
21
were so terrified that they did not attempt to hinder the
soldiers when they landed 22 from the ship, but fled in
haste to the woods and mountains. One of the women,

24
however, 23 decided to remain at home, and saved her 8
son in an original 25 way ; for, when the enemy arrived at
the farmhouse, she was weeping, and led the soldiers to a
26
bier, on which the son was lying. Thinking that the
^
young man was dead, the enemy withdrew at once to 28
the road, and 29 did not 29 attempt to injure any one 29 with
30
their weapons.
1. PL of is. 14. What kind of clause ?
2. Note that this is a de- 15. Translate in two ways (not

pendent clause in indirect dis- present partic).
course. 16. See the Note on the Vo-
Use auxilium.
3. cabulary of Exercise XVII.
4. See the Note on the Vo- 17. See Exercise X.
cabulary of Exercise XXI. 18. navis longa.
5. Lit., {to be) of ungrateful 19. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
(ingratus, -a, -um) mind (sing, of ercise II.
animus) . 20. Cf. footnote 32 on Exer-
6. i.e. if we should not. cise XXII.
7. securus, -a, -um. 21 . prohibeo, 2, -ui, -itus.
8. Omit. 22. Use egredior, 3, -gressus
9. dico. sum (imperf. tense).

10. Translate in two ways. 23. Cf. footnote 5 on Exercise
(Whenever, in indirect discourse, XIV.
there is a reference back to the 24. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
third person subject of a governing ercise XVIII.
verb, the reflexive (sui) must be 25. novus.
used, whatever the case called for ;
26. feretrum, -i, n.
cf. the Note on p. 235.)
first 27. Place first in the sentence,
11. duc5. Use a construction 28. in.
introduced by ad. 29. a?id . . . not . . . any one :
12. very useful: employ usus, i.e. and . . . no one (ace. )
modified by magnus. 30. suus, -a, -um.

13. Gerundive of arcesso.
EXERCISE XXIV
(67-69)
TOWN NAMES
It has already been shown that town names, and the
common nouns domus, humus, and rus, do not conform to
the regular rule for Place Where, but use a special case-
form (locative) to express this relation. With the excep-
tion of humus, these same groups of words follow a special
rule also for Place to Which and Place from Which.
MODEL SENTENCES
Romam ibit, He will go to Rome.
Rus properavimus, We hurried to the country.
Rule. Place to Which is expressed by the accusative case

of town names, and 0/ domus and rus, without a preposition.
MODEL SENTENCES
Cur turn Roma profectus est ? Why did he set out from
Rome at that time ?
Domo iam exibamus, We were just starting out from home.

Rule. Place from Which is expressed by the ablative case
of town names, and of domus and rus, without a preposition.
Note. At this point, the declension of rus should be reviewed
carefully (see the Vocabulary of Exercise XV, with Note 2).
VOCABULARY
arripio, 3, -ripui, -reptus, expello, 3, -pull, -pulsus, drive
seize. oat, drive (from).
cotidie, adv., daily, every day. tantum, adv., only, merely.

defendo, 3, -fendi, -fensus, verbum, -I, n., word,
defend, protect.
Note i. The adverb tantum usually follows the word or
phrase which it modifies,
EXERCISE XXIV 277
Note 2. As contrasted with capio, arripio implies haste or vio-
lence of action (cf. rapio).
TRANSLATION
67. thought that those who were about to set out
I. I
so readily from home were men so brave 2 that they could 1
not be frightened even 3 by Hannibal himself. 4 2. If twenty

thousand Gauls should come to Rome to support 5 the sen-
ate, we should have no place in which to quarter them.
6
3. Youths of the greatest courage, driven from the country

because of the harshness 7 of their 1 fathers, are flocking 8 to
London from all quarters. 9 4. Use 10 only the smallest
11
plates, so that no one will fear that the food will fail.
68. 1. The horses were used 12 to carry 13 the weapons.

2.Do not cry, children your father will soon return from
;
New York. 3. Since the soldiers who are now at Rome

are on the point of setting out for 14 Spain, let us hurry to
Rome ourselves to protect the city. 4. Do you notice that
the men who boast most
15 16
are often so deficient 17
in courage
that they run away from the field of battle
18
with the great-
19
est readiness and injure no one unless 20 it be 21 by words?
5. Thinking that he 22 alone ought to look after 23 the sick,
Curio was accustomed to send doctors to the camp daily
with the greatest diligence.
69. A Young Hero

"We promised," said Marcus to Gaius, "that we would
not ask 24
the soldier to tell us a story yesterday ; but if
25
we
meet 26 him to-day, let's try to persuade him to talk with
us." " I think that I see him now," replied Gaius. " Good •27
soldier, are you not 28 going

to tell us a story to-day?"
Hearing this, 29 the soldier smiled and said, " I once saw a
boy about ten years old do 30 a deed 31 of great daring.
After our men had fought very bravely for five hours, the
.
line had fallen back to the camp, leaving 32 the wounded

on the ground. No one dared 33 to help the poor fellows 34 ;
but this boy, of 35 whom I am speaking, 36 seized a pail 37 and

carried water to the men who were dying, though mean-
while bullets were flying 38 on every hand."
1. Omit. 20. nisi (conj., used as adv.).
2. See Remark 1 on p. 201. 21. it be : omit.
3. See Note 1 on the Vocabu- 22. Cf. the second part of foot-
lary of Exercise VIII. note 10 on Exercise XXIII.
4. Intensive pronoun. In ar- 23. i.e. care for.
ranging the phrase, this word may 24. Lit., urge. Review, if nec-
be separated from its noun. essary, the infinitives of deponent
5. Use subsidium (with the verbs.
verb venio). 25. bid if: sin autem.
6. Lit., we should not have 26. Cf. footnote 6 on Exercise
where (ubi) to quarter (colloco) XVII, and footnote 5 on Exer-
them. Ubi is here the relative cise XXII.
adverb, and its clause should be 27. Use the superl. Be care-
written as if a relative pronoun ful about the case, and also about
were the introductory word. What the position of the phrase in the
does the clause express? sentence.
7. saevitia, -ae, f. 28. Cf. footnote 33 on Exer-
8. conveni5. cise XX.
9. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 29. Cf. footnote 32 on Exer-
ercise XVI. cise XXII.
10. Note that this calls for a 30. Lit., to do (indirect dis-
deponent verb. course) .
11. deficio, 3, -feci (-fectus). 31. facinus, -oris, n.
12. See Note 3 on the Vocabu- 32. Use a passive participial

lary of Exercise XXIII. construction, and do not put the
13. i.e. for (ad) ca?'rying. phrase last in the sentence.
14. ad. 33. Imperfect tense.

15. PI. of is. 34. homo ; or ille simply. Put
16. maxime. first in the sentence.
17. inferior. 35. i.e. aboid.
1 8 field of battle : proelium. 36. dico.
19. Use the proper form of 37. vas, vasis, n.

libenter. 38. Pass, of mittd.
EXERCISE XXV 279
EXERCISE XXV
(70-72)
THE GERUND IN PURPOSE CLAUSES
Verbs capable of taking a direct object are called Tran-
sitive ; all others are Intransitive. In Exercises XI and
XV it has been shown how the gerundive of transitive
verbs is used in phrases governed by ad and causa to ex-
press purpose. Intransitive verbs, on the other hand, are
all practically defective in the gerundive, and cannot be
employed in these constructions ; but the gerund of in-
transitives is freely used in very similar phrases.
MODEL SENTENCES
Colonos ex agris ad pugnandum vocate, Summon the
settlers from the fields to fight {lit. for fighting).
Pugnandi causa manebimus, We shall remain to fight, lit.
with {i.e. for) the purpose of fighting.
Rule. In purpose clauses involving ad or causa, a transitive
verb takes the gerundive form ; whereas it is the gerund
of intransitive verbs that is required in all such phrases.
Note. Intransitive verbs are of two types :
(1) those which are
incapable of taking an object of any kind, and (2) those which
are construed with some other case than the accusative. In-
transitives of this latter type use even the gerund very sparingly
in purpose expressions {e.g. veni ad senatui persuadendum, " I
have come to persuade the senate") ;

generally they incline to
some other device {e.g. an ut-clause).
Remark. In such a sentence as " We have come to buy," the
verb"buy" chances to be used without an expressed object.
When thus used " absolutely," even a transitive verb is neces-
sarily rendered by the gerund rather than the gerundive in pur-
pose expressions (e.g. emend! causa) ; for the phrase contains no

noun for a gerundive to modify.
VOCABULARY
Atlanticus, -a, -um, Atlantic, interdum, adv., at times,
etiam, adv., even. sometimes, from time to
indico, 3, -dixi, -dictus, de- time.

dare, bellum indicere, navigium, -I, n., vessel.
with dat., to declare zvar pondus, ponderis, n., weight.

(upon), sollertia, -ae, f., skill.
Note. Unlike quoque, the adverb etiam usually precedes the

word or phrase emphasized.
TRANSLATION
70. i. If theyhave come to Rome to play 2 and not to
1
fight,
2
let us by deed 4 and word 5 demonstrate to all men 6
z
that there are still

7
Romans who are willing 8 to use their 9
swords to defend the state. 2. Though these weapons
are not useful to the soldiers of the whole regiment, still
we must find wagons in which 10

to carry them. 3. The
Indians had come daily from their homes 11 to assist, so
that the settlers did not fear 12 that they 1 would ever desert 13
to the armies of the enemy. 4. Seizing stones of great
weight, the bravest settlers, with Gaius for leader, at once
hurried to the farthest 14 part of the bridges. 15
71. 1. If because of fear the hunters should not come

to help
16
us, many would think that this 17 had injured our
cause. 18 2. "We shall come from New York to observe
19
only, and not to work," said the soldiers; "for we think

that in your army there are many who can use these tools 20
with greater While 21 the young men were in
skill." 3.
New York and nobody was watching, 22 the boy, by running,

twice escaped to the river. 4. Since you do not seem to
be inferior in skill, we shall urge the general to allow you

to remain at Rome.
EXERCISE XXV 281
72. Americans on the Sea

Many years ago 23 the British used 24 to board American
vessels that were crossing the Atlantic ocean, and carried
back 25 with them 26 to their own 27 ships seamen whom they
thought to be British. We fear that sometimes men were
seized who were really
28
American citizens; but in those
days the English were superior upon the water, 30 and the
29
Americans were obliged to submit. 31 But, a few years later,

war was declared upon the British and the Americans, who ;
previously 32 had had a very small fleet, now built 33 more

vessels, and often overcame the enemy even upon the sea.
1. Ule. 18. PI. of res.

2. Use the causa construction, 19. Lit., see. Use ad or causa,
expressing causa but once (at the omitting the following " and." For
end), and omitting " and." causa, cf. footnote 2 above.
3. Supply autem with the pro- 20. ferramentum, -1, n.
noun. 21. Use dum, as occasion offers.
4- res. 22. speculor.
5- Use the pi. 23- Be careful of the word

6. demonstrate to all men : order.
//'/., teach all (cf. footnote 9 on 24. Translate in two ways.
Exercise I). 25. See the Vocabulary of Exer-
7. adhuc. cise XXII . Use the imperfect tense
8. What mood? here and in the following clause.
9. suus, -a, -um. 26. secum.
10. Lit., by which. Cf. the 27. their own: suus, -a. -um
second group of Model Sentences cf. footnote 32 on Exercise VIII.
"
in Exercise I. 28. re vera, i.e. "in actual fact
11. Lit., fr 07)i home (sing.). (verus, -a, -um, " actual ").
12. What tenses are used in 29. PI. of tempus.
result clauses ? 30. i.e. upon the sea. Be care-
13. transeo. ful of the spelling.
14. extremus. -a. -um. 31. Lit., to put up with it (id
15. Be careful of the spelling. patior)

16. Use auxilium (with venio). 32. antea.
17. Neut. of hie. 33. Lit., made.
EXERCISE XXVI
(73-75)
THE IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

When a transitive verb is turned into the passive, its
direct object becomes the subject of the sentence {e.g.
navem fecerunt, "They built a ship" ; but navis facta est,

" A ship was built"). Intransitive verbs, however, being
incapable of taking a direct object, can form only an im-
personal passive.
MODEL SENTENCES
The fight waxes hot.
Acriter pugnatur They (we, you, etc.) fight fiercely.
Lit., It is fought fiercely.
The mountains were reached.

He (they, we, etc.) arrived at
Ad montes perventum est
the mountains.
L it., It was come to the mountains.
We must fight at once.
Statim nobis pugnandum est Lit., It must be fought by us
at once.
Note. Attention has already been called to the fact that the
gerundive of intransitive verbs is practically defective. The
reason for this state of affairs now appears : for, being a part of
the passive system, the gerundive of an intransitive verb is limited
to the impersonal and hence can have but a single form
use,
(namely, the neuter singular in -urn, nominative and accusative),
used only as in the third of the Model Sentences.
Remark. The above statements apply equally to all intransi-
tives. But for the present the discussion is limited to verbs which, in
the active, are incapable of governing any case whatsoever (cf. the
EXERCISE XXVI 283
first part of the Note in Exercise XXV). Intransitives capable

of governing cases other than the accusative are reserved for later
consideration.
VOCABULARY
Cloelia, -ae, f., Cloelia. custos, -odis, m., gttard.
eomplures, -es, -a, several, obses, -idis, c, hostage.
See the Summary of venor, 1, hunt.
Forms, p. 350, Note.
TRANSLATION
73. I. At London you must work with great
1
diligence,
2
so that no one will inform your father that he must hurry
from the country to watch 3 you. 2. If we should use our
horses from time to time, our skill would become greater.
4 6
If you have been sent here to loiter, go at once into
5
3.
the garden I think that you will find there some 7 children
;
who like 8
to play the greater part of the day. 4. I feared
10
that they had not found lighter 9 wagons to be used for
carrying the wives and daughters of the consuls.
74. 1. When they had come 11
to the shore to summon
the hunter, the water was so high because of the tide 12
that the sailors could not save him. 2. Since I have not
even at home a place to sit,
13
I have to
14
go daily many
miles into the woods to hunt. 3. They said that they
15
had come from London, and that they 7 had never 16
just
seen a finer town. 4. While one of the sailors was
17
spying upon the vessel, the others sat down 18 under the
trees to write.
75. A Distinguished Rowan Maid

Long 19
years ago, when war had been declared by king
Porsinna upon the Romans, the enemy advanced suddenly
. . ;
upon 20 Rome, and invested 21

the city with siege works. 22
To induce 23
the king to withdraw 24
his 7
army, the Romans
were obliged to give hostages, among 25
them several girls. 26
One 27
Cloelia by name, outwitted
of these, the guards a 28
few days and led w the other maidens to the river

later,
and, although the weapons of the enemy were now flying 30

on every hand, the girls swam to the other bank 31 in
safety, 32 and quickly hurried home to their 33 relatives. 34
1 Be careful of the spelling. 18. sedeo.

2. Reflexive pronoun (sui). 19. many.
Lit.,
3. What part of speech is the 20. upon Rome: lit., to Rome.

gerundive ? 21. circumdo, -dare, -dedi,
4. See the Note on the Vo- -datus,

cabulary of Exercise XVII. 22. i.e. fortifications,
5. moror. 23- i.e. persuade-, cf. the latter
6. abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est. part of the Note in Exercise XXV.
7. Omit. 24. What is the difference be-
8. volo. What mood ? tween reduco, " withdraw," and se
9. of less weight.
lighter: lit., recipere, " withdraw " ?
10. See Note 3 on the Vocabu- 25. among: in, with abl.
lary of Exercise XXIII. Introduce 26. several girls : in the same
word for " hostages.
11
the following clause by ad. case as the
11. Use the passive, and em- 27. Lit., of whom one. Keep
ploy ad or causa for the following this order of words in the Latin
purpose clause. rendering.
12. aestus, -us, m. 28. fallo, 3, fefelli, falsus.
13. have a place to sit:

. . . 29. deduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus.
lit., have where to sit (cf. footnote 30. Passive of mitt5.
6 on Exercise XXIV). 31 Lit. , by swimming reached
14. Gerundive. Be careful of the other bank. Be careful to
the spelling. choose the right word for " the
11
1 5 modo. other.
16. never: note that "and" 32. i.e. safely.
precedes. 33. suus, -a, -um.
17. pulcher. 34. propinqui, -orum, m.
EXERCISE XXVII 285
EXERCISE XXVII
(76-78)
REVIEW OF EXERCISES XXI TO XXVI

VOCABULARY
aquor, 1, get water. tantus, -a, -um, such great

brevi, adv., soon, shortly. (large), so great {large),
hiemo, 1, -avi, -atum est, such.
winter (i.e. pass the
whiter).
TRANSLATION
76. i. We
go to the country 1 in summer to hunt.
2. When they had sailed 2 to the island, the settlers
promptly 3 drove out the forces of the enemy. 3. We
must smile, although I have been informed that these
most wicked 4
ambassadors 5 will endeavor in every way 6
to injure our countrymen. 7 4. The soldiers were using
such large weapons that they soon became 8 tired with
(the) fighting. 5. Do you think that the men who
9
are
10
on the point of coming to help the other general will
prove to be n more courageous ?
12
77. 1. If Curio should linger among 13

the mountains to
14 15 16
wait for hostages from the cities, should you not fear
that the enemy would make a sudden 17
attack upon our
armies? 2. When the fight had thus raged more fiercely
18
for two hours, soldiers were sent into the woods to get
water. 19 3. If they have gone home to winter because of
the cold, 20 I hope that the plan 21 will turn out well for
them; but / shall stay in London. 4. Since the Indians
have twice come across the hills with intent to 22 injure, you
certainly 23 must not withdraw 24 the guards to New York.
78. A Modern Amazon
A 25
woman, whose husband 26 had gone 27 to war, one day-
28
noticed several soldiers of the enemy's army approach-
ing 29
her 30
farmhouse. Finding 31 that she had been left at
home alone, the men stole her 30 chickens, and tormented
her 32 in every way. 6 But while they were preparing din-
ner, the woman quietly 33 seized their guns, 34 and put
them ^ in 35 a safe 36 place then, suddenly coming back ;
into the farmhouse, she informed the men that they 37 were
prisoners. One 38 of the soldiers, who attempted to ar-
39 40
rest her, she promptly shot dead, and compelled the
others to march to a camp not far distant, 41 where they
were turned over ® to the commander.
i. See Exercise XXIV. 17. repentinus, -a. -um.

2. Use the passive. 18. the fight had . . . raged:
3. i.e. at once. passive of pugno, with acriter.
4. i.e. bad. Place this second 19. Translate in three ways.
modifier after the noun. 20. frlgus, -oris, n. Use the
5. legatus. pi., and place early in the sen-
6. Use the pi. tence.
7. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 21. Lit., thing.
ercise XIX. 22. Use causa.

8. Lit., were. 23. See the Note on the Vo-
9- PL of is. cabulary of Exercise XXI.
10. Cf. footnote 16 on Exercise 24. Cf. footnote 24 on Exer-
XXV. What determines the mood cise XXVI. •
here ? 25. quidam.

11. will prove to be : i.e. will be. 26. vir.
12. more courageous: lit., of 27. Lit., had set out.

greater courage. 28. ex.
13. in. 29. Lit., to be approaching
14. Use causa. (indirect discourse).
15. Lit., of. 30. Omit.
16. Cf. footnote 33 on Exercise 31. cognosco; and cf. footnote
XX. 16 on Exercise III. For "the
EXERCISE XXVIII 287
men" of the following clause use 36. Cf. Note 3 on the Vocabu-
simply the relative qui, placing lary of Exercise II.
it, as usual, first in the sentence 37. Reflexive pronoun (sui).
(cf., too, footnote 12 on Exercise 38. What case ?
in). 39. capio.
32. tormented her: /?t., were 40. shoot dead: interficio, with
troublesome (molestus, -a, -um) to the proper form of telum.
her. Put the pronoun before the 41. Cf. footnote 26 on Exer-
adj. cise XXII. Punctuate the clause
33. See the Vocabulary of Ex- with a semicolon (cf. footnote 32
ercise XIV. on Exercise XXI).
34. telum. 42. Pass, of trado, 3, -didi,
35. in, with abl. -ditus (with dat.).
EXERCISE XXVIII
(79-81)
THE SUPINE
The supine consists of the accusative and ablative singu-
lar of a verbal noun of the same derivation as the perfect
passive participle ; e.g.
Accusative Ablative
voco: vocatum vocatu

habeo habitum habitu
mitto missum missu
rapio raptum raptu
audio audltum auditu
Deponents, as well as other verbs, form a supine

and in all verbs, whether regular or irregular,
the case of
there found the same fixed relation between the forms
is
of the supine and those of the perfect passive participle.

Hence, to write the supine of a verb, it is necessary only
to know the principal parts.
MODEL SENTENCE
Legati venerunt pacem petitum, The envoys have come
to sue for peace.
Rule, hi dependence upon a verb of motion, the supine

in -um may be used to express Purpose.
Note. In regard to the supine in -um in this use, observe
carefully (i) that it depends upon a verb of motion, (2) that
it no preposition, and (3) that it may itself govern an
requires
accusative. In order to become at once familiar with this new
method of expressing purpose, watch for the opportunities to use
it afforded by verbs of motion.
MODEL SENTENCE
Hoc optimum factu arbitror, I think this best to do {lit.
best as regards doing).
Rule. The supine in -u is used with a few adjectives

as an Ablative of Specification.
Remark. The supine in -um is common enough ; but the use
of the supine in -u is very limited.
In connection with this Exercise, by way of review,

write out all the participles, verbal nouns, and infinitives
of some one deponent verb.
VOCABULARY
abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est, de- Mediterraneus, -a, -um, Medi-
part, go away. terranean.
adhuc, adv., tip to this time, pirata, -ae, m., pirate.
still, yet. potior, 4, -Itus sum, get pos-
copia, -ae, f., supply, abun- session of. See the Rule
dance. in Exercise XXII.
EXERCISE XXVIII 289
TRANSLATION
79. i. If the farmers 1 should come here to buy grain,
they would we have the largest supply of
realize that
everything. 2 Wonderful 3 to say, we shortly got pos-
2.
4
session of the town, though the townspeople had been

informed that we had decided to spare no one. 3. Since
some of the 5 hunters had gone into the valley to get
water, we persuaded the leaders not to close 6 the gates.
4. When the fight had lasted
7
for a very long time, so
many settlers had been killed that we were obliged to fall
back. 8
80. 1. We hear that in the country there are people 9
who have never seen a town. I hope that they will some
day come to New York. 2. Though he is surpassed in
10
skill by his 11 brother, will

you not allow him to go with us
through the hunt? 3. The son who helped 12 us
hills to
was called Marcus; did you learn the name of the other?
4. We were marching through the valleys to
13
get pos-
session of the fort, and up to this time had seen no one 14
but now we had to rush 15 through a stream 16 which the
enemy had filled with skiffs.
81. Turning the Tables
When Caesar 1 was still a young man, he was once sail-

17
ing on the Mediterranean Sea in a ship which was cap-
17
tured by pirates. At once he 18

sent messengers to Rome
to bringmoney with which to ransom him. Meanwhile, 19
being obliged 20 to remain 21 many days among the pirates,

he used to declare 22 to them, 23 laughing, that they would
soon pay the penalty. 24 They, 25 of course, 26 thought 27 that
the man 28 was joking, 29 and, when the money was paid, 30
allowed him to depart unharmed. 31
He, 18 however, at once
.
summoned a fleet,
32
captured the pirates very easily, and
33
ordered 33
them all killed.
1. Be careful of the word 18. ille.
order. 19. redimo, 3, -eml, -emptus.

2. i.e. all things. Turn the phrase into the pas-
3. mirabilis, -is, -e. Use the sive. What kind of relative clause
neut. sing, nominative. is this?
4. Cf. the second Model Sen- 20. Use a cum-clause, and
tence of this Exercise. place the word for " meanwhile 1
5 . some of the : qui dam (pi.) within this phrase.
6. claudd, 3, clausi, clausus. 21. moror.
7 . thefight had lasted : passive 22. dico.
of pugno. 23. to them : omit.

8. Cf. Note 4 on the Vocabu- 24. poenas do.
lary of Exercise XII. 25. Cf. footnote 25 on Ex-
9. homo (masc).
PI. of ercise VIII.
10. some day: aliquando 26. of course: scilicet.
(adv.). 27. Imperfect tense.

11. Omit. 28. homo.
12. Use auxilium. 29. ludo.
13. ut. 30. solvo, 3, sol vi, solutus.
14. Note that " and " precedes. Make this a participial phrase.
15. cured. 31. i.e. safe.
16. flumen. 32. Use a (passive) parti-
17. he was . . . sailing . . . cipial phrase.
in a ship : lit., he was being carried 33. ordered . . . killed: i.e.
(veho) by a ship. ordered . . . to be killed.
EXERCISE XXIX
(82-84)
SUMMARY OF PURPOSE CONSTRUCTIONS —USE OF Quo
MODEL SENTENCES
•§ (1) Iuvenes mihi tradiderunt, ne matres flerent, They
1 handed over the young men to me, so that
E their mothers would not weep.
EXERCISE XXIX 291
I (2) Milites mittamus, qui liberos reducant, Let us send

soldiers to bring back the children.
(3) Legati ad pacem petendam venerunt, Ambassadors

have come to sue for peace.
(4) Pads petendae causa rex Romae est, The king is
at Rome for the purpose of suing for peace.
(5) Colon! in silvam ad venandum ierunt, The settlers

have gone into the forest to hunt.
(6) GermanI venandi causa in silvis habitant, With a
view to hunting, the Germans dwell in the forests.
J j (7) Nautae in silvam aquatum ierunt, Sailors have

gone into the forest to get water.
(8) Ad collem properate, quo facilius auxilium nostris

feratur,Hasten to the hill, so that assistance
may be given more easily to our men.
Rule. Purpose clauses containing the comparative of
an adjective or adverb are introduced by quo rather than
by ut.
Note. In purpose clauses of this last type, the comparative

regularly stands next to quo, as in the Model Sentence.
In regard to the use of the above forms for the expres-

sion of purpose, the following points must be kept clearly
in mind
Negative purpose requires ne.
1.
Quo replaces ut when there is a comparative in the

2.
purpose clause.
3. A relative pronoun is apt to be chosen when the gov-
erning clause contains a more or less indefinite expression
to serve as antecedent.
4. The supine in -um can be construed with verbs of

motion only. Furthermore, it is with verbs of this class
that ad with the gerund or gerundive is mostly found.
Remark. Remember that, in purpose clauses involving ad or
causa, transitive verbs take the gerundive form, whereas intran-
sitives are restricted to the gerund in all such phrases (cf. Exercise
XXV).
VOCABULARY
conspectus, -us, m., sight. iam, adv., already.
contendo, 3, -tendi (-tentus), quo, conj., so that, in order
proceed, start. that, in order to, so as to.
TRANSLATION
82. 1. Send men of greater courage from New York to
reenforce 1
2. Did you think that the consuls'
our army.
children gone away to our gardens to play ? 2
had
3. The farmers and the hunters must labor with the
greatest diligence, so that we may have a larger supply of
-
food then we shall very quickly get possession of more

;
towns of the enemy. 4. Noticing this, 3 we realized that

the pirates would obstruct 4 the bridges, 5 so that no one
should use 6 the wagons. 5. We were in the country to
see and to hear.
83. 1. The river was so deep 7
that the cattle could not
cross; and so they were led into a smaller valley, that
they might be cared for more easily. 2. I fear that we
are not likely to go 8
to the country ; but we do usually 9
go away from Rome at this season of the year. 3. If you

thought that the men 10 who were in London were able to
help u me only, 12 why did you not summon others 13
to bring
14
back the hostages ? 4. Since you were shouting through
fear, we did not care 15
to come ourselves, and did not send
16
any one else.
17
EXERCISE XXIX 293
84. An Unsuccessful Undertaking
Once when our army was about break camp, several to

18
settlers decided to attempt to bring in from the fields a
supply of grain which had been left near a 19 farmhouse.
Although the wagons were heavy, 20 the men arrived at
21
the place without accident and, after a few hours,
22
having gotten possession of the grain, they started in
good spirits
23
to return. But when our camp was already
in sight, suddenly five soldiers sprang out 24 from the
woods, and shot 25
their horses ; then, 26 quickly setting fire
to
w the grain, they led away 28
the unfortunate 29
prisoners
to a distant town.
1 . Use subsidium. J 5- not care: nolo.

2. Translate in four ways. 16. and . . . not . . . any one
3. Use a relative, turning the combine into a phrase.
phrase into the passive. 17- alius.
4. claudo, 3, clausi. clausus. 18. reporto, 1.
5. Cf. again Remark 1 on p. 19. qui dam.

201. 20. Lit., of great weight.
6. See the first sentence of 21. without accident : i.e. safely.
footnote 1 on Exercise V. 22. Note that this calls for a
7. altus. deponent verb.
8. Lit., are not about to go. 23- in good spirits laetus.
9. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 24. i.e. burst forth.

ercise XXIII. with Note 1. Place 25. Lit., killed with 1 weapons.
first in the clause (because of the 26. then: lit., this (use rel.)
emphatic "do" of the English having r been done.

expression). *7- set fire to: ignem admoveo
10. PL of is. (2, -movl, -motus), with dat.Turn
1 . Use auxilium. the phrase into the passive.
12. solus. 28. deduco, 3, -duxi. -ductus.
13. ceteri or alii ? 29. Lit., wretched.
14. i.e. because of.
EXERCISE XXX
(8S-87)
ABLATIVE OF WAY BY WHICH

MODEL SENTENCES
Fenestra puer evasit, The boy escaped by way of a
window.
Via lata Romam contenderunt, Along a broad road they
proceeded to Rome.
Rule. Way by Which is expressed by the ablative case,
without a prepositio7i.
Remark. Way by Which may perhaps be regarded as a variety

of Means.
VOCABULARY
angustus, -a, -um, narrow. latus, -a, -urn, broad.
Arnoldius, -di, m., Arnold. semita, -ae, f., footpath,
fenestra, -ae, f., window. path.
Note. On the declension of Arnoldius, see Note 2 on the

TRANSLATION
85. 1. Let us find a broader road, so that the soldiers
may march more easily to New York. Do you not think
2
this best to do ?
l
2. After hurrying a few miles along a
very narrow footpath, the settlers suddenly came in 3
sight
of the town where the enemy's armies had encamped 4 for
the winter. 5 3. I hear that the men 6 who have just come 7
from Rome say that the city people 8 have 9 smaller win-
dows. 4. Be not lacking 10 in courage, 11 though at times 12
the enemy seem to be so numerous 13 that they could 14 not
be beaten by ten thousand 15 men. 16
EXERCISE XXX 295
86. 1. If any one should declare war upon our state,

the commanders of the fleets would shortly proceed to
17
Rome. 2. Escape by way of that gate, men 16 for I fear ;
that the enemy have gotten possession of nearly 18 the

whole 19
camp. 3. We
were in the hills to get 20 berries
21
so that the captain might have better food. 4. Let us
12
spare even the children for they will be useful to the
;
generals' wives. 5. Since this path is narrow, the men

of the other company must retreat 22
by another road.
87. A Desperate Venture
Once an officer named Arnold, a man of the greatest

daring, led a small army over 23 the mountains
into Canada,
hoping 24 to capture there a large town which was held 25
by the British. Quietly he crossed the river at night but ;
when the soldiers had climbed the hill along rough 26 foot-
paths, the enemy were found to be so superior in number
that every one ^ believed that the town could not be taken
by storm M the Americans, however, decided to make the
attempt. 29 In the battle Arnold was himself 30
wounded, 31
and the army driven back. 32 But two years later, when
a fierce fight was in progress 33
same 34
at Saratoga, this
commander again met 35 the enemy on the battlefield, 36 and
there won v a great victory. 38
1. Supine. et . Lit., use.

2. Use the passive (in a Gurn- 10. be lacking: deficio, 3, -feci
clause). (-fectus)
3. i.e. into. 11. animus.
4. castrapono,3,posuI,positus. 12. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
5. Use hiemo (gerund). ercise XXV.
6. PI. of is. 13. so many.
i.e.
7. What mood? 14. Observe the Law of Se-

8. oppidanl. quence carefully.
.

15. What part of speech is 29. make the attempt: c5nor.
the Latin word ? Place first in the sentence, not
16. miles. forgetting what is said in footnote
17. praefectus, -1, m. 5 on Exercise XIV.
18. fere. 30. Intensive pronoun.
19. Remember that the word 31. Use a participial phrase,
for " camp " is plural. omitting the following "and. 1'
20. Use causa. Gerund or ge- 32. pello, 3, pepuli, pulsus.
rundive ? 33 a fierce fight was in prog-

21. See the Note on p. 291. ress: pugno (pass.), with acriter.
22. cedo, 3, cessi, cessum est. 34. this same : Idem.
23. trans. 35. congredior, 3, -gressus sum,
24. Cf. footnote 16 on Exer- with cum and abl. Use the per-
cise III. What construction with fect participle simply, omitting est
the verb of " hoping " ? and the conjunction (///., "having
25. Indicative, by exception to met . won" etc).
. .
,
the rule. 36. on the battlefield: lit., in

26. asper, -era, -erum. battle line (Vocabulary of Exer-
27. PI. of omnis. cise XII).
28. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 37. potior.
ercise XXI. 38. victoria, -ae, f.
EXERCISE XXXI
(88-90)
PARTITIVE GENITIVE — RELATIVE CLAUSES OF

CHARACTERISTIC
MODEL SENTENCES
Partem militum arcessivit, He summoned a part of the

soldiers.
Altero in exercitu plus erat virtutis, In the other army
there was more courage {lit. more of courage).
Rule. A word designating A part may be modified by

a genitive designati7ig the whole {Partitive Genitive).
EXERCISE XXXI 297
Remark. It is very easy to apply this rule to such a phrase as

pars militum, because the English expression so closely parallels
the Latin. But examples like satis audaciae, plus timoris, etc.,
demand special study ; for the idiomatic English renderings,

" enough boldness," "more fear," etc., do not at all illuminate
the noun and dependent genitive of the Latin construction.
MODEL SENTENCES
Sunt qui putent se non satis pecuniae habere, There are
people who think that they have not enough money.
Si erant, quos Curio timeret, If there were any whom
Curio feared.
Nemo erit quern audiatis, There will be no one whom
you will heed.
Rule. The subjunctive is used in relative claitses depend-

ent upon such general expressions of Existence and Non-exist-
ence as sunt and nemo est {Subjunctive of Characteristic).
Note. Observe that, when used as a general expression of
existence, sunt requires no expressed subject; whereas, in the
corresponding English phrases, the indefinite subject cannot thus
be suppressed e.g. sunt qui signifies " there are
: men who,"
" there are some who," " there are those who," etc.
Remark. It is because the relative clause, in expressions of

this type, is felt to " characterize " the subject of sunt, est, etc.,
that the name Relative Clause of Characteristic has been devised.
VOCABULARY
mora, -ae, f., delay. similis, -is, -e, like, similar
parum, adv., used as indecl. may be construed with
noun, too little, either the dative or the
plus, pluris, n., more. genitive,
satis, adv., used as indecl. strepitus, -us, m., noise, con-
noun, sufficient, enough^ fusion.
plenty.
Note i. An indeclinable noun (or adverb so employed) can

be used only as a nominative or accusative singular. The gender
is always neuter.
Note 2. For the declension of plus, see the Summary of
Forms, p. 350. Note how (as a noun) it corresponds to the
already familiar plural adjective, plures, -es, -a.
Note 3. Similis, with five other adjectives (namely, dissimilis,

facilis, difficilis, gracilis, and humilis) makes its superlative in
-limus {i.e. simillimus) . When comparing something to a. person,
this adjective is preferably construed with the genitive.
translation
88. There was no one who thought that you would
1.
have too little grain. 2. If they should come by way of

the other gate, you would need to hurry more swiftly to
2
1
protect the captain's tent. 3. If you hear any noise, 3
shout at once ; there will be men 4 who will dare, with Curio
for leader, to come along
narrow road. 4. Caesar this
made a braver man captain, so that the regiment would
have more boldness.
89. 1. Though you have come to hunt merely, 5 you are
very like one of my brothers, and I shall not reprove 6 you.
2. Did he fear that I could not find sufficient words to use 7
8
in behalf of the kings of these nations ? 3. If there are
any whom 9
the enemy have so 10 terrified that they cannot 11
fight, send them all to Rome without delay. 4. Try 12 to
get possession of that fort at once, captain ; for larger
forces are already 13 marching from Rome. 5. For the
greater part of the day let us sit in the shade of the trees
to watch.
90. A Chip of the Old Block
" Once," said the soldier to the generals' children, " there 4
came into our camp a boy about eleven years old, who
EXERCISE XXXI 299
14
told the captain that his 4 father had been captured by the
enemy, and that he too wanted to become a soldier. Hear-
15
ing this, the captain laughed, but the boy refused to leave. 16
So,
17
securing 18 weapons, the lad 19 marched with the sol-
diers; and when an attack w as made 20 upon a certain fort,

T
he hid under a tree, and began to fire at 21 the enemy.

In this 22 way he wounded so many men 4 that several sol-
23 24
diers noticed it, and one of them tried to kill him with
an ax. But the boy fought the whole day, and returned to
camp in safety, carrying the arms 25 which he had taken
from 26 the enemy."
1. Use praesidium (in an ut- 12. Note that this calls for a
clause). deponent verb.
2. Cf. footnote 6 on Exercise 13. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
XVII. ercise XXIX.
3. any noise: lit., anything 14. dico (with dat.).
of noise. See the Vocabulary of 15. Use a relative, turning the

Exercise XVII. phrase into the passive.
4. Omit. 16. i.e. go away.
5. hunt merely: cf. Note
to 17. i.e. and so.
1 on the Vocabulary of Exercise 18. Lit., having gotten posses-
XXIV. Do not forget to use the sion of. Note that this calls for
supine, when occasion offers. a deponent verb.
6. castigo, 1. 19. Use ille.
7. Relative clause. 20. Use a participial phrase.
8 in behalf of : pr5, prep., with 21. tela mitto in.
the abl. 22. Lit., which (rel.).
9. Cf. second group of

the 23. it: lit., the thing.
Model Sentences in this Exer- 24. This clause, too, is a part
cise. of the construction introduced by
,,
10. ade5 (adv.). <•that.
11. See the Note on the Rule 25. carrying the arms: lit.,
in Exercise VI. with the arms.

26. ab.
EXERCISE XXXII
(9 T -93)
NUMERALS
In connection with this Exercise, learn the cardinal and
ordinal numerals from 21 to 100 inclusive (see Summary
of Forms, p. 353), giving special attention to those which
are formed by subtraction, e.g. duodetrlginta, " twenty-
eight" {lit. "two from thirty ").
VOCABULARY
accedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum est, used as indecl. noun,
approach, come up ; con- less.
strued with ad and the nihil, indecl. noun, n., noth-

acc. propius accedere, to ing.
come nearer. prope, adv., near.
minus, adv. (comparative), venenum, -1, ^..poison.
Note. On the syntax of minus and nihil, see Note 1 on the

Vocabulary of Exercise XXXI.
TRANSLATION
91. had wanted to bring more 2 grass; but until

I. I
1
now they have sent only twenty horses. 2. When they

3
had wintered 4 in New York for four years, the twenty-

third and forty-sixth regiments 5 were suddenly summoned
to London. 3. Though there will be some who will want 6
to go by way of the third gate, we must guard that also,
7
so that the regiments of the whole army will be safer. 8

4. Let's go into the garden to work. Do you use baskets
to cover 9 the flowers? 5. We then shall have seen 10 the
very 11 soldiers who reenforced 12 your line.
EXERCISE XXXII 301
92. 1. If there are men whom you

13
are willing to send,
summon at once the inhabitants of two cities ; for I fear
that the sailors will attempt to destroy 14 the bridges with
fire. 2. If we should find sixty like 15 Curio, there
would
be less
16
urged the general not
fear in our army. 3. We
to buy more grain, so that we might travel with greater
speed. 4. Since they have tried to injure the hunters'
cattle thus, we shall set out from the camp by another

path to get water.
93. Catching a Tartar
Many years ago, 17 some pirates, who had captured a

ship on the Mediterranean Sea, proceeded 18 without delay
into the cabin 19 to look for food. There, 20 however, they
met the captain's 21 wife, a woman of the greatest determi-
nation, 22
who said that she had 23
no 24 food to give
25
them,
26
but that there was plenty of poison in the chest which 27
28
she would be glad to present.
The enraged pirates next 29 tried to get possession of a
very beautiful flag; 30 but the woman placed 31 it
32
in a box 26
and sat upon it,
33
saying 34
that she would kill the man 35
who
came nearer. 36 Realizing that they could accomplish 37
nothing, the pirates 38 shortly withdrew from the cabin, and
did not again 39 trouble 40 the captain's 21 wife.
1. veho. 7. abeo.
2. What part of speech is the 8. tutus. Be careful about
Latin word for "more" (sing.)? the word order.
3. until now: i.e. tip to this 9. tego, 3, texl, tectus. Use a
time. phrase introduced by ad.
4. Use the passive. 10. Future perfect tense.
5. PI., though both the modi- 11. the very : is ipse.
fying expressions are singular. 12. Use subsidium, with venio,

6. Review, if necessary, the 13. Omit,
grammar lesson of Exercise XXXI. 14. consumo.
.
15. Agreeing with the word for 28. Use libenter.

" men, 1
'
which is understood with 29. turn.
"sixty." 30. vexillum, -I, n.
16. See the Vocabulary of this 31 pono, 3, posui, positus (with
Exercise. in and abl.).
17. See Note 1 on the Vocabu- 32. Use a relative.
lary of Exercise XVI. 33. i.e. the box. Use the abla-
18. contendo. tive case.
19. camera, -ae, f. 34. Cf. footnote 16 on Exer-

20. where (cf. footnote 32
Lit., cise III.
on Exercise XXI). 35. the man : is.
21. praefectus, -1, m. 36. Pluperfect subjunctive (lit.,
22. fortitudo. who should have come nearer).

23. Translate in two ways, What determines the mood here?
keeping in mind footnote 10 on 37. Lit., that they were accom-
Exercise XXIII. plishing (efficio, 3, -feci, -fectus) .
24. Use nihil. 38. Be careful about the word

25. trado, 3, -didi, -ditus (with order.
dat.). Make this a relative clause. 39. Use postea.
26. cista, -ae, f. 40. Use molestus, -a, -um, with
27. Lit., and it [i.e. the poi- dat. (i.e. were not troublesome
son). to).
EXERCISE XXXIII
(94-96)
REVIEW OF EXERCISES XXVIII TO XXXII
VOCABULARY
comes, -itis, c, companion. Plinius, -m, m., Pliny.

impero, 1 -atum est, give
, -avi, portus, -us, m., bay.
orders; governs either the solvo, 3, solvi, solutus, loose.
dative or a purpose clause navem (-es) solvere, to set
introduced by ut or ne, or sail.
both. Vesuvius, -vi, m., Vesuvius.

EXERCISE XXXIII 303
Note i. Observe that the construction with impero is quite

like that with persuadeo. On the other hand, its construction must
be contrasted very sharply with that of iubeo, particularly as impero
and iubeo are so similar in meaning. If, in translating into Latin,
impero is used always (and only) as the rendering for " give
orders," there will be little danger either of missing the dative
with that verb (cf. the Rule in Exercise IX), or of becoming con-
fused concerning the familiar construction with iubeo.
Note 2. On the declension of Plinius and Vesuvius, see Note

2 on the Vocabulary of Exercise VI.
TRANSLATION
94. i. Why are
you giving orders to them not to set out
from home ? 2. If you have gotten possession of seventy
at once to fetch 2 the
x
or eighty or ninety baskets, go
wagons. 3. Although the general fears that you will not
spare the senate, the king has twice given orders that no
one 3 injure the senators. 4 4. Since there is no one
who has less courage than 5
strength, 6 we shall all proceed
to the country, and never return to Rome. 5. Through 7
doors and windows the bolder pirates flee, and perhaps
8
10
in 9 a few hours, by hastening, they will have escaped into
the mountains.
95. 1. Poison perhaps useful to pirates 11 for (the

is
business of) 12
murdering 13 but good men should shun 14 it.
;
2. The others are about to go a journey 15

of several days
into the woods to fight ; but we shall remain at London to
12
meet our 3. Because of the confusion, the
brothers.
men could not hear the captain, who was giving orders
16
4. While
17
to a part of the line not to fall back. one of
12
the sailors was finding plenty of grain and all too little
money, the others seized the horses. 5. Come nearer,

please, so that I may see better.
;
3°4 FIRST LATIN READER
96. A Time of Peril
Pliny says that one day, when he 18

was 19
yet 20 a young
12
man, his mother suddenly noticed in the sky a black
22 23
cloud of great extent. 21 was
Pliny's uncle at that time
commander 24
and when he
of a fleet; was informed 25 25
that the cloud was rising 26 from Vesuvius, 27 he boarded a

ship without delay, and set out for the other shore of the
bay 28 to save the farmers. When, however, he was ready
to return from there, 29 he could not set sail because of
adverse winds, 30 and never afterward 31 saw his relatives. 32
For he died a few hours later on the shore, although his 12
companions escaped. Meanwhile, at home, Pliny and his
mother were afraid 33 that even 34 they 35 would be killed
for the wind carried the ashes 36 many miles across the bay.
i. Lit., set out. 17. Do not forget to use dum,

2. adduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus. as occasion offers.
3. that no one: introducing 18. Use ipse.
what kind of clause? 19. On what verb does the

4. senator, -oris, m. " when " depend ?
clause
5. quam (adv.). 20. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
6. PI. of vis, in the same case ercise XXVIII.
11
as the word for " courage. 2 1 . latitudo, -inis, f.
7. i.e. by way of. 22. avunculus, -I, M.

