REVIEW NOTES ON LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

SJIT CRIMINOLOGY CL-MABIKAS 2014

POLICE INTELLIGENCE

INTRODUCTION

An exception from the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics which states,

“WHATEVER I SEE OR HEAR OF A CONFIDENTIAL NA TURE THAT IS
CONFIDED TO ME IN MY OFFICIAL CAPACITY WILL BE KEPT EVER SECRET
UNLESS REVELATION IS NECESSARY IN THE PERFORMANCE OF MY DUTY"
is the most appropriate description of the police organization's engagement in Police
Intelligence.

The importance of intelligence and secret service has become increasingly

emphasized. Without complete, accurate and timely intelligence, people can be lost,
governments are embarrassed and nations fall under the control of powers opposed to the
freedom of man and his activities.

Internal defense is a primary function of the police. Intelligence is necessary in

the planning of policy formulations concerning defense and crime prevention programs
carried out through both military and police operations - developed in time of peace and
war. It is necessary to protect the way of life and freedom of people, which is valued so
dearly.

Intelligence for the country

The intelligence community is not only our first line of defenses against the
various threats to national stability but also bears the awesome responsibility of providing
comprehensive, accurate and timely information for political and socio-economic
decision-making.

It is a standing policy of the Department of National Defense and the Law

Enforcement Agencies to meet out swift and uncompromising action against those who
trample upon the democratic rights of our people. As the first line of defense against
subversion or dissidence, the intelligence arm must also be our first line of defense in the
protection of human rights.

The tasks of the intelligence service have not only grown in dimension but have
also expanded in their complexity. More than ever, the intelligence service is called upon
to bolster the role of intelligence not only in its preventive aspect but also in shaping the
political, social and economic transformation of our society. Intelligence must not only
act as an early warning system against the martial threats to the public but also must
delve deep into the roots of dissidence and indicate the areas where socio-economic
amelioration would be most effective.

THE INTELLIGENCE WORKER

First of all, he must be steeped in the precepts of the New Society that he is
foresworn to uphold. He must know not merely the tactical but the national and strategic
considerations of his mission. He must work within an organization that is disciplined,
efficient and resourceful.

The intelligence man must always perform with the highest level of professional
sophistication. He must be aware that covert information, whenever classified maybe
withheld to a point that it cannot be availed for strategic or tactical purposes. Information
must not be withheld from the public when the considerations of psychological warfare
dictate otherwise.
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HISTORICAL SETTING

From the beginnings of recorded history, we note that such inquiries are made not
solely about the situation and prospect of the single individual but about those of the
group - the tribe, the kingdom, the nation.

Biblical Beginnings

The earliest source of intelligence, in the age of belief is super natural

interventions in the affairs of men, were prophets, seers, oracles, soothsayers and
astrologers. Since God knew what was going to happen ahead to time, having to some
extent ordained the outcome of events.

The earliest recorded instances of intelligence fathering can be found in the Holy
Bible (Numbers 13) "When Moses was in the wilderness with the children of Israel, he
was directed by the Lord to send a ruler to each of the tribes of Israel to spy out the Land
of Canaan which the Lord had designed as their home. They spent forty days on their
mission and thereafter reported back to Moses their findings."

MOSES

One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with format, can also be
found in the Holy Bible Numbers 13:17.

"And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan and said unto them, get you up this
way southward, and go up into the mountain; and see the lands, what it is; and the people
that dwell therein, whether they are strong or weak, few or many; and what the land they
dwelt in, whether in tents, or in strongholds; and what land is; whether it be fat or lean,
whether there be wood therein, or not. And be of good courage and bring of the fruit of
the land."

The scriptures also named the twelve intelligence agents whom the Lord directed
Moses to sent into the land of Canaan and records that "all those men were heads of the
children of Israel."

RAHAB

The Harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21)" who sheltered and concealed the agents of
Israel, made a covenant with the agents and duped their pursuers. She was not only an
impromptu confederate of immense value for the Jewish leader of that far distant day, but
also established a plot-pattern which is still of periodic relief to motion picture producers.

DELILAH

The Philistine used her when she allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house
(Judges 16). Delilah was an impromptu intelligence agent. Apart from her tonsorial
specialty, she also allowed sex to gain intelligence from a powerful enemy. She achieved
the largest effective force of her employer's adversaries and contriving the stroke which
put that force out of action".