8. porta 23. at that time: i.e. then.
9. i.e. within. 24. praefectus, -1, m.
10. See footnote 10 on Ex- 25. and . . .he: use qui.
ercise XXXII. 26. orior, 4, ortus sum.
n. to pirates : put first in the 27. from Vesuvius : put first
sentence. in the indirect discourse.

12. Omit. 28. Put the gen. next after the
13. i.e. killing. preposition, and the adjective after
14. vito, 1. the other noun.
15. Note that Extent of Space 29. from there : inde.
may be expressed by a single word. 30. ventus (-1, m.) adversus
16. miles. (-a, -um). Put first in the clause.
EXERCISE XXXIV 305
31. postea. 34. See the Vocabulary of Ex-

32. his relatives: sul, -5rum, ercise XXV.
If. 35. Use ipse (masc).
33. Imperfect tense. 36. cinis, -eris, m. Use the sing.
EXERCISE XXXIV
(97-99)
NUMERALS {continued) — HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE

In connection with this Exercise, learn how to form the
cardinal and ordinal numerals from 101 to 1000 inclusive
(see the Summary of Forms, p. 354).
MODEL SENTENCE
In silva ne maneamus, Let us not remain in the forest.
Rule. The negative of the Hortatory Subjunctive is ne.
VOCABULARY
Aurelius, -a, -um, Aurelian. piscor, 1, fish.
dubito, 1, -avi, -atum est, praedium, -1, n., plantation,
hesitate ; may be con- servus, -1, m., slave.
strued with the comple-

mentary infinitive.
translation
97. 1. Let's not set sail without our 1 companions and the
other part of the army. Have you not been informed that
six hundred 2 Indians have already boldly 3 crossed the bay ?
If there is no one who prefers, by daring, to have plenty
4
2.
of food, I think that we ought all to go home at once; for

5
an army of little courage 6 can 7 never conquer an enemy

so 8 superior in number. 3. Though eighteen companies
had been sent from Rome by Caesar along the Aurelian
3 o6 FIRST LATIN READER
way, we were on the point of summoning other 9 forces also,

so that our men would fight more willingly. 10 4. There
was a rush 11 to the stream to save the boy.
98. 1. Since four hundred and ten men

have already 12
13
been killed or wounded, let us not hesitate any longer to 1
14
retire. 2. This bench is so long that it cannot be filled
by twelve baskets. 3. If there are 7 some who think that
we ought to remain in New York to work, please say 15
that we have gone to the country to fish. 4. Let's not use
the wagons at this time; 16 for as yet 17 the horses have
had 18 no 19 grain. 5. Don't hesitate to go soon to the
assistance 20 of the other line for meanwhile no one will
;
have aided it.

99. Spartacus
In Italy slaves would often run away 21 from the planta-

tions ; and 22 whoever 23 were caught, were by their
killed 1
masters. 24
Once several gladiators, 25
who had been quar-
tered 26 at Capua, under the leadership of a slave 27 named
Spartacus determined to be free; and when they had
28 29
fled secretly from Capua to Mt. 31 Vesuvius, many other 32

30
slaves ventured 4 to run away 21 from home to join 33 them.

Thus 34 in a few months Spartacus became leader of an
army so large that the Romans were thoroughly aroused. 35
At times there was very fierce fighting; 36 but finally the
37
slaves were so decisively beaten by Crassus that the
38 39
peasants no longer needed to fear that farmhouses
would be burned 40 at night, and that their cattle and
1
horses would be stolen by the enemy.
1. Omit. 3. audacter.
2. Do not forget that the Latin 4. audeo.
words for "hundreds' (excepting
1
5. Be careful of the spelling,
centum) are declinable. 6. animus.
EXERCISE XXXV 3°7
7- Future tense. 27. Recast the phrase so as to

8. tant5 (adv.). use the noun dux (expressing thus
9 See the Remark on p. 210. the idea of * ;
leadership ")
10. i.e. more readily. Note 28. i.e. decided.
that this stands in a purpose clause. 29. to be free: use the idiom
Use concurro. 3, -cum, -cur-
11. se liberare (Hbero, 1), lit. " to set
sum est. Render the following pur- one's self free."

pose clause in three ways (not ut) 30. clam.
12. miles. 31. Neither abbreviated nor
I3 ' Express the form of sum written with a capital in Latin.
with the second participle only. 32. ceteri or alii? Place the
14. See Note 4 on p. 240. other modifier after the noun.
*5 If the sing, is used, be care- 33 to join : use the idiom se
ful of the spelling. Place before coniungere (coniungo, 3, -iunxi,
the word for "please." -iunctus), with cum and abl. (lit.
16. i.e. now. u to join one's self with ").
17- i.e. up to this time. 34. Lit., in which (rel.) way.

18. i.e. have eaten. 35. thoroughly aroused: per-
19. Use nihil. m5tus, -a, -um.

20. Use auxilium (with the 36. Use pugno, with the superl.
verb eo) of acriter.
21. aufugio, 3, -fugi. 37. so decisively: tanta clade
22. Use autem. (lit. "with such disaster").
23' Use the relative simply. 38. colonus.
24. dominus, -i, M. 39. 710 longer : lit., not longer.
25- gladiator, -oris, m. 40. Use a participial phrase,
omitting the following " and
1
26. colloco (with locative case) that.'
EXERCISE XXXV
(100-102)
SUMMARY OF GERUND AND GERUNDIVE

CONSTRUCTIONS
Various uses of the gerund and gerundive have been
treated in preceding Exercises. Each of these special uses,
with others, finds a place in the schemes which follow.
3 o8 FIRST LATIN READER
THE GERUND
As already shown, the gerund is a verbal pu?un 9 found
only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singu-
lar. All these forms of the gerund are used in regular
noun constructions but the dative is so seldom found that
;
it is excluded from the present discussion.
MODEL SENTENCES
Genitive
facultas aquandi, The opportunity of getting water.

aquandi causa, For the purpose of getting water.
Accusative
ad aquandum, For getting water (To get water).
Ablative
pugnando evadunt, They escape by fighting.

pugnando superant, They excel in fighting.
de pugnando nihil audivi, I have heard nothing about
fighting.
Note i. In the first group of models above, facultas aquandi

has been rendered very literally. More idiomatic translations
are " opportunity for getting water," and " opportunity to get
:
water." In turning such phrases back into Latin, the only secu-
rity against error is to have firmly fixed in mind the fact that
facultas and nouns of similar meaning govern a genitive con-
struction.
Note 2. The accusative of the gerund is used only with a

preposition, mostly ad.
Note 3. In the last group of Model Sentences, observe how

the first two ablatives express Means and Specification. The prep-
ositions used with this case of the gerund are ab, de, ex, and in,
EXERCISE XXXV 309
THE GERUNDIVE
The gerundive is an adjective, and has two main uses
1. In connection with the verb sum, the gerundive in-
dicates that a thing ought, needs, must, or should be done.

Intransitive verbs (impersonal in the passive) find here
the sole use for their single gerundive form, namely, the
nominative and accusative neuter in -um, e.g. pugnandum
est, persuadendum esse, etc.
2. Apart from the verb sum (expressed or implied),
the gerundive of transitive verbs commonly lacks the no-
tion " should, " " ought," etc., being used with great fre-
quency in phrases which, in meaning and form, very
closely parallel the gerund constructions made by intran-
sitive verbs (or by verbs used absolutely ; cf . the Remark
in Exercise XXV). In these gerundive uses, too, the
dative figures so little that it is not included in the present
discussion.
MODEL SENTENCES
Genitive
facultas aquae petendae, The opportunity of getting water.

aquae petendae causa, For the purpose of getting water.
Accusative
ad aquam petendam, For getting water (To get water).
Ablative
dolore ferendo defessi sumus, We are worn out with bear-

ing pain.
dolore ferendo nos superant, They excel us in bearing
pain.
de dolore ferendo librum scripsit, He wrote a book on
bearing pain.
'
3io FIRST LATIN READER
Remark. Working through the above examples one by one,

note how the gerundive is everywhere simply an adjective modifier
taking the form determined for it by the noun standing in the
genitive, accusative, or ablative case. And always keep in mind
the fact that only transitive verbs possess the gerundive forms
necessary for the construction of such phrases.
Note. The same prepositions used with the ablative of the
gerund are found also with ablative gerundive phrases.
VOCABULARY
Brundisium, -si, n., the name tot, indecl. adj., so many,
of a town in Italy. so numerous.
explorator, -oris, m., scout. vereor, 2, veritus sum, fear.
feLCulteLSy'&tiSyF.yOflpoirtinitj/, Perf. partic, veritus, -a,
cliance. -um, used with the force

forte, adv., by chance. of a present, fearing.
perfuga, -ae, m., deserter.
Note i. For the locative of Brundisium, see Remark 1 on

p. 247.
Note 2. On the force of veritus, see the Note on ratus, p.
270. Do not forget to employ with veritus, and other forms of
vereor, the construction called for by verbs of Fearing.
Note 3. Observe that tot provides a short and convenient
substitute for tarn multi.
translation
100. 1. Let us not send the horsemen to bring back the
deserters ; for they 1
are now busied 2
with caring for their
horses. 2. In a few hours you will have had an oppor-
tunity to sit in the shade, captain but now, though you ;
have been wounded with so many arrows, we must not hesi-

4
tate to give orders to the whole army to proceed at once to
London. 3 If there is 5 a chance to look for slaves, not
EXERCISE XXXV 311
even the horsemen will surpass us in speed. 6 4. If we

should inform the general that five hundred and fifty men,
who were lately
7
with us, are now hurrying to the camp of
the enemy's armies, he would say that there are not enough
horsemen in Brundisium 8
to capture 9
so many deserters.
101. 1. Since wagons can travel 10

along this narrow way
very easily, we need not find some other n method 12 of bring-
ing 13
the grain. 2. If we proceed from the plantation sev-
5
eral miles through the valleys, there

will be a chance to hunt
and fish. There are some people whom 14 we hear are try-
3.
ing to get possession of the money, so that they may have 15

more 16 slaves. 4. Thus it happened 17 that they were talking
about building 18 ships. But we already have ten, and I think
that the townspeople have been informed of the situation 19
and (that they) 3 will send eight other vessels to reenforce us.
102. The Scoufs Escape
"Many years ago," 16 said the soldier to the consul's

sons, " a w scout set out from New York to join 21 our army ;
and, 22 as 23
he 22
was a man of the greatest daring, he was
24
sent a few days later across the river, and remained
several hours in the enemy's camp. When
he was ready
to return, he quietly withdrew to the woods during the
night, 25 but could not find the skiff which he had left on
the river. While he was thus at a loss, 26 suddenly he
heard the barking 27 of a dog, and fearing 28 that he would
be caught by the enemy, he at once advanced silently 29
into the water, and there 30 by chance found another skiff.
The dog, which had now come to the bank, swam after 31
the skiff, and seized it with his 32 teeth. 33 But the scout
killed the animal M with his a dagger, 35 and returned shortly
in safety to our camp."
:. .
I. Express the subject. 20. quidam.

2. occupatus, -a, -um. 21. Cf footnote 33 on Exercise
.
3- Omit. XXXIV.
4- i.e. advance. 22. and . . . he: use qui.
5- Cf. footnote 6 on Exercise 23. i.e. since.
XVII. 24. a ?id remained: lit., where

6. Use propero. he remained. Punctuate the pre-
7- modo. ceding clause with a semicolon.
8. Be careful of the spelling. 25. during the night: use an
9. i.e. for (ad) capturing. adv.
10. Pass, of duco. 26. at a loss: haere5, 2,
11. so7ne other : alius. haesi.

12. ratio, -onis, F. 27. latratus, -us, m.
13. veho. 28. Translate in two ways.

14. Model this phrase on sunt 29. Lit., without noise (see the
qui (" there are some people who ") Vocabulary of Exercise XXXI).
15. If a dat. is used, the reflexive 30. and there: lit., where; cf.
(sui) is the pronoun required. footnote 24 above.
16. Be careful about the word 31 Lit by . , swimmingfollowed.
order. 32. suus, -a, -um.
17. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 33- dens, dentis, M.

ercise XVI, 34- Lit., the dog. Make this
18. i.e. making. clause a (passive) participial
19. Lit., about the (hie) matter. phrase

Do not place last in the clause. 35- sica, -ae, f.
EXERCISE XXXVI
(1O3-IOS)
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Just as a statement may either be reported verbatim
(Direct Discourse) or quoted indirectly (Indirect Dis-
course), so a question may be reported either in the direct
or in an indirect form, e.g.
Direct form: "Why are you waiting?" asked Marcus.

Indirect form : Marcus wanted to know why they were
waiting.
EXERCISE XXXVI 313
In the above, note that, even in the indirect form, the

interrogative word "why" is still retained —a fact that
shows instantly that we are dealing with a quoted question,
and not with a quoted statement. Consequently, even
though some verbs {e.g. "to know") are capable, on occa-
sion, of governing either construction, still the absence or
presence of an interrogative in a given clause shows at
once whether or not that clause is an indirect question.
MODEL SENTENCES
f quid legatus faciat.
Caesar audire vult j
what the captain is doing.
Caesar wants to know I cur legatus abierit.
[
why the captain has gone.
ubi legatus esset.

Caesar me rogabat where the captain was.
Caesar was asking me quis legatum vidisset.
who had seen the captain.
Rule. The verb of an Indirect Question stands in the
subjunctive mood.
Note. Observe that Indirect Questions employ all tenses of
the subjunctive, and with the same force as seen in causal cum-
clauses (Exercise VI). Watch with special care for cases where
the Law of Sequence calls for the use of the perfect subjunctive.
VOCABULARY
centurio, -onis, m., centurion, quo, interrog. and rel. adv.,
iniquus, -a, -um, unfavorable, whither, where. As rel.
quisque, quaeque, quidque, adv. beginning a new sen-

adj. and noun, each, each tence, there.
man. See the Summary rogo, 1, ask, inquire.
of Forms, p. 358.
Note. Quo is found only with verbs of motion. Hence it is
only when " where " is used loosely for " whither " that it can be
rendered by quo ; and, conversely, whenever " where " does stand
for " whither," it must be rendered by quo; for ubi cannot be
used with verbs of motion. Cf. the Note on hue, p. 255.
In the same way, " there "asa rendering for relative quo at the
beginning of a new sentence is loose for " thither." And even
" thither," thus used, is not a real translation of quo itself, but
rather of the demonstrative adverb (eo) for which quo stands ; for
just as Latin, in beginning a new sentence, is prone to substitute a

relative pronoun for a demonstrative (e.g. quod cum fecisset, " when
he had done this "), in like manner a relative adverb is often sub-
stituted for a demonstrative adverb.
TRANSLATION
103. I. Do not inquire why
have gone to their
they 1
I fear that you

2
seats. soon have opportunity to
too will
sit 2. If by chance the hunter should come from the
country, Quintus, and inquire where I am, please ask 3
him what he wants. 3. On that day I asked the captain
where the prisoners were, and he 4 replied 5 that he had
killed all the men, 6 sparing 7 only 8 the consul's son.
4. Because of the drought, 9 we have at the present time 10
too little food but I hope that shortly there will be an
;
opportunity to u look for grain.

104. Did you learn why a rush had been made 12 to
1.
the gates to escape ? 13 2. Let us not think 14 at this time

of
14
making war yet each man should get a supply of 17
15 16
;
arms. 3. If there are any whom the king has ordered

to fight on 18
ground so unfavorable, we shall go very gladly
19 20
to their assistance, in order that the confidence of the
enemy may be less. 4. The deserters were so many 21
that we gave orders to the captains not to try to find out

where they 1
had gone. 22
EXERCISE XXXYI 315
105. An Example of Good Discipline
Whenour soldiers had sailed across the bay, and had

landed from the ship, the enemy, who were not 24 much
23
superior in number, suddenly made a fierce attack upon

the companies. The centurions, fearing that they 25 would
have to fight on unfavorable ground, nevertheless 16 gave
18
orders to their men 26

to try to gain 27
a small hill not
far away, 28
and to form in a circle
29
there. When this 30
was done, the enemy repeatedly 31

attacked every part 32
of
our line in vain ;
33
for 34
each of our soldiers had made up
35 36 37 36
his mind either to die there or to be saved along with
all the rest. 38
So happened that the horsemen, who were
it
coming in haste ^ over the mountain by rough ^ roads to

reenforce the companies, suddenly attacked the enemy in
the rear, 41 and soon put them to flight ^ with great loss. 43
1. ille. 13. Not an ut-clause.

2. to their seats: lit., to take 14. think . . .
of: cogito, 1,
a seat (sedeo). with de and the abl.

3. For variety, use the verb 1 5 infero, -ferre, intuli, inlatus.
quaero, which, in the sense " in- 16. See Note 3 on p. 219.
1'
quire, governs ex with abl. of the 17. get a supply of: paro, 1.
person. Put this part of the clause 18. With the ablatives loco
before the word for " please." and locis the prep, in is often
4. Express the subject. omitted.
5 dico. 19. What case of auxilium?
6. homo or vir ? 20. fiducia, -ae, f.
7. sparing: lit., and {that 21. See the Vocabulary of Ex-

he) had spared. ercise XXXV.
8. Do not use an adv. 22. Lit., had proceeded. In
9. siccitas, -atis. f. wording this clause, note the pres-
10. i.e. now. ence of the verb of motion.
n. See Note 1 on p. 308. 23. Use egredior, 3. -gressus
12. Use concurro (3, -curri, -cursum.
sum est) How many interrogative
. 24. haud.
clauses are there in this sentence ? 25. Reflexive pronoun (sui).
. :

26. sui, -5rum, m. 36. either ...or: aut . . . aut.
27. capio. 37. Be careful of the spelling.
28. haud longinquus. 38. the rest : omit.
29. in orbem (orbis, -is, m.) 39. i.e. quickly.
consisto (3, -stiti, -stitum est) 40. asper, -era, -erum.
30. Use a relative, making this 41. in the rear : a tergo.
a participial phrase. 42. Note that this clause too
3i- identidem (adv.). is a part of the construction intro-
32. i.e. all parts. duced by " that."
33- in vain : frustra. 43. Lit., a great loss (detrimen-
34- Cf. footnote 5 on Exercise tum, -1, n.) having been sustained
XIV. (accipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus). Do
35- i.e. had decided. not place last in the sentence.
EXERCISE XXXVII
(106-108)
THE THIRD PERSON REFLEXIVES

A reflexive pronoun or reflexive possessive adjective is
one that "refers back" to the subject of a clause or sen-
tence. For the third person, these reflexives are respec-
tively sui and suus, -a, -um.
MODEL SENTENCES
Rex se interfecit, The king killed himself.
Rex filium suum interfecit, The king killed his son.
Rule. The third person reflexive pronoun and possessive

adjective normally " refer back " to the subject of the clause
in which they stand.
In some types of subordinate clause, however, these same

reflexive forms must be used even when the reference is to
the subject of the governing clause. The subordinate con-
structions exhibiting this special use are chiefly these
EXERCISE XXXVII 317
•
1) Indirect Discourse
2) Indirect Question
3) Complementary
Infinitive Clause
4) Purpose Clause
5) Clause dependent upon Verbs of Fearing
The following examples illustrate this use either of sui

or suus in clauses of each of the above types
MODEL SENTENCES
1) Colon! dicunt nautas sibi nocuisse, The settlers say
that the sailors have injured them (the settlers).
2) Colon! rogant cur equi carros suos non secuti sint, The
settlers are asking why the horses have not followed their
(the settlers') wagons.
3) Colon! nautas se sequi iubent, The settlers order the

sailors to follow them (the settlers).
4) Colon! nautas hortati sunt, ut liberos suos adiuvarent,

The settlers urged the sailors to help their (the settlers')
children.
5) Colon! timent ut nautae secum proficlscantur, The

settlers are afraid that the sailors will not set out with
them (the settlers).
The correct use of the third person reflexives is almost
entirely a matter of memory ; for the wording of an Eng-
lish sentence often gives no help. Thus we may say " The
king killed his son," whether we are talking about the
kings son, or about the son of some one else. But in
rendering such a sentence into Latin, we are forced to a
decision : if the reference is to the king's son, the reflex-
ive adjective is the only modifier possible (Rex filium suum
interfecit); but if the son of some one else is referred to,
the genitive of the personal pronoun is required (Rex eius
filium interfecit).
;

Note. Though, for the third person, Latin is much better sup-
plied than English with special reflexive forms, there are numer-
ous distinctions which even Latin cannot make. Thus, when third
person reflexives stand in subordinate clauses of the types illus-
trated above, there is sometimes a possible ambiguity. In the

sentence Colon! dicunt nautas sibi nocuisse, sibi might conceivably
refer either to nautas (the subject of its own clause), thus illus-
trating the general rule ; or it might refer to Colon! (the subject
of the governing clause), thereby illustrating the special use. In
cases of this sort, the context usually makes clear the meaning of
the speaker or writer.
Remark i. In this connection, it must not be forgotten that

the English forms " himself," " herself," etc., are not by any means
always used as reflexive. Very often they are intensive merely, i.e.
they simply emphasize a noun or pronoun (Latin ipse). Thus,

Rex se interfecit, "The king killed himself,
11
but Rex ipse venit,
"The king himself came."
Remark 2. For the first and second persons, Latin has no
special reflexive forms. Consequently all cases of ego and tu,
excepting the nominative, are forced into service as reflexives

{e.g. Ego me terreo, " I frighten myself") ; so also all forms of the
possessive adjectives meus, tuus, noster, and vester.
VOCABULARY
aquila, -ae, f., eagle. may be construed with
dimitto, 3, -misi, -missus, let indirect discourse (or in-
slip, miss. direct question).
impedimenta, -orum, n., bag- signum, -1, n., standard.
gage. suus, -a, -urn, his, her, its,
porto, I, carry, take. their ; hers, theirs.

scio, 4, scivi, scitus, know vexillum, -I, ^.,flag.
Note. It has already been indicated that (like other posses-

sive adjectives) suus, -a, -um follows the noun it modifies, unless
EXERCISE XXXVII 319
there is a contrast that makes it emphatic. Thus, Agricola equos

suos ducit, "The farmer is leading his horses," but Agricola suos
equos ducit, " The farmer is leading his own (as contrasted with
some one else's) horses."
Remark. In this connection, do not fail to note that suus, -a,

-um fully covers the ownership idea, and that, therefore, the geni-
tive of the reflexive pronoun sui (like the genitive of ego and
tu) must not be used to designate the person to whom something
belongs.
TRANSLATION
106. 1. By promising and urging, Caesar is helping him-

self and the soldiers of his entire army. 2. I hope that
the Gauls will persuade the general not to injure them.
Do you know where he has gone? 3. If you hear 2 any-
1
thing about summoning 3 the hostages, inform 4 me at once.

4. Did they inquire why Caesar, a man of great influence,
was trying to get possession of their small town ? 5. Let

us not miss this opportunity of helping our 5 citizens; for,
fearing that the settlers will not give them food, they are
now 6 on the point of falling back. 6. Caesar will not
have allowed the enemy to escape 7 from his sight.
107. 1. If the farmer's sons should have an opportunity

to fight, many with their great swords.
they would kill
8
2. Though there is no one who hopes that we shall start

from Rome very soon, still there are some who are asking-
5
why the general has not sent their baggage to Capua. 9
3. Though the deserters are fighting on unfavorable 10
ground, each company must shout twice, so that the

enemy's fear will be greater. 4. Though they already
had plenty of food, they were hurrying to the country, so
as not to miss this opportunity to fish.
.. . .
108. A Unique Standard
In American armies the soldiers usually 11 carry a flag

as 12 the standard. But one 13 regiment always took with
it
14
into battle an eagle which, not at all 15 terrified by the
;
shots fired on every hand, would fly 18 above 19 the enemy,

16 17
and 5 then come back to a pole, 20 which a soldier was carry-

ing. The enemy tried in every way 21 either to kill or to
22 23
capture this eagle ;
for they believed that, if it were lost,
24
the courage of the soldiers would be less. But this they
25 26 27
could never accomplish; and even after the war was
finished,
28
grateful 29 citizens for many years cared for the
bird.
i. ille. 14. Cf. footnote 3 on Exer-

2. Cf. footnote 6 on Exer- cise III.
cise XVII. 15. not at all: minime.
3. Review, if necessary, the 16. telum.
grammar lesson of Exercise 17. Partic. of mitto.
XXXV. 18. volito, 1, -avi, -atum est.
4. Cf. footnote 1 1 on Exer- What tense?

cise XVIII. In this particular 19. super, prep., with ace
sentence, do not place the verb 20. contus, -1, m. Keep the
last. prepositional phrase last in the
5. Omit. clause.
6. nunc or iam? 21. Use the pi.
7 recedo, 3 -cessl, -cessum est

, 22. this eagle : put first in the
8. See the Note on the Vocab- sentence.
ulary of this Exercise. 23. Use an abl. absol. (///., it
9. Cf. again the Note on the having been lost)
Rule in Exercise VI. 24. Use a relative.

10. Cf. footnote 18 on Exer- 25. efficio, 3, -feci, -fectus.
cise XXXVI. 26. atque.

1 1 See the Vocabulary of Ex- 27. Use a cum-clause.
ercise XXIII, with Note 1. 28. conficio, 3, -feci, -fectus.
12. pro, prep., with abl. 29. gratus, -a, -um.
13. quidam.
EXERCISE XXXVIII 321
EXERCISE XXXVIII
(109-111)
ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR CHARACTERISTIC

MODEL SENTENCE
Caesar erat insigni virtute vir, Caesar was a man of
noteworthy bravery.
Rule. A
noun in the ablative case, with a modifier,
may be used to designate a quality or characteristic of a
person or tiling.
Note. It is often impossible to detect any difference in mean-

ing between the genitive and the ablative of quality. But if the
modifier is par, acer, or any adjective with nominative in -is (as
similis), the ablative should always be written in preference to the
genitive. Thus, while we may say either maximae virtiitis vir or
maxima virtute vir, the choice of case is at once limited if insignis

is selected as the modifier, as in the Model Sentence above.
VOCABULARY
consuetude, -inis, f., practice, par, gen. paris, equal.
German!, -brum, m., the Ger- pello, 3, pepuli, pulsus, drive,
mans. repulse, drive back.

insignis, -is, -e, ?toteworthy.
Note. Observe that par is an adjective of one termination

(like audax ; see Summary of Forms, p. 350). Note carefully that
adjectives of one termination (as most adjectives of the third
declension) have only the -i ending in the ablative singular.
TRANSLATION
109. 1. Though Cicero has like influence, 1
Caesar has
given orders to Curio not to make him his 2
lieutenant.
;
2. Caesar did not ask what you had said

3
to his captain,
nor 3
where you were on the point of going. 3. Through 4
practice in 5
hunting the Germans became 6
strong, and I
do not think that many 7

nations have been found equally
courageous. 8 4. He says that the practice of carrying
an eagle among 9
the standards often helped 10
the armies
of those states. Let us not believe that the men 11 who
5.
are now on the point of departing 12 from London are

deserters.
110. 1. If there are any 13

who are inquiring why we do
not spare their slaves, say that six hundred of their
citizens H burned all our baggage and flags. 2. Many
men from Capua to guard the
of equal boldness set out
roads, so that might harm their commander.
nothing 15
3. While the battle was raging at New York, the sailors

16
got possession of another island. 4. Within a few days
we shall have enough ships to send to protect

17
that town.
5. Though the wagons will have been sent by a much
shorter 18 road, why need we hurry to London at such 19
speed ? 6. Were not the sailors willing to be sent to the
20
aid of another line ?
111. A Brief Campaign

When our general had arrived there, 21 he encamped 22
23 24
without delay not far from the river. Seeing this, the
enemy for several days remained in the forest 25
but on
26
the ninth day, in order to find out more definitely 27
what
our army was doing, 28
three scouts crossed the river to in-
vestigate. 29 So great, 19 however, was the watchfulness 30 of
the soldiers that the men 31
were at once captured by our
cavalry. A few days later the enemy led all their forces
across the river, and located 32
them 13 on 32 a hill suitable
EXERCISE XXXVIII 323
for a camp. But during the night our men occupied a

higher 33
hill, and in the morning 34 drove the terrified
enemy into the river.
1 Lit., is of like {i.e. similar) 19. See the Vocabulary of Ex-

influence. ercise XXVII.
2. i.e. Curio's. 20. Not gen.
3. not . . . nor : use nee . . . 21. Lit., whither (see the Vo-
nee, placing the verb of u asking " cabulary of Exercise XXXVI).
before the first of these conjunc- Put first in the sentence.
tions. 22. castra pono (3, posul, posi-
4. i.e. by. tus).
5. Lit., of. 23. notfarfrom : haud procul a.
6. Customary past action. 24. Lit., which (rel.) thing

7. Place next after the nega- (res) having been noticed.
tive. 25. Use the idiom se silvis
8 Lit of equal courage
,
tenere. Cf. the similar phrase in
9. inter: prep., with ace. footnote 16 on Exercise V.

10. Use subsidium. 26. cognosco.
11. PI. of is. 27. Use certius.
12. of setting out
i.e. 28. ago, 3, egi, actus.
13. Omit. 29. speculor.
14. i.e. six hundred citizens of 30. diligentia.
theirs (gen. of ipse). 31. Use ille.
15. What' kind of clause ? 32. locate on: colloco, with in

16. Use pugno, with acriter. and abl.
17. Use praesidium (with 33. To relieve the monotony

mitto) Make the whole a relative
. of the clause endings, detach
clause. this adjective from its noun, and
18. short: brevis, -is, -e. Place put it last in the clause.
the modifying phrase after the 34. /;/ the morning: mane
noun. (adv.).
EXERCISE XXXIX
(112-114)
I-STEMS AND U-STEMS

I-Stems U-Stem
turris, f., tower animal, n., animal cornu, n., horn
Singular
Norn. turris animal cornu

Gen. turris animalis cornus
Dat. turn animali cornu
Ace. turrim, -em animal cornu
Abl. turri, -e animali cornu
Plural
Nom. turres animalia cornua

Gen. turrium animalium cornuum
Dat. turribus animalibus cornibus
Ace. turris, -es animalia cornua
Abl. turribus animalibus cornibus
Note i. The noteworthy thing about the declension of the

I-Stem turris, is, of course, its accusative singular in -im. Very
few common nouns have this ending ; but I-Stem names of cities
and rivers in -is regularly form the accusative thus.
Neuter I- Stems with nominative in -e follow the declension of

mare \ the others (with nominative in -al and -ar ; see the state-
ment in Exercise I) conform to the inflection of animal above.
Note 2. The declension of masculine and feminine U-Stems
(e.g. exercitus) has already been fully treated. How neuters
of this class are inflected is illustrated above in the declension of
cornu.
EXERCISE XXXIX 325
VOCABULARY
cornu, -us, n., horn ; wing num, conj. ; introducing in-
(of army). direct questions, whether.

dexter, -tra, -trum, right (as studium, -1, n., liking, e7tthu-
contrasted with "left"). siasni.
TRANSLATION
112. 1. Though they were men of noteworthy influence,

x 2
they nevertheless hesitated to lead their forces thither,
3
fearing that Curio had stationed the fifth regiment on the
right wing of our line. 2. The practice of killing animals
4
with the ax must be checked 5 by the consuls and the
senate. 3. With equal enthusiasm the Gauls advanced
6 4
silently to attack the higher tower. 4. If they should
see the eagle, would they not desire know 8 where we
7
to
are going, and 9
why we are not marching to their camp?
5. I think that they carried an eagle into that town in
order that the inhabitants of the mountains might not dare
to injure them there.
10
113. 1. If Caesar orders all the soldiers to follow him,
3 11
let us not tarry to look for the slave. 2. In numbers
the armies are equal, but ours is much superior in cour-
age. 12 3. Do you know what is taking place 13
on the right
wing ? / think that the tower has been taken 14
and the
enemy repulsed. 4. Do not ask them 15
why they left
their baggage and standards in the tower. 5. Even now

Gailis seems to have too little enthusiasm 16 about these mat-
ters.
17
6. The general of greatest influence could 18
not
19
persuade a single soldier of these companies to fight
20
on ground so unfavorable.
. .
114. The Carrier Pigeon
"Some nations use birds in a curious 21

way in war-
22
fare," said the soldier to Marcus and Quinlus. " Once
in Europe, when there had been a fierce battle, and the
townspeople had been forced back to their camp
to fall
23
with one of the captains very badly wounded, the leader
wished to find out whether the king was on the point of
coming to reenforce him. 24 So 25 he wrote a letter, 26 and
fastened 27 it to 27 the foot 28 of a pigeon, 29 which had been
given to him 24 by the king. Set free 30 at night, the bird
returned home with all 31 speed; and the king, thus in-
formed of 32 the battle, at once sent several companies to
the relief of his citizens."
i . See the Vocabulary of Ex- 15. If quaero is used, cf. foot-

ercise XXXIV. note 3 on Exercise XXXVI.
2. eo (adv.). 16. Lit., too little enthusias?n
3. Translate in more than one seems to be in Gains.
way. 17. about these 7natters: put
4. Be careful of the spelling. early in the sentence.
5. prohibeo, 2, -ui, -itus. 1 8 Present indicative ; an idio-

6. i.e. without noise. matic use.
7. i.e. want. 19. unus.
8. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 20. Cf. footnote 18 on Exer-
ercise XXXVII. cise XXXVI.
9. Lit., or. 21. Insolitus, -a, -um.
10. Cf. footnote 6 on Exercise 22. i.e. in war.
XVII. 23. badly: graviter. Render
1 1 See Note 2 on the Vocabu- this phrase by a participial clause.
lary of Exercise XII. 24. is or sui ?
12. Put early in the clause. 25. i.e. and so.

13. i.e. what is being done. 26. litterae, -arum, f.
Write the form of sum with
14. 27. fastened". . .to: deligo, 1,
the second participle only. with ad and ace.

EXERCISE XL 327
28. pes, pedis, M. 30. emitto, 3, -misl, -missus.

29. columba. Place last in the Not abl. absol.
phrase, thus avoiding an awkward 31. Z,//., the greatest.
separation from the relative of the 32. i.e. about.
modifying clause.
EXERCISE XL
REVIEW OF EXERCISES XXXIII TO XXXIX
VOCABULARY
consilium, -li, n., plan, de- egredior, 3, -gressus sum, go
sign. out, march out; with ex

and abl., leave.
Note. On the declension of consilium, see Note 2 on the

TRANSLATION
115. 1. Since we know that the animal has horns, the

women ought to run 1 at once to the gate, and 2 you alone
ought to stay. 2. Though a similar plan of flight 3 has
4
been adopted at times by leaders of equal bravery, do
you think that our b commander will allow 6 kis h companies
to fall back from New York? 3. Through 7 practice in 8
hurling fire, the Gauls were able very easily to ignite 9 our
tower with their missiles. 10 4. In 11 undertaking 12 wars, the
Gauls do not (stop to) 2 consider 13 whether they are able to
overcome the enemy for their nation is very enthusiastic 14
;
15 16
for fighting.
116. 1. With Caesar for general, I shall not fear even 17

the assaults of the armies of the greatest leaders. 2. Let us
not be afraid.For there are men 2 to whom the captains have

given orders to announce 18 that there are enough soldiers
in Brundisium; and / know that seven hundred others
are now coming along the other road to aid us. 3. Be-
cause of the confusion of the streets, all men 2
very enthu-
14 15
siastic for writing will soon have been forced to flee to
the country. 4. I feared that the enemy had placed horse-
men on the right wing, so that you would cross the river
with less 19 speed. Twenty-eight 20 men have been sent
5.
from the tower into the woods to hide, and nobody as yet
has noticed them.
117. A Cautions Lieutenant {Part I)
21
While this was happening, one of Caesar's lieutenants,
Sabinus by name, arrived at a town which the enemy had
gotten possession of a few days before. When the Romans
came in
22
sight, the Gauls closed 23 the gates without delay;
and Sabinus, fearing that he had not sufficient forces
24
to attack the town, sought a place suitable for a camp,
and there remained several days. Meanwhile, seeing 25
that no opportunity for fighting was offered 26 them by the
Romans, the enemy marched out from the town daily, and
finally would advance with such
27
boldness as to 28 come
29 30
up almost to the very rampart of the camp.
1. Cf. footnote 14 on Exer- 6. Review again, if necessary,

cise XXXIX. the infinitives of deponent verbs.
2. Omit. 7- i.e. because of.
3. Use and reverse the
fugio, 8. Lit., of.
order of the modifiers of the word 9- incendo.

for "plan." 10. telum.
4. capio. 11. Express the preposition .
5. Cf. the Note on the Vo- 12. facio. Gerund or gerun

cabulary of Exercise XXXVII. dive ?
EXERCISE XLI 329
13. i.e. question (quaero). 22. i.e. into.
14. very enthusiastic: lit., of 23. claudo, 3, clausi, clausus.

the greatest liking (Vocabulary of 24. for (ad) attacking.
i.e.
Exercise XXXIX). 25. Cf. footnote 16 on Exer-

15. Lit., of. Cf. the genitive cise III, and be careful about the
construction with facultas. word order.
16. Lit., war. 26. i.e. was being offered (do).
,?
17. Note that "not precedes. 27. i.e. such great (Vocabu-
18. Observe carefully the Law lary of Exercise XXVII).
of Sequence. 28. Introducing a clause of re-
19. Be careful about the order suit.
of words. 29. i.e. approach (Vocabulary

20. Numeral how formed? of Exercise XXXII).
21. haec (neut.). 30. ipse.
EXERCISE XLI
(118-120)
INSTRUMENTALITY OR INTERMEDIATE AGENCY

MODEL SENTENCES
Per me hoc factum est, Through my help this was
accomplished.
De pugna Caesar per exploratores certior factus est,
Through (the medium of) scouts Caesar learned of the
battle.
Rule. The person throitgh whose instrumentality a

tiling comes to pass may be designated by an accusative
governed by the preposition per.
Note. The instrumentality construction is suited to describe

the activity of agents who contribute to an end, or who are work-
ing under the direction of some one else. Thus, in the first of the
Model Sentences, the speaker represents himself as helping toward

the result referred to ; and, in the second, the scouts appear as
subordinates acting under another's orders.
VOCABULARY
emitto, 3, -misi, -missus, send course (or indirect ques-
out. tion).
Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul. pedes, -itis, m., foot soldier;

intellego, 3, -lexi, -lectus, pi, infantry.
understand ; may be con- sui, -orum, m., his men, their
strued with indirect dis- men.
Note. Sui, -orum, is, of course, simply the possessive adjective

employed as a noun, and its use, therefore, is limited by the rules
that govern the usage of the third person reflexives generally (see
Exercise XXXVII).
TRANSLATION
118. With the help of
i. slaves, the women and children
are being taken by wagon 1
to a safe place in 2
the forest;
for the settlers fear that the cavalry of the enemy have
already repulsed our men, and that 3 their 4 infantry are
now burning the tower. 2. As 5
a leader of noteworthy 6
boldness on the right wing, Caesar does not under-
is
stand why no
prisoners are being sent to him. 7 3. If they
should adopt the plan of guarding the roads, we should be
obliged to retire across the mountains into Gaul to winter. 8
4. Through the medium of prisoners the general hopes
that he will be able 9 to persuade the enemy not to kill the
wives and children of the consuls. Only Caesar's
5.
10 11
scouts will be able to tell us where the companies were
hastening.
119. Let us not go out from the tower; for I think
1.
that the enemy

are merely 12 pretending to be afraid, 13 in
order that they may more easily have an opportunity to 14
attack the companies. 2. He will send men 15 from Rome
to Capua to bring back his slaves for he had given orders ;
EXERCISE XLI 331
to them 16 not to leave

17
that city. 3. Follow me at once to
the gate, soldiers for a very fierce fight is in progress
;
there. 4. I promise that you shall have sufficient money

for I
18
shall then be either 19 at Rome or 19 in the country.
5. If there are men through whose
3
help 20 a messenger
can be brought 21
to the right wing, not even 22 the cavalry
of the enemy will be able to injure our line.
120. A Cautious Lieutenant {Part II)
Sabinus was reluctant 23 to fight against 24 so large 25 an

army on unfavorable ground. Consequently 26 he for some
27 28 3 28
time kept within his camp, hoping that the Gauls would
think that the Romans feared them. Finally, through the
help of a 29 Gaul who pretended 30
that he was a deserter,
the enemy were informed that Sabinus would soon break
camp, so as to fall back and go to the relief 31 of Caesar.
Hearing 32 this, and fearing that Sabinus might slip away 33
unobserved, 34 the Gauls at once advanced 35 with great speed
toward 36 his camp. But when they arrived there 37 tired
out 38 with running, Sabinus by two gates suddenly sent out
all his men,
39
who made so fierce an attack that very few
of 40
the enemy escaped unscathed 41 from the battlefield 42
into the town.
I. Use the pi. 10. Lit., the scouts of Caesar

2. Lit., into. only (gen. of solus).
3- Omit. 11. dico (with dat.). Be care-
4- i.e. the enemyV ful of the tense in the following
5- i.e. since. clause.
6. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 12. See Note 1 on the Vocabu-
ercise XXXVIII. lary of Exercise XXIV.
7- i.e. Caesar. 13. i.e. that they are afraid.
8. to winter : not an ut-c ause. 14. See Note 1 on p. 308.
9- Cf. footnote 7 on Fxer- 15. PI. of is.
rise XV. 16. i.e. the slaves. Use ille.

17. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 30. Imperfect tense.
ercise XL. 31. Use a dative construction.
18. Express the subject. 32. If a pass, partic. is used,
19. either . . . or : cf. foot- omit the following "and."

note 36 on Exercise XXXVI. 33. effugio, 3, -fugi.
20. i.e. through whom. 34. See the Vocabulary of Ex-
21. deduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus. ercise XIV.
22. Be careful about the word 35. contendo.
order. 36. ad.
23- Lit. , was hesitating. 37. Lit., whither (see the Vo-
24. Lit., with. cabulary of Exercise XXXVI).
25. so large: translate by a Put first in the sentence (and cf.
single word. footnote 5 on Exercise XIV).

26. Lit., and so. 38. tired out : i.e. tired.
27. for some time: (absolute) 39. Punctuate this clause with
compar. of diu. a semicolon.
28. Use the idiom se castris 40. very few of: perpauci,
tenere. Cf. footnote 25 on Exercise -ae, -a. Place after the noun.
XXXVIII. 41. i.e. in safety.
29. quidam. 42. Lit., battle.
EXERCISE XLII
(121-123)
INDIRECT OBJECT WITH THE IMPERSONAL PASSIVE

It has previously been pointed out that intransitive verbs
are of two types, namely
which are incapable of (1) those
governing any case whatsoever, and (2) those which are
construed with some case other than the accusative ; and,
further, it has been shown that all intransitive verbs are
necessarily restricted, in the passive, to an impersonal use
(cf. Exercise XXVI).
The passive of intransitives of the first type is already
familiar {e.g. pugnatur, pugnatum est, etc.). On the next
page is illustrated the corresponding passive of certain
intransitives of the other type.
EXERCISE XLII 333
MODEL SENTENCES
( I am persuaded.
Mihi persuadetur j T .. T . . , , .
[
Lit., It is persuaded to me.
All must be spared.
Omnibus parcendum est Mercy must be shown to all.
must be spared to all.
Lit., It
Rule. Intransitive verbs which govern the dative retain

this case with their impersonal passive forms.
Note. The chief difficulty encountered in applying this Rule

is that our rather loose renderings, " persuade," " spare," and the
like (Exercise IX) incline us to forget that persuadeo, parco, etc.,
are intransitive verbs, and, therefore, necessarily impersonal in the

passive. To avoid error here, constant vigilance will be required.
Remark. When the impersonal passive takes the gerundive
form (as in the second of the Model Sentences), it is conceivable
that ambiguity might sometimes arise, the reader or hearer being
left in doubt whether the accompanying dative is one of agency
(Exercise XI), or whether it is an indirect object. As a matter
of fact, however, the context usually makes the meaning clear.
VOCABULARY
circumvenio, 4, -veni, -ventus, Petronius, -ni, m., Petronins.
surroitnd. salus, -utis, f., safety, saluti
discessus, -us, m., departure. esse, with a second dative,
Ignosco, 3, ignovi, ignotum to save.
est, pardon, forgive. See sinister, -tra, -trum, left (as

the Rule in Exercise IX. contrasted with " right").
murus, -i, m., wall.
TRANSLATION
121. 1. On 1
the departure of the leaders, Caesar was
persuaded by his captains to pardon the whole army.
2. Though this matter has turned out very badly for the
companies on 2 the right wing, not even by words must the
king be injured. 3. If through the help of the Indians
we should be able to find a road by which to reach that
tower, the enemy would not understand how 3 we had come
up 4 to their camp. 4. Though he 5 is equally enthusiastic, 6
there are some who prefer Cicero. 5. We were afraid
that you would not be spared for Caesar knew 7 that you
;
led 8
the four hundred horsemen who had driven back the
left wing.
122. 1. They will use horses, so that the enemy may not
capture their children. 2. Forgive the boys ; for, though
they have gone into the woods to fish, at New York I shall
soon have given them an opportunity to work. 3. Do not
urge Caesar not to send the infantry to Capua. Let 4.
us not change 9 our 10 design of waging war; for a very

skillful
n leader will soon be sent from London to help 12
us. 5. Do you know whether the dog and the horse are
brave animals ? 6. Did the right wings of the two armies
advance ?
123. A Heroic End

Once, when Caesar was trying to take 13 a certain city, a
very brave centurion clambered up 14 the wall; and 15
another, named Petronius, rushed forward lc with three
men to the very 17 gate, 18 where, however, he was sur-
rounded by the enemy and seriously 20 wounded. See-
19
ing 21 that he must die, Petronius shouted 22 to his men,

" Though I cannot myself escape, I will at any rate 23
save 12 you." 24 So saying, 25 he made a fierce attack upon
the enemy, and having killed two 26 with his 10 sword, drove
the others back a little. 27 The opportunity for escape 28
EXERCISE XLIII 335
being offered, 29 the soldiers quickly withdrew to our line ;
but Petronius, though he had saved his men, himself 30 fell

31
fighting before the gate.
I. What case expresses this 18. Punctuate this clause with

time relation? a semicolon.
2. Lit., of. 19. Express est at the end of
3. i.e. by what means (sing.) the sentence only.
4. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 20. graviter.
ercise XXXII, and observe care- 21. i.e. realizing. Begin the
fully the Law of Sequence. sentence with qui, omitting 4i
Pe-
5. ille. tronius " of the following clause.
6. Lit., of equal enthusiasm. 22. inquam (see Summary of
7. Imperfect tense. Forms, p. 382).
8. i.e. had led. 23. certe.
9. muto, 1. 24. you : put first in the clause.

10. Omit. with the adv. second.
II. very skillful: lit., of the 25. Lit., which (pi.) when he
greatest skill. had said.
12. Use a dative construction. 26. Use a passive participial
13. expugno. construction.
14. conscendo. 27. paulum (adv.).
15. at que. 28. effugio, 3, -fugi.
1 6. procurro. 3, -cucurri or -cum, 29. do.

-cursum est. 30. Cf. Remark 1 on p. 318.
17. ipse. 31. ad.
EXERCISE XLIII
(124-126)
THE ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES

MODEL SENTENCES
Turris arbore altior est, The tower is higher than the tree.
Turrim colle altiorem habemus, We have a tower higher
than a hill.
Rule. When two things are compared as greater or less

in degree, and the first is designated by a nominative or
accusative, the other may be designated by an ablative.
VOCABULARY
Custer, -trl, m., Custer. manus, -us, f., band (of

ingenium, -ni, n., wits, in- soldiers).
sight, mind.
Note i. On the declension of ingenium, see Note 2 on the

Note 2. As nearly all nouns in -us of the fourth declension
are masculine, observe with special care that manus is an excep-

tion to the rule.
TRANSLATION
124. 1. This route 1 is longer than that; but it is my

2
custom to travel always by the broader road. 2. I think
3 4
that, because of his liking for hunting, the consul's son
will remain in the country some months
5
for in the forests, ;
there is a great abundance 6 of all sorts of 7 animals.

3. Through the medium of their 3 children they will be
pardoned 8 for you know that Pompey has been persuaded
;
to spare all who are willing 9 to send their 3 children to

him. 10 4. Since there is no one who understands that
water is more powerful than fire, let us not waste 11 time

longer here. 12 5. Will Curio have been informed where
the cavalry have gone and 13 why the enemy are not attack-
ing his left wing ?
125. 1. Gaius is a boy of keen 14 wits; but Marcus is
15
better than he. 2. Twice the leaders of the infantry
have given orders to their men 16 to advance to attack this
EXERCISE XLIII 337
tower. With great enthusiasm men 17 are now trying

3.
to mount the wall, so as to have a better

18
chance to wound
4. With reference to peace
19
the centurions with arrows.
more ambassadors 20 have already come; for at home
their 21 citizens have no
22
food, though we have an abun-
I shall go to Rome or to
23
dant supply of all things. 5.
Capua to meet Caesar; for I know that his courage only 24

is greater than mine. 25 6. If all should be persuaded to
use their wits, surely 26 some one 27 would save 28 us.
126. Custer's Last Fight
Many years ago several regiments set out to drive 29

some Indians from their homes, 30 and a 17 cavalry officer 31
named Custer was sent ahead 32 to attack the enemy. A
part of his forces he 15 ordered to advance by another
route, 33 so that he might make an assault upon the Indians
from both sides 34 simultaneously. 35 Thus it happened 36
that when he came suddenly in sight of the enemy's
camp, he had with him 37 only about three hundred men.
Catching sight of 38 the little band, the Indians, who were
about two thousand in number, at once burst forth from
their camp and made a fierce attack.
3
Our men mean-
39
while had dismounted, and their horses, frightened by
3
the uproar, 40 now ran away. The cavalrymen kept up the

fight
41
bravely until their 3 ammunition 42 was gone, 43 and
then they were all slain to a man 44 by the exultant 45
enemy.
1. iter. 4. Lit., of. For the govern-

2. by a verb (cf.
Translate ing noun, see the Vocabulary of
the Vocabulary of Exercise XXIII, Exercise XXXIX.
with Note 1). 5. i.e. several.
3. Omit. 6. i.e. supply.
1
33» FIRST LATIN READER

7. all sorts of: omnis. 27. aliquis.
8. Observe that this calls for 28. Use a dative construction.
an intransitive verb. 29. expello.
9. Note that this clause is a 30. fro?n their homes: lit.,
part of the indirect discourse, and fro?n home (sing.).

observe the Law of Sequence care- 31. Lit., officer (praefectus, -1,
fully. m.) of cavalry.

10. Reflexive pronoun. 32. praemitto, 3, -misi, -missus.
1 . tero, 3, trivi, tritus. 33. Lit., road.
12. hie (adv.). 34. from both sides: utrimque
13. Lit., or. (adv.).
14. acer. 35. simul.
15. ille. 36. Consult, if necessary, the
16. See the Vocabulary of Ex- Vocabulary of Exercise XVI.
ercise XLL 37. Cf. footnote 3 on Exercise
17. quidam. III.
18. Lit. , greater. 38. i.e. noticing.

19. Lit., with reference to (de) 39. desilio, 4, -silui.
suing for (peto) peace. 40. i.e. noise.

20. legatus. 41. pugno (imperfect tense).
21. Reflexive or not ? 42. Lit., weapons.
22. Use nihil. 43. be gone: deficio, 3, -feci
23. Lit., very great. (-fectus) ; use here the perfect

24. Lit., the courage (fortitudo) tense. Punctuate this clause with
of him only (gen. of solus). a semicolon, omitting the following
25. Place before the compara- "and."
tive. 44. Lit., to (ad) one {man).
26. See the Note on the Vo- 45. gestiens, -entis (partic,
cabulary of Exercise XXI. used as adj.).
EXERCISE XLIV
(127-128)
CONTRARY TO FACT CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Two have already been
classes of conditional sentences
treated, namely, Simple and Vague Future. There still
remains a third class, known as Contrary to Fact a type —
EXERCISE XLIY 339
of conditional sentence peculiar in that it carries with it
the implication that the suppositions made are false. Thus

we say in English :
" If the boys were here " (implying that they are )iot
present).
"If the boys had been here" (implying that they were
not present).
Observe that the of the above illustrations has to
first
do with what and the second with what was not

is not, —
a distinction which is marked by the terms Present Con-
trary to Fact and Past Contrary to Fact.
MODEL SENTENCES
Si nobis plus pecuniae esset, non ruri essemus, If we had
more money, we should not be in the country.
Si plus pecuniae Caesari dedisset, certiores facti essetis,

If he had given more money to Caesar, you would have
been informed.
Si Caesar turn Romam venisset, nunc nobis satis pecuniae
esset, If Caesar had come to Rome at that time, we should
now have plenty of money.
In the last of these Model Sentences, note that the
conditioning clause Past Contrary
is to Fact, while the con-
clusion is Present Contrary to Fact — a very frequent com-
bination.
Rule. Present Contrary to Fact Conditional Sentences

require tlie imperfect subjunctive, Past Contrary to Fact the
pluperfect subjunctive.
VOCABULARY
eruptio, -onis, f., sally, sortie, spes, -ei, f., hope.

regio, -onis, f., region.
TRANSLATION
127. i. If Caesar had been at Capua, he would have

given orders to the soldiers of the left wing not to spare
the slaves. 2. If this tree were taller than the other, its
shadow would be longer. 3. If, on his departure, Caesar

1
had said that the townspeople must be pardoned, 2 they 3

would now be safe. 4. If through your help I should find
a scout of equal daring, the general would send him very
quickly to the tower. 5. If you had remained at home,
and your 4 brother had not been sent from Rome into the
country, 5 Curio would be urging me not to remain 6 in the
city. 6. Gaius is informed
7
that by many things this ani-
mal is very easily injured. 7. Do not pardon these com-
panies which refused to cross the river.
128. A Siiccessfitl Maneuver
When the fight had now gone on 8

for six hours at 9
the
fortifications, ourmen would have been de-
certainly 10
feated, if u of keen insight, 12 had not u

two centurions, men
run to Balbus, saying that a sudden 13 sortie ought to be
made at once. Hearing this, and thinking that that 14 was
the sole 15 hope of escape, 16 the commander gave orders to
his men that, when the signal 17 was given, they should
rush forth by all the gates, and make a very fierce assault
upon the enemy. And so, when the signal was heard, the
soldiers made a sudden sortie, and 18 gave the enemy no
18
19 20
opportunity to realize what was taking place, but on
21
every side surrounded and killed the inhabitants of that
region, who had come together with the greatest enthusiasm
22
from all the nearest mountains, hoping to get possession
23
of our camp.
EXERCISE XLV 341
1. umbra. 14. The gender is determined

2. Note that this calls for an by the predicate noun.
intransitive verb. 15. i.e. the only.
3. ille. 16. effugio, 3, -fugi.
4. How many persons are ad- 17. slgnum. Make this a

dressed ? participial clause.
5 into the country : translate 18. and . . . no: lit., nor . . .
in the same way as u to the coun- any (ullus).

try." 19. cognosco.
6. Observe the Law of Se- 20. Lit., what (quid) was being
quence carefully. done.
7. Present tense. 21. These verbs may be placed
8. Use pugno. before their object, so as to bring
9. ad. the latter nearer to the relative
10. certe or profecto ? (cf. the clause dependent upon it.
Note on the Vocabulary of Exer- 22. proximus, -a, -um. In this

ciseXXI). phrase, the word for " all " may
n. if . . . not: nisi (conj.). precede the preposition.
12. See the Vocabulary of Ex- 23. i.e. hoping that they would
ercise XLIII. get possession of.
13. repentinus, -a, -um.
EXERCISE XLV
(129-130)
THE FUTURE IMPERATIVE

Taking voco as a model, the forms of the future im-
perative are as follows
Active Passive
Singular Plural Singular Plural
2d person vocato vocatote vocator
3d person vocato vocanto vocator vocantor
Turning to the Summary of Forms, learn the future im-

perative of all other verbs, regular and irregular, noting
that everywhere there found the same close analogy

is
between the forms of the third person of the present indica-

tive and the corresponding forms of the future imperative.
MODEL SENTENCES
Thou shalt go.

Ito,
He shall go.
Thou shalt follow.

sequitor,
He shall follow.
amantor, They shall be loved.
Note. The future imperative is somewhat formal and old-

fashioned ; hence the rather stilted style of some of the above
renderings.
VOCABULARY
absum, -esse, afui (future Pharsalus, -I, f., the name

partic. afuturus), be away, of a city of Greece.
be distant. Ptolomaeus, -I, m., Ptolemy.
Aegyptus, -I, f., Egypt. responded, 2, -spondi, -spon-
Alexandria, -ae, f., Alex- sum est, reply ; answer
andria, the name of a city (with dat. of the person
of Egypt. spoken to) : may be con-
Pelusium, -si, n., the name strued with indirect dis-
of a city of Egypt. course.
TRANSLATION
129. Thou shalt be king of the Gauls.

1. 2. Each band
shall come to assist. 3. Ye shall bring to the king gifts
greater than these. 4. There shall be peace; for the
envoys 1 have persuaded the king to spare the consuls.
5. They 2 shall be killed; but we have given orders that 3
EXERCISE XLV 343
the children be not 3

and announce
injured. 6. Hear ye,
4
what must be done; for the king's messengers will not
easily be persuaded. 7. They shall conduct 5 the envoys *
8. Ye shall warn those who live in the

6
to the river.
valleys. 9. There shall be safety and hope. 10. Thou
shalt give ear 7 and spare. 11. Ye shall go by the long-
If this had always been done, we should now

8
est road.
have no war. 12. Thou shalt ever 9 try to make peace.
130. Pompey s Fate
After Pompey had been defeated at Pharsalus, he fled

by ship 10
to Pelusium. There n he found 12 that Ptolemy,
king 13
of Egypt, was not far 14
away with an army. He
therefore sent messengers to urge the king to allow him 15
16
to go to Alexandria for shelter. 16 But as 17 Ptolemy was
18 19 20
a boy in years, friends of his father were helping him
in the management of business 21 and they, 22 fearing 23
that Pompey might 24 attempt to get possession of all
25
26
Egypt, answered the messengers graciously, but sent
back 27 with them two soldiers to kill Pompey. On the
arrival of these, 8 the defeated general was persuaded to
embark upon 28 a small ship to go 29 to the king; whereupon 30
he was promptly 31
murdered by the soldiers. Had he
chosen to remain upon his own ship, perhaps he would
32 33
have fought with Caesar again a few months later.
1. *.*. ambassadors. 8. Use a relative, placing it
2. ille. properly in the sentence.

3. that . . . not: not a result 9. i.e. always.
clause. 10. Use the pi.
4. quid. n. Lit. , where.
5. deduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus. 12. Lit., was informed.

6. PI. of is. 13. Be careful to write the cor-
7. audio. rect case.
. .
14. notfar : haudlonge. Place clause, what determines the tense

next to the verb. here ?
15. Reflexive pronoun. 24. Not possum.

16. go . . -for shelter: re- 25. Lit., entire. Note the gen-
fugio, 3, -fugi. der of the word modified.
17. i.e. since. 26. comiter (adv.).
1 8 Lit .
, in age (
ae tas, -atis, f. ) 27. remitto, 3, -misi, -missus.,
For syntax and word order, cf. 28. i.e. board.
such phrases as numero superior. 29. pervenio.
19. amicus, -1, m. 30. quo facto (abl. absol.).
20. Omit. 31. Lit., without delay.
21. Lit., in managing business 32. i.e. if he had preferred.
(res ger5). Express the prepo- Make a relative the subject of this
sition. sentence.
22. and they : use qui. 33. See the Note on the Vo-
23. If translated by a cum- cabulary of Exercise XXXVII.
SUMMARY OF FORMS
NOUNS
The First or A-Declension
mensa, F.
Singular Plural
Nom. mensa mensae

Gen. mensae mensarum
Dat. mensae mensis
Ace mensam mensas
Abl. mensa mensis
The Second or O-Declension
] aortus, m. puer, m. ager, m. vir, m. malum, n

Singular
Nom. hortus puer ager vir malum

Gen. horti pueri agri viri mall
Dat. horto puer5 agro viro maid
Ace. hortum puerum agrum virum malum
Abl. horto puero agro vir5 maid
Plural
Nom. horti pueri agri viri mala

Gen. hort5rum puerorum agrorum virorum malorum
Dat. hortis puerls agris viris malls
Ace hortos pueros agros vir5s mala
Abl. hortis puerls agris viris malls
Note i. Masculines in -us have, in the singular, a special voca-

tive form, as Marce, coque, etc. By exception, filius and proper
names in -ius are shortened in this case, e.g. fill, Standi'si, etc.
Note 2. As in the vocative singular, filius is shortened also in
the genitive singular to fill. This same shortening occurs in the
345
;
genitive singular of all proper names in -ius and -ium, and of

a few common nouns in -ium, e.g. Pompei, Londini, ingeni, etc.
but the locative is not thus abbreviated (e.g. Londinii, " at Lon-
don").
Note 3. Humus, -1, f., forms the locative humi, "on the
ground."
The Third Declension

Consonant Stems
flOS, M. arbor, f. HtUS, N.
Singular
Nom. flos arbor Htus
Gen. floris arboris litoris
Dat. flori arbor! litori
Ace florem arborem Htus

Abl. flore arbore litore
Plural
Nom. flores arbores Htora
Gen. riorum arborum lltorum
Dat. floribus arboribus litoribus
Ace flores arbores litora
Abl. floribus arboribus litoribus
Note. Rus, ruris, n., has the locative ruri, " in the country."
I-Stems
ignis, m. turris, f. valles, f. mare, n. animal, n.
Singular
Nom. ignis turris valles mare animal
Gen. ignis turris vallis maris animalis
Dat. igni turn valli marl animall
Ace ignem turrim vallem mare animal
turrem
Abl. igni turn valle marl animali
igne turre
SUMMARY OF FORMS 347
Plural
Nom. ignes turres valles maria animalia
Gen. ignium turrium vallium animalium
Dat. ignibus turribus vallibus animalibus
Ace ignis turns vallis maria animalia
ignes turres valles
Abl. ignibus turribus vallibus animalibus
The Fourth or U-Declension
exercitus, m. cornu , N.

Nom. exercitus exercitus cornu cornua
Gen. exercitus exercituum cornus cornuum
Dat. exercitui exercitibus cornu cornibus
Ace. exercitum exercitus cornu cornua
Abl. exercitu exercitibus cornu cornibus
Note. The few ferninines of this declension follow the inflec-

tion of exercitus.
The Fifth or E-Declension
dies, m. (and F.) res, F.
Nom. dies dies res res
Gen. diei dierum rei rerum

Dat. diei diebus rei rebus
Ace diem dies rem res
Abl. die diebus re rebus
Note i. In the genitive and dative singular of nouns of this

class, the characteristic e is retained only when preceded by a
vowel, as in diei (contrast rei and sp&i).
Note 2. Dies is always masculine in the plural, and usually so

in the singular.
Irregular Nouns
deus, m. bos, m. and f. domus, f. vis, F.
Singular
Norn. deus bos domus vis
Gen. del bovis domus —
Dat. deo bovi domui —
domo
Ace. deum bovem domum vim
Abl. de5 bove domo vl
domu
Plural
Nom. del boves domus vires
dil
di
Gen. deorum bovum domuum virium
deum bourn domorum
Dat. dels bubus domibus vlribus
diis bobus
dis
Ace. deds boves domos vlris
domus vires
Abl. dels bubus domibus vlribus
diis bobus
dis
the locative domi, " at home.

,,
Note. Domus forms
ADJECTIVES
First and Second Declensions
bonus, -a, -urn

Singular Plural
Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. bonus bona bonum boni bonae bona
Gen. boni bonae boni bon5rum bonarum bonorum
Dat. bono bonae bono bonis bonis bonis
Ace bonum bonam bonum bonos bonas bona
Abl. bono bona bono bonis bonis bonis
miser, -era, -erum
Nom. miser misera miserum miseri miserae misera

Gen. miser! miserae miseri miserorum miserarum miserorum
Dat. misero miserae miser5 miseris miseris miserls
Ace miserum miseram miserum miseros miseras misera
Abl. misero misera misero miseris miseris miseris
piger, -gra, -grum

Nom. piger pigra pigrum Pig" pigrae pigra
Gen. pigri pigrae pigri pigrorum pigrarum pigrorum
Dat. pigro pigrae pigro pigris pigris pigris
Ace pigrum pigram pigrum pigros pigras pigra
Abl. pigr5 pigrS. pigro pigris pigris pigris
Third Declension
Consonant Stems
The Present Participle
vocans
Nom. vocans vocans vocans vocantes vocantes vocantia
Gen. vocantis vocantis vocantis vocantium vocantium vocantium
Dat. vocanti vocanti vocanti vocantibus vocantibus vocantibus
Ace vocantem vocantem vocans vocantes vocantes vocantia
vocantis vocantis
Abl. vocante vocante vocante vocantibus vocantibus vocantibus
The Comparative
altior, -ior, -ius
Singular Plural
Norn, altior altior altius altiores altiores altiora
Gen. altioris altioris altioris altiorum altiorum altiorum
Dat. altiori altiori altiori altioribus altioribus altioribus
Ace altiorem altiorem altius altiores altiores altiora
Abl. altiore altiore altiore altioribus altioribus altioribus
plus
Nom. plus plures plures plura

Gen. pluris plurium plurium .
plurium
Dat. pluribus pluribus pluribus
Ace plus plures plures plura
pluris pluris
Abl. plure pluribus pluribus pluribus
Remark. The few singular forms of plus are restricted to noun

use.
Note. Complures is declined in the same way as the plural of

plus, excepting that the nominative and accusative neuter are
sometimes written compluria.
Mixed Stems
(One Termination)
audax
Singular Plural
Masc Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. audax audax audax audaces audaces audacia

Gen. audacis audacis audacis audacium audacium audacium
Dat. audaci audaci audaci audacibus audacibus audacibus
Ace. audacem audacem audax audacis audacis audacia
audaces audaces
Abl. audaci audaci audaci audacibus audacibus audacibus
I-Stems
{Two Terminations)
fortis (-is), -e
Singular Plural
Nom. fortis fortis forte fortes fortes fortia

Gen. fortis fortis fortis fortium fortium fortium
Dat. forti forti forti fortibus fortibus fortibus
Ace. fortem fortem forte fortis fortis fortia
fortes fortes
Abl. forti forti forti fortibus fortibus fortibus
{Three Terminations)
acer, acris, acre
Nom. acer acris acre acres acres acria

Gen. acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium
Dat. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
Ace. acrem acrem acre acris acris acria
acres acres
Abl. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus
The Comparison of Adjectives
Regular Irregular
Posit. Compar. Super/. Posit. Compar. Super/.
altus altior altissimus

i bonus melior optimus
amans amantior amantissimus (inferus) inferior
, infimus
imus
audax audacior audacissimus magnus maior maximus
fortis fortior fortis simus malus peior pessimus
acer acrior acerrimus multus plus {noun) plurimus
miser miserior miserrimus parvus minor minimus
similis similior simillimus superior supremus
summus
Note i. Whether an adjective in -er retains the e in the

comparative or not, is indicated by the genitive of the positive ;
thus, gen. miseri, compar. miserior, but gen. acris, compar. acrior.
Note 2. Adjectives with superlative in -limus are : similis,
dissimilis, facilis, difficilis, gracilis, and humilis.

Note 3. Both adjectives and adverbs may be compared by
prefixing the adverbs magis and maxime to the positive. This is
the only method of comparison possible for adjectives in -us pre-

ceded by a vowel (e.g. idoneus, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus).
The Comparison of Adverbs
Regular Irregular
Posit. Compar. Super/. Posit. Compar. Super/.
longe longius longissime diu diutius diutissime

tuto tutius tutissime libenter libentius libentissime
audacter audacius audacissime magis maxime
fortiter fortius fortissime mature maturius maturrime
acriter acrius acerrime maturissime
celeriter celerius celerrime minus minime
facile facilius facillime prope propius proxime
Numerals
unus, -a, -um

Singular Plural
Norn. iinus una unum uni unae una

Gen. unius unius unius unorum unarum unorum
Dat. uni uni uni unis unis unis
Ace. unum iinam unum iinos unas una
Abl. uno una uno unis unis unis
Note. Eight other adjectives exhibit, in the genitive and dative

singular, the same irregularity as unus. They are : alius, alter
(gen. alterius) ; ullus, nullus ; uter (-tra, -trum), neuter (-tra,

-trum) ; solus, and totus. Of these eight, alius has additional
peculiarities : its neuter singular, nominative and accusative, is
aliud ; and in the genitive singular it borrows alterius from alter.
duo, duae, duo tres, tres, tria
Plural Plural
Norn. duo duae duo tres tres tria
Gen. duorum duarum duorum trium trium trium
Dat. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus tribus
Ace. duo duas duo tres tres tria
duos tris tris
Abl. duobus duabus du5bus tribus tribus tribus
Note. The declension of ambo follows that of duo, excepting

that the final vowel of the form ambo is everywhere long.
List of Numerals
Cardinal Ordinal
i . unus primus
2. duo secundus or alter
3. tres tertius
4. quattuor quartus
5. quinque quintus
6. sex sextus
7. sept em septimus
8. octo octavus
9. novem nonus
10. decern decimus
1 1 undecim undecimus
12. duodecim duodecimus
13. tredecim tertius decimus
14. quattuor decim quartus decimus
1 5 quindecim quintus decimus
16. sedecim sextus decimus
17. septendecim septimus decimus
18. duodeviginti duodevicesimus
19. undeviginti undevicesimus
20. viginti vicesimus
d

21. viginti unus vicesimus primus
unus et viginti unus et vicesimus
22. viginti duo vicesimus secundus
duo et viginti alter et vicesimus
28. duodetrlginta duodetricesimus
29 . undetrlginta undetrlcesimus
30- trlginta trlcesimus
40. quadraginta quadragesimus
50. qulnquaginta qulnquagesimus
60. sexaginta sexagesimus
70. septuaginta septuagesimus
80. octoginta octogesimus
90. n5naginta nonagesimus
99. undecentum undecentesimus
100. centum centesimus
101. centum unus centesimus primus
centum et unus centesimus et primus
200. ducenti, -ae, -a ducentesimus
300. trecentl, -ae, -a trecentesimus
400. quadringentl, -ae, -a quadringentesimus
500. qulngentl, -ae, -a qulngentesimus
600. sescentl, -ae, -a sescentesimus
700. septingenti, -ae ? -a septingentesimus
800. octingentl, -ae, -a octingentesimus
900. nongentl, -ae, -a nongentesimus
1000. mllle (pi. milia, -ium, n.) millesimus
Note. from 18 to 90, the two numerals preced-

Observe that,
ing each of the tens are formed by subtraction, e.g. duodetrlginta,

" twenty-eight " (///. " two from thirty "), undequadraginta, "thirty-
nine " (///. "one from forty"), etc. Note too that, from 21 to
98, in numerals represented by combinations (e.g. trlginta duo or

duo et triginta), the conjunction et is used whenever the smaller
numeral English "two an
J
is put first (c/. thirty ").

PRONOUNS
Personal
First Person Second Person
ego tu

Nom. ego nos tu vos
Gen. mel nostrum tul vestrum
nostri vestri
Dat. mini nobis tibi vobis
Ace me nos te vos
Abl. me nobis te vobis
Third Person Reflexive
is, ea, id sui (gen.)
Singular
Masc. Fern. Nent. All Genders
Nom. is ea id
Gen. eius eius eius sui

Dat. ei ei ei sibi
Ace eum earn id se
sese
Abl. eo ea eo se
sese
Plural
Nom. ei, 11, l eae ea
sui
Gen. eorum earum eorum sibi
Dat. eis, iis, is eis, iis, is eis, iis, is se
Ace eos eas ea sese

Abl. eis, iis, is eis, iis, is eis, iis, is se
sese
Note i. The oblique cases of ego and tu serve as the re-

flexive of the first and second persons.
Note 2. The personal pronoun is, ea, id is used also as an
adjective meaning "this/' or "that."
Demonstrative
hie, haec, hoc ille ilia, illud
Singular
Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc, Fern. Neut.
Nom. hie haec hoc ille ilia illud
Gen. huius huius huius illius illius illius
Dat. huic huic huic illi illi illi
Ace. hunc hanc hoc ilium illam illud

Abl. hoc hac h5c illo ilia illo
Plural
Nom. hi hae haec illi illae ilia
Gen. horum harum horum illorum illarum illorum

Dat. his his his illis illis illis
Ace. hos has haec illds illas ilia
Abl. his his his illis illis illis
Note. The demonstrative pronoun iste, ista, istud is declined

in the same way as ille.
Intensive Of Identity
ipse, ipsa, ipsum Idem, eadem, idem
Singular
Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum idem eadem idem

Gen. ipsius ipsius ipsius eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
Dat. ipsi ipsi ipsi eidem eidem eidem
Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum eundem eandem idem
Abl. ipso ipsa ipso eodem eadem eddem
Plural
\ eidem eaedem eadem

Nom. ipsi ipsae ipsa iidem
idem
Gen. ips5rum ipsarum ipsorum e5rundem earundem e5rundem
eisdem eisdem eisdem
Dat. ipsis ipsis ipsis iisdem iisdem iisdem
isdem isdem isdem
Ace ips5s ipsas ipsa eosdem easdem eadem
eisdem eisdem eisdem
Abl. ipsis ipsis ipsis iisdem iisdem iisdem
isdem isdem isdem
Interrogative
qui (quis), quae, quod (quid)

Singular Plural
Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae

quis quid
Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Ace. quern quam quod quos quas quae
quid
Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
Note. This pronoun may be used either as an adjective or as

a noun. In the noun use, quis replaces qui (singular), quid re-
places quod, and the feminine is lacking throughout
Relative
qui, quae, quod
The forms of this pronoun are identical with the forms of the
interrogative pronoun given just above, excepting that quis and
quid are lacking.
Indefinite
qui (quis), qua, quod (quid)
Singular Plural
Nom. qui qua quod qui quae qua

quis quid
Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Ace. quern quam quod quos quas qua
quid
Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
Note. This pronoun may be used either as an adjective or as

a noun. In the noun use, quis replaces qui (singular), quid re-
places quod, and the feminine is lacking throughout.
aliqui (aliquis), aliqua, aliquod (aliquid)
Masc. Feni. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. aliqui aliqua aliquod aliqui aliquae aliqua

aliquis aliquid
Gen. ali cuius alicuius alicuius aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum
Dat. alicui alicui alicui aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Ace. aliquem aliquam aliquod aliquos aliquas aliqua
aliquid
Abl. aliquo aliqua aliquS aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Note. The adjective and noun use of this pronoun follows the
same rule as that for indefinite qui (quis) immediately preceding.
quisque, quaeque, quodque (quidque)
Except that it has but one form in the nominative singular

masculine, this pronoun is inflected exactly as interrogative qui
(quis). When it is used as a noun, the feminine is lacking
throughout, and quidque (spelled also quicque) replaces quodque.
quidam, quaedam, quodciam quisquam, , quicquam

(quiddam)
Singular
Mast. Fern. Neut, Masc. Neut.
Nom. quidam quaedam quoddam quisquam quicquam

quiddam
Gen. cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusquam cuiusquam
Dat. cuidam cuidam cuidam cuiquam cuiquam
Ace quendam quandam quoddam quemquam quicquam
quiddam
Abl. quodam quadam quodam quoquam quoquam
Plural
Nom. quidam quaedam quaedam No plural

Gen. quorundam quarundam quorundam
Dat. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
Ace. quosdam quasdam quaedam
Abl. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
Note i. The pronoun quidam may be used either as an adjec-

tive or as a noun. In the noun use, quiddam replaces quoddam.
Note 2. Quisquam is seldom used excepting as a noun. The
neuter form quicquam represents another spelling of quidquam.
Indefinite Relative
quicumquc, quaecumque, quodcumque

whoever, whatever, whatsoever
The declension of this pronoun is the same as that of the rel-

ative qui, i.e. it has no quis or quid forms.
3 6° FIRST LATIN READER
REGULAR VERBS
The First or A-Conjugation
voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
voco vocem vocor vocer
vocas voces vocaris voceris
vocare vocere
vocat vocet vocatur vocetur
Present
vocamus vocemus vocamur vocemur

vocatis vocetis vocamini vocemini
vocant vocent vocantur vocentur
vocabam vocarem vocabar vocarer

vocabas vocares vocabaris vocareris
vocabare vocarere
vocabat vocaret vocabatur vocaretur
Im-
perfect
vocabamus vocaremus vocabamur vocaremur
vocabatis vocaretis vocabamini vocaremini
vocabant vocarent vocabantur vocarentur
vocabo vocabor
vocabis vocaberis
vocabere
vocabit vocabitur
Future
vocabimus vocabimur
vocabitis vocabimini
, vocabunt vocabuntur
vocavi vocaverim vocatus sum vocatus sim
vocavisti vocaveris vocatus es vocatus sis
vocavit vocaverit vocatus est vocatus sit
Perfect
vocavimus vocaverimus vocati sumus vocati simus
vocavistis vocaveritis vocati estis vocati sitis
vocaverunt vocaverint vocati sunt vocati sint
vocavere
ACTIVE PASSIVE
vocaveram vocavissem vocatus eram vocatus essem

vocaveras vocavisses vocatus eras vocatus esses
vocaverat vocavisset vocatus erat vocatus esset
Plu-
perfect
vocaveramus vocavissemus vocati eramus vocati essemus
vocaveratis vocavissetis vocatl eratis vocati essetls
vocaverant vocavissent vocati erant vocati essent
vocavero vocatus ero

vocaveris vocatus eris
vocaverit vocatus erit
Future
Perfect
vocaverimus vocati erimus
vocaveritis vocati eritis
vocaverint vocati erunt
Imperative
SINGULAR plural singular plural
Present voca. vocate vocare vocamini
vocat5 vocat ote vocator
Future '
{ vocato vocanto vocator vocantor
Participle
Present vocans
Perfect vocatus, -a, -um
Future vocaturus, -a, -um
Infinitive
Present vocare vocan
Perfect vocavisse vocatus esse
Future vocaturus esse vocatum Iri
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. vocandi vocandus, -a, -um
Dat. vocand5
Ace. vocandum
Abl. vocando
Supine
vocatum, vocatu
The Second or E-Conjugation
habeo, habere, habui, habitus
ACTIVE PASSIVE
habeo h abeam habeor habear
habes habeas haberis habearis
habere habeare
habet habeat habetur habeatur
Present
habemus . habeamus habemur habeamur

habetis habeatis habemini habeamini
habent habeant habentur habeantur
habebam haberem habebar haberer

habebas haberes habebaris habereris
habebare haberere
Im- habebat haberet habebatur haberetur
perfect
habebamus haberemus habebamur haberemur

habebatis haberetis habebamini haberemini
habebant haberent habebantur haberentur
habebo habebor
habebis habeberis
habebere
habebit habebitur
Future
•
habebimus habebimur
habebitis habebimini
habebunt habebuntur
habui habuerim habitus sum habitus sim

habuisti habueris habitus es habitus sis
habuit habuerit habitus est habitus sit
Perfect
habuimus habuerimus habiti sumus habiti simus
habuistis habueritis habiti estis habiti sitis
habuerunt habuerint habiti sunt habiti sint
habuere
ACTIVE PASSI VE
'
habueram habuissem habitus eram habitus essem

habueras habuisses habitus eras habitus esses
habuerat habuisset habitus erat habitus esset
Plu-
perfect
habueramus habuissemus habiti eramus habiti essemus
habueratis habuissetis habiti eratis habiti essetis
habuerant habuissent habiti erant habiti essent
habuero habitus ero

habueris habitus eris
habuerit habitus erit
Future
Perfect
habuerimus habiti erimus
habueritis habiti eritis
habuerint habiti erunt
I M PER AT IVE
s INGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Present habe habete habere habemini

habeto habetote habetor
Future
j
habeto habent5 habetor habentor
Participle
Present habens
Perfect habitus, -a, -um
Future habiturus, -a, -um
Infinitive
Present habere haberi

Perfect habuisse habitus esse
Future habiturus esse habitum iri
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. habendi habendus, -a, -um
Dat. habendo
Ace. habendum
Abl. habendo
Supine
habitum, habitu
The Third or E-Conjugation
mitto, mittere, misi, missus
ACTIVE PASSIVE
mitto mittam mittor mittar
mittis mittas mitteris mittaris
mittere mittare
mittit mittat mittitur mittatur
Present
mittimus mittamus mittimur mittamur

mittitis mittatis mittimini mittamini
mittunt mittant mittuntur mittantur
mittebam mitterem mittebar mitterer

mittebas mitteres mittebaris mittereris
mittebare mitterere
Im- mittebat mitteret mittebatur mitteretur
perfect
mittebamus mitteremus mittebamur mitteremur

mittebatis mitteretis mittebamini mitteremini
[
mittebant mitterent mittebantur mitterentur
\ mittam mittar
mittes mitteris
mittere
mittet mittetur
Future
mittemus mittemur
mittetis mittemini
mittent mittentur
misi miserim missus sum missus sim

misisti miseris missus es missus sis
misit miserit missus est missus sit
Perfect
misimus mlserimus missi sumus missi simus
misistis miseritis missi estis missi sitis
mlserunt miserint missi sunt missi sint

mlsere
SUMMARY OF FORMS 36s
ACT [VE PASSIVE

miseram misissem missus eram missus essem
mlseras misisses missus eras missus esses
miserat misisset missus erat missus esset
Plu-
perfect
miseramus misissemus missi eramus missi essemus
miseratis misissetis missi eratis missi essetis
miserant misissent missi erant missi essent
f mlsero missus ero
mlseris missus eris
miserit missus erit
Future
Perfect
miserimus missi erimus
miseritis missi eritis
miserint missi erunt
Imperative
SINGULAR PLURAL singular PLURAL
Present mitte mittite mittere mittimini
'
mittito mittitote mittitor

Future
mittito mittunto mittitor mittuntor
Participle
Present mittens
Perfect missus, -a, -um
Future missurus, -a, um
Infinitive
Present mittere mitti

Perfect misisse missus esse
Future missurus esse missum iri
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. mittendi mittendus, -a, - um
Dat. mittendo
Ace mittendum
Abl. mittendo
Supine
missum, missu
The Third or E-Conjugation (-io Verbs)
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus
ACTIVE PASSIVE
rapid rapiam rapior rapiar
rapis rapias raperis rapiaris
rapere rapiare
rapit rapiat rapitur rapiatur
Present
rapimus rapiamus rapimur rapiamur

rapitis rapiatis rapiminl rapiamini
rapiunt rapiant rapiuntur rapiantur
rapiebam raperem rapiebar raperer

rapiebas raperes rapiebaris rapereris
rapiebare raperere
Im- rapiebat raperet rapiebatur raperetur
perfect
rapiebamus raperemus rapiebamur raperemur
rapiebatis raperetis rapiebamini raperemini
rapiebant raperent rapiebantur raperentur
r rapiam rapiar
rapies rapieris
rapiere
rapiet rapietur
Future
rapiemus rapiemur
rapietis rapiemini
rapient rapientur
rapui rapuerim raptus sum raptus sim

rapuisti rapueris raptus es raptus sis
rapuit rapuerit raptus est raptus sit
Perfect
rapuimus rapuerimus rapti sumus rapti simus
rapuistis rapueritis rapti estis rapti sitis
rapuerunt rapuerint rapti sunt rapti sint
rapuere
ACTIVE PASSIVE
rapueram rapuissem raptus eram raptus essem
rapueras rapuisses raptus eras raptus esses
rapuerat rapuisset raptus erat raptus esset
Plu-
perfect
rapueramus rapuissemus rapti eramus rapti essemus
rapueratis rapuissetis rapti eratis rapti essetis
rapuerant rapuissent rapti erant rapti essent
rapuero raptus ero

rapueris raptus eris
rapuerit raptus erit
Future
Perfect
rapuerimus rapti erimus
rapueritis rapti eritis
rapuerint rapti erunt
Imperative
singular PLURAL
Present rape rapite rap ere rapimini
f rapito rapitote rapitor
Future
[ rapito rapiunto rapitor rapiuntor
Participle
Present rapiens
Perfect raptus, -a, -um
Future rapturus, -a, -um
Infinitive
Present rapere rapi
Perfect rapuisse raptus esse
Future rapturus esse raptum iri
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. rapiendi rapiendus, -a, -um
Dat. rapiendo
Ace. rapiendum
Abl. rapiendo
Supine
raptum, raptu
The Fourth or I -Conjugation
audio, audire, audivi, auditus
ACTIVE PASSIVE
audio audiam audior audiar
audis audias audiris audiaris
audire audiare
audit audiat auditur audiatur
Present
audimus audiamus audimur audiamur

auditis audiatis audimini audiamini
audiunt audiant audiuntur audiantur
audiebam audirem audiebar audirer

audiebas audires audiebaris audireris
audiebare audirere
Im- audiebat audiret audiebatur audiretur
perfect
audiebamus audiremus audiebamur audiremur

audiebatis audiretis audiebamini audiremini
audiebant audirent audiebantur audirentur
audiam audiar
audies audieris
audiere
audiet audietur
Future
audiemus audiemur
audietis audiemini
audient audientur
audivi audlverim auditus sum auditus sim

audivisti audiveris auditus es auditus sis
audivit audiverit auditus est auditus sit
Perfect
audlvimus audiverimus audit! sumus auditi simus
audivistis audlveritis audit! estis audit! sitis
audiverunt audiverint audit! sunt auditi sint
audivere
SUMMARY OF FORMS 3 69
ACTIVE PASSIVE
audiveram audlvissem audltus eram audltus essem
audiveras audivisses audltus eras audltus esses
audiverat audlvisset audltus erat audltus esset
Plu-
perfect
audiveramus audivissemus audit! eramus audit! essemus
audiveratis audivissetis audit! eratis audit! essetis
audTverant audivissent audit! erant audit! essent
f audlverd audltus ero

audiveris audltus eris
audlverit audltus erit
Future
Perfect
audiverimus audit! erimus
audiveritis audit! eritis
[
audiverint audit! erunt
Imperattv E
<
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Present audi audite audire audimini
audito audltote auditor
Future
audit 5 audiunto auditor audiuntor
Participle
Present audiens
Perfect auditus, -a, -um

Future auditurus, -a, -um
Infinitive
Present audire audiri
Perfect audivisse audltus esse

Future auditurus esse audltum iri
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. audiendi audiendus, -a, -um
Dat. audiendo
Ace. audiendum
Abl. audiendo
Supine
audltum, audltu
DEPONENTS
As a verb of each conjugation has already been given in full,
the corresponding deponents are here presented 'argely in synopsis.
I II
moror, morari polliceor, polliceri

moratus sum pollicitus sum
Present moror morer polliceor pollicear
Imperf. morabar morarer pollicebar pollicerer
Future morabor pollicebor
Perfect moratus sum moratus sim pollicitus sum pollicitus sim
Pluperf. moratus eram moratus essem pollicitus eram pollicitus essem
Fut. Perf. moratus ero pollicitus ero
Imperative
SINGULAR plural singular plural
Present morare moramini pollicere pollicemini
m orator pollicetor
Future \
{
monitor morantor pollicetor pollicentor
Participle
Present morans pollicens
Perfect moratus, -a, -urn pollicitus, -a, -urn
Future moraturus, -a, -urn polliciturus, -a, -um
Infinitive
Present morari polliceri
Perfect moratus esse pollicitus esse
Future moraturus esse polliciturus esse
Gerund Gerundive Gerund Gerundive

Gen. morandi morand(us, -a), -um pollicendi pollicendus, -a, -um
Dat. morando pollicendo
Ace morandum pollicendum
Abl. morando pollicendo
Supine
moratum, moratu pollicitum, pollicitu
III Ilia
proficiscor, proficisci patior, pati

profectus sum passus sum
Present proficiscor proficlscar patior patiar

Imperf. proficiscebar proficlscerer patiebar paterer
Future proficlscar patiar
Perfect profectus sum profectus sim passus sum passus sim
Pluperf. profectus eram profectus essem passus eram passus essem
Fut. Perf. profectus ero passus ero
Imperative
SINGULAR plural SINGULAR

Present proficiscere proficiscimini patere patimini
[
proficlscitor patitor
Future
{ proficlscitor proficiscuntor patitor patiuntor
Participle
Present proficiscens patiens

Perfect profectus, -a, -um passus, -a, -um
Future profecturus, -a, -um passurus, -a, -um
Infinitive
Present proficisci pati

Perfect profectus esse passus esse
Future profecturus esse passurus esse
Gerund Gerundive Gerund Gerundive

Gen. proficlscendi proficlscend [us, -a] , patiendi patiendus, -a, -um
Dat. proficlscendo -um patiendo
Ace proficTscendum patiendum
Abl. proficlscendo patiendo
Supine
profectum, profectu passum, passu

IV
adorior, adoriri, adortus sum 1

Indicative Subjunctive
Present adorior adoriar

Imperfect adoriebar adorirer
Future adoriar
Perfect adortus sum adortus sim
Pluperfect adortus eram adortus essem
Future Perfect adortus ero
Imperative
singular PLURAL
Present adorire adoriminl

f adoritor
Future
1 adoritor adoriuntor
Participle
Present adoriens
Perfect adortus, -a, -um
Future adorturus, -a,-um
Infinitive
Present adoriri
Perfect adortus esse
Future adorturus esse
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. adoriendi adoriendus, -a, -um
Dat. adoriendd
Ace. adoriendum
Abl adoriendo
Supine
adortum, adortu
SEMI-DEPONENTS
audeo, 2, ausus sum, dare, venture. gaudeo, 2, gavisus sum, rejoice.
fido, 3, fisus sum, trust. soleo, 2, solitus sum, be accustomed.

1 On the analogy of audio, it might be expected that the perfect participle of
deponents of the fourth conjugation would end in -Itus but the commonest de-
;
ponents of this conjugation take a different form in the perfect passive participle.
IRREGULAR VERBS
sum, esse, fui possum, posse, potui
sum sim possum possim

es sis potes possis
est sit potest possit
Present
sumus simus possumus possimus
estis sitis potestif possitis
sunt sint possunt possint
eram essem (forem) poteram possem

eras esses (fores) poteras posses
erat esset (foret) poterat posset
Im-
perfect
eramus essemus poteramus possemus
eratis essetis poteratis possetis
erant essent (forent) poterant possent
ero potero
eris poteris
erit poterit
Future
erimus poterimus
eritis poteritis
erunt poterunt
Perfect t enses regular. Perfect tenses regular.
Imperative
SINGULAR plural
Present es este
f esto estote
Future
[ esto sunto
Participle
Future futurus, -a , -um

Infinitive
Present esse posse

Perfect fuisse potuii
Future futurus esse, fore
Note. Of the compounds of sum, prosum ( " avail " ) ex-

hibitsno peculiarities, excepting that, before a vowel, pro- every-
where becomes prod-, e.g. prodesse, prodessem, etc. Praesum,
another compound, has the present participle praesens, praesentis,
though sum itself lacks the corresponding form.
eo, ire, ii, itum est volo, velle, volui
eo earn volo velim

Is eas vis veils
it eat vult velit
Present
Imus eamus volumus velimus
Itis eatis vultis velitis
eunt eant volunt velint
Ibam Trem volebam vellem

ibas Ires volebas velles
ibat Tret volebat vellet

Im-
perfect
Ibamus Tremus volebamus vellemus
Ibatis iretis volebatis velletis
Tbant Trent volebant vellent
Tbo volam
ibis voles
Tbit volet
Future
ibimus volemus
Tbitis voletis
Ibunt volent

ii ierim, etc. volui, etc. voluerim, etc.
Tsti
iit
Perfect
iimus
Istis
ierunt
iere
Pluperf. ieram, etc. Issem, etc. volueram, etc. voluissem, etc.

Fut. Perf. iero, etc. voluero, etc.
Imperative
SIN GULAR PLURAL
Present I ite
ito Itote
Future
Ito eunto
Participle
SINGULAR plural
Present iens, gen. euntis volens

Perfect it (us, -a), -um
Future i turns, -a, -urn
Infinitive
Present ire velle

Perfect Tsse voluisse
Future iturus esse
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. eundi eund(us, -a), -um

Dat. eundo
Ace. eundum
Abl. eundo
malo, malle, malui nolo, nolle, nolui

maid malim nolo nolim
mavis malis non vis nolis
mavult malit non vult nolit
Present
malumus malimus nolumus nolimus
mavultis malitis non vultis nolitis
malunt malint nolunt nolint
malebam mallem nolebam nollem

malebas malles nolebas nolles
malebat mallet nolebat nollet
Imperfect
malebamus mallemus nolebamus nollemus
malebatis malletis nolebatis nolletis
malebant mallent nolebant nollent
[malam] [nolam]
males noles
malet nolet
Future
malemus nolemus
-
maletis noletis
[
malent nolent
enses regular. Perfect tenses regular.
Imperative
SINGULAR PLURAL
Present noli nolite

f nolito nolitote
Future
1 nolito nolunto
Participle
Present nolens
Infinitive
malle nolle
maluisse noluisse
do, dare, dedi, datus

This verb deviates from the first conjugation principally in that
the a of its stem is regularly short in situations where the first con-
jugation requires a. The only exceptions are found in the forms
das. da. and dans.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
do dem
das des daris deris
dare dere
dat det datur detur
Present
damus demus damur

datis detis damini demini
dant dent dantur dentur
dabam darem dabar darer
dabas dares dabaris dareris
dabare darere
dabat daret dabatur daretur
Imperfect
dabamus daremus dabamur daremur

dabatis daretis dabamini daremini
dabant darent dabantur darentur
dabo dabor
dabis daberis
dabere
dabit dabitur
Future
dabimus dabimur
dabitis dabimini
; dabunt dabuntur
Perfect tenses regular (excepting for the a of datus).
Imperative
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Present da date dare damini
'
dato datote dator
Future
dato danto dator dantor
37« FIRST LATIN READER
Participle
Present dans
Perfect datus, -a, -urn
Future daturus, -a, -urn
Infinitive
Present dare dari
Perfect dedisse datus esse
Future daturus esse datum Iri
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. dandi dandus, -a, -um
Dat. clando
Ace. dandum
Abl. dando
Supine
datum, datu
edo, esse (edere), edi, esus
The peculiarities of edo are due to the fact that its regular forms
are often contracted (as the infinitive above). Otherwise the
verb conforms to the third conjugation, and only so much of it is
here given as is needed to display the contracted forms.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
edo edam edor edar
es edas ederis edaris
edis edere edare
est edat estur edatur
edit editur
Present
edimus edamus edimur edamur

estis edatis ediminl edamini
editis
edunt edant eduntur edantur
ACTIVE PASSIVE
edebam essem edebar ederer
ederem
edebas esses edebaris edereris
ederes edebare ederere
edebat esset edebatur essetur
Im- ederet ederetur
perfect
edebamus essemus edebamur ederemur
ederemus
edebatis ederetis edebamini edere mini
edebant essent edebantur ederentur
ederent
Imperative
SINGULAR plural singular PLURAL

Present es (ede) este (edite) edere edimini
f esto (edito) estote (editote) editor
Future
[ esto (edito) edunto editor eduntor
fero, ferre, tuli, latus

ferd feram feror ferar
fers feras ferris feraris
ferre ferare
fert ferat fertur feratur
Present
ferimus feramus ferimur feramur

fertis feratis ferimini feramini
ferunt ferant feruntur ferantur
ferebam ferrem ferebar ferrer
ferebas ferres ferebaris ferreris
ferebare ferrere
Im- ferebat ferret ferebatur ferretur

perfect
ferebamus ferremus ferebamur ferrgmur
ferebatis ferretis ferebamini ferremini
ferebant ferrent ferebantur ferrentur
3 8o FIRST LATIN READER
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Indicative Indicative
feram ferar
feres fereris
ferere
feret feretur
Future
feremus feremur
feretis feremini
ferent ferentur
Perfect tenses regular.
Imperative
SINGULAR plural PLURAL
Present fer ferte ferre ferimini
|
ferto fertdte fertor
Future
| ferto ferunto fertor feruntcr
Participle
Present ferens
Perfect latus, -a, -um
Future laturus, a, -um
Infinitive
Present ferre ferri
Perfect tulisse latus esse

Future laturus esse latum in
Gerund Gerundive
Gen. ferendi ferendus, -a, -um
Dat. ferendd
Ace. ferendum
Abl. ferendo
Supine
latum, latu
SUMMARY OF FORMS 38i
fio, fieri, factus sum

Indicative Subjunctive
fid flam
fis flas
fit fiat
Present
[fimus] fiamus
[fitis] fiatis
fiunt fiant
fiebam fierem
fiebas fieres
fiebat fieret
Im-
perfect
fiebamus fieremus
fiebatis fieretis
fiebant fierent
flam
fies
fiet
Future
fiemus
fietis
fient
Perfect tenses identical with those of the passive of facio.
Imperative
SINGULAR PLURAL
Present fl fite
Participle
Perfect factus, -a, -um
Infinitive
Present fieri
Perfect factus esse

Future [factum iri] futurus esse, fore
mquam
Indicative
inquam
inquis inquies
inquit inquiet
Present Future
inquiunt
Note. The forms of inquam here given are the only ones in
common use. The present indicative is employed freely with the
force of the perfect, e.g. inquam, " said I," inquit, " said he," etc.
LIST OF VERB CONSTRUCTIONS

The ambiguity of English "that" and "to" tends to
obscure the difference between complementary infinitive,
indirect discourse, and purpose clause. The following

summary, therefore, may be found helpful as showing the
construction required by various verbs needed for the
translation of the English-Latin Exercises.
GOVERNING THE COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE

audeo consuesco paro
coepi dubito patior
cogo iubeo possum
conor malo soleo
constituo nolo volo
LIST OF VERB CONSTRUCTIONS 38:
GOVERNING INDIRECT DISCOURSE

animadverto f acio (certiorem, etc.) puto
arbitror glorior ratus
audio intellego responded
cognosco narro scio
credo nescio sentio

died nuntio simulo
doceo polliceor spero
videor
GOVERNING A PURPOSE CLAUSE

hortor impero persuadeo
In this connection it must not be forgotten that ne and

ut have a special force with verbs of fearing ; furthermore,
that fit ("it happens") is construed with ut and the sub-
junctive (substantive clause).
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
(Numbers in parentheses following a definition indicate the Lesson in which that par-
meaning is found.)
ticular
a, ab, prep, with abl., by, at the hands acies, -el, /, line of battle, battle line,
of: from; from the vicinity of ; from battle array, line, ranks; regular en-
among (106); of, from (72, 81, gagement (36, 40). ex acie, from
1 29) . See also alienus, pars, peto, the held; in prima acie, in the
repeto, and tergum. forefront of the fight.
abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est, go away, acriter, adv., fiercely, furiously; en-
go, depart, leave. ergetically, vigorously; with spirit,
abhinc, adv., ago. with vigor; relentlessly (41);

abicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus, throw aside, eagerly, with eagerness (140).
throw overboard; throw (56); ad, prep, with ace, to, for; toward,
shoot (113). to the neighborhood of, before (52) ;
abripio, 3, -ripui, -reptus, tear away, against, upon, on; at, on, near, in
carry away; pull up, tear up. the neighborhood of, before : until,
abscido, 3, -cidi, -cisus, cut off. till, up to. Often used with the ge-
absconditus, -a, -urn, partic. as adj., rundive or gerund to express purpose.
hidden. See also accedo, appello (-ere),
absum, -esse, afui, be away, be dis- eo (verb), perfugio, pertineo,
tant (remote), be absent. pervenio, species, unus, and
ac, see atque. usque.
accedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum est, ap- ad . . . versus, toward, in the direc-
proach, draw near; come, advance tion for. With ace. of town
of,
(138) ; with ad and ace, approach name, shortened to versus (130).

(115). Used impersonally, be addo, 3, -didi, -ditus, add; make
added (106). mention in addition.
accido, 3, -cidi, befall, happen, turn addiico, 3, -duxi, -ductus, lead on,
out, develop. bring on, bring; influence (119),
accipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus, receive, rouse (135).
greet; learn (80); sustain, suffer adeo, adv., to such a degree, so.
(loss, indignity, etc.). adeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, visit, touch at
acer, -cris, -ere, fierce, spirited, ener- (70); meet (135); run into, fall
getic, vigorous; sharp, shrill, pierc- into (37).

ing, penetrating. adfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, bring,
acerbus, -a, -um, harsh, bitter; gall- transport, bear; carry, take, deliver
ing 37)» outrageous (57). (letter) : with dat., inspire (in)(36).
3&S
;
Pass., come; zuith ad and ace, aeger, -gra, -grum, sick, ill. As
come to, reach (63, 76, 90). noun, aegri, -drum, m., the sick.
adhaeresco, 3, -haesi, -haesum est, aegre, adv., with difficulty.
stick; ground (of a boat). aequus, -a, -um, favorable, suitable,

adhuc, adv., up to this time, still, yet, good (121) :
of mental states,
hitherto. pleasant, resigned, undaunted,

adiuvo, 1, -iuvi, -iutus, help, aid, composed, haud aequus, no pleas-
assist, support. ant.
admiror, 1, view with admiration, be aes (aeris, n.) alienum (-1), debt.
filled with admiration for. aestas, -atis, /., summer.
admoneo, 2, -monui, -monitus, re- aetas, -atis, /, lifetime, life; age,
mind. _ period (74).
admove5, 2, -movi, -motus, move up Afer, -fra, -frum, negro. As noun,
(84) ; ignes (-em) admovere, with Afri, -orum, m., the Africans.
dat., set (apply) fire (to). afficio, 3, -feci, -fectus, attack ; treat,
adorior, 4, -ortus sum, attack, assail; overwhelm (26). Pass., be filled
make an assault (86).

_ (84).
adsequor, 3, -secutus sum, catch up Africa, -ae,/, Africa.
with, overtake. Africanus, -a, -um, African, of Africa.
adsto, 1, -stiti, stand by, be in attend- ager, -gri, m., field; country (45);
ance. territory (75).
adsum, -esse, -fui, be present, be agmen, -inis, n., (marching) column,

(close) at hand, be in attendance; (marching) line, primum agmen,
be on the field (128); be come vanguard ; novissimum agmen,
(100, 131); be there (113); be rear guard.
upon (one) (99) ; be back (again) ago, 3, egi, actus, drive, drive off (43,
(22); come up (124). 117); do; treat, make overtures
Aduatuci, -orum, m., the name of a carry out (project), keep (watch),
people of northern Gaul. pass (time), give, render (thanks),
adulescens, -entis, adj., young. As wear out (life), inter se agere,
masc. noun, (a) youth. talk to one another ; vitam agere,
advena, -ae, c, stranger, newcomer. live.
adventus, -us, m., approach, arrival, agricola, -ae, m., farmer, planter,
coming ;
presence (63) ; inroad rustic.
(140). Alexander, -dri, m., the name of

adversus, -a, -um, partie. as adj., con- (1) an Indian chief, brother of
trary. See also flumen. King Philip ; (2) a king of Mace-
advesperascit, 3, -vesperavit {im- don.
personal verb), grow dark, begin to alibi, adv., elsewhere, in other places,
grow dark. in other quarters, at other points.
aedes, -is,/!; pi., house, home. See also alius.
aedifico, 1, build, build up. alienus, -a, -um, another's, of another
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 387
(133); inclined away. With ab Americanus, -a, -um, American, of

and abl. 9 unfriendly (to), averse America. As noun, Americanus,
(to); with gen., unfriendly (to). -i, m., (an) American ; //., the
See also aes. Americans.
aliquamdiu, adv., for some time, for a amicitia, -ae,/, friendship, confidence.
time ; for a considerable period (74.) amicus, -a, -um, friendly. As noun,
aliqui (aliquis),aliqua,aliquod (ali- amicus, -i, m., friend ;
pi., Amici,
quid), adj., some, any ; noun, some -Orum, ;//., the Friends.
one, any one, something, anything. amitto, 3, -misi, -missus, lose.
PL, any. amo, I, love, like, fancy, cherish ; be
alius, alia, aliud, other, another. in love with (48). Pass., be be-
As noun, some one else, some other, loved (63). Panic, amans, -antis,
another (120) ; anything else (91) with gen., loyal (to).
//., others (86). alius super amplector, 3, -plexus sum, embrace,
alium, one on top of another accept.
alii . . . alii, some . . . others (17, amplius, adv., co??ipar., further, more.
139) ; alii alibi, some in one place, ancora, -ae,/, anchor.
some in another (136); alii in angustus, -a, -um, narrow.
aliam, some into one . . . some animadverto, 3, -verti, -versus, no-
into another (67) ; neque alius, tice, note, perceive, observe, catch
and no other (45). sight of, witness, see ; discover, find
Allobroges, -um, m., the name of a out.
people of southeast Gaul. animus, -i, m., mind, spirit, soul,
alter, -era, -erum, the other, a second, heart ; manner, fashion, spirit :
another, one (of two) . As noun, the frame of mind; purpose; courage
other, one (of two), the one (of (56, 120), confidence (135). PL,
two) ;
pi., the other party (120). courage, feeling (119), insubordi-
alter . . . alter, the one ... the nate spirit (140).See also demitto
other. and habeo.
altus, -a, -um, tall, high, lofty, ele- Anneius, -el, m., (Marcus) Anneius,
vated deep (85). As noun, al-
; lieutenant to Marcus Cicero.
tum, -i, n., the deep (sea), the annus, -i, m., year.
ocean (12). ante, adv., before, earlier, previously.
Amanus, -i, m., the name of a moun- See also iam and pauld.
tain range of eastern Cilicia. ante, prep, with ace, before; in front
Ambiorix, -igis, m., the name of a of, ahead of.
Gallic chieftain. antea, adv., before, previously.

ambo, -ae, -5 {declined as duo, ex- antequam, conj., before.
cept for the 5), both. Antiochea, -ae,/, Antioch, a city of
ambulo, 1, -avi, -a turn est, walk, Syria.
stroll; roam (65); crawl (50). antiquitus, adv., in ancient times,
America, -ae, /, America. in early times.
;
Antistius, -ti, m., the name of a arma, -orum, n., arms, weapons.
Roman physician. armatus, -a, -um, partic. as adj.,
Antonius, -ni, m., Anthony (Wayne), armed, in arms, arms in hand (20)
an officer in the Revolutionary War. arms and all (88). PL, as noun,
Apamea, -ae, /, the name of a city of armati, -Drum, m. t
armed men,
Asia Minor. warriors, braves.
aperio, 4, aperui, apertus, disclose; Arnoldius, -di, m., (Benedict) Arnold,
explain (2). Partic. as adj., aper- an officer in the Revolutionary War.
tus, -a, -urn, open, unprotected. Arpineius, -ei, m., (Gaius) Arpineius,
appello, I, call, name, address by a Roman soldier (102).
name; call upon, call (122). Pass., arripio, 3, -ripui, -reptus, catch up,
be known as. seize; rescue (106).
appello, 3, -pull, -pulsus, bring, steer, /, business, profession, ars
ars, artis,
row. ad litus appellere, beach, magica, black art, magic.
run aground upon the shore. ascendo, 3, ascendi, ascensus, ascend,
appeto, 3, -petivi or -petii, -petitus, clamber up, scale; with in and ace,
attack, aim a thrust at. make the ascent of (139).
appono, 3, -posui, -positus, set on, ascisco, 3, ascivi, ascitus, win over;
bring on, serve (food). adopt (67).
appropinquo, 1, -avi, -atum est, ap- Asia, -ae,/, (1) Asia; (2) Asia Minor
proach, draw near; be close at hand (132, 138).
(47)- Asiaticus, -a, -um, Asiatic, of Asia.
apud, prep, with ace, among, in the asper, -era, -erum, rough; severe
country of, with; near, at; at (in) (101); troublesome (135).
the house of; in the presence of. assensus, -us, m., approval.
aqua, -ae, /, water. at, conj., but, whereas, still, however.
Arabes, -um, m., the Arabs. Atlanticus, -a, -um, Atlantic.
Arae (-arum,/) Alexandri, the name atque, ac, conj., and. See also simul.
of an ancient camp site in Cilicia {lit. Atrebates, -um, m., the name of a
the Altars of Alexander). people of northern Gaul.
arbitror, 1, think, believe, judge. Attius, -ti, m., (Publius) Attius (Va-
arbor, -oris,/, tree. rus), one of Pompey's generals.
arceo, 2, -ui, keep out, ward off, keep auctoritas, -atis,/, influence, dignity,
back, keep off. impressiveness.
arcesso, 3, -ivi, -ltus, call in; call up audacia, -ae, /, boldness, daring,
(136). temerity, hardihood; insubordina-
Ardeates, -ium, m., the people of tion, lawlessness (140); (act of)
Ardea (an ancient town about 20 daring (88).
miles south of Rome). audacter, adv., boldly, with boldness.
ardens, -entis, partic. as adj., blazing. audax, -acis, adj., bold, daring, auda-
argenteus, -a, -um, of silver, silver. cious; of daring (99).
argentum, -1, n., silver, silver plate. audeo, 2, ausus sum, dare, venture.
audiS, 4, -lVi, -ltus, hear, learn; listen, Benbrigius, -gi, m., (William) Bain-
listen to, heed, give ear to. bridge, an American naval officer.
augeo, 2, auxi, auctus; pass., increase, bene, adv., well, successfully, satisfac-
grow (93); grow brighter (126). torily. See also gero, habed, and
auris, -is,/, ear. polliceor.
aurum, -1, n., gold. beneficium, -ci, n., act of kindness,
ausus, -a, -urn, see audeo. kindness, favor.
aut, conj., or; sometimes represented Bibulus, -i, m., (Marcus) Bibulus, a
in English by " and." aut . . . aut, (Roman) governor of Syria.
either ... or. biduum, -I, »., two days.
autem, conj., however, but, whereas; Bithynia, -ae,/, the name of a district
moreover, and. of Asia Minor.

auxilium, -li, n., aid, help, assistance, bonus, -a, -um, good. As noun, bona,
reenforcement, relief, protection. -orum, n., goods, possessions, be-
PL, auxiliary forces, supplementary longings, things.
force (detachments), allied force, bos, bovis, c. Qdat. and abl. pi.,
allies, assistants, reinforcements, bobus or bubus) ; pL, cattle.
help, auxilio esse, with a second Bosto, -onis, m., Boston.

dat., (freely*) help, benefit, support, Braddoc, -ocis, m., (Edward) Brad-
protect, rescue. See also ferd and dock, an English commander in the
venio. French and Indian War.

avaritia, -ae,/, greed, covetousness. brevi, adv., shortly, (with) in a short
averto, 3, -verti, -versus; pass., turn time, soon, in a moment, before
(one's self) aside. Partic. as adj., long, quickly; soon afterward
a versus, -a, -um, turned away (131). (67).
avis, -is,/, bird. Britanni, -orum, m., the English, the
British, Englishmen.
baca, -ae, /, berry. Britannia, -ae, /, England; Britain
Bagrada, -ae, m., the name of a river (101). Britannia Nova, New Eng-
of northern Africa. land.
ballista, -ae, / ; pi., artillery. Britannicus, -a, -um, English, British,
Balventius, -ti, m., (Titus) Balventius, of the English. See also vir.
a Roman standard bearer (106). Brutus, -i, ;;/., (1) Marcus Brutus,
barbarus, -a, -um, barbarian. As one of the murderers of Julius Cae-
noun, barbari, -orum, m., savages. sar ; (2) Decimus Brutus, husband
Batavi, -orum, m., the Dutch. of Sempronia (135).
Beco, -onis, m., (Nathaniel) Bacon, a Byzantium, -ti, n., the ancient name
hero of colonial times. of Constantinople.
Bellovaci, -orum, m., the name of a
people of northern Gaul. C, abbreviation of Caius, -ai, m.
bellum, -i, n., war, warfare; fighting (Gaius).
(116). See also gero. Cabot, -Otis, ;//., (1) John Cabot,
;;;
(2) Sebastian Cabot; two early ex- a British officer in the Revolutionary
plorers, father and son. War.
cado, 3, cecidi, fall ; turn out, fall caro, carnis,/, meat, flesh.
out (14). Carolaena, -ae,/, Carolina.
caedes, /, slaughter, carnage, mas-
-is, carpo, 3, carpsi, carptus, gather,
sacre, murder. pluck.
caelum, -l, n., (the open) sky, heaven carrus, -i, m., wagon, cart.
(the open) air; climate. carus, -a, -um, beloved, precious,
Caesar, -aris, m., (1) Gaius Julius prized.
Caesar, the conqueror of Gaul; (2) casa, -ae, /, hut, shack. PL, bar-
Lucius Caesar, an officer in Pom- racks. 1
pey's navy (117). Casca, -ae, m., the name of two broth-
caespes, -itis, m., sod. ers implicated in the murder of Julius
callidus, -a, -um, clever. Caesar.
Camillus, -1, m., (Marcus) Camillus, castellum, -1, n., blockhouse, fort,
a hero of ancient Rome. post; stronghold (133, 139).

Canada, -ae,/, Canada. Castor, -oris, m., the name of a god
Caninius, -ni, m., (Gaius) Caninius worshiped by the Romans.
(Rebilus), lieutenant to Curio in the castra, -orum, n., (entrenched) camp,
civil war. fortress, fortified post, encampment.
canis, -is, c, dog. See also facio, habeo, and pono.
cano, 3, cecini, play, sing. Castra (-orum, n.) Cornelia (-orum),
cantus, -us, ?//., singing, chanting, the name of the site of a camp
chant. established in Africa by Publius*
capio, 3, cepi, captus, catch, seize, Cornelius Scipio at the time of the
capture, take, occupy; take prisoner, second Punic War.
make prisoner ; secure, get (13); casus, -us, m., fall (86); accident
adopt (plan), follow (course), make (94), plight (84, 134), calamity
for (hills), take up (arms). Pass., (97), disaster (115), emergency
be attracted, pedibus captus, lame (105). Abl. as adv., casii, by chance,
vi capere, take by storm. as chance would have it.
Capitolium, -li, ;/., the citadel of Catilina, -ae, m., (Lucius Sergius)
ancient Rome, the Capitol. Catiline, a politician who conspired to
Cappadocia, -ae, /, the name of a overthrow the government of Rome.
district of Asia Minor. causa, -ae,/, cause, grounds, excuse,
captivus, -1, m., prisoner, captive. occasion; case (41). AbL causa,
caput, -itis, n., head ; capital. See with gen. of the gerundive, gerund,
also damno. or abstract noun, for the purpose
career, -eris, m., prison. (of), for the business (of), for pur-
Careo, 2, -ui, with abl., be without, lack poses (of), with the idea (of), with
spare. a view to, etc. ob earn causam,
Carle to, -onis, m., (Sir Guy) Carleton, for that reason.
cavus, -a, -um, hollow. circiter, adv., about.
cecidi, see cado. circuitus, -us, m., circuit, detour;

cedd, 3, cessi, cessum est, fall back. circumference (no).
loco cedere, leave (one's) station, circum, prep, with ace, around, about,
abandon (one's) position, give way. in the neighborhood of (116).
celebro, 1, celebrate. circumdo, 1, -dedi, -datus, surround,
celeritas, -atis, /, swiftness, speed, girdle, encircle.
swift action, haste. circumeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, make the

celeriter, adv., quickly, swiftly, rapidly, rounds of.
speedily, fast ; in haste, hastily. circumsisto, 3, -stiti or -steti, rally
Super I., at top speed, with great (gather, crowd) around.

speed, with all speed. circurhsto, 1, -stiti, stand about; sur-
cena, -ae,/, dinner. round, encircle.
ceno, 1 , -a vi, (-atus) , dine, take dinner. circumvenio, 4, -veni, -ventus, sur-
censed, 2, -ui, (census), express (the) round, encircle, hem in, bring to
opinion, give as (one's) opinion; bay; flank, turn the flank (of).
urge (120). citro, adv., see ultro.
centurio, -onis, m., captain, lieutenant, civis, -is, c, citizen, fellow-citizen,

sergeant ; centurion (103 ff.). countryman. PL, (one's) country-
cepi, see capio. men, people, townsmen.
Cercas, -ae, ;/*., (Benjamin) Church, a cl vitas, -atis, / (^f«. //. -um or
celebrated Indian fighter. -ium), state, country.
cerno, 3, (crevi, certus), see, descry, clades, -is,/, disaster.

discern, observe; watch (128). clam, adv., secretly, stealthily, quietly;
certe, adv., at any rate, certainly; as unnoticed, unobserved.

a matter of fact (90). clamo, 1, -avi, -atum est, cry out,
certus, -a, -um, certain, definite; as- call out.
sured (135); (a) particular (89). clamor, -oris, m., cry, shout.
See also cogndsco, facio, and fio. clarus, -a, -um, famous, prominent;
ceteri, -ae, -a, the other, the rest (of). loud (86).
As masc. noun, the others, the rest, classis, -is,/, fleet.
the other men. claudo, 3, clausi, clausus, close; shut
Ceutrones, -um, m., the name of a up, confine (91).
people of northern Gaul, Cn., abbreviation of Cnaeus, -i, ;;/.,
cibus, -1, m., food. (Gnaeus).

Cicer5, -onis, m., (1) Marcus Tullius coegi, coactus, -a, -um, see cogo.
Cicero, consul in 63 B.C.; (2) Quin- coepi, coepisse, coeptus, began, com-
tus Tullius Cicero, brother of the menced ;
proceeded (130).
preceding. coerced, 2, -ercui, -ercitus, hold in
Cilicia, -ae,/, the name of a district check.
in Asia Minor. COgitd, I, think, imagine ; with de and
Cimber, -bri, m., see Tillius. abl., have (any) thought (of) (51).
COgnosco, 3, COgnovi, cognitus, get ac- Commagenus, -a, -um, of Commagene
quainted with, learn (of), fathom, (a northern district of Syria).
find, observe; be informed, hear, commemoro, 1, relate, rehearse, state,
gain information; get information note.
of, gain (some) conception of committo, 3, -misi, -missus, join,
(no); realize (93, 122); recognize consign. proeliumcommittere,join
(63, 89): try (case). Pass., be- battle, begin battle, engage in battle,
come known, be known, certius offer battle, fight; pass., (battle)
cognoscere, get more definite in- take place; proelio rem commit -
formation (115). tere, risk an engagement, bring on
COgO, 3, COegi, coactus, compel, force, an engagement.
oblige, constrain, impel, lead (126) ; commodus, -a, -um, easy, expeditious
collect, gather, bring together, call ( 1 30) As noun, commodum, -1, n.,
.
together, call in, get together; con- well-being.

centrate, crowd; muster, organize. Commoris, -is,/ {ace. sing, -im), the
cohors, -rtis,/, cohort, cohors prae- name of a small town of Asia
toria, bodyguard. Minor.
COhortor, I, rally, cheer on; urge, commoveo, 2, -movi, -motus, move,
exhort, inter se cohortari, exhort stir (75), alarm (138). Partic,
one another (127). commotus, -a, -um, disturbed,
collis, -is, m. 9 hill. excited, upset, startled, alarmed;
COllOCO, 1, place, put, deposit; station, concerned, stirred up, wrought up;
locate, quarter, settle; establish, spurred on, moved, Ira commoveri,
build : arrange, place, lay (ambus- become angry.
cade) ; mount (artillery) ;
pitch communis, -is, -e, common.
(camp); stack (arms), in acie compello, 3, -puli, -pulsus, drive, force.
collocare, form in line. compleo, 2, -plevi, -pletus, fill, fill up;
colloquium, -i, «., conference, inter- swamp (4), choke (122); supply
view. (us).
colloquor, 3, -locutus sum, converse, complures, -es, -a, several, several of,
talk, have an interview. some, (quite) a number of, quite a

colonia, -ae,/., colony. few, numerous; to a considerable
colonus, -i, m., colonist, settler. number (139) ; several (in number)
Columbus, -i, m., (Christopher) Co- (90).
lumbus, the discoverer of America. comporto, I, bring together, gather
comes, -itis, c, companion, attendant, together, get together, collect; get
follower; hanger-on, minion (71). in, lay in (109).
PI., (one's) men (22, 74), (one's) comprehendo, 3, -prehendl, -prehen-
fellows (86). sus, arrest (132); catch (fire).
comitas, -atis,/, kindliness, courtesy. conatus, -us, m., attempt.

comiter, adv., courteously (29), kindly concedo, 3, -cessi, -cessus, allow,
(62); on friendly terms (23), grant, concede.

concilium, -i, «., council (of war), up (64); go on board, come on board,
powwow; (deliberative) body (34). embark upon ; man (rampart) ;
concurro, 3, -curri, -cursum est, rush mount (horse); scale (wall).

(together), run. inter se concur- consequor, 3, -secutus sum, catch up,
rere, charge upon one another (117). come up; catch up with, come up
condicio, -onis, f, terms; proposal with; follow (90).
(no); condition, plight (91). conservo, 1, preserve (116), save,
condo, 3, -didi, -ditus, store, deposit, look out for; husband (101), spare
hide away; found, establish (city, (130).
state). consido, 3, -sedi, -sessum est, settle,
conduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus, hire, en- take up quarters; encamp, bivouac;
gage. take up (a) position (112); come
confero, -ferre, contuli, conlatus, to a halt (114).
bring together (117). se conferre, consilium, -li, 71., plan, plans, plan of
betake (one's) self, make (one's) action, policy, course; design, pur-
way, proceed; withdraw, return. pose, scheme, project, venture; de-
confertus, -a, -um, partic. as adj., vice, expedient, plot, stratagem,
dense (107), solid (63) ;
(the) thick trick: advice, counsel; council (of
(of) (136). war), conference. PL, course (135).
confestim, adv., at once, quicftly, See also muto.
forthwith, immediately, without de- c5nsisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum est, stop,
lay; in haste, hastily, in a hurry, halt, come to a halt; take (one's)
hurriedly. stand, station (one's) self; stand,
C0nfici5, 3, -feci, -fectus, finish, com- ride, remain (at anchor), in orbem
plete, accomplish, bring to pass; push consistere, form in a circle.
to a conclusion (140); wear out, consolor, 1, comfort, reassure; ad-
exhaust, weaken, overcome. dress kindly (130).
COnfirmd, 1, assert, declare; cheer conspectus, -us, m., sight, view.
(up), encourage, reassure, fortify, conspicio, 3, -spexT, -spectus, see,
steady (120). catch sight of; look on (87).

confodio, 3, -fodi, -fossus, pierce, slay. constantia, -ae,/, firmness, resolution,
conicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus, discharge, steadfastness, reliability; coolness
hurl, shoot, throw, cast; shower, (83)-
pour in (missiles), in fugam con- c5nstituo, 3, -stitui, -stitiitus, decide,
icere, put to flight, rout. determine, plan; designate, appoint
coniungo, 3, -iunxi, -iunctus, join (89); fix, establish, organize; draw
se coniungere, join, unite, effect (a) up, station (115).
junction, join forces; ally one's self consuesco, 3, -suevi, (-suetus) ;
per/,
(103), cast in one's lot (130). {with force of present), be accus-

coniuratio, -onis, /., conspiracy. tomed, be wont, be in the habit
Conor, 1, try, attempt, endeavor. (of); translated impersonal!}', be
conscendo, 3, -scendi, -scensus, climb (one's) custom..
consuetudo, -inis,/, practice, custom, Cornelius, -a, -um, see Castra Cor-
policy ; the ordinary (133). nelia.
COnsulo, 3, -sului, (-sultus), take Cornivallis, -is, **., (Lord) Cornwal-
measures, make provision, look out. lis, a British general in the Revolu-
COnsultO, adv., purposely,' designedly.tionary War.
consumo, 3, -sumpsi, -sumptus, use corpus, -oris, «., body.
up: eat, eat up; destroy; spend, cotidie, adv., daily, every day.
pass (time) igni consumere, burn. Cotta, -ae, m., (Lucius) Cotta,
. lieu-
contendo, 3, -tendi, (-tentus), pro- tenant to Caesar in the Gallic war.

ceed, march, make one's way; press Crassus, -i, m., (Marcus) Crassus,lieu-
(push) on, keep on, forge ahead, tenant to Caesar in the Gallic war.
hurry: beg (129). credo, 3, credidi, creditus, believe,
COntinens, -entis, partic. as adj., con- think.
tinuous, unremitting, unbroken. As cruciatus, -us, m. 9 torture, pain, suf-
noun, continens, -entis, / (sc. fering, agony.
terra), mainland (100, 101). crudelis, -is, -e, cruel, savage.
contineo, 2, -tinui, -tentus, confine, crudelitas, -atis,/, cruelty, barbarity,
coop up, restrain. savagery.
contio, -onis, /, address ; assembly, cruentus, -a, -um, bloody.
meeting» Cifba, -ae,/, Cuba.
contra, prep, with ace, against, in the cum, conj., {time and circumstance)
direction of (126). when, while, after, as; at a time
contuli, see confero. when (10) : {cause) since, inas-
contumelia, -ae, /, insult, affront, in- much as, as : {concession) though,

dignity, illtreatment; taunt. although. With subjunctive, often
convenio, 4, -veni, -ventus, meet, in- best rendered by a participial phrase.
terview, have interview with, see ; cum turn, not only
. . . . . . but also;
come together, gather, assemble. cum primum, as soon as, when . . .
convertd, 3, -verti, -versus, turn (128); first.
direct (114), convert (96). cum, prep, with abl., with, along with.
se COn-
vertere, turn, give attention (90). See also habeo (secum), simul,
COnvoc5, 1, call together, get together, and una.
convene, call, summon. cuneus, -i, m., wedge, stake.
coorior, 4, -ortus sum, arise, come up, CUpide, adv., eagerly, with great eager-
spring up close in (106).
; ness.
copia, -ae,/, supply, abundance; out- cur, adv., why, on account of which.
fit. PL, supplies, stores; force, Curio, -onis, m., (Gaius) Curio, com-
forces, troops, companies, army mander of Caesar's forces in Africa.
;
(one's) following (138). euro, 1, care for; treat (wounds);

Coriolanus, -I, m., (Gaius) Coriolanus, watch over (47) : care for, have
a Roman who fought against his regard for (91).
country. curro, 3, cucurri, cursum est, run,
rush; run about (90); run, play (of deicio, 3, -ieci, -iectus, hurl down,
fire) (90). hurl back (86) ; tear down, destroy
cursus, -us, m., course, stretch. (99). Partic, deiectus, -a, -um,
custodia, -ae,yC, custody. PI., guards, with abl., {freely) disappointed (in).
watch, pickets. deinde, adv., then, next, later, subse-
cust5dio, 4, -Ivi, -ltus, guard, watch. quently.
memoria custodire, remember, Deiotarus, -i, m., the name of a native
custos, -odis, m., guard, sentinel. king who favored Roman rule in
Cybistra, -drum, n., the name of a Asia Minor.

city of Asia Minor. delatus, -a, -um, see defero.
deleo, 2, -evi, -etus, destroy, make
D., abbreviation of Decimus, -1, m. away with; demolish, raze.
damno, 1, condemn, capitis dam- deligo, 3, -legi, -Iectus, choose, select,

nare, condemn to death. pickout,appoint,delegate. Partic. as
de, prep, with abl., about, concerning, adj., delectus, -a, -um, chosen (34).
of, with reference to; down from, demitto, 3, -misi, -missus, lower.
from. Partic. as adj., demissus, -a, -um,
decern, indeclinable adj., ten. downcast, crestfallen; animo de-
decimus, -a, -urn, tenth. missus, disheartened, discouraged,
dedi, see do. se animo demittere, lose heart (83) .
deditio, -orris,/, surrender. See also demonstro, 1, point out, mention;

venio. explain (108).
dedo, 3, -didi, -ditus, give up, surren- demum, adv., at length, finally, at last.
der. Partic. as noun, deditl, -orum, See also iam.
;;/., surrendered men, prisoners. denique, adv., finally, in fine.
se dedere, surrender, give one's self denuo, adv., anew, again, once more,
up, capitulate. a second time.
deduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus, lead forth, depono, 3, -posui, -positus, put down
transport, conduct, escort, take, (load), lay down, surrender (office),
bring, lead; withdraw, lead away, give up (hope).
call away, recall; draw down (131). descendo, 3, -scendi, -scensum est, de-
defendo, 3, -fendi, -fensus, defend, scend, come down, charge down
protect. (121).
defensio, -dnis,/, defense. desero, 3, -serui, -sertus, desert, leave,
defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, bear leave in the lurch.
down (56), carry, bear, bring; re- desisto, 3, -stiti, stitum est, desist,
port. Pass., be carried, drift. cease, proelio desistere, cease fight-

defessus, -a, -um, weary, tired out, ing, withdraw.
worn out. desum, deesse, defui, be wanting
deficio, 3, -feci, (-fectus), give out, (84), be disloyal (14).
fail, run low. deterreo, 2, -terrui, -territus, keep off,
defigo,3,-fixi, -fixus,fix, plant, set up. scare away; intimidate.

; ;;;
detraho, 3, -traxi, -tractus, pull (tear, gers), miss (121), lose possession of;
strip) off; drag out (85). give up, abandon (36), forego (97) ;
detrimentum, -1, n., disaster, reverse, dismiss, send away, allow to de-
calamity, loss, harm, misfortune, mis- part ; send out (108); send on
hap, accident ; source of danger (128).
(100). discedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum est, with-
detrudo, 3, -trusi, -triisus, push off, draw, depart, go (off), march away,
shove off. retreat, leave; recede (66); move
detuli, see defero. ( 103, With ab or ex and abl.,
105) .
deus, -1, m. (dat. and abl. pi., dels, leave, desert, ab armis discedere,
diis, or dis), god. discard (one's) arms (no) ; inferior
deversorium, -1, n., inn, tavern. discedere, be beaten (39).
devius, -a, -um, out of the way. discessus, -us, m., withdrawal, recall.
devoro, 1, devour. disco, 3, didici, learn, acquire.
dexter, -tra, -trum, right. As noun, dispono, 3, -posui, -positus, arrange,
dextra, -ae, / (sc. manus), right station.
hand. disputo, -avi, -atum est, discuss, con-

dico, 3, dixi, dictus, say, speak, de- tinue (the) discussion (104).
clare, tell, communicate, announce, diii, adv., long, for a long time (period)
report, mention, remark, suggest; (^discuss)at length. neque . . .
express (sentiment, view), make diutius,and ... no longer; nor

(suggestion), male dicere, swear, very long (129); non diutius, no
curse. longer. See also iam.
dies, -ei, ///. and f., day. in dies, from diversus, -a, -um, different, various.
day to day. divido, 3, -visi, -visus, divide, split

differo, -f erre, distuli, dilatus, scatter up.
put off, postpone. do, dare, dedi, datus, give, grant, pre-
difficilis, -is, -e, hard, difficult, trouble- sent ; communicate, supply, provide
some; delicate (business), ob- afford, offer, allow ( 109, 129) ; sound
structed (slope). (signal). Pass., present (it) self
dignitas, -atis, /, reputation, stand- (121). in custodiam dare, have

ing. arrested, arrest ; in f ugam dare, put
diligenter, adv., diligently, carefully, to flight, rout, disperse; operam
with care; busily (100); with all dare, give attention (91, 108); try,
diligence (137). see to (135); poenas dare, (pay

it
diligentia, -ae, /, care, pains (99), the penalty) be punished se somno

, ;
carefulness, vigilance. dare, go to sleep, betake one's self

dimico, 1, -avi, -atum est, fight, con- to rest; vela dare, set sail.
tend, struggle, be at war; do (one's) doceo, 2, -ui, doctus, show, point out
fighting (101). inform, tell; state, remind.
dimitto, 3, -misi, -missus, let go, re- dolor, -oris, m., distress, grief; matter
lease ; let slip (through one's fin- of chagrin.
dominus, -I, m., master, owner. effer5, -ferre, extuli, elatus, carry
Domitius, -ti, m. (Gnaeus) Domitius,
9
forth, carry out, bring (forth).
a cavalry officer in Curio's army. efficio, 3, -feci, -fectus, accomplish,
domus, -us,/, house, home, residence, bring (it) to pass; construct (99).
dwelling, dwelling place; domi, at effugio, 3, -fugi, escape, make (one's)
home; domo, from home (see also escape, make good (one's) escape,
egredior) domum, homeward,
; succeed in escaping, slip away, get
home, toward home, for home; to away; find relief from (134).
(their) homes (96). egi, see ago.
donee, conj., until. ego, mei, I.
donum, -1, n., gift, present. egredior, 3, -gressus sum, go out;

dubito, 1, -avi, -atum est, hesitate. disembark, come ashore; march
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful, uncertain. forth, file out, step out, pass out,
As noun, dubium, -1, n., doubt (1 26) make (one's) way out, come forth,
ducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred. go forth; retire, depart; set out
duco, 3, duxi, ductus, lead, command, (107); start out (122). domo
be commander of (9, 34) ; bring, egredi, leave home.
conduct, take; draw, pull (56); elatus, -a, -um, see efferd.
stretch (chain), in matrimonium Eleutherocilices, -um, m., the Free
ducere, marry, take in marriage. Cilicians.
dum, con/'., while, as, during the time elicio, 3, -licui, -licitus, lure forth, lure.
when; provided only. Elizabeta, -ae,/, Elizabeth.
duo, duae, duo, two, the two. eliido, 3, -lusi, -lusus, outwit, cheat,
duodecim, indeclinable adj., twelve. get the better of.
dux, ducis, c, leader, commander, emigro, 1, -avi, -atum est, emigrate,
chief, captain, officer; conductor, move away.
guide. emitto, 3, -misi, -missus, send forth,
send out.
e, ex, prep, with abl., {separation, emo, 3, emi, emptus, buy, purchase;
source), from, (out) of, from out, buy up (91).
out from; beyond (sight); after, in emptio, -onis, /, buying; with gen.,
accordance with; {material), of, traffic (in).
from ;
{partitive), of, out of, enim, conj., for.
from. See also acies, discedo, and eo, adv., thither, to that place, there.
pars. eo magis, (on this account the
Eboracopolis, -is,/, Yorktown. more) , all the more ; eo . . . unde, to
Eboracum (-1, n.) Novum (-1), New a point where.
York (City). eo, ire, 11, itum est, go, advance.
ecfrenate, adv., wildly. With ad and ace, go to meet (107).
edo, 3, edi, esus, cat. eodem, adv., to the same place (spot) ;
edo, 3, -didi, -ditus, utter, give forth, to this same point (73); for the
give voice to. same point (destination) (117).
;
Epiphanea, -ae,/, the name of a city exercitus, -us, m. f

army, force, com-
of Asia Minor. mand.
eques, -itis, /;/., horseman, knight. exigo, 3, -egi, -actus, collect (taxes)
PI., cavalry, horsemen; cavalry de- pass (time). Partic, exactus, -a,
tachment (117). -um, completed, ended.

equitatus, -us, ;//., cavalry, cavalry exiguus, -a, -um, small, weak; faint
force, cavalry detachment, force of (sound).
cavalry; horsemen, horse. existimo, 1, think, believe, judge,
equus, -1, in., horse. See also veho. fancy, feel.
Erana, -ae /., the name of a town of exitialis, -is, -e, deadly, fatal.
Asia Minor. exitus, -us, /;/., means of egress; solu-

eripio, 3, -ripui, -reptus, wrest, re- tion.
cover, rescue. With dat., take expedio, 4,-ivi, -ltus, make ready, get
away (from) (71). ready, get out; prime (weapons).
erro, 1, -avi, -a turn wander expeditus, -a, -um, partic. as adj., un-
est,
(about), stray. encumbered (by baggage), in light
erumpo, 3, -rupi, (-ruptus), burst marching order. As «<>«;*, expedltl,
(rush) forth, burst (rush) out, dart -orum, ;;/., light-armed troops.
(out) ; break out, break through expello, 3, -puli, -pulsus, drive out ;
(43), break away (64), make a dispel (doubt).

dash (68). explico, 1, -a vi or -ui, -atus or -itus,
eruptio, -onis,/, sally, sortie. deploy, arrange.
et, conj., and. et . . . et, both . . . and. expldrator, -oris, ///., scout, explorer,
etiam, adv., even, also, too. See also frontiersman.
quin etiam and solum. exploro, 1, explore, reconnoitre, ex-
even though.
etsi, conj., although, amine, inspect.
Europa, -ae,/., Europe. expugno, I, take by storm, storm,
evado, 3, -vasi, -vasum est, get out, capture, take.
escape; emerge (82). exsilio, 4, -silui, leap out; spring up
evenio, 4, -veni, -ventum est, turn (20); leap (80).
out, go, proceed. exsilium, -1, n., exile.
eventus, -us, ;//., outcome, sequel; exspecto, 1, await, wait for, await the
net result (no). coming (arrival) of, delay for ( 1 1 1 ) ;
ex, see e. look forward to, anticipate; wait

exactus, -a, -um, see exigo. (67, 121).
excido, 3, -cidi, -cisus, cut down. exstruo, 3, -striixi, -striictus, con-
excipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus, except; with- struct, build.
stand (35); await, meet (37,101). extinguo, 3, extinxi, extinctus, ex-

excit5,1, rouse, rouse up. tinguish, put out.
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est, go out (forth), extra, prep. with ace, outside
come out (forth), go (out), march of, outside, without; beyond
( I2 7)-
forth; depart, retire.
LATIX-EXGLISH VOCABULARY 399
Faber, -bri, m., (Captain John) Smith. I feliciter, adv., successfully, well, pros-
Fabius, -bi, m., (i) Gaius Fabius, lieu- perously, nee feliciter, and unsuc-
tenant to Caesar in the Gallic war; cessfully. See (rem) gero.
(2) Fabius Paelignus, a soldier in fenestra, -ae, f., window.
Curio's army; (3) Quintus Fabius fera, -ae, /, wild animal (creature,
Sanga, a lawyer who helped Cicero beast).
in the suppression of the conspiracy Ferdinandus, -i, ;;/., Ferdinand, king
of Catiline. of Spain.
facile, adv., easily, with great ease, with- fere, adv., about, nearly, almost.
out trouble, without difficulty, readily. fero,ferre,tuli,latus,carry,bear,bring;
f acinus, -oris, n., crime, outrage; endure, put up with, bear, withstand,
deed, exploit, feat. brave, hold out against; permit
facio, 3, feci, f actus, do, perform, (139), call for (127): advance
make; commit, perpetrate; build, (standards) ; cast (vote), pass (meas-
construct; choose, elect, appoint, ure). Pass., be carried (hurled,
make : carry out (massacre) ; make, thrown) , roll, auxilium f erre, bring
lay, place (ambuscade) ; make, de- relief, bring help, give assistance,
liver (announcement) ; afford (op- lend aid, lend a hand, assist; with
portunity); inflict (injury); leave dat., support, help; moleste ferre,
(tracks); take (departure), castra be irritated, be indignant, be in a
facere, encamp; certiorem (-es) state of indignation, be aggrieved,
facere, inform, enlighten, send feel (it) keenly (60), regret (95,
word to, notify (see also fio) ; im- 97); chafe under, chafe at, bear
petum facere, charge; iniurias with irritation (34, 55).
facere, with dat., illtreat (4) ; iter fidelis, -is, -e, faithful, loyal, reliable.
facere, travel, journey, march, ad- fides, -ei,/, credence; loyalty (120).
vance, proceed, push on; range filia, -ae,/, daughter.
(21); stipendia facere, serve (in filius, -li, m., son; the vounger, junior
army). See also fio. (5)-
_
f acultas, -atis,/, opportunity, chance. finis, -is, m., end, objective point
Faesulanus, -a, -um, of Faesulae (a (89). PL, boundaries, border;
town of Etruria) . As noun, Faesula- territory, land, lands, country.
nus, -i, m., (a) citizen of Faesulae. f initimus, -a, -um, neighboring, near-
fallo, 3, fefelli, falsus, disappoint. by, adjacent. As noun, finitimi,
Partic. as adj., falsus, -a, -um, false, -orum, m., adjacent peoples (138).
fictitious (137). fio, fieri, factus sum, be done, take
fames, -is,/, hunger, starvation. See place ; be accomplished, be gone

also neco. through with (109) ; happen, occur,
faveo, 2, favi, fautum est, with dat., come to pass, arise, come on ; be,
be favorably disposed (to), feel become, grow ; be made, be ap-
sympathy (for), side (with). pointed, certior (-es) fieri, be in-
fefelli, see fallo. formed, learn. See also facio.
;
firmo, i, secure, strengthen. frequens, -entis, adj. ; pL, in large

firmus, -a, -um, strong. numbers.
Flamininus, -1, m,, (Titus Quinctius) fretum, -i, n., strait, channel, sound.
Flamininus, a Roman ex-consul. frigidus, -a, -um, icy.
fled, 2, flevi, fletum est, weep, cry. frigus, -oris, n., cold. PL, cold
Florida, -ae,/, Florida. weather (7).
flos, floris, m. t blossom, flower. frumentum, -i, n., grain, tfbrn.
fluctus, -us, m. 9 wave. frustra, adv., in vain, to no purpose,
flumen, -inis, n., river, stream, cur- without success.
rent (73). adverso flumine, up the frustum, -i, n., bit, piece.
river,up (the) stream, (on) up the fuga, -ae, /, flight, rout, retreat, es-
stream (98) secundo flumine, with
; cape defection (117). See also ;
the current, downstream. conicio and do.

fluo, 3, fluxi, (fluxus), flow. fugio, 3, fugi, flee, retreat, retire, slip
folium, -i, ;?., leaf. away; hurry, run. Partic. as adj.,

tons, fontis, m. s spring. fugiens, -entis, flying (59, 70), in
foris, -is, m.;pl, door. retreat (127).
forte, adv., by chance, accidentally, fiimus, -i, m., smoke.
casually, as it chanced; per-
chance (77). Gabinius, -ni, m., (Publius) Gabinius
fortis, -is, -e, brave, courageous, (Capito), a person implicated in
heroic. Catiline's conspiracy.
fortiter, adv., bravely, courageously, Gallia, -ae,/, France ; Gaul (101 ff.).
valiantly, stoutly ; with courage, Gallicus, -a, -um, French ; Gallic

with bravery, with fortitude (52); (126 ff.).
like a man (68). Gallus, -a, -um, Gallic. As noun, Gal-

fortitiido, -inis,/, fortitude, heroism; lus, -i, m., (a) Gaul : //., the Gauls
spirit (61). (45 ff.); the French, Frenchmen.
/, fortune, fate, luck
fortiina, -ae, gaudeo, 2, gavisus sum, rejoice, be
good fortune (135). PL, well- delighted (pleased, glad).
being. As proper name, Fortiina, gaza, -ae,/, treasure.
-ae,/, the name of the goddess of gemitus, -us, m., groan.
fortune. gens, gentis,/, nation, tribe, people.
forum, -1, n., market place. In par- genus, -eris, n., class ; birth, family
ticular, the market place at Rome, (136).
the Forum. German!, -5rum, m., the Germans.
fossa, -ae,/, ditch, moat. gero, 3, gessi, gestus, do, accomplish,
frango, 3, fregi, fractus, break, manage (4), carry through to com-
wreck break down (26) break,
; ; pletion (129) : have (quarrel);
humble (140), discourage, dis- wear (22, 99). Pass., take place,
hearten (33). happen, go on, proceed, bellum
frater, -tris, m., brother. gerere, wage war, fight, carry on
war, be at war, take the field, go on Hadrumetum, -i, «., the name of a
the warpath, rem bene (feliciter) town of northern Africa.
gerere, be successful, have (any) Hannibal, -alis, m., the name of a
success, act successfully; se gerere, famous Carthaginian general.
behave, act, comport (one's) self. harena, -ae,/, sand.
See also res. haud, adv., by no means, not very,
glacies, -el,/, ice. not. See also aequus, invitus,
gladius, -1, m., sword. libenter, longinquus, longus,
gloria, -ae,/, luster, renown. magnus, and procul.
glorior, 1, boast. Henricus, -i, m.t Henry, king of
Gorgia, -ae,/, Georgia. Portugal.
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. herba, -ae, /, grass.
gratia, -ae,/, favor (89). PL, thanks. hlberna, -orum, n., winter quarters,
gratus, -a, -um, acceptable, satisfac- winter camp, winter encampment.
tory, attractive ;
grateful (45). hie, adv., here.
gravis, -is, -e, heavy; trying (no), hie, haec, hoc, this, that; abL, hac
pressing (in); extortionate, ruin- (sc. via), by this route. As noun, he,
ous (137): serious, dangerous (dis- they, this, these; neut., this (thing,
ease); heavy, deep, sound (sleep). action, consideration, story, etc.).
graviter, adv., seriously, deeply, hiemo, 1, -avi, -atum est, pass the
severely ; much, greatly, exceed- winter, winter, be quartered for the
ingly. winter.
Grudii, -orum, m., the name of a hiems, -emis, /, winter, winter time,
people of northern Gaul. winter season.
gubernaculum, -i, n., steering oar. PL, Hispani, -orum, m.9 the Spanish, the
steering gear, tiller, helm. Spaniards.
gubernator,-oris, m., helmsman, pilot. Hispania, -ae,/, Spain.
Hispaniensis, -is, -e, of Spain. As
habeo, 2, -ui, -itus, have, hold, keep noun, Hispaniensis, -is, m., (a) na-
hold, regard; get, make (135): tive of Spain.
deliver, make (speech), set forth homo, -inis, c, man, fellow, indi-
(argument) ; attain (renown, cre- vidual, person, body; he, the man.
dence), bene se habere, have a PL, people, mankind (23).
good time castra habere, remain honor, -oris, m., honor, mark of dis-
;
encamped in animo habere, in-

; tinction; esteem, honor deference ;
tend, plan ; think of, consider (do- (81).

ing a thing); in incerto habere, hora, -ae,/, hour.
be undecided; res ita se habere, Horatius, -ti, m. Horatius (Codes),
9
matters stand thus (53) ; secum a hero of early Rome.

habere, harbor (132). horrendus, -a, -um, awful, frightful.
habito, 1, -avi, (-atus), live, dwell, hortor, 1, urge, exhort, direct; encour-
be located. age, cheer, rally; beg (102, 104).
;

hortus, -I, «., garden. advantage; blockaded, obstructed,
hostis, -is, m.9 enemy. choked: difficult (ground) (128).
hue, adv., to this place, thither. imperator, -oris, ;;/., general, com-
Hudso, -onis, m., (i) Henry Hudson, mander, commanding general (offi-
the explorer ; (2) the name of a cer), commander in chief.
river of New York state. imperium, -ri, n., order (129), com-
humus, /, ground
-1, humi, on the ; mand (44); sway, control (81),
ground, upon the ground; in(to) the government, rule (140).
ground (90). impero, 1, -avi, -atum est, zvith dat.
case, if any, give orders (command,
ibi, adv., there, at that point, in that direction, directions), issue orders,
region, right there. order, direct.
Iconium, -ni, ;/., the name of a town impetro, 1, win, gain, secure ; buy
of Asia Minor. (40.
idem, eadem, idem, the same, that impetus, -us, m., attack, assault,
same, this same; the very (7). As charge, onset, onslaught.
noun, the same man; neut., the impono, 3, -posui, -positus, with dat.
same (thing, story, procedure, etc.). or in and ace, place, load (upon,
idoneus, -a, -urn, suitable, proper, on).
satisfactory, well-adapted ; favor- imus, -a, -um, see inferior.
able (wind). in, prep. ; ( 1
) with ad/., in, at, on, upon,
Tdus, -uum, /, the Ides (the 13th of on board, on the surface of ; within,
some months, the 15th of others). in the midst of, among ; (2) with
igitur, conj., therefore, accordingly, ace, into, to, in, into the territory
and so. of ; against, upon, on, at, among
ignis, -is, m., fire, light, camp fire. toward, for ; out upon (51).
PL, flames. See also consumo. incendium, -di, n. 9 fire, conflagra-
ignominia, -ae, /, disgrace, humilia- tion.
tion. incendo, 3, -cendi, -census, burn (up),

ignotus, -a, -um, unknown, unex- destroy by fire; set fire to, fire.
plored, strange. incertus, -a, -um, irregular, devious

ille, ilia, illud, that, this, the. As (107); insecure (135). As noun,
noun, he, she, the one, they, these; incertum, -i, n., uncertainty (135)
neut., this. (see habeo).
illucesco, 3, -luxi, dawn. incito, 1, spur on, stir up. se incitare,
impedimenta, -orum, n., baggage, work one's self up (48).
baggage train, stores; personal ef- incola, -ae, c, inhabitant, native.
fects (no). incolo, 3, -colui, inhabit, occupy, popu-
impedio, 4, -ivi, -ltus, hinder, molest, late, be settled in.
delay; put a damper upon (138). incolumis, -is, -e, safe, unharmed, in
Partic. as adj., impedltus, -a, -um, safety, unscathed, unmolested; scot
hampered, weighed down, at a dis- free.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 4°3
incommodum, -1, «., inconvenience hurl, shoot, discharge, fire, telum

(54), check, set-back, disaster, re- inmittere, fire.
verse. inopia, -ae,/, lack, need, scarcity.

incredibilis, -is, -e, fabulous, aston- inquam, — , -quii, say, exclaim, cry;
ishing. inquire, reply, retort.

inde, adv., thence, from thence; from inrumpo, 3, -rupl, (ruptus), break
there; from that point; from it. (into), burst (into), rush (into),
Indiana, -ae,/, Indiana. dash (into) ; burst in, break in.
indico, 3, -dixi, -dictus, declare insequor, 3, -secutus sum, pursue, fol-
(war). low, vestigiis insequi, follow the

Indus, -a, -um, Indian. As noun, trail.
Indus, -i, m. 9 (an) Indian; //., insidiae, -arum, /, ambuscade, am-

the Indians. bush; treachery, underhand means
inferior, -ior, -ius, inferior, lower, (72). See also lateo.
weaker. Super/., imus, -a, -um, instar, indeclinable noun, with gen.,
(the) lowest (part of) (131). See the size (of), as large as.
also discedo. instruo, 3, -struxi, -structus, draw up,

inf ero, -f erre, intuli, inlatus, inflict form, marshal; fit out, equip.
roith dat., inflict (upon), do (to), insula, -ae,/, island, insula Longa,
make (war upon), iniurias in- Long Island.
ferre, with dat., maltreat. integer, -gra, -grum, untouched. As
infestus, -a, -um, threatening, oppos- noun, integri, -orum, m., fresh
ing. troops.
ingredior, 3, -gressus sum, enter, intellego, 3, -lexi, -lectus, realize,
effect an entrance. see, perceive, gather, understand,
inimicus, -a, -um, unfriendly, hostile, know.
ill-disposed. As noun, inimicus, -i, intempestus, -a, -um, lit., unseason-
m.s enemy, ill-wisher; s uperl., deadly able. See nox.
foe. inter, prep, with ace, among, in ths
iniquus, -a, -um, unfavorable. midst of; between. See also agd,
iniuria, -B.e,f, injury, wrong, damage; cohortor, and concurro.
pi., injuries, violence. Abl. as adv., intercipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus, intercept,
iniuria, unjustly, wrongfully, with- cut off; capture.
out just cause (45). See also facio interdiu, by day, by daylight.
and infero. interdum, adv., at times, from time to
iniussu, abl. of defective noun, with time; sometimes, occasionally; in
gen., without the order (of), against some cases (91).
the order (of), without orders interea, adv., in the meantime, mean-
(from). while.
inlido, 3, -lisi, -lisus, dash. Pass. t be intered, -ire, -ii, perish, be killed.
dashed, crash. interficid, 3, -feci, -fectus, kill, slay,
inmitto, 3, -mlsi, -missus, send, throw, put to death; murder, massacre,
:
kill off, cut off, cut down, cut to things ; a thing (132), a project
pieces, telo interficere, shoot dead. (139) : gen., his, her, their; of theirs
interim, adv., meanwhile, in the mean- (138). id quod, what.
time, the while. Isabella, -ae, /, the name of a queen
intermitto, 3, -misi, -missus, check; of Spain.
leave between (126). iste, ista, istud, that, this; that . . .
interpono, 3, -posui, -positus, inter- of yours (134). As noun, he, this

pose, put (place, hold) between. ('30-
_
Pass., lie between, intervene. ita, adv., thus, so; in this way, in the
intervallum, -i, n., distance. following way; with matters standing
intra, prep, with ace, within, behind; thus (119); by thismeans (104):
(over) within (113). in such a manner (122); at such
intro, 1, enter, make (one's) way into; speed (139) so very (121).:
step in (49) : enter, gain (harbor). Italia, -ae,/, Italy.

intus, adv., within, inside; on board itaque, conj., and so, accordingly.
(7o). iter, itineris, n., journey, way, road,
invenio, 4, -veni, -ventus, find, find route, march, traveling, trip, stage
out, discover. (138). in itinere, on the march,
invisus, -a, -um, odious; hated (48, on the road, on the line of march,
75)- during the journey; iter magnum,
invitus, -a, -um, unwilling, against forced march. See also facio.
(one's) will, against (one's) inclina- iterum, adv., again, a second time,
tion, with reluctance; exceedingly once again; the second time (64).
loath, much against (one's) will, See also semel.
haud invitus, nothing loath.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, iaceo, 2, -ui, lie, lie neglected (131).
itself, themselves, gen., own : (the Partic. as adj., iacens, -entis,
city) proper, (this, that) particular prostrate,
on their own motion (24); in per- iacio, 3, ieci, iactus, throw, cast, shoot;
son ; with his own hand (136) : throw out (anchors).
very, mere, even. As noun, he, the (Andrew) Jackson.
Iacso, -onis, m.,
man himself, they, gen., his (own), iam, adv., now, already, at length.
their (own). iam ante, previously iam demum, ;
ira, -ae,/, anger, wrath. now at length, at length; iam diu,

iratus, -a, -um, angry, in anger, in a now for a long time, long since;
passion, in (one's) wrath; hotly, iam pridem, long since, long before.
angrily (103). Ianiculum, -i, n., the name of a hill
is, ea, id, this, the, that. As noun, he, separated from Rome by the Tiber.
a man (103), she, they, these, those, Iasper, -eri, m., (Sergeant) Jasper, a
(the) people, (the) men; neut., it, daring soldier of the Revolution.
this, that ; this thing, this purpose Iuba, -ae, in., the name of an African
(54), the things, the events, those king.

iubeo, 2, iussi, iussus, order, com* Larisa, -ae, /, the name of a town in
mand, direct, bid, tell, say (89); Greece.
give orders, leave orders. Pass., be latebrae, -arum, /, hiding place, shel-
under orders, be ordered. tered spot (99); ambush (105). in
iudico, 1, think, infer, believe, feel, be latebris, in hiding (32).
of the opinion. lateo, 2, -ui, hide, skulk, be in hiding,
Iunius, -ni, m., (Gaius) Junius, a sol- lie in wait, in insidiis latere, lie in
dier in Caesar's army in Gaul. wait,
Iuno, -onis, /, Juno, queen of the latus, -eris, n., flank (of army).
gods, as being the wife of Jupiter. latus, -a, -um, see fero.
ius, iuris, n., law, rules (132); court laudo, 1, praise, commend.
(45) : pi., rights, privileges, preroga- lectus, -i, m., bed, couch.
tives. Abl. as adv., hire, rightfully, legatus, -i, m., captain, commander,
with good right. See also VOCO. lieutenant, officer, staff officer (44),
iuvenis, -is, m., young man, youth, subordinate officer (33); ambassa-
young fellow; with adj. force, youth- dor, messenger, envoy (42, no, 130,
ful (25). 132, 133, 134, 135, 138); governor
iuvo, 1, iuvi, iutus, aid, help, assist, (23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 62,
relieve, help out. 75> 76).
-onis, /, regiment; legion
legio,
K., abbreviation ofKalendae, -arum, (102 ff.). PL, troops.
/, the Calends (i.e. the first day of leniter, adv., slowly, leisurely.
a month). Lexingto, -onis, m., Lexington, a town
in Massachusetts.
L., abbreviation 0/ Lucius, -CI, m. libenter, adv., readily, cheerfully, with
Labienus, -1, m. 9 (Titus) Labienus, pleasure, happily, gladly, with alac-
lieutenant to Caesar in the Gallic rity, haud libenter, with discon-
war. tent; nee libenter, and unhappily.
labor, -oris, m., hardship, difficulty, liberi, -orum, m., children.
trial; strain, toil, labor, work, exer- Liberia, -ae,/., the name of a country
tion, effort, fatigue (124). of Africa.
laboro, 1, -avi, -atum est, work, toil; liberd, 1, free, relieve.
be hard pressed (136). libertas, -atis, /, liberty, freedom,

lacrima, -ae,/, tear. emancipation.
lacus, -us, m., lake. liburnica, -ae, /, sloop, cutter, brig-
laetus, -a, -um, joyful, glad, happy, antine.
rejoicing, delighted; with joy, with licet, 2, licuit or licitum est, imper-
alacrity (96), in high spirits (50). sonal verb, be permitted.
Laodicea, -ae, /, the name of a city lignatio, -onis,/, felling (of) timber.
of Asia Minor. Lima, -ae, /., the name of a town of
largior, 4, -itus sum, give freely, sacri- South America.
fice. lingua, -ae, /, tongue, language.
littera, -ae,/, letter (of the alphabet). Liisitania, -ae, f., the ancient name
PL, letter, communication, mes- of Portugal.
sage; document, paper (112); al- lux, lucis, /., light, the light of day,
phabet (113). dawn, daybreak, prima lux, early
litus, -oris, n., coast, shore. dawn, dawn, daybreak.
Livius, -vi, m., (Titus) Livy, a famous Lycaonia, -ae, f., the name of a dis-
Roman historian. trict in Asia Minor.
locuples, -etis, adj., rich, wealthy,
well-to-do. M., abbreviation of Marcus, -i, m.
locus, -1, m. (pL. loca, -orum, n.), maestus, -a, -um, sad, dejected, sor-
place, spot, point, region, locality, rowful, sorrowing; in dejection, in
location, ground, position, post; gloom, in (the garb of) mourning

part (no): station (in life) (79); (42); disappointed (86).
position, light (118). PL, district, magicus, -a, -um, magic, magical.
country (31, ^3)y location (65); See also ars.

quarters (91). omnibus locis, magis, adv.,compar., more (129); see
everywhere. See also cedo and also eo (adv.). Super L, maxime,
natura. particularly, especially; exceed-
lociitus, -a, -um, see loquor. ingly, in the highest degree : some-
Londinium (-ni, «.) Novum (-1), times prefixed to give superlative
New London, a town in Connecti- force to an adj. or adv.
cut. magister, -tri, m., captain. puer5rum
longe, adv., far, (to) a considerable magister, tutor, school teacher.
distance, to a great distance; with magnopere, adv., earnestly; unrea-

super I. or co?7ipar. of adj. or adv., sonably (103).
(by) far, much. magnus, -a, -um, great, large, big, of
longinquus, -a, -um, distant, remote, large size, huge, immense, extensive :
far away, at a distance, haud abundant (stores), dead (earnest),

longinquus, at no great distance. excessive (heat), good (courage),
longus, -a, -um, long, haud longus, grave (peril), hearty, heartfelt
no great (distance); longum est, (thanks), heavy, severe, serious
it is too long (127), 'twould be a (loss), heavy, severe, violent (earth-
long tale (87). See also insula quake, storm), heroic (spirit), high
and navis. (column, hope), important (ex-
loquor, 3, locutus sum, talk, speak, ploit), keen (anticipation), liberal
converse; state (126) ; with cum (reward), loud (noise), long (dis-
and abL, talk (to). tance), much (assistance), strong
Lovisiana, -ae,/, Louisiana. (force, guard, spirit, etc.), tremen-
Lucanius, -ni, m., (Quintus) Lucanius, dous (curse), valuable (treasure),
a soldier in Caesar's army in Gaul. wide (river), haud magnus, no
ludo, lusum
3, lusi, est, play, sport. great ; non magnus, of no great
luna, -ae, /, moon. size. See also iter.
Compar., maior, -or, -us, (all the) matrona, -ae, /, lady.

greater (84); a considerable (55), mature, adv., early, soon; speedily
some considerable (120); elder, (94)-
older. As noun, maiores, -um, m. t
Mauri, -orum, m., the Moors.
fathers (13). maxime, see magis.
Super/., maximus, -a, -um, extreme, maximus, -a, -um, see magnus.
utmost, supreme, exceedingly great, Mediterraneus, -a, -um, Mediter-
immense, mighty; much (104); ranean.
general, wholesale, frightful (slaugh- medius, -a, -um, middle (of), center
ter). of. See also nox.

maior, -or, -us, see magnus. melior, see bonus.
male, adv., not fully (140). See also memor, -oris, adj., with gen., with a
dico. thought (of), thinking (of), re-
maid, malle, malui, prefer, choose. membering.
malus, -a, -um, wicked, evil, unprin- memorabilis, -is, -e, noteworthy, re-
cipled, vile. As noun, malum, -1, n., markable.
evil, misfortune, trouble, difficulty. memoria, -ae, f., memory, remem-
mane, in the morning, on the morrow, brance. See also custodio and
next morning; early in the morn- teneo.
ing (49). mensis, -is, m., month.
maneo, 2, mansi, mansum est, re- mentior, 4, -itus sum, make up (a)
main, stay, tarry, live. story, fabricate.
manipularis, -is, -e, of the rank and meridies, -el, m., midday, noon (129);
file. As noun, manipularis, -is, m. the south (40, 43, 77).
soldier of the rank and file, private; metus, -us, m., fear (122); thought
p/., men. of danger (119).
Manlius,-H, m., (1) Marcus Manlius, a meus, -a, -um, my; my own (138);
Roman who defended the Capitol on my part (140).
against the Gauls; (2) Gaius Man- Miantonimo, -onis, m., the name of
lius, lieutenant to Catiline. an Indian chief.
manus, -us, f., hand; band, company, miles, -itis, m., soldier, common sol-
detachment, force. dier, soldier in the ranks. P/.,
Marcius, -ci, m., Marcius (Rufus), an men, privates. See also tribunus.
officer in Curio's army. mille, indec/inable adj.; p/., {noun)
Marcus, -i, m., Marcus. milia, -ium, n., thousand, mille
mare, -is, n., sea, ocean; the high passus, mile ; milia passuum, miles.
seas (92). minime, see minus.
Marta, -ae,/, Martha. minimus, see parvus.
Martius, -a, -um, of March. minor,-or, -us, see parvus.
mater, -tris,/, mother. minus, adv., compar., less; not very

matrimonium, -i, n., marriage. See (80). Super/., minime, not at all,
also diico. by no means; no (87).
4o8 FIRST LATIN READER
mirus, -a, -urn, wonderful, strange. moveo, 2, movi, motus, move; break
misceo, 2, -ui, mistus or mixtus, (camp).
mingle. mox, adv., soon, shortly, quickly.
miser, -era, -erum, wretched, pitiful, Miicius, -ci, m., (Gaius) Mucius, a
unfortunate, luckless, poor; hard hero of ancient Rome.
(42). As noun, poor fellow, poor mulier, -eris,/, woman.
woman, poor wretches, etc. multitudo, -inis, /, throng, crowd,
mitto, 3, misi, missus, send, dispatch; company, band, force, number,
shoot, hurl, fire; throw away, discard, numbers; rain (of weapons).
lose (129). Partic. as noun, missi, multo, adv., (by) much, (by) far.
-6rum, m., messengers, /it. those multum, adv., much, greatly. Super/.,
sent (109). plurimum, very frequently (135).
modo, adv., just before, just now, multus, -a, -um, much. PL, many;
lately; just, but just: only (20, many of, a large number of; in
131). modo . . . modo, at one largenumbers (28) as masc. noun, :
time ... at another. See also si. many, many persons, many peo-
modus, -i, m., manner, fashion, way, ple; neut., many (things), many
means, chance, eius modi, of this (stories), much (property). Corn-
sort; nullo modo, not at all (83); par., plus, pluris, neut. {noun),
quo modo, thus. more (88) : //.,plures, -es, -a, more,
moleste, adv., with irritation; see several (131); as noun, more (122).
fero. Super/., plurimi, -ae, -a, very
mone5, 2, -ui, -itus, warn, advise, many, numerous, a large number of;
inform (49). in large (great) numbers, in strong
mons, montis, m., mountain, emi- force : a cloud (multitude, shower) of.
nence, height. munio, 4, -ivi, -itus, intrench,

mora, -ae, /, delay, hesitation, sine strengthen, fortify. Partic. as adj.,
mora, instantly (64). munitus, -a, -um, strong, (strongly)
morbus, -i, m., disease, illness, sickness. fortified.
moribundus, -a, -um, dying, at the munitio, -onis, /, fortification, in-
point of death. trenchment. P/., fortifications;
morior, 3, mortuus sum, die. Partic. siege works (115, 123).

{and adj.) mortuus, -a, -um, having murus, -i, m., wall, (stone) fence (55).
died, dead : as noun, mortuus, -i, miito, 1, change, consilium mutare,
m., dead man; //., the dead. change (one's) mind.
moror, 1, delay, tarry, linger, dally,
lounge; hold back, remain, wait, nam, conj., for.
stop; be detained (9, 10). nanciscor, 3, nactus sum, find, dis-
mors, mortis,/, death, dying, execu- cover; gain, secure; reach (83).
tion. Per/, tense, have (119).
mds, moris, m., custom. PL, ways narro, 1, relate, narrate, tell (of).
(28), character (72). nascor, 3, natus sum, be born.

natio, -onis,/, tribe. nemc, defective noun, m., no one, none,

nato, 1, -avi, -atum est, float. not a man. Gen. and abl. supplied
natura, -ae,/, nature, natural inclina- by nulllus and nullo.
tion. Abl. as adv., natura, natu- neque, nec, conj., and . . . not, nor;
rally (134). natura loci, natural when followed by enim or {some-
situation (41). times) by vero, not. neque . . .
natus, -a, -um, see nascor. neque, neither . . . nor; not . . .
nauta, -ae, in., sailor, deck hand. nor yet (126). See also alius,
PI., crew. diu, feliciter, libenter, quisquam,
navigium, -1, n., vessel. scio, tamen, ullus, umquam, and
navigo, 1, -avi, -atum est, sail, cruise, volo.
coast, ply; head, journey, travel Nervius, -vi, m., a Nervian. PL,
(11) : be on shipboard (91); go to the Nervii (a people of northern
sea (5), ship (2). Gaul).
navis, -is,/, ship, vessel, boat, navis nescio, 4, -scivi, not understand, not
longa, warship, man-of-war. See know, be ignorant of.
also solvo. nihil, indeclinable noun, nothing.

ne, sign of a question. Ace. as adv., not ... at all (68).
ne, conj. ; {purpose) so as not to, not Nina, -ae,/, the name of one of the
to, in order not to, so that . . . not, ships of Columbus.
to the end that . . . not, lest; {after nisi, conj., unless; as adv., except, ex-
verbs of fearing) that, lest; {after cepting.
recusare) that (132).ne quis, so nix, nivis, /., snow.
that no one (54, 57); ne qua, so no, 1, -avi, -atum est, swim, float.
that no (102); ne quid, so that noctii, adv., at night, by night, in the
. not . anything (47) ; ne
. night, during the night, under cover
. . .
ullus, that no (84). of night; one night (68).

ne . . . quidem, not even; not . . . nocturnus, -a, -um, during the night,
either (93). night {adj.).
nec, see neque. nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling, not be
necessarius, -a, -um, necessary, essen- willing, not wish, not desire, not
tial, needed, needful. want; object, decline, refuse.
need, 1, put to death, kill, fame ne- nomen, -inis, n., name, title; honor
care, starve to death. _(3S)-
necopinans, -antis, adj., off (one's) non, adv., not.
guard. nondum, adv., not yet.
nego, 1, -avi, (-atus), declare that . . . nonnulli, -ae, -a, a number of. As
not, say " no." noun, some,
negotiator, -oris, /;/., trader. nonus, -a, -um, ninth,
negotior, 1, trade, have (business) noster, -tra, -trum, our. As noun,
dealings; be a trader (134). nostri, -Drum, /;/., our men (soldiers,
negotium, -ti, «. , business, commission. troops, forces, force).
4io FIRST LATIN READER
notus, -a, -um, partic. as adj., known. obses, -idis, c, hostage.
Noveboracensis, -is, -e, of New York, obsideo, 2, -sedi, -sessus, besiege,

New York (adj.). beset, blockade, hem in, surround;
novus, -a, -um, new, strange, odd, un- guard, watch.
expected ; revolutionary, upstart obsidio, -onis,/, siege,
(138) as part of a town or country obstinatus, -a,
; -um, determined,
name, New. (ali)quid novl (as dogged.
neut. noun), anything new (///. of obtineo, 2, -tinui, -tentus, hold, have,
new). Super/., last, hindermost enjoy (34). regnum obtinere, rule.
(127). See also agmen and res. occasio, -onis,/., opportunity, chance,
nox, noctis,/, night, darkness, night- occidens, -entis, m., the west,
fall. Abl. as adv., nocte, under cover occido, 3, -cidi, -cisus, kill, slay, put to
of the darkness (130). media nox, death, murder, slaughter, massacre;
midnight; node intempesta, at cut down, cut to pieces, cut off.
dead of night. OCCUpO, 1, occupy, take possession of,
niidus, -a, -um, bare, naked, without capture, seize, seize (upon) ; fill
clothing. (89). Partic. as adj., occupatus, -a,

nullus, -a, -um, no, not a; nullo, -um, guarded (133) : busy, busied;
(as masc. noun), supplying the interested (129).
lacking abl. of nemo, no one, none occurro, 3, -curri, -cursum est, with
(39» 58, 82). See also modus and dat., meet, head off.
pars. octavus, -a, -um, eighth.

numerus, -I, ;;/., number, numbers, OCtO, indeclinable adj., eight.
company, contingent, class; amount October, -bris, -bre, of October.
(66). quorum in numero, among oculus, -i, vi., eye.
whom. officium, -i, «., duty, task; respect
Numidae, -arum, m., the Numidians; (130-
with adj. force, Numidian (117). 61im, adv., once upon a time, once,
numquam, adv., never, non num- at one time, on one occasion, one
quam, sometimes (63). day, one time.
nunc, adv., now, to-day. omnino, adv., altogether, entirely.
nuntio, 1, announce, report, send omnis, -is, -e, all, every; whole, the
word; with dat., inform. whole (of), all (of); any (113, 129).
nuntius, -i, m., messenger, envoy, As noun, masc. pi., all, every one,
herald; news, information, message. everybody, they all; all (those)
niiper, adv., lately, just before. (118); neut. pi., everything, all
the (those) things, every expedient

Ob, prep, with ace, on account of. See (120), all sorts of things (123).
also causa and res. See also locus and scio.
obliviscor, 3, oblitus sum, forget; oneraria, -ae, f, transport, merchant

with gen., be forgetful (of). vessel.
obsciirus, -a, -um, dim; lowly (79). onustus, -a, -um, laden, loaded.
opera, -ae, f.,

services; cooperation frankly, freely, boldly ; with no show
(135); attention (91, 108). See of secrecy (126).
also do. palus, -udis, /, swamp, marsh, glade.
oppidani, -orum, m., townspeople, pando, 3, pandi, passus, spread.
townsmen, inhabitants of (the, Partic. as adj., passus, -a, -um, full
one's) town. spread (sails), outstretched (hands).
oppidum, -1, n., town, city. parco, 3, peperci, with dat., be merci-
opportunus, -a, -um, auspicious, favor- ful (to), have pity (on), have mercy
able, opportune. (upon), spare.
opprimo, 3, -press!, -pressus, crush, pareo, 2, -ui, obey, comply; with dat.,
overwhelm; catch (139). give heed (to), obey, respond (to);
oppugnatid, -orris, /., siege, attack, be in subjection (to) (140).
assault; (the) attacking (122). pario, 3, peperi, partus, win, gain.
oppugno, 1, attack, assail, besiege, paro, 1, prepare, get ready, make
beset, invest; press the siege (140). preparations for (51) ; fit out, make
optimus, -a, -um, see bonus, ready, put in order; with infin.,
opus, -eris, n., work, task; (earth) prepare, make preparations, plan.
work. PL, fortifications, defenses, Partic. as adj., paratus, -a, -um, in
(siege) works, opus est, there is readiness, ready.
need (46). pars, partis, f., part, proportion, divi-
oratio, -onis, f.9 speech, argument, sion, section, remnant; quarter, di-
representations, remarks, words. rection, side. PL, role (131). ab ea
orbis, -is, m., circle. See also con- parte, in that quarter, on that side;
sisto. ex omnibus partibus, on all sides;
ordo, -inis, m., (regular) order; rank, in omnis partes, in every direction;
class; command, position (63). PL, in altera parte ... in altera, on
ranks (107, 125); centurions (127). the onehand ... on the other; in
oro, 1, beg. utramque partem, pro and con
ostendo, 3, ostendi, ostentus, display, (103); nullam in partem, no (sign
disclose, show, point out, set forth; be made) one way or the other (119);
impart (the) information (133). se quascumque in partes, whitherso-
ostendere, appear, show one's self. ever; una ex parte, on one side.
otiosus, -a, -um, at leisure, off duty; Parthi, -orum, m., the Parthians.
quiet (33). parvus, -a, -um, small, little, scant;
weak (force), low (hill). Co?npar.,
P., abbreviation of Publius, -ll, m. minor, -or, -us, less, of no great
paco, 1, reduce to order. Partic. as size (85); lighter (shock); younger
adj., pacatus, -a, -um, subdued, (68). Super I , minimus, -a, -um,
submissive. very small, (but) the slightest (91).
Paelignus, -1, m. see Fabius.
9
passus, -us, m., pace. See mille.
paene, adv., almost. passus, -a, -um, see pando and patior.
palam, adv., openly, in full view; patefacio, 3, -feci, -factus, throw
.
open ; disclose, divulge. Partic. as percutio, 3, -cussi, -cussus, strike,

adj., patef actus, -a, -um, open (64). strike down.
pater, -tris, m., father. perduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus, conduct.
patior, 3, passus sum, allow, permit, Pass., be protracted, last (129).
suffer; endure, bear, suffer. peregrinus, -i, m., foreigner.
patria, -ae, f, fatherland, country; pereo, -ire, -11, perish, die, lose (one's)
ancestral domain (75), rightful life, be killed, fall.
country (93). perficio, 3, -feci, -fectus, complete,

pauci, -ae, -a, few, a few (of), the few. finish, carry to completion, carry
As masc. noun, a few, a mere hand- out; do, perform; construct, build.
ful, (only) a few (45); neut., a few perfidia, -a.e,f, treachery, treason.
(things, words, questions). perfuga, -ae, c, renegade, traitor;
paulatim, adv., slowly, by slow de- with adj. force, deserting (123).
grees, gradually. perfugio, 3, -fugl, desert, flee; with ad
paulo, adv., a little, somewhat. paul5 and ace, take refuge (with) (in).
ante, a little before (earlier), shortly periculosus, -a, -um, perilous, beset
before, a little while before; a little with dangers.
while ago (69) paulo post, a little
;
periculum, -i, n*, danger, peril, risk;
afterward, a short time

later, shortly crisis (104), dangerous state (,112).
afterward. perlego, 3, -legi, -lectus, read through.
paulum, adv., 2l little, a little way, a permotus, -um, partic. as adj.,
-a,
little (short) distance; a short startled, surprised, taken aback, con-
time. fused; stirred (up), alarmed, shaken,
pax, pacis,/, peace, state of peace. worried, concerned; incensed (66),
Pecsuot, -Otis, m., the name of an Ind- inspired (83), shamed (120).
ian killed by Miles Standish. perpauci, -ae, -a, very few, a very
pecunia, -ae, f, money, funds; pay few.
(94), bribe (94). See also solvo. perpetuus, -a, -um, everlasting, ever
pedes, -itis, m., foot soldier. PL, in- troublesome ( 1 39) . in perpetuum
fantry, footmen, foot soldiers. (as neut. noun), for all time (108).
pedetemptim, adv., gradually, little by perrumpo, 3, -rupl, -ruptus, break
little, warily, slowly. through, break down, destroy.
peditatus, -us, ?n., foot soldiery, infan- perseverd, 1, -avi, -atum est, persist,
try, foot, foot soldiers, footmen; force remain firm; with infin., continue
of infantry (138). (to do a thing), persist (in doing a
Pennsylvania, -ae,/, Pennsylvania. thing).
per, prep, with ace; {of space) through, persuaded, 2, -suasi, -suasum est,
across, over, along; around in (the with dat, make it agreeable (to),
grass), on (the sea); (of time') persuade, induce.
through, (agency) through
for; perterritus, -a, -um, partic. as adj.,
(translatedfreely " from " or " by ") terrified, thoroughly frightened, in
See also simulatio and tenebrae. great fear, panic-stricken, thrown
into a panic, in terror, scared out of pirata, -ae, m., pirate, robber.
(one's) wits; in their terror (129). piscis, -is, m. f
fish.
pertinacia, -ae, /, obstinacy, persist- plane, adv., clearly, full well; fully,
ence. utterly.
pertineo, 2, ad and ace, planities, -ei,yC, plain, level ground.

-tinui, with
be not from (129) have a bear- plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, most
far ;
ing upon, be of importance for (140). of, the majority of. As masc. noun,
perturbo, 1, throw into confusion, dis- the majority, the most part, nearly
concert. all.
pervenio, -ventum est, ar- plurimi, -ae, -a, see multus,

4, -veni,
rive, come, venture, make (one's) plurimum, see multum.
way with ad and ace, reach, arrive plus, pluris, n. see multus.
:
f
(at);be reduced (to) (125) with : Pocahonta, -ae, /, the name of an

in and ace, reach; effect an en- Indian princess.
trance (into) (85). pervenire in poculum, -i, n., cup.
potestatem, with gen., surrender poena, -ae, /, penalty. See also do

(to). and repeto.
pes, pedis, m.9 foot. See also captus Poeni, -orum, w., the Carthaginians.
(under capio). polliceor, 2, pollicitus sum, promise,
pessimus, -a, -um, see malus. agree, declare (89) ; make
offer,
peto, 3, -ivi, -itus, look for, seek; ask, offer of. bene polliceri, make fair
ask for, beg, sue for (peace) ; de- promises (135).
sire, try to get; get, find, secure: Pollux, -ucis, ;;/., the name of a god
head for, make for (128, 139); hunt worshiped by the Romans.
down (133); attack (131): with Pompeiani, -orum, m. the Pompeians y
ab and abl. request (132).f

{i.e. adherents of Pompey).
Petreius, -ei, Pompeius, -ei, m, (1) Gnaeus Pompey,

m., (Marcus) Petreius, ;
commanding officer army

the opponent of Caesar in the civil
of the that
defeated Catiline. war; (2) Gnaeus Pompey, an in-
Petrosidius, -di, m., (Lucius) Petro- terpreter attached to Caesar's army
sidius, a standard bearer in Caesar's in Gaul; (3) Pompey, a slave name
army in Gaul. (99)-
Philadelphia, -ae,/, Philadelphia. Pomptinus, -l, m. (Gaius) Pomptinus,
t
Philippus, -1, m., (King) Philip, an lieutenant to Marcus Cicero.

Indian chief. pono, 3, posui, positus, place, put,
Philomelium, -li, n., the name of a station, fix; establish, build: with
city of Asia Minor. in and abL, stake (upon) (112).
pllum, -1, «., javelin. Partic. as adj.; positus, -a, -um,
Pindenissus (or -um), -i, /;/. or »., located, situated, castra ponere,
the name of a city of Asia Minor. encamp, pitch camp.
Pinta, -ae,/!, the name of one of the Pontiac, -acis, m.% the name of an
ships of Columbus. Indian chief.
populus, -l, ;;/., people {i.e. nation). praemitto, 3, -misi, -missus, send
porrigo, 3, -rexi, -rectus, hold out, ahead, send forward.
stretch out; display. praemium, -1, n., reward, present,
Porsinna, -ae, m., the name of a king bonus, largess; bribe (71).
of Etruria. praeoccupo, 1, forestall, anticipate;
porta, -ae, /, gate, door. reach first (125).
porto, I, carry, bring; accommodate praepono, 3, -posui, -positus, with
(90- dat., put in charge (of).
portus, -us, m., harbor, bay, port. praesens, -entis, see praesum.
possum, posse, potui, be able (can, praesertim, adv., especially.
etc.). praesidium, -1, n., garrison, guard,
post, adv., after, afterward, later. See escort; guard (ing) (138).
also paulo and postquam. praesto, 1, -stiti, -stitus, show, ex-
post, prep, with ace, after, later than; hibit, manifest, display; perform
behind. See also tergum. (105); guarantee (107).
postea, adv., afterward, later, there- praesum, -esse, -fui, be in charge, be
after. in command; with dat., be in charge
(posterus), -a, -um, next, following. (of), be in command (of). Partic.
As noun, poster!, -orum, m. t de- praesens, -entis, present (135) ; as
scendants, posterity. adj., instant (death).
postquam or post . . . quam, conj., praeter, prep, with ace, by, past, be-
after, when; when at length (64), yond.
as soon as (82). praeterea, adv., besides, furthermore,
postremo, adv., finally, at last, at in addition.
length, in the end. praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itus, pass by;
postridie, adv., the next day, on the per/, tense, be past, be gone (131).
following day. postridie eius diei, praetervehor, 3, -vectus sum, sail
on the following day (123). past.
postulo, I, demand, require, ask. praetorius,-a, -um, of the com-

potestas, -atis,/, power, control, pos- mander; see cohors.
session; opportunity (109, 121). premo, 3, pressi, pressus, press hard,
See also pervenio. harass, beset.
potior, 4, -ltus sum, with ad/., gain, pridem, see iam.
get, secure; capture, gather in pridie, adv. {sometimes as prep, with
(117), get (take) possession of; oc- an ace), (on) the day before.
cupy (129). primo, adv., at first, at the outset, in
praeda, -ae,/, plunder, booty, prize. the beginning.

praedium, -1, n., estate, adv., first. See also cum
plantation, primum,
ranch, farm. and ubi (conj.). (conj.)
praefectus, -l, m., commander; cap- primus, -a, -um, first, chief, foremost,
tain (70, 74, 81), general (123), leading; the beginning of, the first
officer (70, 125), governor (4). part of; early, earliest; the very
(88). in primis (as masc. noun), proicid, 3, -ieci, -iectus, throw (out),
in the front rank (136). See also hurl; throw over (98); lay down
acies, agmen, and lux. (arms). Pass., fall forward (130).
princeps, -ipis, m. 3 chief citizen. prolabor, 3, -lapsus sum, fall forward,

PL, chief men, leading men. slip down (57).
Prissilla, -ae,/, Priscilla. promunturium, -i, n., promontory,
pristinus, -a, -um, former, old-time ;
cape.
Past (133). pronuntio, I, announce, make an-
prius, adv., first, previously. nouncement.
priusquam, conj., before ; after a prope, adv., near, near by. Compar.,
negative, until (88, 109). rather near, quite near, very near,
pro, prep, with abL, in return for, too near; as prep, with ace, quite
instead of; as, for (10, 16, 83); near to (107).
for, in behalf of, in defense of (14, prope, prep, with ace, near, close to,
35,61,63) before, in front of (107).

; by, in the neighborhood of.
probo, 1, approve. propero, 1, -avi, -atum est, hasten,

procul, adv., far, far away, remote, at hurry, scurry ; with infin., make
a distance ; in the distance (94, haste (78).
113); from a distance (87, 125). propinquus, -a, -um, near-by, near.
haud procul, at no great distance, As noun, propinqul, -orum, in.,
near at hand, near by. relatives.
prdcurro, 3,-cucurri or -curri, -cursum propono, 3, -posui, -positus, set forth,

est, run forward, charge. explain.
prodo, 3, -didl, -ditus, betray; dis- propter, prep, with ace, on account
close (52). of, because of; through (fear).
produco, 3, -dim, -ductus, bring out, prdsper (or -erus), -era, -erum, good
lead out, (cause to) march out. (fortune, luck).
proelium, -i, n., battle, fight, fighting, prospicio, 3, -spexi, (-spectus), look
(scene of) battle ; battle (in the forth, look out.
open) (122). See also committo protinus, adv., straight on; forth-
and desisto. with (129).
profectio, -orris,/, departure. provided, 2, -vidi, -visus, foresee, de-
proficiscor, 3, profectus sum, set out, termine ; look after, look out for
set forth, start, start off, start out, (136).
proceed ; depart (27), slip away provincia, -ae, /, province, colony,
(62). territory, district.
progredior, 3, -gressus sum, advance, proximus, -a, -um, next, nearest, ad-
progress, proceed, move forward, joining, neighboring, near-by ; next,
move up (the) march, go
on, take following, next succeeding that ;
forward, go ahead; go forth (75); (night) (119).

march, travel; sail, coast; push out Priisia (or -as), -ae, m, the name of f
(2), venture (3, 6). a king of Bithynia.

publicus, -a, -um, public, official queror, 3, questus sum, complain.

(112). See also res. qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which
puella, -a.e,f, girl, maiden, maid. {gen., whose). With antecedent
puer, -eri, m., boy, lad ; slave (133). implied: masc. pi., (some) who,
See also magister. (people) who, (those) who (90, 93,
pueritia, -ae,/, boyhood, childhood. 120, 129, 140) ; neut. sing., (a thing)
pugna, -ae,/, battle. which (37), (one) which (131);
pugno, 1, -a vi, -a turn est, fight, war; neut.pl., (the things) which (no).
keep up (the) fight (106). At the beginning of a sentence : as
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful, fair, noun, who, which, he, she, it, this,
pretty, charming; splendid, fine, they, these; neut., this thing, these
(2, 98). things, this: as adj., which, what,

pulvis, -eris, m., dust (90, 118); this. ( When a personal or demon-
powder. strative pronoun is used to render a
put5, 1, think, believe. relative, it is often desirable to sup-
ply a conjunction, such as " and,"
Q., abbreviation 0/Quintus, -1, m. "but," etc.) See also modus. For
quadriduum, -1, n., four days, a period the corresponding interrog. and
(space) of four days. indef pron., see quis.
quaero, 3, quaesivi, quaesitus, seek, quidam, quaedam, quoddam (quid-
search, look for, hunt for; secure, dam), a certain; a (3); a sort of
get, find, recover; ask, inquire (122). (137). PL, some, certain, certain
quaestus, -us, m., profit, gain. of. As masc. noun, a certain one;
quam, conj. and adv., than, rather pi., certain, some (people).
than; with the super I. of adjs. and quidem, adv., indeed; at any rate (93).
advs., as ... as possible. See also ne . . . quidem.
quamquam, conj., although. quiesco, 3, quievi, (quietus), rest, re-
quando, adv., see si. pose; take (one's) nap (71).
quantus, -a, -um, how great; what, somno quiescere, be sunk in sleep.
what a. As noun, quantum, -1, n., quin etiam, indeed, in fact, as a mat-
how much? See also tantus. ter of fact, nay more, even; why
quare, conj., therefore, wherefore, {not interrog.).
(and) accordingly, (and) so, (and) Quinctius, -ti, m., see Flamininus.
consequently ; because of which, quindecim, indeclinable adj., fifteen.
on which account, (and) on this quinquagesimus, -a, -um, fiftieth.

account, as a consequence of which; quinquaginta, indeclinable adj., fifty.
whereat, whereupon. quinque, indeclinable adj., five.
quartus, -a, -um, fourth. Quintus, -i, m., Quintus.
quasi, conj., with partic, as if, pre- (quis) qui, quae, (quid) quod, indef.
tending (to). pron., any one, any, etc. (see ne and
quattuor, indeclinable adj., four. si).
-que, conj., and; and (so) (139). (quis) qui, quae, (quid) quod, in-
terrog. pron., who ? what? (the draw, retreat, retire, return, go back,
latter ', both noim ayid adj.). march back, fall back; march, pro-
quisquam, — ,
quicquam, in negative ceed (117); with in and ace, take
clauses, any one, anything. nee refuge (in) (115).
quisquam, and no one; nee quic- recuso, 1, object to, reject; shun,
quam, and nothing. . shrink from (15).
. .
quisque, quaeque, quodque (quid- redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est, return, come
que) : adj., each, every; noun, each back, get back, make (one's) way
(man) (120). back, go back; come again (125);
quivis, quaevis, quodvis (quidvis) : with ad and ace, be reduced (to)
adj., any whatsoever; noun, any one (112). domum redire, arrive home
whatsoever, anything whatsoever (5).
(77)- redintegro, 1, renew.
quo, adv., whither, to which place; to reduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus, lead back,
which, into which : to the place to conduct back, withdraw, remove
which (118); thither, there. (122), bring back, carry back, take
quo, conj., in order that, so that. back, pull back; bring (123); with
quod, conj., because, since, as, because ad and ace, restore (to) (93).
of the fact that; on the ground that; refero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus, carry
that (60, 100) ; as for the fact that (back); repay (favor).
(45). refugid, 3, -fugi, flee for protection;
quondam, adv., once, in days gone by, retire in haste (129).
at one time, on one occasion, one regina, -ae,/, queen.

time; previously (33). regio, -onis, /; sing, and pi., region,
quoniam, conj., since, inasmuch as. territory, district, locality, country,
quoque, adv. and conj., also, too, as neighborhood.

well; even. regnum, -i, n., sway, control; king-
quotiens, conj,, as often as. dom, realm. See also obtineo.
regredior, 3, -gressus sum, return,
ramus, -i, m., branch. withdraw.
rapio, 3, rapui, raptus, seize, catch, religio, -onis, /, religion, (religious)
catch up, snatch away; carry away, belief, religious system; religious
steal, plunder (38). considerations (131).

rarus, -a, -um, (in pi.), scattered, far religo, 1, fasten, bind.
apart, few. relinquo, 3, -liqui, -lictus, leave, leave
ratio, -onis,/, manner, way. behind, abandon; leave, set sail
ratus, -a, -um, see reor. from; raise (siege) : leave, allow
Rebilus, -i, m., see Caninius. (116). Partic. as adj., relictus, -a,
recipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus, receive, ad- -um, remaining (88).
mit, harbor (140); regain, recover, reliquiae, -arum,/, remnants.
retake, in navigium recipere, get reliquus, -a, -um, the rest of, the re-
(take) on board : se recipere, with- maining. /V., the other, other, the
4" FIRST LATIN READER
remaining, the rest of; the follow- ingly; res gestae, exploits; re vera,
ing (109); as noun, the others, in very truth; res novae, insurrec-
those remaining, the remnant, the tion, revolution (25); res publica,
remainder, the rest, reliquus esse, commonwealth, coun-
state, (one's)
be left, remain (115, 125). try (60). See also committo and
remitto, 3, -misi, -missus, send back; gero.
subtract (114). resisto, 3, -stiti,-stitum est, with dat.
reor, 2, ratus sum, expect (136). case, if any, resist, offer resistance,
Partic.,rat\is, -a, -um, thinking, be- oppose, make opposition; hold

lieving. (one's) own, stand (one's) ground,
repente, adv., suddenly, (all) of a make a stand (136); go (against),
sudden. hold out (against), hold (one's)
repentinus, -a, -um, sudden, unex- ground (against).
pected. responded, 2, -spondl, -sponsum est,
reperio, 4, repperi, repertus, find, answer, reply; make answer, send

discover. answer; declare.
repeto, 3, -petivi, -petitus, exact {lit. responsum, -1, n., answer, reply.
demand back), poenas repetere, retineo, 2, -tinui, -tentus, hold back;
with ab and abl., discipline, punish. hold down (91); keep (101);
reporto, 1, carry back, bring back. maintain, hold fast to (113); save
repperi, see reperio. (133).
reprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressus, stop, rettuli, see refero.
suppress, check. revocd, 1, recall, call back.
res, rei,/, thing, things, action; affair, rex, regis, m., king, chief, ruler.
business, circumstance, fact, hap- Rhenus, -i, m., the ancient name of
pening, matter, matters; act (121), the Rhine,
casualty (106), concession (50), rideo, 2, risi, (risus), laugh, smile.
development (103); engagement, ripa, -ae, /, (river) bank, bank (of
the fighting (129, 136); errand river).
(14), event (42), incident (88), rivus, -1, m., stream; brook (82).
issue (72), observation (48), occur- rogo, 1, ask, beg, request.
rence (71), performance (58), plan Roma, -ae, /, Rome.
(94), point (129), proceeding (69), Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. As noun,
result (99), situation (108, 114), Romani, -orum, m., the Romans.
transaction (118), turn (of events) See also vir.
(92, 125), undertaking (40), ven- Rufus, -i, m., see Marcius.
ture (100). PL, business (139), rursus, adv., again, in turn, once more.
cause (126), demonstration (121),
means (127), things, appliances Sabinus, -1, m., (Quintus) Sabinus,
(122). haec res or quae res {all lieutenant to Caesar in the Gallic
cases, sing, and pi.), this; quam war.
Ob rem, wherefore, and so, accord- Saburra, -ae, ?n., the name of a gen-
eral in the army of the African king scribo, 3, scripsi, scriptus, write;
Juba. state (114).
sacerdos, -otis, c, priest, priestess; se, sese, see sui.
medicine man; minister (97). secundum, prep, with ace, along.
saepe, adv., often, ofttimes, on many secundus, -a ,-um, following favorable ;
occasions, many times, frequently, (131). See also flumen.

repeatedly. Compar., over and over securis, -is, /, battle-ax, ax, toma-
again (87), repeatedly (122). hawk.
saevitia, -ae, /, brutality, roughness, secutus, -a, -um, see sequor.
savagery, barbarity, bloodthirstiness. sed, conj., but; resuming, now (136).
sagitta, -ae,/, arrow. sedecim, indeclinable adj., sixteen.
sagum, -1, n., cloak. sedeo, 2, sedi, sessum est, take a

saltern, adv., at least, at any rate. seat, sit.
salto, 1, -avi, -atum est, dance. sedes, -is,/, seat (of war) (82). PL,
salus, -utis,/, safety, well-being (91) ;
location, abode (65) ; district, habi-
salvation, escape, saving the day tat (66).
(125); life, lives (50, 72, 130). semel, adv., once, semel at que
salutl esse, with a second dat., save, iterum or semel iterumque, time
prove the salvation (of), save the and again, several times.
day (for) (63). semper, adv., always, ever, at all
Samarobriva, -ae, /, the name of a times.

city of northern Gaul. Sempronia, -ae, /, the name of a
Sanga, -ae, m., see Fabius. woman implicated in the conspiracy
Santa (-ae) Maria, -ae, /, the name of Catiline.
of one of the ships of Columbus. senatus, -us, m., Parliament (34, 35)
Saratoga, -ae,/, Saratoga. Congress (39, 43, 44) session of ;
satis, adv., sufficiently, enough ;

quite, Congress (44) ;
(the Roman) senate
rather (58), very (56). See also (42, 132, 134, 137).
scio. senex, senis, m., old man; with adj,
Savanna, -ae,/, Savannah. force, aged.
saxum, -i, n., rock, cliff. sententia, -ae, /, view, sentiment,
scapha, -ae, /, skiff, open boat, row- opinion, suggestion.
boat. sentio, 4, sensi, sensus, realize, know,
sceleratus, -a, -um, rascally, wicked, feel; see, perceive, notice; find (96).
villainous. septem, iiideclinable adj., seven.

scilicet, adv., of course, to be sure, September, -bris, -bre, of September.
naturally; evidently (133). Septimus, -a, -um, seventh. Septi-
scio, 4, scivi, know, under-
scitus, mus quinquagesimus, fifty-seventh.
stand, nee satis scire, and be some- septuagesimus, -a, -um, seventieth.
what undecided (104); omnia septuaginta, indeclinable adj., seventy.
scire, know all (about the subject) Sepyra, -ae, /, the name of a small
(30-
•
town of Asia Minor.
I
; ;

sequor, 3, secutus sum, follow, ve- singuli, -ae, -a, one at a time, one by
stigiis sequi, follow the trail (61). one, isolated (66).
servo, 1, save, rescue, preserve, keep. socius,-a,-um, allied (137). As noun,
servus, -1, m., slave; helper (74). socius, -i, 771., ally, assistant, partner
sex, indeclinable adj., six. (98). PL, allies, friends; partici-
sexaginta, indeclinable adj., sixty. pants (135) ; friendly natives (140).
Sextilis, -is, -e, of August. soled, 2, solitus sum, be accustomed,
Si, conj., if, in case; if perchance, be wont, be apt, be in the habit (of
on the chance that, in the hope that doing a thing) ; i77iperf. a7id per/,
(to see) if (121). modo, if only,
si lenses, used. Tra7islated i77iper-
provided (that) ; si quando, if at any sonally, be (one's) wont, be (one's)

time, whenever; si qui {noun), if custom.
any; si quid novi, if anything new. solum, adv., only, non solum . . .
SIC, adv., thus, so, in this manner, in sed etiam, not only . . . but also.
this way, through (by) this means; solus, -a, -um, alone, in solitude; un-
in such a way (54, 133). aided, single-handed; in single
sica, -ae,/, dagger. combat (72).
Sicilia, -ae,/, Sicily. solvo, 3, solvi, solutus, unfetter (91) ;
Siculus, -i, 7)i., (a) Sicilian. pay (debt), navem (-es) solvere,
sicut, conj., just as; thus, for example. cast off, set sail; pecuniam solvere,
Slgnum, -i, ft., sign, signal; watch- defray expense (89).
word, countersign (99). PL, stand- somnus, -i, 771., sleep, slumber, nap.
ards. See also do.
silentium, -l, ;/., silence, quietness sonus, -i, 771., sound, noise.
(86) . Abl. as adv., silentio, silently, sopitus, -um, partic. as adj., asleep.
-a,
in silence. spatium, -i, n., space, room; period

silva, -ae, /, forest, woods, wood, (120), respite (129).
grove. species, -ei, /, show, display, parade,
similis, -is, -e, similar; with dat., pretense, guise, ad speciem, as a
similar (to), resembling, like. blind (122).
simul, adv., at the same time, simul- specto, 1, -avi, (-atus),look, verge, lie.
taneously; at one and the same speculor, 1, spy, view.

time (105, 136). simul atque, as sperno, 3, sprevi, spretus, scorn, dis-
soon as ( 1 24) ; simul cum, together regard.
with (139). spero, 1, hope, hope for.
simulatio, -onis, /, pretense, show. spes, -ei,/, hope, reliance (125); ex-
per simulationem, under pretense pectation (128), anticipation (135)
(122). chance (125), prospect (126), prom-
simulo, 1 ,
pretend, make believe, make ise (in).
appear (49)
it ; affect, pretend (135). spolio, 1, spoil, plunder, despoil, pil-
sine, prep, with abl., without. See lage; prey upon (81, 92, 98).
also mora and timor. spretus, -a, -um, see sperno.'
LATIX-EXGLISH VOCABULARY 421
Spurinna, -ae, m., the name of a priest cure, get; swallow (133); put on
who predicted the death of Julius (100).
Caesar. super, prep, with ace, above, over
Standisius, -si, m., (Miles) Standish. (72); upon, on top of (56).
statim, adv., at unce, immediately, in- superbia, -ae, /., haughtiness, arro-
stantly, promptly, without delay, gance.
without parley (71) ; at the very superior, -ior, -ius, superior, stronger;
outset (120). higher (130); past, former, earlier,
statuo, 3, up (35);
statin, statutus, set previous. Super/., supremus, -a,
decide, determine, make up (one's) -um, supreme, and summus, -a,
mind. -um, greatest, very great, great; the

stipendium, -1, n., pay. P/., military top of (86) : acute (crisis) ; full
service; see facio. (speed), all (speed), the top of

sto, I, steti, stand, be stationed; ride (one's speed); grave (peril), hard-
(at anchor); stand, stop, halt (85). est, heaviest (work), hearty (ap-
strenuus, -a, -um, active, energetic, proval), (commander) in chief, most
sturdy. distressing (scarcity), most splendid
strepitus, -us, m., bustle, noise, con- (valor), pressing (need), severest
fusion. (hardship), utmost (daring), utter
sub, prep, with ad/., under, beneath; (despair, lawlessness).
with ace, tow ard. r
supero, 1, surpass, excel, prevail (104) ;
subito, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly, defeat, overcome, outdo, worst, beat.

without warning. supinus, -a, -um, on (one's; back,
sublatus, -a, -um, see tollo. upon (one's) back, face upward;
subsequor, 3, -seciitus sum, follow placed flat on (one's) back (94).
rapidly; follow (124). supra, adv., above.
subsidium, -1, n., support, reinforce- supremus, -a, -um, see superior.
ment, relief, help. See also venio. surgo, 3, surrexi, surrectum est, rise
sui, sibi, himself, him; herself, her; up, arise, rise.
itself, it ; themselves, them. See suscipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptus, undertake.
also : se with confero, coniungo, suspensus, -a, -um, partic. as adj.,
dedo, demitto, do, gero, habeo, anxious.

ostendo, recipio, tego, and teneo: suspicio, -onis, /, suspicion; impres-
inter se with ago, cohortor, and sion (127).
concurro : secum with habeo. suspicor, 1, suspect, think.
sum, esse, fui, be, become (in), sustineo, 2, -tinui, -tentus, withstand,
prove to be; remain, stop (137); sustain, break the force of (118);
stand, be located happen (127). ; stay (hunger).
See also auxilium, salus, and sustuli, see tollo.
iisus. suus, -a, -um, his, of his, her, their,
summus, -a, -um, see superior. of theirs ; Lis own, her own, etc.
sumo, 3, sumpsi, sumptus, take, pro- As noun, sui, -drum, ;;/., his men
42: FIRST LATIN READER
(followers, following, forces, force) ;

telum, -1, n., missile, weapon; shaft
their men (followers) : his own shot, bullet. PL, ammunition (59,
people (16); their own lines 83, 92). See also inmitto and
inter ficio.
Synnada, -orum, ;/., the name of a temere, adv., rashly, hastily, incau-
city of Asia Minor. tiously, lightly (82).
Syria, -ae,/, the name of a country temeritas, -atis,/, rashness, rash ac-
of Asia. tion, hasty act, incautiousness, folly.
tempestas, -atis,/, storm.

T., abbreviation of Titus, -i, m. templum, -1, ;/., temple (71); church.
tabernaculum, -I, //., tent, wigwam. tempus, -oris, //., time, period, season,
tacitus, -a, -um, partic. as adj., silent, occasion, hour (100); circum-
motionless; quiet, in silence. stances (139). PL, days, times;
Taeconderoga, -ae,/, Ticonderoga. ages (45).
Tallapusa, -ae, «., Tallapoosa, a tenebrae, -arum, /, darkness, per
river of Alabama. tenebras, in the darkness (gloom).
tam, adv., so. teneo, 2, -ui, hold, occupy, garrison;
tamen, adv. and conj., however, but, have (128); keep to (139). me-
nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, moria tenere, remember (34) ; se
nec tamen, and yet . . . not. tenere, remain constantly (133).
tantopere, adv., so greatly. tergum, -1, «., back, a tergo and
tantum, adv., merely, only, but. post tergum, in the rear. See also
tantus, -a, -um, so great, so large, verto.
such, such great, such large ; so terra, -ae, f., the earth, land; coun-
base, such base (41), so grievous try, land, district; the ground; dirt,
(34), so remarkable (1 10), so severe earth (no).

(33), such (absolute) (86), such teneo, 2, -ui, -itus, frighten, intimi-
serious (134)^ overwhelming (134). date, overawe, scare. Partic. as adj.,

quanto . . . tanto, {with hvo eo?n- territus, -a, -um, frightened, terror-
paratives) the . . . the; tantus stricken, alarmed, abashed.
. . . quantus, such . . .as. tertius, -a, -um, third. ,
tarde, adv., slowly, with little speed. Thraces, -um, m., the Thracians, a
Taurus, -i, m., the name of a moun- nation dwelling to the north of an-
tain range of Asia Minor. cient Greece.
Tebarani, -orum, m., the name of a Tiberis, -is, m. {ace. sing., -im), the
people of Asia Minor. Tiber.
tectum, -1, n., roof; structure, building. Tillius, -li, m., (Lucius) Tillius (Cim-
Tecumsa, -ae, m., Tecumseh, an ber), one of the murderers of Julius
Indian chief. Caesar.
tegd, 3> texi, tectus, cover, conceal; timeo, 2, -ui, be afraid, fear, be appre-
bury (64). se tegere, get under hensive ; fear, be afraid of, be in
cover. fear of.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY , 423
timor, -oris, m. t
fear apprehension, triduum, -i, n., three days.
alarm, panic (117J, demoralization triginta, indeclinable adj., thirty.
(122). sine timore, with no thought tu, tui, you; reflexive, yourself (14).
of danger, unconcerned. tuli, see fero.
tolero, 1, keep at bay; tide over (112). Tullius, -li, m., (Lucius) Tullius,
tollo, 3, sustuli, sublatus, raise, put lieutenant to Marcus Cicero.
up, lift; set up (shout, cry); weigh turn, adv., then, at that time, on that
(anchor) : dislodge, drive away occasion, on this occasion; at the
(139). Pass., (hope) be dispelled time (28, 8^); such times (7);
at
(given up, gone). Partic. as adj., for the time being (122); now (139) :
sublatus, -a, -urn, puffed up (108). thereupon, whereupon; later (113) :
tot, indeclinable adj., so many. furthermore, in the second place

totus, -a, -um, whole, the whole of, (16, 114). See also cum (conj.).
total, all, entire. tumultus, -us, m., alarm, confusion.
tracto, 1, handle, manage; have on turma, -ae, /, company (of cavalry),

(one's) hands, be engaged in (40). squadron. {A turma enrolled about
trado, 3, -didi, -ditus, give up, surren- 30 men.)
der, hand over, pass over; pass turris, -is, /, {ace. sing, -im), tower.
(hand) up (86); cede; transfer tuto, adv., safely, in safety.
(91): assign (112); impart (27): tutus, -a, -um, safe; (place) of safety.
say (88), state (131). traditum est,
it is related (stated, lit. handed ubi, adv.; {interrogative) where? {Rel-
down); the story runs (88). ative)where; upon which (11), in
traduco, 3, -duxi, -ductus, take across, which {^) ; beginning a new sen-
bring across. tence, there, (and) there, (but)
tragula, -ae,/, dart. there, etc. {cf. what is said of the
trans, prep, with ace, across, over. translation of the relative qui).
transeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, cross, cross ubi, conj., when, ubi primum, on the
over, come over, go over; come first occasion that, the first time
over, desert (119). that.
transports, 1, take over, carry over; ullus, -a, -um, any; some (65); a
away (91,
carry 92). single (137). ne ullus, that no; nee
Trasumennus, -i, m., the name of a ullus, and . . . no, and . . . none.
lake of central Italy. ulterior, -ior, -ius, farther; in some
tres, tres, tria, three. proper names, South (60, 70).
Treveri, -drum, ;;/., the name of a Superl., ultimus, -a, -um, last, final.
people of northern Gaul. ultimus, -a, -um, see ulterior.
tribunus, -i, m. (with or without mi- ultro, adv., voluntarily, actually, ultrd
litum), captain (27), major (28), citroque, back and forth, up and
staff-officer (32) (military) tribune ;
down.
(103 ff.). ululatus, -us, m., yell, cry, shriek, war-
tributum, -i, n., tribute, tax. whoop.
Umbrenus, -1, ;//., (Publius) Umbre- purpose (of doing a thing), with
nus, a freedman implicated in Cati- the idea (of doing a thing) : {rela-
line's conspiracy. tive), as; (just) as (135) : {result)
umerus, -I, /;/., shoulder. so that, that, as to : {substantive)
umquam, adv., ever, neque um- that (no): {temporal) when (131,
quam, and never. 138).
una, adv., together, una cum, with uterque, utraque, utrumque, each
abl., along with, together with, in (of two), either, both. As noun,
company with, with; side by side masc. sing., each, each man (of two).
with (83). uti, see ut.
Uncas, -ae, m., the name of an In- Utica, -ae,/, the name of an African
dian chief. city.
unde, adv., whence, from which, from utor, 3, iisus sum, with abl., use,
whence from thence (39).
; make use of, enjoy, have, employ,
undecimus, -a, -um, eleventh. have recourse to, have occasion to
undevigintl, indeclinable adj., nine- use, bring into play, put into ex-
teen. ecution: accept, profit by (129),
undique, adv., on all sides, in all quar- depend upon (71); devote (109);
ters, everywhere, all about, in all give utterance to (92); keep up
directions, in every direction ; from ( 1
27) ; stoop to (63) ; with a second
every side, from all sides, from every abl., use (have) (as) (129).
. . .
quarter, from all quarters. uxor, -oris,/, wife ; squaw.

universi, -ae, -a, all, one and all, in a
body. vagor, 1, wander, drift.
unus, -a, -um, one, a single; (but) one valetudo, -inis,/, health.
(125); the one, the single (126). validus, -a, -um, strong, hardy, power-
As noun, masc. sing., one (132). ful ; large (army).
ad unum, to a man, to the last valles, -is,/, valley, glade.
man, utterly. vallum, -1, n., wall, rampart, intrench-
urbs, urbis, /, city; the city {i.e. ment.

Rome) (42, 45, 86). varius, -a, -um, varying, various, of
usque, adv., even, usque ad, with various kinds.
ace., as far as, even to; until. Varus, -1, m., see Attius.
USUS, -us, m., use, assistance, service ; Vasingto, -5nis, m., (George) Wash-
experience (133). USUI esse, ington.
{freely), be useful, be helpful, be -ve, conj., or; and (120).
used; be needed, be needful (no, vectus, -a, -um, see veho.
122, 123). See also venio. vehementer, adv., exceedingly much;
usus, -a, -um, see utor. deeply (42), energetically (94),
ut, uti, conj.; {causal) inasmuch as earnestly (104), highly (139), zeal-
(126) : {purpose) to, in order to, ously (135).
in order that, so that, that ; for the veho, 3, vexi, vectus, carry, bring,
convey, ferry over. Pass., be car- verto, 3> verti, versus, turn, terga
ried, proceed, sail, ride, equd vec- vertere, wheel about.
tus, on horseback. -eri and -eris, m., evening.
vesper,
vel, conj. and adv.; with super I. of adjs. sub vesperum, toward evening.
or advs., even (98). vel . . . vel, vestigium, -i, n., track, mark. See
either ... or, both . . . and. also insequor and sequor.
velum, -1, ;/., sail. See also do. vestimentum, -i, n., garment. PL,
vendo, 3, vendidi, venditus, sell. clothing, clothes, dress.
venerium, -1, n., poison. vestis, -is,/, clothing.
venia, -ae,/, pardon. veterani, -orum, m., veterans, veteran
venio, 4, veni, ventum est, come, soldiers, veteran troops.
proceed, march; arrive (126); draw- vetus, -eris, adj., old-time, one-time.
near (118); with in and ace, arrive via, -ae,/, route, road, way, highway,
(in). auxilio venire, {freely) track, trail, path; journey (126).
come to help; with a second dat., vicinus, -i, m., neighbor.
come to the help (of) : in deditio- victoria, -ae,/, victory.
nem venire, surrender; in manus victus, -a, -um, see vinco.
venire, with gen., fall into the hands vicus, -i, m., village, hamlet.
(of) : subsidio venire, (freely) video, 2, vidi, visus, see, view, be-
come to the rescue; with a second hold, observe, watch; catch sight of,
dat., come (go) to the help (of ) : sight; see, find, discover (134).
usii venire, be experienced, hap- videor, 2, visus sum, seem, appear.
pen (133) (usii is perhaps an Used i?npersonally, videtur, seem

irregular dat. form). best (103).
venor, 1, hunt. vigilia, -ae, f, watch {i.e. division of
ventus, -i, m., wind. the night). PL, wakefulness (104).
verbum, -i, n., word. vigilo, 1, -avi, -atum est, keep awake,
vereor, 2, -itus sum, fear, be afraid. be alert, be awake; sit up (39).
Partic, veritus, -a, -um, fearing, viginti, indeclinable adj., twenty.
apprehensive; apprehensive of, villa, -ae,/, farmhouse; farm (53).
alarmed at. vinco, 3, vici, victus, defeat, conquer,
vero, conj., indeed, but, nevertheless, subdue, overcome, worst, beat, re-
however, whereas ; in truth, as a pulse; be victorious, prevail. Par-
matter of fact, in fact: moreover tic, as adj., victus, -a, -um, de-
(27); and (29, 42, 120). feated, beaten.
Verres, -is, m., (Gaius) Verres, a vinculum, -i, n., chain. PL, fetters,
(Roman) governor of Sicily. chains.

versor, 1, be involved, be; move vir, viri, m., man, gentleman; hus-
about; bear a part (79). band (73). vir Britannicus, (an)
versus, see ad versus.. . . Englishman; vir HSmanus, (a)
Vertico, -onis, m., the name of a Gaul Roman.
friendly to the Romans. Virginia, -ae,/, Virginia.
virtus, -litis, /., valor, bravery, cour- VOCO, 1, call, summon, invite; call,
age, grit; coolness (no). name, in ius vocare, prosecute,

vis, — ,/, force (73), violence (131); bring to trial (45).
vigor (136), (dead) earnest (136) : volo, velle, volui, desire, wish, please;
amount (70, 74, 82), cloud (of dust) be anxious, want, aim, plan; be will-
(118). PL, strength. See also ing, be ready, nee velle, and . . .
capid. be unwilling, and . . . refuse (86).

Vita, -ae, /, life. Sing, often found vox, vocis,/, voice; tones (95), artic-
where Engl, would use pi. See ulation (131); remark, question
also ago.
vito, 1, avoid, make (one's) way vulnero, 1, wound. Partic. as adj.,
around; avert (danger) (122). vulneratus, -a, -um, wounded ; as
vivo, 3, vixi, victum est, live; eke noun, vulnerati, -orum, m., the
out an existence (39). wounded.
vivus, -a, -um, alive (132). As noun, vulnus, -eris, n., wound, injury.
vivi, -orum, m., the living (91). vultus, -us, m., countenance, expres-
vix, adv., scarcely, hardly. sion.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
(Numbers in parentheses refer to sections of the English- Latin Exercises. For numerals,
see the list included in the Summary of Forms, p. 353 ff.)
a, an, quidam, quaedam, quoddam aid, verb, adiuvo, 1, -iuvi, -iutus.

buc usually not translated. See also come to aid.
quidam, quaedam, quod- alarm, terreo, 2, -ui, -itus.
a certain,
dam. Alexandria, Alexandria, -ae, f.
able, be, possum, posse, potui. all, omnis, -is, -e.
about, adv., circiter. all {speed), summus, -a, -um ;
about, prep., de with abl. super I. 0/magnus, -a, -um.

about to : translate by the future allow, patior, 3, passus sum.
participle. almost, paene.
abundance, c5pia, -ae, f. alone, solus, -a, -um.
accomplish, efficio, 3, -feci, -fectus. along with, una cum with abl.
accustomed, be, perf. tense of con- already, iam.

suesco, 3, -sue vi, (-suetus). also, quoque.
across, trans with ace. although, quamquam.
address, appello, 1. always, semper.
adopt {plan), capio, 3, cepi, captus. ambassador, legatus, -i, M.
advance, progredior, 3, -gressus sum. America, America, -ae, f.
afraid, be, timeo, 2, -ul. American, Americanus, -a, -um.
Africa, Africa, -ae, f. Americans, the, American!, -orum,
after, adv., post. M.
after, conj., cum. In connection with among, apud with ace. ; in with abl.
a participle, often well rendered (75, 77); inter with ace (109).
by an ablative absolute construc- and, et ; -que ; atque, ac.
tion. and never, neque umquam.
afterward, post; postea (96). and nobody, and no one, nee quis-
again, iterum. quam.
against, in with ace. and not, neque, nee.
age, aetas r -at is, f. and . . . not any one, nee quis-
of age, use natus, -a, -um. quam.
ago, abhinc. and nothing, nee quicquam.
aid, noun, auxilium, -li, n. See also and so, itaque.
under send. j
animal, animal, -alis, \.
427
;
announce, nuntio, I. assistance : see tinder go.
another, alius, alia, aliud. at, in with ace. See also arrive at.
answer, inquam ; respondeo, 2, at any rate, certe.
-spondi, -sponsum est (130). at home, domi.

Antonius, Antonius, -ni, m. at last, at length, postremo.
anxious, be, volo, velle, volui. at night, noctii.
any, ullus, -a, -um. The word is

at once, statim.
omitted in such phrases as "if at times, interdum.
there are any who," etc.
Atlantic, Atlanticus, -a, -um.
any one : see and . . . not any one, attack, noun, impetus, -us, m.
and if any one. attack, verb, adorior, 4, -ortus sum.

anybody, anything :under see if.
attempt, Conor, 1.
appear, videor, 2, visus sum. Aurelian, Aurelius, -a, -um.

appoint, facio, factus. authority, auctoritas, -atis, f.
3, feci,
approach, noun, adventus, -us, m. away, be, absum, -esse, afui.

approach, verb, appropinquo, 1, -avi, ax, seciiris, -is, f.
-atum est {with dat., or ad and

ace); accedo, 3, -cessi, cessum back, tergum, -i, n.
est {with ad and ace). bad, malus, -a, -um.

arms, arma, -Drum, n. badly, male.
army, exercitus, -us, m. baggage, impedimenta, -drum, n.
Arnold, Arnoldius, -di, m. Balbus, Balbus, -i, m.

arrival, adventus, -us, M. band, manus, -us, f.
arrive, pervenio, 4, -veni, -ventum bank, ripa, -ae, F.
est. basket, corbula, -ae, f.
arrive at, pervenio, 4, -veni, battle, proelium, -i, n. ; pugna, -ae,

-ventum est, with ad and ace. F.
arrow, sagitta, -ae, F. battle line, acies, -ei, f.

as, temporal and causal conj'., cum. battle rage, there be a fierce battle,
as to, introducing a result clause, ut. pass, of pugno, 1, -avi, -atum
as yet, adhuc. est, with acriter.
Asia, Asia, -ae, f. battlefield, proelium, -i, n.
ask, (" inquire ") inquam (4, 6) bay, portus, -us, M.
rogo, 1; quaero, 3, quaesivi, be, sum, esse, fui.
quaesitus, with ex and abl. of bear, noun, ursa, -ae, F.
the person questioned : (*' re- bear, verb, fero, ferre, tuli, latus.
quest") hortor, 1. beat, vinco, 3, vici, victus.
assassinate, occido, 3, -cidi, -cisus. beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
assault, impetus, -us, m. because, quod.
assist, adiuvo, 1, -iuvi, -iutus. See become, fio, fieri, factus sum.
also come to assist. before, adv., ante.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 429
began, coepi, coepisse, coeptus. buy, emo, 3, emi, emptus.

believe, credo, 3, credidi, creditus; by, a, ab with abl.
puto, 1. by chance, forte.
bench, subsellium, -1, n.
berry, baca, -ae, f. Cabot, Cabot, -otis, m.
better, best : see good and well, Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m.
bier, feretrum, -1, n. call, (" name ") appello, 1 {the par-
bird, avis, -is, f. ticiple "called" may often be
black, ater, -tra, -trum. rendered by the abl. nomine,
board, conscendo, 3, -scendi, -scensus. lit. " by name ") : (" summon ")
boast, glorior, 1. voco, 1 ; arcesso, 3, -ivi, -itus.
bold, audax, gen. -acis. call for, arcesso, 3, -Ivi, -itus.
boldly, audacter. camp, castra, -orum, n.

boldness, audacia, -ae, F. can, possum, posse, potui.
book, liber, -bri, m. Canada, Canada, -ae, f.
boy, puer, -eri, m. captain, legatus, -i, m. ; (of ship)
brave, fortis, -is, -e. praefectus, -i, m.
bravely, fortiter. capture, capio, 3, cepi, captus.
bravery, virtus, -utis, F. Capua, Capua, -ae, f.
break, break down, frango, 3, fregi, care, noun, diligentia, -ae, f.

fractus. care for, euro, I.
break camp, castra moveo, 2, not care, nolo, nolle, nolui.

movi, motus. Carpenter, Faber, -bri, m.
bridge, pons, pontis, M. carry, f ero, ferre, tuli, latus ;
porto, 1
bring, (" carry ") adfero, -ferre, -tuli, adfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus (24,
-latus; by animals, skips, etc., 60) ; by animals, ships, etc., veho,
veho, 3, vexi, vectus : ("lead") 3, vexi, vectus.
duco, 3, diixi, ductus, carry back, reduco, 3, -diixi,
bring back, rediico, 3, -diixi, -ductus. -ductus.

British, the British, Britanni, -orum, Carthage, Carthago, -inis, f.
Iff. Carthaginians, the, Poeni, -orum, M.

broad, latus, -a, -um. Castor, Castor, -oris, M.
brother, frater, -tris, m. catch, capio, 3, cepi, captus.
Brundisium, Brundisium, -si, N. Catiline, Catilina, -ae, m.
build, facio, 3, feci, f actus, cattle, (masc.) pi. 0/bos, bovis, C.
bullet, telum, -i, N. cavalry, cavalrymen, pi. of eques,

burn, incendo, 3, -cendi, -census, -itis, m.
burst forth, erumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptum centurion, centurio, -onis, m.
est. certain : see a certain.
busied, busy, occupatus, -a, -um certainly, certe (2, 8); profecto (77,
but, sed ; autem. 128).
.
chance, facultas, -atis, f. confusion, strepitus, -us, m.

by chance, forte. conquer, supero, 1.
chicken, gallina, -ae, f. consequently, itaque.

children, liberi, -drum, m. consul, consul, -ulis, M.
Cicero, Cicero, -onis, m. Cornwallis, Cornivallis, -is, m.
circumstance, res, rei, f. country, rus, ruris, n.
citizen, civis, -is, c. (//., M.). countryman, civis, -is, c. (//., M.).
city, the city, urbs, urbis, f. courage, virtus, -iitis, f. ; animus, -i,
Claudia, Claudia, -ae, f. m.; fortitudo, -inis, f.

climb, conscendo, 3, -scendi, -scen- Crassus, Crassus, -i, m.
sus. crops,//, tf/frumentum, -i, n.
Cloelia, Cloelia, -ae, f. cross, cross over, transeo, -ire, -ii,
close, claudo, 3, clausi, clausus. -itus.
cloud, niibes, -is, f. crush, opprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressus.

coast : see shore. cry : see weep.
Columbus, Columbus, -i, M. cry out, clam5, 1.
come, veni5, 4, veni, ventum est ;

Cuba, Cuba, -ae, f.
pervenio, 4, -veni, -ventum est Curio, Curio, -onis, m.

(40, 60, 74, 102). Custer, Custer, -tri, m.
come back, redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum custom, be (one's), per/, tense of
est. consuesco, 3, -suevi, (-suetus).
come nearer, propius accedo, 3,
-cessi, -cessum est. ;er, sica, -ae, f.
come to aid, come to assist, come daily, cotidie.
to help, auxilio venio, 4, veni, dally : see delay (verb)
ventum est {with a second da- dare, audeo, 2, ausus sum.

tive). daring, audacia, -ae, f.
come to reenforce, subsidio (or daughter, filia, -ae, F.
auxilio) venio, 4, veni, ventum day, dies, -ei, M. (sing, sometimes F.).
est (with a second dative). days, //. of tempus, -oris, n. (8,
come together, convenio, 4, -veni, 54, 72).
-ventus. one day, olim.
come up, accedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum dead, mortuus, -a, -um. See also
est. shoot dead,
commander, dux, ducis, m. ; impera- decide, constituo, 3, -stitui, -stitutus.
tor, -oris, m. ; legatus, -i, m. ;
declare war upon, bellum indico, 3,
praefectus, -i, m. -dixi, -dictus, with dat.
companion, comes, -itis, c. defeat, vinco, 3, vici, victus.

company, cohors, -rtis, f. defend, defendo, 3, -fendi, -fensus.
compel, cogo, 3, coegi, coactus. delay, noun, mora, -ae, f.
conduct, deduco, 3, -diixi, -ductus. delay, verb, moror, 1.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 43*
depart, abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est. easily, facile.
departure, discessus, -us. M. eat, edo, 3, edi, esus.
desert, relinquo, 3, -liqui, -lictus. Egypt, Aegyptus, -i, f.
deserter, perfuga, -ae, ic either... or, aut aut. . . .
design, consilium, -li, n. embark upon see board. :
desire : see want. encamp, castra pond, 3, posui, positus.

destroy, deleo, 2, -evi, -etus. endeavor : see try.
detained, be, moror, 1. enemy, hostis, -is, c. ; mostly pi. (m.).

determine : see decide. England, Britannia, -ae, f.
die, morior, 3, mortuus sum {future English, the, Britanni, -orum, m.
partic. moriturus). enough, satis {adv., used as indecl.
diligence, diligentia, -ae, f. noun).
dine, ceno, 1, -avi, (-atus). enraged, iratus, -a, -um.
dinner, cena, -ae, f. enthusiasm, studium, -i, x.
direction, pars, partis, f. entire, the entire, totus, -a, -um.

in every direction, undique. equal, par, gen. paris.
discover, invenid, 4, -veni, -ventus. escape, evado, 3, -vasi, -vasum est.
disembark, e navi (navibus) egre- establish, constituo, 3, -stitui, -stitu-
dior, 3, -gressus sum. tus.

distant, longinquus, -a, -um. Europe, Europa, -ae, f.
disturbed, commotus, -a, -um. even, etiam. See also not even,
do, facio, 3, feci, factus {pass, fio, ever, umquam.
fieri, factus sum), every, pi. of omnis, -is, -e.
do not, don't, in prohibitions, noli, excel, supero, i; superior (-ior, -ius)
nolite {from nolo), sum, esse, fui.

doctor, medicus, -i, u.
dog, canis, -is, m. Fabius, Fabius, -bi, m.
draw, duco, 3, diixi, ductus. fall, cado, 3, cecidi.
draw near, appropinquo, 1, -avi, fall back, me recipio (3, -cepi,
-atum est {with dat., or ad and -ceptus ; mostly in the third per-
ace). son, se recipere).
drive, pelld, 3, pepuli, pulsus (in); far, longe.
expello, 3, -puli, -pulsus (67, not far, not far away, haud procul.
126). not far away, not far distant, {modi-
drive back, pello, 3, pepuli, pulsus, fying a noun) haud longin-
drive out, expello, 3, -puli, -pulsus. quus, -a, -um.
farmer, agricola, -ae, If.
each, quisque, quaeque, quidque. farmhouse, villa, -ae, f.
each man, masc. sing, of quisque. fashion, modus, -i, m.

eagle, aquila, -ae, f. fasten to, deligo, 1, with ad and ace.
earlier, ante. father, pater, -tris, m.
fear, noun, timor, -oris, m. follow, sequor, 3, secutus sum.

in fear of, be, timeo, 2, -ui. food, cibus, -i, m.
fear, verb, timeo, 2, -ui; vereor, 2, footpath, semita, -ae, f.
veritus sum. for, conj., enim, nam.

feel, sentio, 4, sensi, sensus. for, prep., ad with ace.
few, a few, pauci, -ae, -a. for a long time, diu.

field, ager, -gri, m. for the purpose of, causa, with gen.
field of battle, proelium, -i, n. force, noun, vis, — , F.
fierce, acer, acris, acre. See also forces, copiae, -arum, f. See also
under battle and fight [noun). our forces,
fiercely, acriter. force, verb, cogo, 3, coegi, coactus.
fight, noun, pugna, -ae, f. forest, silva, -ae, f.
fierce fight be in progress, acriter, forgive, ignosco, 3, igndvi, ignotum

with the pass, of pugno, 1, -avi, est.
-atum est. formerly, quondam.

fight go on, fight last, fight rage, fort, castellum, -i, n.
pass, of pugno, 1, -avi, -atum est. fortification, miinitio, -onis, F.
fight, verb, pugno, I, -avi, -atum est. fortitude, fortitudo, -inis, f.
fill, compleo, 2, -plevi, -pletus. frenchmen, Galli, -orum, m.

finally, postremo. frequently : see often,
find, invenio, 4, -veni, -ventus; frighten, terreo, 2, -ui, -itus.

quaero, 3, quaesivi, quaesitus frightened, territus, -a, -um.
(34): ("learn") cognosco, 3, from, e, ex with abl. ; a ab with abl.
cognovi, cdgnitus ; certior ( -ior, (90, in).

-ius) fio, fieri, factus sum. from all sides (quarters), from every
find out, cognosco, 3, cognovi, side, undique.
cognitus. from time to time, interdum.
fine, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
fire, noun, ignis, -is, m. Gaius, Caius, -ai, m.
fire, verb, ("ignite") incendo, 3,
'
garden, hortus, -i, M.

-cendi, -census: ("shoot") tela gate, porta, -ae, f.
I
mitto, 3, misi, missus. Gaul, Gallia, -ae, f.

fish, piscor, 1. Gaul, a, Gallus, -i, m.
flag, vexillum, -1, n. Gauls, the, Galli, -orum, m.
flee, fly, f ugio, 3, fugi (future partic. general, imperator, -oris, m.
fugitiirus). Germans, the, Germani, -orum, m.
fleet, classis, -is, f. get, peto, 3, -ivi, -itus.
flight : see put to flight, get possession of, potior, 4, -itus
flower, flos, floris, m. sum.
fly, of missiles, pass, of'mitto, 3, misi, get water, aquor, 1.
missus. See also flee. gift, donum, -i, n.

girl, puella, -ae, f. Hannibal, Hannibal, -alis, m.

give, do, dare, dedi, datus. happen, {neut.) third pers. sing, of
give (aid, help), fero, ferre, tuli, f 16, fieri, factus sum.
latus {with dat.). happening, res, rei, f.
give orders, impero, i, -avi, -atum harm, noceo, 2, -ui {future partic.
est. nociturus).
glad, laetus, -a, -um. haste
gladly, libenter. in haste, celeriter.
go, eo, ire, ii, itum est; abeo, -ire, hasten, propero, 1, -avi, -atum est.
-ii, -itum est (73, 91); pro- have, habeo, 2, -ui, -itus. With a
ficiscor, 3, profectus sum. form of sum., a dative ofpossession
go away, abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est. is often used to express this idea.
go out, exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est; he, she, it, is, ea, id; ille, ilia, illud :
egredior, 3, -gressus sum. {reflex.) sui, sibi {see also his and
go to the assistance of, auxilio eo, their),
ire, ii, itum est (with a second head, caput, -itis, N.
dative). hear, audio, 4, -ivi, -itus.

go to the relief of, subsidio eo, ire, help, noun, auxilium, -li, n.
ii, itum est {with a second through the help of, with the help
dative) of, per with ace.
god, deus, -i, m. help, verb, adiuvo, 1, -iuvi, -iutus;

going to : translate by the future par- auxilio {or subsidio) sum, esse,
ticiple. fui {with a second dative). See
good, bonus, -a, -um. also come to help and send to
grain, frumentum, -i, N. help,
grandfather, avus, -i, M. hem in, claudo, 3, clausi, clausus.
grandmother, avia, -ae, f. here, hie (124) ; with verbs of niotion,
grass, herba, -ae, f. hue.
great, magnus, -a, -um; summus, -a, hesitate, dubito, 1, -avi, -atum est.
-um (27). See also so great and hide, lateo, 2, -ui.

such great, hiding place, latebrae, -arum, f.
greatest, also summus, -a, -um. high, altus, -a, -um.

ground, locus, -i, M. ; terra, -ae, F. ( 24) hill, collis, -is, m.
on the ground, humi. himself, herself, itself, {intens.) ipse,
guard, noun, custos, -odis, M. ipsa, ipsum: {reflex.) sui, sibi.
guard, verb, custodio, 4, -ivi, -itus. his, her, its, see he: {reflex.) suus,
guide, dux, ducis, m. -a, -um.
his men, {reflex.) sui, -orum, M.
Hamilcar, Hamilcar, -aris, m. his own, {reflex.) suus, -a, -um
hand : pla ced B E F< > l< E the modified n oun.
on every hand, undique. hither, hue.
hold, teneo, 2, -ui. influence, auctoritas, -atis, f.
home, domus, -us, f. inform, certiorem (-es) facio, 3, feci,
at home, domi. f actus (pass, certior fid, fieri,
hope, noun, spes, -ei, F. f actus sum).

hope, verb, spero, 1. inhabitant, incola, -ae, M.
horn, cornu, -us, n. injure, noceo, 2, -ui (future par tic.
horse, equus, -1, M. nocitiirus).
horseman, eques, -itis, M. inquire, rogo, I; inquam (15).
hostage, obses, -idis, c. insight, ingenium, -ni, n.
hour, hora, -ae, f. interview, convenio, 4, -veni, -ventus.

however, autem. intimidate, terreo, 2, -ui, -itus.
Hudson, Hudso, -onis, M. into, in ivith ace.
huge see large,: island, insula, -ae, v.
hunt, venor, 1. it : see he.
hunt for, quaero, 3, quaesivi, quae- Italy, Italia, -ae, f.
situs.
Jackson, Iacso, -onis, m.
hunter, venator, -oris, M.
hurl : see throw,
join, me coniungo, 3, -iunxi, -iunctus,
hurry, propero, 1, -avi, -atum est.

with cum and abl.; mostly in the
third person, se coniungere.
journey, iter, itineris, n.
I, ego, mei.
Julia, Iulia, -ae, f.
if, si.
just, just now, modo.
if anybody, if any one, si quis.
if anything, if something, si quid,
keen, acer, acris, acre.
ill, aeger, -gra, -grum.
kill, interficio, 3, -feci, -fectus;
imagine, puto, 1.
occido, 3, -cidi, -cisus.
in, in with abl, : with verbs of mo-
kindliness, comitas, -atis, F.
tion (excepting z§W<dQti tfWpono), king, rex, regis, M.
in with ace. See also tinder di-
know, scio, 4, -ivi, -itus.
rection.
not know, nescio, 4, -scivi.
in haste, celeriter.
in order that, in order to, ut, quo. labor : see work.

in order that not, ne. land, terra, -ae, f.
in progress, be : see tinder right large, magnus, -a, -um. See also so
{noun). large and such large,
in safety, incolumis, -is, -e. later, post.
in this way, sic. a little later, paulo post.

Indian, an, Indus, -i, M. laugh, rideo, 2, risi, (risus).
Indians, the, Indi, -orum, M. lead, diic5, 3, diixi, ductus.
infantry, pi. of pedes, -itis, m. lead away, dediico, 3, -duxi, -ductus.
inferior, inferior, -ior, -ius. leader, dux, ducis, m.
learn, cognosco, 3, cognovi, cognitus. man, his men, our men, and their
leave, relinquo, 3, -liqui, -lictus; men.
egredior, 3, -gressus sum, with many, many of, multi, -ae, -a. See
e, ex and abl. (119). more.
left, (as contrasted with "right"} Marcella, Marcella, -ae, f.
sinister, -tra, -trum. march, noun, iter, itineris, N.
less, adj. : see little (adj.). on the march, in itinere.

less, adv., minus ; may be used as an march, verb, iter facio, 3, feci, factus.
in dec I. noun. march out, egredior, 3, -gressus
let loose, emitto, 3, -misi, -missus, sum.
lie, iaceo, 2, -ui. Marcus, Marcus, -i, M.
lieutenant, legatus, -i, M. Marius, Marius, -ri, m.
light, lumen, -inis, x. matter, res, rei, f.
like, adj., similis, -is, -e. means, modus, -i, >i.
like, verb, amo, I. meanwhile, interim.

likely to : use future partic. Mediterranean, Mediterraneus, -a,
liking, studium, -i, N. -um.

line (of battle), acies, -ei, F. medium
linger, moror, 1. through the medium of, per with
little, adj., parvus, -a, -um. ace.
little, adv. : see under too and later. meet, convenio, 4, -veni, -ventus.
live, habito, 1. merely, tantum.
location: see place (noun). messenger, nuntius, -i, M.
loiter, moror, 1. might, possum, posse, potui; but often
London, Londinium, -ni, N. simply a mark of the subjtinctive
long, adj., longus, -a, -um. See also mood (as in purpose clauses).
under time, miles, milia (-ium, n.) passuum.
long, adv.. diu. mind, animus, -i, m.
look for, peto, 3, -ivi, -itus ;
quaero, mine : see my.
3, quaesivi, quaesitus. miss, dimitto, 3, -misi, -missus.
lose, amitto, 3, -misi, -missus. money, peciinia, -ae, f.

Louisiana, Lovisiana, -ae, f. monkey, simia, -ae, f.
love, amo, 1. month, mensis, -is, m.

more, pliires, -es, -a. Sing, (noun)
maiden see girl. plus, pluris, n.
make, facio, 3, feci, f actus (pass. mother, mater, -tris, f.
fio, fieri, f actus sum), mount : see climb,
man, homo, -inis, c. (//., m.) ; vir, viri, mountain, mons, montis, M.
M. much, vehementer (10): with com-
men, the, masc. pi. of is, ea, id ;
pi. paratives, multo.
of miles, -itis, m. See also each murder : see kill.

:

must : trans/ate by the gerundive. noteworthy, insignis, -is, -e.
my, meus, -a, -um. nothing, nihil, N., indecl. See also
myself, (intern.) ipse, ipsa, ipsum. and nothing, and so that nothing,
notice, animadverto, 3, -verti, -versus.
name, noun, nomen, -inis, N. now, iam, nunc,
name, verb, appello, I. The par- numbers, number, numerus, -i, M.
ticiple " named " may often be
rendered by the abl. nomine {lit. oblige: see force {verb).

" by name "). occupy, occupo, 1.
narrow, angustus. -a, -um. ocean, mare, -is, n.

1
nation, gens, gentis, f. of, e, ex with abl.: ("concerning''' )

native, incola, -ae, M. de with abl.
near, adv., prope. See come nearer of age : use natus, -a, -um.
and draw near. of course, scilicet,
near, prep., prope with ace. officer, legatus, -i, M.
need : trans/ate by the gerundive. often, saepe.
never, numquam. See also and never. old : see of age.
nevertheless,tamen. on, in with abl.; in with ace- (24).

new, novus, -a, -um. See also under march a?id road,
New England, Nova (-ae) Britan- on all sides, on every side (hand),
nia, -ae, f. undique.
New York (city). Novum (-1) on the ground, humi.
Eboracum, -i, n. once, olim.
night one, unus, -a, -um; quidam, quae-
at night, by night, during the night, dam, quoddam (7, 21, 108).
noctu. See also lender day a?id time.
no, nullus, -a, -um. only, the only, solus, -a, -um.
nobody, no one, nemo, — , M. See also only, adv., tantum.
and no one, and (so) that no one. open boat, scapha, -ae, f.
noise, strep itus, -us, M. opportunity, facultas, -atis, f.
nor, neque, nee. or, aut.

not, non; with hortatory subjunctive, order, iubeo, 2, iussi, iussus.
ne : in questions implying the another,//, of alius, alia, aliud.
swer "yes," nonne : in prohibi- other, the, ceteri, -ae, -a : (of two)
tions, embodied in noli and nolite alter, -era, -erum.
(from nolo). See also and not, and others, alii, -orum, m.
not any one, in order that not, so others, the, ceteri, -orum, m.
as not to, (so) that not, and under ought : translate by the gerundive.
far. our, ours, noster, -tra, -trum.
not even, ne . . . quidem. our forces, our men, our soldiers,
not to, ne. nostri, -orum, m.
ourselves, (intens.) pi. <?/"ipse, ipsa, poor, ("wretched'") miser, -era,

ipsum. -erum.
over, trans with ace Porsinna, Porsinna, -ae, M.
overcome, vinco, 3, vici, victus ;
powerful, validus, -a, -um.
supero, 1. practice, consuetudo, -inis, f.
own : see his own and their own. prefer, malo, malle, malui.
prepare, paro, 1.
present, do, dare, dedi, datus.

pain, dolor, -oris, m. pretend, simulo, 1.
pardon, ignosco, 3, ignovi, ignotum pretty, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.

est. prevail, supero, 1; vinco, 3, vici,
part, pars, partis, f. victus.
path, semita, -ae, f. Priscilla, Prissilla, -ae, f.
peace, pax, pacis, f. prisoner, captivus, -i, M.

Pelusium, Pelusium, -si, n. proceed, contendo, 3, -tendi, (-ten-
perhaps, fortasse. tus); progredior, 3, -gressus
persuade, persuadeo, 2, -suasi, -suasum.
sum est. progress, be in : see under fight (noun).
Petreius, Petreius, -ei, m. promise, polliceor, 2, pollicitus sum.
Petronius, Petronius, -ni, m. promptly: see at once,
Pharsalus, Pharsalus, -i, f. protect, praesidio sum, esse, fui (with
pigeon, columba, -ae, f. a second dative) ; def endo, 3,
pirate, pirata, -ae, m. -fendi, -fensus (68).
place, noun, locus, -i, M. (pi. loca, protection, praesidium, -i, x.
-orum, N.)- Ptolemy, Ptolomaeus, -i, M.

place, verb, COlloco, 1. purpose :
plan, consilium, -li, x. for the purpose of, causa (with gen.
plantation, praedium, -i, x. of the gerund or gerundive)
plate, patera, -ae, f. put, colloco, 1 ;
pono, 3, posui,
play, ludo, 3, lusi, liisum est. positus.
please, sis, sultis {i.e. si vis, si put to flight, in fugam do, dare,
vultis). dedi, datus.
plenty, satis {adv., used as indecl.
noun), quarters
Pliny, Plinius, -ni, m. from all quarters, undique.
point quickly, celeriter.
be on the point of: translate by the quietly, clam.
future participle. Quintus, Quintus, -i, M.
poison, venenum, -i, x.
Pollux, Pollux, -ucis, M. rampart, vallum, -i, x.
Pompey, Pompeius, -ei, M. rapidly : see quickly.

reach, pervenid, 4, -veni, -ventum Sabinus, Sabinus, -i, m.

est, with ad and ace. sadly : use maestus, -a, -um.
read, lego, 3, legi, lectus. safe, incolumis, -is, -e; tutus, -a, -um.
readily, libenter. safely : use incolumis, -is, -e.
ready to : translate by tlie future safety, salus, -utis, f.

participle. in safety, incolumis, -is, -e.
realize, sentio, 4, sensi, sensus. sail, navigo, 1, -avi, -atum est,

reenforce, subsidio sum, esse, fui; sailor, nauta, -ae, M.
subsidio venio, 4, veni, ventum same, the, idem, eadem, idem.
est. Both with a second dative. Saratoga, Saratoga, -ae, f.
See also come (send) to reenforce. save, conservo, 1 ; saluti sum, esse,
reenforcement, subsidium, -1, N. fui {with a second dative).
refuse, nolo, nolle, nolui. say, inquam; dico, 3, dixi, dictus:
regiment, legio, -onis, F. scout, explorator, -oris, m.
region, regio, -onis, F. sea, mare, -is, n.
relief: see under go and send. seaman, nauta, -ae, M.

remain, maneo, 2, mansi, mansum season, tempus, -oris, n.
est; moror, 1. see, video, 2, vidi, visus.
remark, inquam. seek, quaero, 3, quaesivi, quaesitus.

reply, inquam. seem, videor, 2. visus sum.
repulse, pello, 3, pepuli, pulsus. sei/e, rapio, 3, rapui, raptus ; arripio,
retire, retreat, me recipio (3, -cepi, 3, -ripui, -reptus.
-ceptus ; mostly in the third per- senate, senatus, -us, m.
son, se recipere). send, mitto, 3, misi, missus.
return, redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum est. send out, emitto, 3, -misi, -missus.
right, dexter, -tra, -trum. send to help, send to the aid (relief)
river, fliimen, -inis, n. of, auxilio mitto, 3, misi, missus

road, via, -ae, r. {with a second dative).
on the road, in itinere. send to reenforce, subsidio mitto,
rock,saxum, -i, N. 3, misi, missus {with a second
Roman, a, Romanus, -i, M. dative).
Romans, the, Romani, -drum, m. Sertorius, Sertorius, -ri, M.
Rome, Roma, -ae, f. set on fire, incendo, 3, -cendi, -census.
rough, asper, -era, -erum. set out, proficiscor, 3, profectus
route, iter, itineris, n. ; via, -ae, f. sum.
run, curro, 3, cucurri, cursum est. set sail, navem (-es) solvo, 3, solvi,
run away, fugid, 3, fugl {future solutus.
partic. fugitiirus). settler, colonus, -i, m.
rush : see run. several, complures, -es, -a.
rush forth, erumpo, 3, -rupi, -rup- shade, shadow, umbra, -ae, f.
tum est. she : see he.

ship, navis, -is, f. soldier, miles, -itis, m. See also our

shoot, ("fire") telum (tela) mitto, 3, soldiers,
misi, missus. some, some of, //. of quidam, quae-
shoot dead, telo (tells) interficio, dam, quoddam.

3, -feci, -fectus. some one see that some one.
:
shore, litus, -oris, x. something: see under if.
shortly, brevi. sometimes, interdum.

J
should : often to be translated by the son, filius, -li, m.

gerundive ; sometimes by the sub- soon, brevi; mox.
junctive (as in conditional sen- sortie, eruptid, -onis, F.
tences) . Spain, Hispania, -ae, f.
shout, clamo, 1, -avi, -atum est. Spaniards, the, Hispani, -orum, if.
sick, aeger, -gra. -grum. spare, parco, 3, peperci (future par-

sick, the, aegri, -orum, m. tic, parsiirus).
side : Spartacus, Spartacus, -i, m.
from all sides, from every side, on speed, celeritas, -atis, f.
all sides, on every side, undique. spirit, animus, -i, if.
sight, conspectus, -us, m. spot: see place (noun).

similar, similis, -is, -e. spy upon, speculor, 1.
since, causal conj., cum. standard, signum, -i, x.

sit, sit down, sedeo, 2, sedi, sessum Standish, Standisius, -si, if.
est. start, proficiscor, 3, profectus sum;

skiff, scapha, -ae, f. contendo, 3, -tendi, (-tentus).
skill, sollertia, -ae, f. start out, proficiscor, 3, profectus
sky, caelum, -i, x. sum.
slave, servus, -i, M. state, civitas, -atis, f.
slay, occido, 3, -cidi, -cisus. station, colloco, I.
small, parvus, -a, -um. stay, maneo, 2, mansi, mansum

smile, rideo, 2, risi, (risus). est.
Smith, Faber, -bri, m. steal, rapio, 2, rapui, raptus.
so, tarn; ita (105). See also and so. still, (" nevertheless^ tamen; (" up
so as not to, ne. to this time") adhuc.
so as to, ut, quo. stone, saxum, -i, x.
so great, so large, tantus, -a, -um. stop, moror, 1.
so many, so numerous, tot. indecl. storm : see take by storm,

adj. story, tabula, -ae. F.
so that, ut, quo. stream, rivus, -i, M.
so that . . . not, (purpose) ne. ! street, via, -ae, F.
so that nobody, so that no one, ne !
strength, pi. of vis, — , F.
quis. strong, validus, -a, -um.

so that nothing, ne quid. subdue, vinco, 3, vici, victus.
.
such, such great, such large, tantus, tent, tabernaculum, -i, n.
-a, -um. terrified, territus, -a, -um.

sudden, repentinus, -a, -um. terrify, terre5, 2, -ui, -itus.
suddenly, subito. that, pron., {demon.) ille, ilia, illud;

suffering, dolor, -oris, m. is, ea, id; hie, haec, hoc : {rel.)
sufficient, satis {adz 1

., used as indecl. qui, quae, quod.
noun). that, conj., ut, quo; with verbs of
suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. fearing, ne. Often marks indi-
summer, aestas, -atis, f. rect discourse or the complemen-
summon, arcesso, 3, -ivi, -itus. tary in fin.
superior, superior, -ior, -ius. that no one, ne quis.
supply, copia, -ae, F. that not, ne : with verbs of fearing,
suppose, arbitror, 1; puto, 1. ut.
surely, profecto. that some one, with verbs offearing,

surpass, supero, 1. ne quis.
surrender, (" 7'elinquish ") dedo, 3, the, usually untranslated : is, ea, id (6)
-didi, -ditus. their : see he : {reflex.) suus ,-a, -um.

surround, circumvenio, 4, -veni, their men, {reflex.) sui, -orum, :m.
-ventus. their own, {reflex.) suus, -a, -um

swiftly, celeriter. placed BEFORE the word modified.
swiftness, celeritas, -atis, f. themselves: see himself.
swim, no, 1, -avi, -atum est. then, turn.
sword, gladius, -1, m. there, ibi : with verbs of motion, quo.
therefore, igitur; itaque.
take, {"conduct" "carry") duCO, 3, these : see this.
diixi, ductus; fero, ferre, tuli,la- they: see he and their.

tus; porto, 1; by animals, ships, |
thing, res, rei, F.
etc., veho, 3. vexi, vectus : think, puto, 1 ; arbitror, 1 ; credo, 3,

(" capture") capio, 3, cepi, cap- credidi, creditus.
tus. thinking, ratus, -a, -um.
take by storm, expugno. 1. this, hie, haec, hoc; is, ea, id.
take place, fio, fieri, factus sum. thoroughly frightened, thoroughly
talk, loquor, 3, lociitus sum {with terrified, perterritus, -a, -um.
cum and abl.). those : see that {pron.).
tall, altus, -a, -um. though, quamquam.

tarry, moror, 1. thousands, thousand, milia, -ium, N.
teach, doceo, 2, -ui, doctus. three, tres, tres, tria.
teacher, magister, -tri, m. three times, ter.
tell, narro, i; dico, 3, dixi, dictus through, through the help of, through
(5» 59j 90> 118). Both with dat. the medium of, per with ace.
of the person spoken to. throw, iacio, 3, ieci, iactus.

thus, ita, sic. urge, hortor, 1.
time, tempus, -oris, n. use, iitor, 3, usus sum. Pass, supplied

at times, from time to time, interdum. in part by usui sum, esse, fui.
for a long time, diu. use up, consumo, 3, consumpsi,
one time, plim. consumptus.
up to this time, adhuc. used, (" was accustomed" etc.), i?nper-
tired, tired out, defessus, -a, -um. fect and perfect tenses of soleo,
to, ad with ace. : in ivith ace. Mark- 2, solitus sum; pluperfect tense
ing a purpose clause : ad with 0/consuesco, 3, -suevi, (-suetus).
ace. ; causa with gen. ; qui {re I.) useful, be, usui sum, esse, fui.
or ut, with subjunctive. very useful, be, magno usui sum,

to-day, hodie. esse, fui.
to-morrow, eras, usually: use soleo, 2, solitus sum;
too, ("also") quoque. perfect of COnsuesco,
tense 3,
too little, parum (adv., used as -suevi, (-suetus) (83).
indecl. noun).
top (speed), summus, -a, -um. valley, valles, -is, f.
torch, lumen, -inis, n. valor, virtus, -litis, F.
tower, turris, -is, f. venture, audeo, 2, ausus sum.
town, oppidum, -i, x. very, adv., mark of the superlative de-
townspeople, oppidani, -orum, M. gree. See also under useful.
travel, iter facio, 3, feci, factus. very, the very, ipse, ipsa, ipsum.
tree, arbor, -oris, f. vessel, navigium, -i, n.; navis,
troops, copiae, -arum, f. -is, F.
try, conor, 1. Vesuvius, Vesuvius, -vi, M.

turn out, evenio, 4, -veni, -ventum est. view, speculor, 1.
twice, bis. violence, vis, — , F.
two, the two, duo, duae, duo.

wage (war), gero, 3, gessi, gestus.
under, sub with abl. wagon, carrus, -i, m.
understand, intellego, 3, -lexi, -lectus. wait for, opperior, 4, oppertus sum;
unfavorable, iniquus, -a, -um. exspecto, 1.
unknown, ignotus, -a, -um. wall, murus, -i, M.

unobserved, clam. want, volo, velle, volui.
until, donee. war, warfare, bellum, -i, N.
unwilling, be, nolo, nolle, nolui. warn, moneo, 2, -ui, -itus.
up : Washington, Vasingto, -onis, m.

up to this time, adhuc. watch, speculor. 1.
upon, in with abl. ; with verbs of watchfulness, diligentia, -ae, f.
motion {excepting COlloCO and water, aqua, -ae, f.
pono), in -with ace wave, fluctus, -us, W.

way, modus, -1, M. : (
M road'") via, with, cum with abl. See also along
-ae, f. with,
in this way, SIC. with the help of, per with ace.
weapon, telum, -l, N. withdraw, ("go away") me recipid

weary: see tired, (3, -cepi, -ceptus; mostly in the
weep, fled, 2, flevl, fletum est. third person, se recipere) :
weight, pondus, -eris, x. ("take away") reducd, 3, -diixi,

well, bene. -ductus.
what: see who (interrog.). without, sine with aid.
when, cum. Clauses so i)itroduced wits, ingenium, -ni, n.
may often be rendered by an woman, mulier, -ieris, f.
ablative absolute. woods, the, silva, -ae, f. (sing, or

where, ubi; with verbs of motion, quo. pi.).
whether, introducing an indirect word, verbum, -1, x.
num.
question, work, laboro, 1, -avi, -atum est.
which: see who {ret.). worse, worst : see bad.
while, dum. would : often to be translated by the
who, which, what {interrog.) : noun, imperfect of customary past ac-
quis, quid ; ad/., qui, quae, quod, tion ; sometimes by the subjunctive
who, which, that (rel.), qui, quae, (as in conditional sentences).
quod. wound, vulnero, 1.
whole, the whole, totus, -a, -um. wounded, the, vulnerati, -drum, m.
why, cur. wretched, miser, -era, -erum.
wife, uxor, -oris, F. write, scribo, 3, scrips!, scriptus.
willing, be, void, velle, volui.
win, vinco, 3, via, victus. year, annus, -1, M.
wind, ventus, -1, m. yesterday, heri.
window, fenestra, -ae, F. yet, ("however") tamen : ("up to
wing (of army), cornu, -us, x. this time") adhuc. See also as
winter, winter time, hiems, hiemis, yet.
F. you, tu, tui.
winter, verb, hiemd, 1, -avi, -atum young man, youth, iuvenis, -is, M.
est. your, tuus, -a, -um ; vester, -tra,
wish, void, velle, volui. -trum.

INDEX
(Unless otherwise specified, all references are to page and footnote : e.g. 216.
18 signifies " page 216, footnote 18." Notes and Remarks in the body of a page are
indicated by the abbreviations N. and Rem. respectively. To facilitate the use of
the Index, all references to matter contained in the English- Latin Exercises are set
in black-faced type.)
a, ab : combination with -que, of Gerund; use of, 215. N.

avoided, 184. 7. Cf. ob. of I-Stems; avis, collis, hostis,
" from the neighborhood of." ignis, navis, nubes, ovis, piscis,
182. 1. securis, valles. 201. Rem. 2;
in Agency expressions, 235. Rem. civis, 261. Vocab. ; classis, 242.
with abl. of Degree of Difference, Vocab.; Cornivallis, 251.
158. 5. Vocab.; mensis, 218. Vocab.
Abbreviations : list of, xv. Cf. 321 (2d) N.
of first names of persons, 262. N. 1 . of locus; without prep., 7. 4;
abhinc : use of, 251. N. 1. cf 315- 18.
Ablative : of Manner, 225; cf. 57.4, 115. 19,
Ablative Absolute : 155. 19.
rendering of, 223. Rem. 2; cf. of Means, 235. Rem., 294. Rem.
17. 18, 46. 2, 143. 2, 170. 3. idiomatic renderings of; " at,"
with object, 223. Rem. 1; cf. 57.6; " from,"' 143. 9; "in,"
44. 17. 6. 10, 67. 6, So. 2, 119. 5;
of Accompaniment; without prep., "of," 77. 5; "on," 145. 5;
141. 10. "under," 57. 8; "upon," 59. 8,
of adjs. of One Termination, 321 101. 16.
(2d) N. of Place from Which :
of Agency, 235. Rem. "from the neighborhood of,"

of Cause, 25 1; cf. 55. 10, 144. 5, 182. 1.
257- 3- instead of expression indicating

of Characteristic or Quality, 321; Place Where, 44. 6, 78. 18.
cf 135. 2. 130. 5, 168. 2, 177. 10.

of Degree of Difference, 203; cf. without prep., 7. 4; cf. 21. 3,
137- 3> J
58 -
5> 2 5i- N. 1. 69. 17. 125. 5, 139. 5, 142. 3,
of ego. sui, and tu ; with post- 174. 12, 178. 9, 183. 9.

positive -cum, 211. 3. Town Xames, domus and rus.
443
: : : :
444 INDEX
Ablative : Absolute use
276; cf 79. 21,87. I2 (con- of comparatives and superlatives,
trast 182. 1). 13. 11; cf 131. 8, 260. 10,
of Place Where; without prep., 332. 27.
7. 4, 315. 18; cf. 32. 16,41. 15. of transitive verbs, 279. Rem.
of Quality or Characteristic, 321; See also Ablative Absolute.
cf 135. 2. absum: form afuturus, 342. Vocab.
of Specification, 239, 288 (2d) ac: see atque.
Rule; cf 37. 20, 126. 17. accedo construction with, 300. Vocab.
:
of sui, ego, and tu; with post- Accusative

positive -cum, 211. 3. adverbial use of, 80. 12.
of Supine : use of, 288. cf 259. N. 1. Also 91. 10,
of Time When and Within Which, 142. 12.

199; cf 62. 15, 99. 22; also idiomatic: noctes diesque, 28. 13.
257. 10. lacking with intm. dependent upon
of Town Names, domus, and rus, videor, 245. N. 3.
276; cf 79. 21, 87. 12 (contrast object
182. 1). of partic. in abl. absol., 223.
of tu, ego. and sui; with post- Rem. 1.
positive -cum, 211. 3. of supine in -um, 288. N.

of Way by Which, 294; cf 5. 13, with predicate ace, 203 (2d)
37. 5, 103. 17, 164. 13. Rule; cf 259. N. 1.
rendered as ace. of Extent of Time, of Extent of Space, 304. 15.

89. 10. of Extent of Time: 199. N. 2,
with careo, 68. 13, 134. 19. 236. N. 2.

with Certain Verbs, 270; cf. 95. 1 1, rendering of, 123. 1.
171. 13. with abhinc, 251. N.

with Comparatives, 335 ff .
;
cf 158.4 with natus, 236. N. 2.
(contrast 101. 3, 1 19. 2, 154. 10). of Gerund and Gerundive, 235 ff.,
with contentus, 101. 15. 279; cf 292 (top).

with potior, 270, 288. Vocab.; cf of I-Stems; in -im, 324. N. 1.
95. 11. of Place to (and into) Which

with preps. : see a, ab, cum, e, ex, 77. 12, 82. 15, 133. 3, 148. 1;
and in. cf.S S . 11.
with iitor, 270. Town Names, domum, and rus,

without prep.; castris, 218. 16, 276; cf. 79. 21, 87. 12, 341. 5
332. 28; loco, locis, 7. 4, (contrast 16. 11, 174. 13).
315. 18; silva, 323. 25. See of Supine, 288 (1st) Rule, 292
also above under Ablative of (top): cf. 95. 13, 131. I.
Accompaniment, Place from Predicate, 203 (2d) Rule; cf

Which, and Place Where. 245. N. 3, 259. N. 1, also 211. 6.
INDEX 445
Accusative Adverbs
with euro, 264. N. comparison of, 352
with vinco, 223. Vocab. used as indecl. nouns, 298. N. I;
acer: declined and compared, 351. cf 297. Vocab., 300. Vocab.
use of abl. of, 321. N. See also quo and ubi.
acriter: compared, 352. Africa: map of, 146.
ad : with ace. : Agency
governed by accedo, 300. Vocab. contrasted with Means, 235. Rem
of gerund and gerundive, 235 ff., Dative of, 235; in indirect dis-
279; cf. 292 (top). course, 235 (1st) N.

of person, 85. II. expressed by the abl. with a, ab,
rendering of, 133. 3, 148. 1. 235. Rem.
Adjectives Intermediate, 329.
agreement of ; mechanical,^/. 133. ager: declension of, 345.
II (contrast 301. 5); with nearer Agreement: see under Adjectives^
noun, 71. 10; with predicate Gerundive, and Pronouns,
noun, 52. 5, 168. 3, 341. 14. alibi : 177. 9.
comparison of, 351 ff. aliqui (aliquis), declension and use
declensionof, 349 ff ., (unus, alius, of, 358, with XX.
352 and N.
etc.) alius : declension of, 352. N.; use of,
governing supine in -u, 288 (2d) 210. N. and Rem.
Rule, alii . . . alii, 20. 15; cf. 183. 5.
in abl. absol. construction, 223. alii . . . aliam, 80. 5; cf 177. 9.
Rem. 1; cf. 143. 2. alter: declension of, 352. N.
in Quality or Characteristic ex- use of, 210. N.
pressions, 321 and (1st) N. altior: declension of, 350.
is ; as adj., 356. N. 2. altus : comparison of, 351.
masc. of, used as nouns, 202. 9, 228. amans : comparison of, 351; cf 70.9.
21,238. 18; <-/330.N.; also6. 16. ambo : declension of, 353. X.
neuter of, used as nouns, 5. 9. amplius construction of clause un-
:
of One Termination, 350; cf. 248. changed by, 101. 3, 119. 2.

N. 1, 321 (2d) N. animal: declension of, 346 (324).
Predicate, 245. N. 3, 259. N. 1. ante : used in connection with abl.
rendered by adv. or phrase, 2. 16; ofDegree of Difference, 209.

cf. 90. 4, 204. Vocab. (in- Vocab.; cf. 251. N. 1.
columis). Antecedent
with gen. in -ius and dat. in -1, incorporated in rel. clause, 44. 13,
352 with X. 141. 7, 145. 12, 184. X. 3; cf. 42.
See also Imus, primus, and sum- 4, 163. 9.
mus, and Possessive Adjectives. suppressed, 135. 16, 161. 10; cf.
adorior: conjugation of, 372. 169. 4.

:
446 INDEX
Apposition: 214. 21. postpositive, 248. Rem. 1.
arbor : declension of, 346. with gen. of gerund and gerundive,

arripio : contrasted with capio, 277. 248, 279; of noun, 108. 8.
N. 2. Cause : expressed by
Asia Minor : map of, 1 79. a cum-clause, 218. Vocab., 220.
atque, ac : use of the two forms, 216. a quod-clause, 55. 11, 62. 13; cf.
N. 1. 166. 3.
audacter: comparison of, 352. a relative clause, 170. 4.
audax : comparison of, 351 (248. the ablative case, 251.
Vocab.). celeriter: comparison of, 352.
declension of, 350; cf. 248. N. 1. centurio: rank of, 126. 18.
audeo: semi-deponent, 372 (223. certe : contrasted with profecto, 267
Vocab.) ; cf. 213. N. 2. (2d) N.
audio : conjugation of, 36S. certus : in the idiom (aliquem) cer-
aut : connecting questions; render- tiorem facere, 259. Vocab. and
ing of, 12S. 7, 152. 5. N. 1.
autem : position in sentence, 246. 5. ceteri: force and use of, 210. N. and
use with cum and dum, 218. 11. Rem.
auxilium : declension of, 223. Vo- Characteristic : expressed by
cab.; cf 219. N. 2. a relative clause, 297; cf 109. 5.
avis: abl. of, 201. Rem. 2. the ablative case, 321; cf. 135. 2.
the genitive case, 261; cf. 62. 14.
bonus: comparison of, 351. circiter : use of, 242. Vocab.

declension of, 349. City : see Town,
bos : declension of, 348. civis : abl. of, 261. Vocab.
Brundisium : declension of, see 345. classis: abl. of, 242. Vocab.
N. 2; cf. 16. 4, 219. N. 2. Clauses
coordinate, definition of, 232. Rem.
Caius : abbreviation and pronuncia- dependent in indirect discourse;
tion of, 262. N. 1. mood and tense in, 267, Rule
canis : not an I-stem, 274. N. 2. and N.
capio : see arripio. Cnaeus abbreviation and pronun-
:
caput: 47. 16; cf 122. 18. ciation of, 262. N. 1.
Cardinal Numerals 353 : ff. coepi: use of passive of, 66. 12; cf
careo: construction with, 68. 13, 134. 105. 14.
19. Conors: size of, 129. 4.
Cases : of indecl. nouns (and advs. collis: abl. of, 201. Rem. 2.
so used), 298. N. 1. colloco : with in and abl., 323. 32;

causa : not necessarily dependent cf 266. 23, 287. 35; with loc,
upon a verb of motion, 248. 307. 26.
Rem. 3. COmmutO: construction with, 94. 17.
INDEX 447
Comparative : declension of, 350. cum, conj. :
ab!. with, 335 ff. ;

cf 158. 14 (con- cum-clause contrasted with dum-
trast 101. 3, 119. 2, 154. 10). clause, 212. N.
formed by prefixing magis, 352. N.3. cum-clause replacing nom. of pres.
in Purpose clauses, 291. partic, 211. 16; cf 14. 8.
of prope : used as prep., 131. 8. introducing causal clauses, 218.

Comparison: of adjectives, 351 ff.; Vocab., 220; cf 211. 16.
of adverbs, 352. position in complex sentence, 211.
by the use of magis and 12.
maxime, 352. N. 3; cf 44. 11, tenses of the subjunctive with, 219.

176. 3. N. 1 ;
cf 220. N. 1.
of the present participle, 351 use of autem with, 218. 11.

(amans); cf 70. 9. cum, prep.
Complementary see Infinitive. : postpositive, 211. 3.
complures declension of, 350. X.
: rendered "for," 94. 17.
Compounds: of sum, 374. N.; cf. See commuto and coniungo.
58. 12, 101. 17. Curio's Campaign in Africa : map of,
Conditional Sentences 146.

classes of, 254, 338 ff. euro : construction with, 264. N.
English forms inexact, 257. 6.
unsymmetrical, 272. 5. Dates: 178. 4, 180. 9, 183. 2.
coniungo idiom se coniungere

: cum Dative :
and abl., 307. 33. ambiguous with the impersonal

Conjugation of Verbs : 360 ff gerundive, 333. Rem.
Conjunction : position of, in complex of adjs. (unus, alter, etc.) ; in -i,
sentence, 211. 12. 352. N.

Connective : negative, 232. of Agency, 235; cf 333. Rem.
Consonant Stems :
346, 349. also 34. 21.
consuesco: use of, 273. Vocab., 274. in indirect discourse, 235 (1st) N.
N. 1. of Disadvantage : 136. 17; cf 85. 16.
COnsuetiidd : construction with, 323. of gerund and gerundive, 308, 309.
5; cf 308. N. 1. of Indirect Object
Contrary to Fact : conditional sen- used in connection with a Dative
tences, 338 If. of Service, 264. Rem.
Conventional : see Formal. with auxilium fero, 228. 5;
Coordinate clause : defined, 232. Rem. bellum indico, 92. 7, 280.
Cornivallis : abl. of, 251. Vocab. Vocab.; dedo, 226. Vocab.;
COrmi : declension 347 (324). of, died, 299. 14, 331. 11; ignem
could : idiomatic rendering of pres. admoveo, 293. 27; niintio,
indicative of possum, 41. 7; cf 223. Vocab.; praesum, 58. 12;
326. 18. See also Subjunctive. respondeo, 342. Vocab.
: ;
448 INDEX
Dative future infinitive of, 207; cf 226.
with Certain Verbs, 229. Also Rem.
333. Vocab. (ignosco); 302. future participle oi\ 204.
Vocab., 303. N. 1. (impero); gerundive of, 226 with Rem.
264. Vocab., 229. N. (noceo) supine of, 287.
239. Vocab. and N. 3 (parco) use of certain perfect participles
230. Vocab. and N. 1, 23. 9, of, 270. N., 310. Vocab.
27. 13, 303. N. 1 (persuadeo). Derivation: of obsidio, 154. 13; of
with impersonal pass, of, 332 ft. postridie, 154. 5; of trado, 11.
with gerund of intransitive 4; of traduco, 91. 10; cf 142.
verbs, 279. N. 12.
of Interest, 244. deus : declension of, 348.

used in connection with a Dative dic5 : construction with, 299. 14, 331.
of Service, 264. Rem.; cf 65. 11.
4- form die, 260. 11.

of Possession, 216. personal passive of, 5. 17.
of Service, 264; cf. 273. Vocab. dies : declension of, 347.

(usui); 333. Vocab. (saluti); gender of, 347. N. 2.
also 65. 4, 136. 3. Cf. also noctes diesque.

rendered "for" ; 236. N. 1, 244. difficilis: superl. of, 352. N. 2 (298.
Rem.; cf. 136. 17; "upon," N.3).
280. Vocab., 92. 7; cf 58. 12. dignus : governing a rel. clause, 86.
with Certain Verbs; see under 4-
Dative of Indirect Object above, Diminutives: force of, cf 169. 3.
with id5neus, 236. Vocab. and N. dissimilis : superl. of, 352. N. 2

1; with similis, 297. Vocab.; (298. N. 3).
cf 298. N. 3. diu : comparison of, 352.
Declension: of Nouns, Adjectives, absolute use of comparative of,
and Pronouns, 345 ff. 260. 10, 332. 27.

dedo construction with, 226. Vocab.
: See also iam diu.
Degree of Difference expressed by : d5 : conjugation of, 377.
the abl., 203; cf. 137. 3, 158. 5, domus : declension of, 348 with N.
251. N. 1. locative case of, 247; cf 348. N.
Deities: of the Romans, 15. use of abl. and ace. sing of, 276;
Demonstrative Pronouns : declension cf &J. 12 (contrast 16. II, 174.
of, 356. 13).
Dependent Clauses : see Subordinate duco : form due, 260. 11.
Clauses. dum: dum-clause contrasted with

Deponent Verbs : conjugation of, cum-clause, 212. N.
370 ff.; semi-deponent, 372; cf. use of autem with, 218. 11.
213. N. 2. with present indicative, 212.

IXDEX 449
duo: declension of, 353. etiam : contrasted with quoque, 280.

governing e, ex with abl., 213. N. 1. Vocab. and N.
dux : see imperator. exercitus: declension of, 347.
Existence and X'on-existence :
297
-e-; in gen. and dat. sing, of Fifth with N.
Declension nouns, 347. X. 1. Extent of Space : expressed by the
e, ex : omitted with loco, locis, 7. ace, 304. 15.
4; cf 315. 18. Extent of Time : expressed by the
with abl., governed by numerals or ace, 199. N. 2.; cf. 123. 1.
quidam, 213. N. 1 ; by egredior, with abhinc, 251. N. 1.
327. Vocab.; by quaero, 315. 3. with natus, 236. N. 2.
Eagle: used as standard, 131. 16, extremus : use of, 181. 5.
132, 162.
edo : conjugation of, 378. facile: comparison of, 352.

ego : declension of, 355. facilis : superl. of, 352. X". 2 (298.
abl. with postpositive -cum, 211. 3. N. 3)-
forms of, used reflexively, 356, X. 1 f acio : form fac, 260. 11.
(318. Rem. 2). facultas : construction with, 308. N. 1.
gen. not used to express ownership, Falsity of assumption : implied by

319. Rem. conditional sentence, 339.
plural: with force of sing., 161. 4. Fearing, Verbs of: construction with,
egredior : construction with, 327. 258.
Vocab. Feminine :
Enclitics : see Postpositives. forms lacking in pronouns used as

English-Latin Exercises, 199 ff. nouns, 357. X., 358 and XX.
English-Latin Vocabulary, 427 ff. of nouns of the Fourth Declension,
enim: neque with, 127. 16. 347. X.; cf. 336. N. 2.
position in sentence, 246. 5. fero: conjugation of, 379.

Entrails: a source of omens, 166. 1. auxilium fero: with dat., 228. 5.
e6, adv. :
cf 43. 18, 314. N. form fer, 260. 11.
e6, verb: conjugation of, 374. fldo : semi-deponent, 372 (213. N. 2).
eodem : use of, 87. 16. Fifth or E-Declension. 347.
eques Romanus : standing of, 125. retention of e in gen. and dat. sing.,
9- 347- N- >•
esse : omitted sometimes with future filius : declension of, 345 XX. 1 and
active infinitive and gerundive in 2; cf. 16. 4, 219. N. 2.
indirect discourse, 222. 11, 234. f 10 : conjugation of, 381.
10. See fit ut.
et: omitted, 180. 2. First names of persons : abbreviated,
use in the composition of numerals, 262. N. 1.
345- N. First or A-Conjugation, 360.

: : . :
45° INDEX
First or A-Declension, 345. ( lenitive
nom. sing, in -as, 23. 4; cf. 86. 12. Objective, 70. 9, 74. 2.
First Person Pronoun : see ego. of adjs. (unus, alter, etc.); in

fit ut : 251. Vocab., 252. N. 3 ; cf. 74. -lus, 352. N.
15, in. 1. of Characteristic or Quality, 261;
Flags: use of, as standards, 162. cf. 62. 14.
fids : declension of, 346. of Charge or Penalty, 47. 16; cf.
Formal rendering 122. 18.

of certain verbs with indirect obj., of ego, sui, and tu; not used to
229. N. express ownership, 319. Rem.
of consuesco and soleo, 213. N. 2; of gerund and gerundive with
cf 274. N. 1. causa, 247 ff., 279.
of future imperative, 342. N. of nouns in -ius and -ium, 345.
Forms : Summary of, 345 N. 2; cf 16. 4, 219. N. 2.
forte : free rendering of, with verb, of Quality or Characteristic, 261 ;
85. 12. cf. 62. 14.

fortis : comparison and declension of sui, tu, and ego; not used to
of,
35 1 - express ownership, 319. Rem.
f ortiter comparison : of, 352. Partitive, 296; cf 107. 17, 149. 13,
Fourth or I-Conjugation, 368. 150. 10.
Fourth or U-Declension, 347 (324). Possessive; renderings of, 138. II,
gender of nouns of, 347. N.; cf. 159. 11, 180. 11, 181. 7.
324. N. 2, 336. N. 2. rendered "for," 74. 2, 308. N. 1;
fugio: form fugiturus, 204. Rem. cf 329. 15; "in," cf. 323. 5;
Future Tense : see Imperative, Indic- " to," 70. 9, 308. N. 1 . See also
ative, Infinitive, and Participle. under Possessive Genitive above,
with consuetudo, 323. 5 {cf 308.
Gallia: map of, 124. N. 1); facultas, 308. N. 1;
gauded: semi-deponent, 372 (213. similis, 297. Vocab., 288. N. 3;
N. 2). studium, 329. 15.
Gender Gerund :
determined by predicate noun, abl. case; use, 215. and N., 308.
30. 6, 52. 5, 74. 12, 168. 3, 183. contrasted with gerundive, 215;
10, 341. 14. with present partic, 215. Rem.
of dies, 347. N. 2. dat. case little used, 308.
of impersonal expressions, 243. 16. forms of, 215.
of indeclinable nouns (and advs. in purpose clauses, with ad and
so used), 298. N. 1. causa, 279 with N. and Rem.
of nouns of the fourth declension, of transitive verbs used absolutely,
347. N.; cf 336. N. 2, 324. 279. Rem.
N. 2. summary of uses of, 308.
INDEX 451
( Gerundive : Hortatory Subjunctive: negative of,
agreement with sui (pi. J, 133. II. 305

ambiguous dat. with impersonal hortor : construction with, 251.
use of, 333. Rem. Vocab.
contrasted with gerund, 215. hortus : declension of, 345.
dat. case little used, 309. hostis : abl. of, 201. Rem. 2.
defective; 236. Rem. 3, 248. hue : use of, 255. N.

Rem. 2, 282. N. humilis : superl. of, 352. X. 2
force of; apart from sum, 236. (298. N. 3).
Rem. 2, 309; cf. 61. 8; with humus: locative case of, 247 (345.
sum, 226, 255. Rem. 2. 309: cf. N. 3); cf 109. 17.
128. 1, 171. 9. use of abl. and ace. sing, of, 276.
impersonal use of, 282. N.; cf. Hundreds: declined in Latin, 306. 2
333. Rem. (354).

in purpose clauses
governed by ad, 235 ff., 248. idem: declension of, 356.
Rem. 3; cf 279. Rule. Identity: pronoun of, see idem,
governed by causa, 247, 248. idoneus : comparison of, 352. N. 3.
Rem. 3; cf. 279. force of dat. with, 236. N. 1.
use of ad and causa contrasted, ignis: declension of, 346; cf. 201.
248. Rem. 3. Rem. 2.
of deponent verbs, 226 with Rem. ignosco: 333. Vocab.

of intransitive verbs (impers. only), construction with, 229.
282. N.. 309 (top); cf. 236. ille : declension of, 356.
Rem. 3, 248. Rem. 2. noun use of, 211. 18.
omits esse sometimes in indirect Imperative :
discourse, 234. 10. Future, 341 ff.
renderings of; see force of (above) Present; irregular forms of, 260. 1 1
summary of uses
309 ff. of, imperator : contrasted with dux,
with Dative of Agency. 235; cf. 200 (2d) N.
333. Rem. Imperfect Tense: see Indicative and
Gods: of the Romans, 15. Subjunctive.
gracilis: superl. of, 352. N. 2 impero : construction with. 302.
(298. N. 3). Vocab., 303. N. 1.; cf. 229.
Impersonal
habeo : conjugation of, 362. expressions; gender of, 243. 16.
hlC : declension of, 356. passive (including gerundive),
Historical Infinitive : 174. 10, 177. I. 282 with N. and Rem., 332 ff.
Historical Present (indicative) :

cf. 1. 11,8. 15, 12. 2.
135. 6. Imus : use of, cj. 168. 8.

homo : contrasted with vir, 204. N. 2. See inferior.
:
45? INDEX
in: withabl.; (colloco), 323. 32; <f in animated narration for perf.
266. 23, 287. 35; (pono), 266. (Historical Present), 135. 6.
23» 302- 3i;</ 28 7- 35- of inquam; use of, 382. N.

omitted with loco, locis, 7. 4, with dum, 212.
315. 18; cf also 32. 16,41. 15. indico bellum indico, with dat.,
:
with ace; (domum), by exception, 280. Vocab.

16. 11, 174. 13. Indirect Discourse :
incolumis : contrasted with tutus, Dative of Agencyin, 235 (1st) N.
204. N. 3. dependent upon the personal pass.

use of, 204. Vocab. of dico or the like, 5. 17-
Incorporation: of antecedent in rel. esse omitted sometimes with future
clause, 44. 13, 141. 7, 145. 12; active infin. or gerundive, 222.
cf. 42. 4, 163. 9, 184. N. 3. 11, 234. 10.
Indeclinable : governed by videor, lacks subject

adjective, 310. Vocab. (tot). ace, 245. N. 3.
nouns (and advs. so used); syntax governing verb implied merely,

of, 298. N. 1. 128. 1, 160. 8, 170. 10, 174. 10;
Indefinite Pronouns: 358 ff.
<f- ns- 13-
See also indef. qui (quis), quidam, infinitive of; contrasted with com-
and quisquam. plementary infin., 209. N.
Indefinite Relative Pronoun :
359 mood in subordinate clauses in,
Indicative :
267; cf. 61. 14.
Future renders English present in subject of; expressed, 211. 1
conditions, 257. 6. (contrast 245. N. 3).

Imperfect Tense : tense of infin. in, 207 ff.
of Customary Past Action, 255. tense of subjunctive in subordinate

Rem. 2; cf. 7. 17, 150. 12. clauses in, 267 (1st) N.; cf.
renderings of, 36. 7, 107. 7, 217. 1.
158. 8, 160. 14. use of reflexives in, 317 ff.; cf.
with iam diu : force of, 10. 15. 235 (1st) N., 275. 10.
in Simple Conditional Sentences, See also Infinitive.
254- Indirect Object : see Dative.
Perfect Tense : short forms of, 38. Indirect Questions: 312 ff .
; cf
1. 126. 17.
Pluperfect Tense : with num, 325. Vocab.
rendered as a perf., 72, 1. inferior: comparison of, 351.
short forms of, 170. 12, 171. 12. Cf Imus.
Present Tense Infinitive :
idiomatic : 104. 14 (longum Future :
est); 41. 7, cf 326. 18 formation and use of, 207 ff . ; cf

(possum). 226. Rem.
INDEX 453
Infinitive Interrogative Words

of possum; lacking, 250. 7; cf. first in clause, 222. 25.
23- 9- not reenforced by -ne, .263. 13.

omits esse sometimes in indirect See also interrog. qui (quis), num,
discourse, 222. 11. quo, and ubi.
not used to express Purpose, 234. 3. Intransitive Verbs : defined, 279.
Perfect passive of (including gerundive),
formation and use of, 207 ff. impersonal only, 282. with N.,
sequence of, 217. 1; cf. 267 332 ff.; cf 1. 11, 8. 15, 12. 2.
(1st) N. types of, 279. N.; cf. 270.

short forms of, 87. 8. use of gerund of, 279 with N. ;
cf
Present 308.
Complementary, 209. N. ipse : declension of, 356.
of possum; for lacking future, contrasted with sui, 318. Rem. 1.
250. 7; cf. 23.9. is: declension of, 355.

of sum ; omitted sometimes with gen. of; contrasted with suus, 317.
gerundive in indirect dis- used as adj., 356. N. 2.
course, 234. 10. iste : declension of, 356. N.

used in place of the third person use of, 73. 4.
of perf. or pluperf. indicative I-Stems: 324, 346, 351.

(Historical Infinitive), 174. 10, abl. sing., of avis, collis, hostis,
177. I. ignis, navis, nubes, ovis, piscis,

sequence of, 217. 1 ; cf 267 (1st) N. securis, valles, 201. Rem. 2; of
tenses and use of, 207 ff. civis, 261. Vocab.; of classis,
with nescio; idiomatic, 241. 28; 242. Vocab.; of Cornivallis,
cf. 8. 2, 35. 17; with scio, 251. Vocab.; of mensis, 218.
23- 3- Vocab. Cf. 321 (2d) N.

See also Indirect Discourse. ace. in -im, 324. N. 1.
inquam: 382. neuter, 201. c, 324 with N. 1.
use of present forms of, 382. N. summary of, 201.

Instrumentality : expressed by per itaque : position in sentence, 272. 24.
and ace, 329. iam diu: force of, with imperfect
Intensive Particle : 175.7. tense, 10. 15.
Intensive Prefix: 25. 10,145. l2 > cf- iubeo: contrasted with impero, 303.
186. N. 1.
Intensive Pronoun: see ipse. iuvenis : not an I-Stem, 274. N. 2.
Interest: Dative of, 244.

used in connection with a Dative Latin-English Exercises, 1 ff.
of Service, 264. Rem. Latin-English Vocabulary, 385.

Intermediate Agency : expressed by legio: constitution of, 125. 14; cf
per and ace, 329. 139. 10.
454 INDEX
libenter: comparison of, 352. 228. 21, 238. 18, 267. Vocab.;
free rendering of, 77. 10, 79. 19, cf. 330. N. Also 6. 16, 66. 7.
93. 9; cf. 85. 12. mature: comparison of, 352.

List of Abbreviations, xv. maxime: marking the superlative
List of Verb Constructions, 382. degree, 352. N. 3; cf. 44. 11,
litus : declension of, 346. 176. 3.

Locative Case :
247; cf 178. 7,276. See magis.
in -ii, 247. Rem. 1; cf. 345. N. 2. Means: abl. of, 235. Rem.; cf.
of domus, 247; cf. 348. N.; of 294. Rem.

humus, 247, 346. N. 3; cf 109. mensa : declension of, 345.
17; of rus, 247, 248. N. 2, mensis: abl. of, 218. Vocab.
346. N. meus : order in phrase, 318 (2d) N.
of Town names, 247 with Rem. 1 ;
reflexive use of, 318. Rem. 2.
cf 345. N. 2. mille, milia : declension and use of,
with COllOCO, 307. 26. 239. Vocab. and N. 1.
locus: abl. without prep., 7. 4; cf minus : comparison of, 352.

315. 18. construction of clause uninfluenced
longe: comparison of, 352. by, 154. 10.
longum est: 104. 14. governing the gen., 302. 16(2966*.).
loquor: construction with, 233. Vo- miser: comparison of, 351.
cab. declension of, 349.
mitto : conjugation of, 364.
M. : abbreviation of Marcus, 262. Mixed Stems : 350.
N. 1. Modifier: in Ablative of Quality or
magis comparison of, 352.
: Characteristic, 321. Rule and
marking the comparative degree, N.
35 2 N. - 3. mons : not abbreviated or capitalized,
See also maxime. 307- 3i-
magnus : comparison of, 351. morior : form moritiirus, 216. Vocab.
malo : conjugation of, 376. moror conjugation of, 370.
:
malum: 'declension of, 345. Motion verbs of, governing ad with

:
malus : comparison of, 351. ace. of gerund or gerundive,

manus : gender of, 336. Vocab. and 235 (2d) N., 292 (top) govern- ;
N. 2. ing supine in -um, 288. Rule

Maps: Asia Minor, 179; Curio's and N.
Campaign in Africa, 146; Gallia, multo use of, 244. Vocab., 245. N.
:
2.
124. multus: comparison of, 351.

Marcus: abbreviation of, 262. N. 1.
mare : declension of, 346. -nam use of, 175. 7.

:
Masculine : of adjectives and parti- Names: first names of persons ab-

ciples; used as nouns, 202. 9, breviated, 262. N. 1.
INDEX 455
Names neque, nee : use of the two forms,

See Xames, Town
also Proper 233- N.
Names, and River Names. combines negative and connective,
narro construction with, 209. Vocab.
: 232; cf. 150. 13.
natus with Accusative of Extent of
: in combination with various post-
Time, 236. N. 2. positive w ords, 127. 16.
7
navis : abl. of, 201. Rem. 2. use of quisquam and umquam in
-ne : attached to pronoun, 222. 26. connection with, 233. Vocab.

dividing words of a phrase, 231. 1. nescio : with idiomatic inrin., 241.
not added to other interrogates, 28; cf. 8. 2, 35. 17; cf. scio.
263. 13. Neuter

See also nonne. gerundive of intransitive verbs,
ne: followed by indef. qui (quis). 282. N.; cf. 333. Rem.
2 55> 256. NN. 1 and 2; cf. 56. 1. impersonal expressions, 243. 16.
introducing clauses dependent upon indeclinable nouns (and advs. so
verbs of Fearing, 258; cf. 255, used), 298. N. 1.
256. N. 2. I-Stems, 201. c; cf. 324.

introducing Purpose clauses, 273. neuter: declension of, 352. N.
N.; cf. 256. N. 1. neve : 150. 13.
freely rendered in, 171. 10. Night: watches of, 91. 17.
in dependence upon hortor, 251. nihil: indecl. noun, 300. Vocab.
Vocab.; upon impero, 302. andN.
Vocab.; upon persuadeo, 230. construction with, 302. 24 (296).
Vocab. nisi: followed by indef. qui (quis),
use contrasted with that of ut non, 255, 256. N. 2.
273. N. noceo construction with, 229 with N.

:
with Hortatory Subjunctive, 305. form nociturus, 264. Vocab.

ne . . . quidem : use of, 227. N. 1. noctes diesque : 28. 13.
nee: see neque. nol5 : conjugation of, 376.
Negative : Nominative: Predicate, 203. N.; cf.
Clauses 211. 6, 245. N. 3, 259. N. 1.
of Purpose, 291. 1, 256. N. 1; non : marking negative result, 273. N.

cf 273. N. Non-existence and Existence : gen-
of Result, 273. N. eral expressions of, 297.
use of quisquam and umquam nonne: use of, 266. 33; cf. 98. 4.
in, 233. Vocab. noster: masc. pi. of, used as noun,
Connective, 232; cf. 17. 8, 150. 13. 228. 21.
of Hortatory Subjunctive, 305. order in phrase, 318 (2d) N.
nemo: declension of. 210. Vocab.; reflexive use of. 318. Rem. 2.
cf. 44. 17. Nouns : declension of; Regular, 345

nemo est qui, 297. It.; Irregular, 348.
: : :
456 INDEX
Nouns of supine in -um, 288. N.
abstract; dat. expressing Service, transitive verbs, used without,
264. Rule. 279. Rem.
in apposition, 214. 21. Indirect : see Dative of Indirect
indeclinable; case use of, 298. N. 1. Object.
make up abl. absol. construction, Objective Genitive, 70. 9, 74. 2.
222 ff. Obsidio : derivation of, 154. 13.
masc. of adjs. and pronouns, used Omens : 166. I.
as, 202 9, 228. 21, 238. 18, 330. Omission of forms of sum :
N.; also 2: 1, 6. 16. in future active infinitive, 222. 11.
of the second declension, in -ills in repetitions, 243. 31, 307. 13, 326.
. and -ium, 345. XX. 1 and 2; cf. 14, 335- 19.

219. N. 2. with the gerundive in indirect dis-
plural; with sing, adjs., 301. 5. course, 234. 10.
Predicate, 211. 6, 203. Rule and omnes : rendering of, in connection
N. ; r/245. N. 3. with qui, 57. 8, 97. 10; cf, 58.
determining gender, 341. 14; cf 11.
30. 6, 52. 5, 119. 5, 16S. 3, One Termination : adjs. of, 350; cf

183. 10. 248. N. 1, 321 (2d) N.
use of forms of ille as, 2X1. 18. Ordinal Numerals :
353.
nubes : abl. of, 201. Rem. 2. designated by figures, 183. 13.
nullus : declension of, 352. N. ovis : abl. of, 201. Rem. 2.
num.: followed by indef. qui (quis>,

255, 256. N. 2. par: declension and use of, 321.
introducing indirect question, 325. Vocab. and NN.
Vocab. parco : construction with, 229, 239.
Numerals: 353 ff. (300, 305). N. 3.
formed by subtraction, 354. X (300). Participle :
governing e, ex with abl., 213. N. 1. Future Active :
use of et in composition of, 354. X. formation and use of (including

numerus : use of, 239. N. 2. deponents), 204 ff.; cf 4. 3,
niintio : construction with, 223. 16. 15, 31. 7, 122. 11, 168. 1.
Vocab. of absum, 342. Vocab.; fugio,

204. Rem.; morior, 216. Vo-
Ob : -que not combined with, 129. 5; cab.; noceo, 264. Vocab.; sum,
cf. 184. 7- 204.
Object : omits esse sometimes in indirect
Direct discourse, 222. 11.
of participle in abl. absol. con- Perfect
si ruction, 223. Rem. 1; ^44. masc. pi. of; used as noun, 267.
17, 175. 11. Vocab.; cf 66. 7.
INDEX 457
Perfect mentality or Intermediate

of certain deponents, substituted Agency, 329.
for present, 270. N., 310. Vo- per- : intensive prefix, 25. 10, 145.
cab. (veritus); cf.2. 17. 12; cf. 186.
rendered loosely as present, 7. 15, Perfect Tense : of consuesco, 273.
86. 3, 155. 16. Vocab., 274. N. 1.
Predicate : 245. N. 3. See Indicative, Infinitive, Parti-

Present : declension of, 349. and Subjunctive.
ciple,
comparison of: 351 (amans); perfungor: construction with, 171.
cf. 70. 9. 13; cf. 270.

contrasted with gerund, 215. Rem. Personal Pronouns : declension of,
in abl. absol. construction, 223. 355 ff-

Rem. 1; cf 44. 17, 175. n. See ego, is, and tu.
nominative case of, little used; persuadeo : construction with, 230.
replaced by cum-clause, 211. Vocab. and N. 1 (229); cf.
16, 270. Rem.; cf. 14. 8. 23- 9> 27. 13, 303. N. 1.
oblique cases, standing alone, piger: declension of, 349.

104. 3, 177. 4. piscis : abl. of, 201. Rem. 2.
with object in abl. absol. con- Place from Which: see Ablative.
struction, 223. Rem. 1; cf 44. Place to (and into) Which : see
17, 175. 11. Accusative.
rendered by an indicative clause, Place Where : see Ablative. Cf. also
156. 9, 182. 2, 185. 7. Locative.
Partitive Genitive: 296; cf. 107. 17, Pluperfect Tense: of consuesco;
149. 13, 150. 10. use of, 274. N. 1.
parum use of, 296 ff., 297. Vocab.

: See Indicative and Subjunctive.
parvus: comparison of, 35 t. Plural: of egO; with force of sing.,
Passive : 161. 4.
impersonal, 282 with N., 332 ff.; plus : declension and use of, 350 with
cf. 1. 11, 8. 15, 12. 2. Rem. (298. N. 2).
of transitive and intransitive verbs, polliceor : conjugation of, 370.
282. pono: with in and abl., 266. 23,
personal; governing indirect dis- 302. 31; cf 287. 35.
course, 5. 17; cf videor, 245. Possession: dat. of, 215 ff.
N.3. Possessive Adjectives

Past action; described by dum with order in phrase, 318 (2d) N.; cf
present indicative, 212. 206. 17, 228. 32, 243. 15, 266. 31
patior: conjugation of, 371. also 1 1 . 6, 85. 4.
pauci : rendering of, in connection reflexive use of meus, tuus, noster,

with qui, ^58. 11. and vester, 318. Rem. 2.
per: with ace; expressing Instru- See suus.

: : ;
45« INDEX
possum: conjugation of, 373. -que not attached to ob, 129. 5;

present indicative of; idiomatic cf. 1S4. 7.
use, 41. 7; cf 326. 18. with abl. and ace. of gerund and
present infinitive of; for future, gerundive, 308. NN. 2 and 3,
250. 7; cf 23. 9. 310. N.
rendering of, I. 13. Cf. also 41. 7, Present Tense: of inquam; use of,
326. 18. 382. N.

with quam and superl. of adj. or See Imperative, Indicative, Infini-
adv., 142. 5, 181. 14. tive, Participle, and Subjunctive.

Postpositive : primus: use of, 22. 7, 76. 21, 89. 20,
causa, 248. Rule and Rem. 1. *11- 3-
-cum, 211. 3. profectO: contrasted with certe,
-que; added to second word in 267 (2d) N.
phrase, 129. 5; cf. 1S4. 7. proficiscor: conjugation of, 371.
tamen, 219. N. 3. Pronouns 355 fT.
:
tantum, 276. N. 1. agreeing with predicate noun,

use of neque with, 127. 16. 52. 5, 168. 3, 341. 14. See also
postridie : derivation of, 154. 5. under rel. qui.
potior: construction with, 288. prope, adv. : comparison of, 352.
Vocab. (270) cf 95.
; 11. comparative of; used as prep.,
praesum : conjugation of, 374. 131. 8.
X. Proper Names: in -ius and -ium;
construction with, 58. 12. declension of, 345. NN. 1 and 2;
Predicate : see Adjectives, Nouns, cf. 219. N. 2.
and Participle. of persons; first name abbreviated,
Prefixes : list of, 186. 262. N. 1.
per-, 25. 10, 145. 12. See also Town and River Names,
re-, 8. 5. prosum : conjugation of, 374. N.
Preposition puer: declension of, 345.
coalesced with verb, yet governing Purpose
ace, 91. 10, 142. 12. expressed by
not required with supine in -um in ad and causa with gerund or
purpose expressions, 288. N. gerundive, 235 ff., 248, 279;
omitted with abl. and ace. of Town cf 292 (top), also 108. 8.
Names, domus, and rus, 276, quo with subjunctive, 291. Rule;
341. 5; cf. 79. 21, 87. 12 (con- cf. 101. 14.
trast 16. 11, 174. 13, 182. 1); relative with subjunctive, 199 ff.
with abl. of locus, 7. 4; cf. cf 278. 6.

315. 18. For other omissions, supine in -um, 288; cf. 95. 13,
see under Ablative, 131. 1.
propius, used as, 131. 8. ut and ne with subjunctive, 290;

INDEX 459
Purpose qui (quis), interrog. : declension of,
cf. 255, 256. N. 1, 273. N. 357 and N.

in dependence upon hortor, quicumque declension of, 359. :
251. Vocab.; upon impero, quidam declension and use of, 359
:
302. Vocab.; upon per- and N. 1.
suadeo, 230. Vocab. governing e, ex with abl., 213. N. 1.
governing verb implied merely, quisquam : declension and use of,
138. 2. 359 with N. 2, 233. Vocab.

not expressed by infin., 234. 3. quisque declension and use of, 358
:
summary of methods of expressing, (313. Vocab.).

290 ff. quo, adv. : use of, 313. Vocab., 314.
tenses of subjunctive; force of, N.
220. N. 1; cf. 258. N. See also Relative Words.
use of indef. qui (quis) with ne, quo, conj. : introducing purpose
255, 256. NN. 1 and 2; cf 56. 1. clause, 291; cf. 101. 14.
quod, conj. : force of subjunctive with,
quaero : construction with, 315. 3. 55. 11, 62. 13; cf 166. 3.
Quality or Characteristic : quoque : contrasted with etiam, 280,

expressed by abl., 321. N.
expressed by gen., 261.
quam: with superl. (and possum), rapio : conjugation of, 366.
47. 14, 142. 5, 181. 14. ratus : use of, 270. Rem.
-que: not combined with ob, 129. re-: force of, 8. 5; cf 186.
5; cf 184. 7. recipio: idiom se recipere, 240. N.
Questions 4; cf 284. 24.
anticipating answer " yes," 266. 33. reduco : contrasted with se recipere,
Indirect, 312 ff.; cf 126. 17. 284. 24.
See also aut. Reflexive: defined, 316.
qui, rel. : declension of, 357. of and second persons, 318.
first
agreement with predicate noun, 30. Rem.2; cf 356. N. 1.
6, 74. 12, 119. 5, 183. 10. of third person; see sui and suus.
in agreement, but rendered by Relative Words
gen., 57. 8; cf 58. II, 97. 10. antecedent incorporated in relative
See Relative Words; also Cause, clause, 42. 4, 44. 13, 141. 7, 145.
Characteristic, Purpose, Result, 12, 184. 3; cf. 42.4, 163. 9;
and dignus. suppressed, 135. 16, 161. 10, i6>
qui (quis), indef.: declension of, 4; cf 163. 9.
358 with N. first in clause, 246.

following si, nisi, ne, and num, introducing clause dependent upon
2 55* 256. NN. 1 and 2; cf.56.1. dignus, 86. 4.
noun forms of, 358. N. clause expressing Cause, 170. 4.

: :
460 INDEX
Relative Words Second or E-Conjugation, 362.

clause of Characteristic, 297; cf. Second or ODeclension, 345 ff.
109. 5. Second Person Pronoun see tu. :
clause of Purpose, 199 ff. ; cf securis : abl. of, 201. Rem. 2.
291; (ubi) 278. 6, 284. 13. sed : autem preferred to, 218. n.
clause of Result, 174. 11. Semi-deponents, 372; cf. 213. N. 2.
not suppressed in Latin sentence, Senatorial Order 165. II. :
206. 25. Sequence of Tenses : 219 ff.
replacing demonstrative word or in indirect discourse, 267 (1st) N.;

personal pron. at beginning of cf 217. 1.
new sentence, 228. 25, 286. 31; Service: Dative of, 264; cf 273.
cf. 5. 3 and S, 14. 3, 24. 1; (quo) Vocab. ^136. 3), 333. Vocab.;
313. Vocab., 314. N.; cf 323. also 65. 4.
21, 332. 37; (ubi) 269. 32, 343. si: followed by indef. qui (quis),
ix j cf. 287. 41, 312. 24 and 30. 255, 256. N. 2; cf 56. 1.
See also qui, ubi, and Indefinite Cf. also Conditional Sentences.
Relative Pronoun. similis : comparison of, 351 ; cf 298.
res : declension of, 347. N. 3-
respondeo : construction with, 342. construction with, 297. Vocab., 298.

Vocab. N. 3.
Result : expressed by Simple Conditional Sentences: 254.

clause introduced by ut (negative Singular : of Vita : rendered as pi.,
non), 273 with N. 39- 17«

relative clause, 174. II. SIS, sultis : literal force of, 224. N. 3.
River Names: 324. N. 1. soleo : semi-deponent, 372; cf. 213.

Rome : designated as urbs simply, N. 2.
48- 3- solus : declension of, 352. N.

rus : declension of, 248. Vocab. and Specification : abl. of, 239, 288 (2d)
N. 2 (346. X.). Rule; cf 37. 20, 126. 17.
abl. and ace. without prep., 276; Standards: of the Roman army, 130.
cf 341. 5- I, 131. 16, 132, 162.
locative case of, 247, 248. N. 2 studium : construction with, 329. 15.
(346. N.). Subject
emphasized by use of pron., 214.
saluti esse : 333. Vocab. 19.
satis: use of, 297. Vocab. and (1st) of indirect discourse; expressed,
Rem. 211. 1 (contrast 245. N. 3).
scio: with idiomatic infin., 23. 3; cf position of; in complex sentence,
nescio. cf 20. 17.
211. 12;
scribO : special construction with, suppressed with sunt qui, etc.,
138. 2. 297. N.
INDEX 461
Subjunctive : use of sui and suus in certain

Horatory; negative ne, 305. kinds of, 316 ff., 318 (1st) N.
in Causal clauses; (cum) 220; SUI: declension of, 355.
(quod) 55. ii, 62. 13; cf 166. abl. of; with postpositive -cum,
3; (rel.) 170. 4. 211. 3.
in clauses dependent on Verbs of contrasted with ipse, 318. Rem. 1.
Fearing, 258. gen. not used to express owner-

in Conditional Sentences, 254 (2d) ship, 319. Rem.
Rule, 338 ff. idioms: se coniungere cum with
in dependent clauses in indirect abl., 307. 33; se recipere, 240.
discourse, 267; cf. 61. 14. N. 4; cf 284. 24; se tenere with
in Indirect Questions, 312 ff; cf. abl., 218. 16, 232. 28, 323. 25.
126. 17. use of; general, 316 ff.; ambigu-
in Purpose clauses; see under Pur- ous, 318 (1st) N.; in certain
pose, types of subordinate clauses, 316
in Relative clause dependent upon ff., 3 i8(ist)N.; r/2 35 (ist)N.
dignus, 86. 4. sultis, sis : literal force of, 224. N. 3.
in Relative clauses of Character- sum: conjugation of, 373.
istic, 297; cf 109. 5. compounds of, 374. N.; cf 101. 17.
in Result clauses, 273; (rel.) 174. form esse; omitted sometimes with
11. future active in fin. and gerundive
rendered "could," 46. 16; in indirect discourse, 222. 11,
"should," 255. Rem. 2; cf 104 234. 10.
18, in. 3, 150. ii; "would," form futurus, 204.
255. Rem. 2; cf 92. 13. omitted in repetitions, 243. 31, 307.
Tenses of: 13, 326. 14, 335. 19.
imperfect: force of, 220. N. 1, Cf also nemo est qui, and sunt
258 and N. qui.
Law of Sequence, 219, 220. N; Summary of Forms, 345.
cf 217. 1, 258 and N., 267 summus : use of, .104. 4.
and (1st) N., 313. N. See superior {cf 230. N. 2).

perfect; force and use of, 220. sunt qui 297. :
N. 2, 273. Rem. superior: comparison of, 351.

pluperfect : force of, 220. N. 2. Superlative: of adjs. andadvs., 351 ff.
short forms, 3. 1, 12. 9, 135. absolute use of, 13. 11.
16. formed by prefixing maxime, 352.

present: force of, 220. N. 1, 258 N. 3; ^44. 11, 176. 3.
with N. in -limus, 352. N. 2 (298. N. 3).
with fit ut, 251. Vocab. renderings of, 129. 3, 184. 7.
Subordinate Clauses with quam (and possum), 47. 14,

in indirect discourse, 267. 142. 5, 181. 14.
;
462 INDEX
Supine: formation o(, 287. When or Within Which; expressed
in -u, 288 with Rem.; cf. 126. 17. by abl., 199; cf. 62. 15, 99. 22,
in -um, 288. with N. and Rem.; also 257. 10.
'/95- 13.131. I- Cf also Dates.

SUUS :ambiguous in its reference, tot: force of, 310. N. 3.
cf. 318 (1st) N. totus : declension of, 352. N.
contrasted with the gen. of is, 317. modifying abl. lacking prep, in,
function of, 319. Rem. 32. 16.

masc. pi. of, used as noun, 330. N. Town Names :
order in phrase, 318 (2d) N.; cf. abl. and ace. without prep., 276;
206. 17, 228. 32, also 11. 6, 85. 4. cf. 79. 21 (contrast 182. 1).
use of, general, 316 ff. ; in certain I-Stems; ace. in -im, 324. N. 1.
types of subordinate clauses, 316 locative case of, 247; cf. 276,
ff., 3 i8(ist)N.; <f/.235(ist)N. 345. N. 2.
with force of objective gen., 166. of second declension; in -ium,

3- 345. \\ 2 ; cf 219. Rem. 2,
247. Rem. 1.
tarn: use of, 273. Vocab.; cf. 310. tradO: derivation of, 1 1 . 4.
N. 3. tradiico : derivation of, and con-

tamen : position in sentence and struction with, 91. 10, 142. 12.
clause, 219. N. 3. Transitive Verbs: defined, 279.
tantum : usually postpositive, 276. absolute use of, 279. Rem.
N. 1. use of gerund of, 279. Rem.; cf 308.
Tenses: sequence of, 219. use of gerundive of, 279. Rule;
See Imperative. Indicative, Inlmi- cf 309.
tive. Participle, and Subjunctive. tres : declension of, 353.
terra marique : 41. 15. governing e, ex with abl., 213. N. 1.
Third Declension : Adjectives, 349 ff. tribiinus fmilitum) : rank of, 126. 18.
Nouns, 346 ff. tu : declension of, 355.
See also I-Stems. abl. with postpositive -cum, 211. 3.
Third or K-Conjugation, 364 ff., forms of, used reflexively, 318.
366 ff. Rem. 2 (356. N. 1).
Third Person Pronoun; see is. gen. not used to express owner-
Third Person Reflexives : see sui ship, 319. Rem.
and suus. turris : declension of, 346 (324).
Three Terminations: Adjs. of, 351. tlitO: comparison of, 352.
Time : tutus : contrasted with incolumis,
Extent of; expressed by ace, 199. 204. N. 3.
N. 2, 236. N. 2; cf. 123. 1. tuus : order in phrase, 318 (2d) N.
methods of measuring, 75, 91. 17; reflexive use of, 318. Rem. 2.
cf 74. 16. Two Terminations: Adjs. of, 351.

IXDEX 463
U-Stems : see Fourth or U- De- of Motion .
clension. governing ad with ace. of gerund

ubi : contrasted with qu5, 314- N. and gerundive, 235. N., 292
relative use illustrated, 216. N. 2. (top).
See also Relative Words. governing supine in -um, 288
ullus: declension of, 352. N. (1st) Rule, 292 (top),
umquam: use of, 233. Vocab. quo with, 314. N.
unus: declension of, 352. of saying, thinking, etc.: personal
governing e, ex with abl., 213. passive of, 5. 17.
N.i. position in sentence; irregular, 293.

urbs : "the city," i.e. Rome, 48. 3. 9, 320. 4; cf. 266. 21.
usui esse, 273. Vocab., 274. N. 3; See Intransitive and Transitive,
cf. 136. 3. vereor: construction with, 310. N. 2
ut : introducing Purpose clauses, (258).
290; governed by hortor, 251. perf. partic. of, 310. Vocab. (270.
Vocab. ; by impero, 302. Vocab. Rem.); cf 2. 17.
by persuadeo, 230. Vocab.; vero : position in sentence, 246. 5.
governing verb implied merely, Vestal Virgins : 9.
138. 2. vester : order in phrase, 318 (2d)

introducing Result clauses, 273 Rem.
with N. reflexive use of, 318. Rem. 2.
with fit, etc., 251. Vocab. videor : indirect discourse with, 245.
with verbs of Fearing, 258. N. 3 .
ut non : contrasted with ne, 273. N. vinco : construction with, 223. Vocab.
uter: declension of. 352. X. vir: declension of, 345.
iitor : construction with, 270. contrasted with homo, 204. N. 2.
supplemented by USUI esse, Vis : declension of, 348.
274. N. 3- Vita: sing.; rendered as pi., 39. 17.

VOCans: declension of, 349.
Vague Future Conditional Sentences : Vocative: 345. N. 1 (219. N. 2).
254, 255. Rem. 2. VOCO conjugation
: of, 360.
valles •
declension of, 346. VOlO : conjugation of, 374.
veils re misque : 113. 19.
Verb Constructions : List of, 382. Watches: of the night, 91. 17.
Verbs : Regular, 360 fT. : Irregular, Way by Which : expressed by abl.,
373 «• 294; rf. 5. 13, 37. 5, 103. 17,

governing abl., 270. 164. 13.
governing dat., see Dative of Indi- Winter: little fighting during, 144.
rect Object. 12; cf. 178. 5.
of Fearing, 258; cf 310. N. 2. Word List, 186.

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IgBiili

NEW YORK •: CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO

Copyright, 1912, 1913, by

Entered at Stationers' Hall, London.

NUTTING. LATIN READER.

quite in harmony with that general design that this second

work, oral or written. In this way, without loss in any

attack a simple passage from Caesar or Nepos, not as a

and the text, therefore, is necessarily for the most part

original. With the idea of stimulating interest, and to

the main events of the years 1492-1783, and the second

numerals, all words which are used in but a single lesson

my colleague, Dr. M. E. Deutsch, who has read a large

ing dissatisfaction with a course of study which begins with

seems no large measure be

(i) To provide abundant easy reading matter, carefully

will thus remain for discussion of the material provided for

With the helps provided in the way of footnotes and Word

every way be encouraged for a story always has added ;

charm when taken up for the first time, especially if it be

little for, aside from numerals, proper names, and

the material supplied in the footnotes, the whole series of

way of paraphrase and cross-reference.

Reader, to introduce many abstract rules regarding Latin

ing, will learn much by induction. The teacher will need

care of itself surprisingly well, so far as fundamentals are

work of the new school year be begun with a review

tinued) 6 31. The Beginning of the French

21. The Death of Philip ... 24 Life 51

Tales of Land and Sea

Stories from Caesar Retold

101. Unexpected Trouble . . 123 I 103. Division of Opinion in the

104. The Advice of the Enemy is in. A Messenger eludes the

107. Annihilation of the Roman sar's Approach . .139

Force 131 114. The Enemy raise the Siege 141 .

10& The Gauls attack a Second 115. They are Outgeneraled by

Selected Passages from Latin Prose Authors

126-128. An Episode from the 131. The Death of Caesar. .166 .

Gallic War. . . . . 158 132-133. The Fate of Hannibal 169 .

129-130. An Episode from the 134-136. Catiline's Conspiracy . 172

Word List 186

The Scene of Curio's Campaign in Africa 146

Asia Minor 179

Force 131 114. The Enemy raise the Siege 141 .

10& The Gauls attack a Second 115. They are Outgeneraled by

Selected Passages from Latin Prose Authors

126-128. An Episode from the 131. The Death of Caesar. .166 .

Gallic War. . . . . 158 132-133. The Fate of Hannibal 169 .

129-130. An Episode from the 134-136. Catiline's Conspiracy . 172

Word List 186

The Scene of Curio's Campaign in Africa 146

Asia Minor 179

XVII. The Conditional Sentence .... 251

XX. Dative of Service 264

abl., ablative. interrog., interrogative.

ace., accusative. lit., literally.

act., active. loc, locative.

compar., comparative. p., page.