EVENTS AND PERSONALTIES IN THE WORLD OF INTELLIGENCE

Sun -Tzu
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The East was ahead of the West in the raft of intelligence in 400 B.C. rejecting the
oracles and the seer. Sun - Tzu, a Chinese philosopher takes a more practical view
according to him, what is called foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits, nor from
gods nor from/analogy with past events nor from calculations. He wrote, "It must be
stained from men who knew the enemy situation.'' It is no wonder that Sun - Tzu's book
entitled The Art of War" is the favorite readings of the late Mao Tse Tung and is a
required reading material for the Chinese Communist Tacticians. He further wrote the
saying in which most people in the intelligence service believe became a parlance in the
world of intelligence:

"Know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles"
"If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will meet
defeat in every battle."

Alexander the Great

When Alexander the Great was/marching to Asia, were rumors of disaffection

growing among his allies and mercenaries, he sought the truth, and got it by simplest
expedient by devising the first "letter sorting" and opening to obtain information.

Sertorius

He was the Roman, Commander in Spain who possessed a White Fawn and
allowed it to become widely known – that he derived secrets and guidance from the fawn.
His intelligence agents credited their information to the supernatural power of animals.

Akbar

He was known to be the sagacious master of the Hindustan. He employed more

than 4,000 agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest
upon it.

Genghis Khan

He was known The Great Mongol", who used intelligence to conquer China and
invade Cathay. He instructed his Generals to send out spies and used prisoners as sources
of information. The leader of the so-called MONGOL CONQUERORS - made use of
effective propaganda machine by spreading rumors of Mongol Terror, they collected
information on weaknesses and rivalries of Europe. The leaders usually disguised as
merchants.

RENAISSANCE Period

With the rise of Nationalism and development of modem armies, intelligence

became apparent to large states.

In England, Sir Francis Walsingham – under Queen Elizabeth, organized the first
National Intelligence service. He employed spies on the staff of the Admiral in Command
of the Spanish Army and able to obtain information regarding Spanish Army as to their
ships, equipment, forces and stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless
assassins.

In France, Richlieu – Introduced the network of covert collectors who transmitted

prompt and accurate information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and
dissidents of the kingdom.
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Louis XIV – systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal censorship and
military intelligence organization were his contributions.

The French Intelligence System continued since 15th Century.

Napoleon Bonaparte once said, "One Spy in the right place is worth 20 ,000 men in the
field". He organized two Bureaus of Interest:

 Bureau of Intelligence – which consolidates all incoming information regarding

the enemy for presentation to the emperor and to obtain information as desired,
and

 Topographic Bureau – This maintains a large map which covers the latest
information regarding both enemy and friendly forces. He maintained Military
Intelligence and Secret Political Police Service all over Europe. His main arm was
"Spy against spy" concept.

Frederick the Great –

He was known as the "Father of Organized Military Espionage". He has

divided his agents into four classes:

 Common spies – those recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a small sum or to
accommodate as military officer.
 Double spies – are unreliable renegades, chiefly involved in spreading false
information to the enemy.
 Spies of Consequences – couriers and noblemen, staff officers, and kindred
conspirators, requiring a substantial bribe or bait,
 Persons who were forced to undertake espionage against their own will.

Hannibal

He was considered one of the brilliant military strategies in the history of military
Intelligence. He had developed an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome. He
usually roam around the city often disguise himself as a beggar to gather first hand
information.

Julius Caesar

During his time, the staff of each Roman Legion includes ten "speculators" who
served as an information-collecting agency.

The "speculators" – were the first intelligence personnel to appear definitely in a

military organization.

Military success of the Romans was aided by communication system. Made use
of carrier pigeons, which made possible the amazing speed with which intelligence of
Imperial Rome was transmitted They also employed ciphers to ensure secrecy of
communications.

George Washington

Conspirator under oath abounds in the history of every nation. George

Washington was grand master in intelligence. He mobilized the Free Masons of the
colonies at the outbreak of the American war of Independence.
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Karl Schulmeister

Karl Schulmeister was Napoleon's eye, Napoleon's military secret, born on

August 5, 1770. He began his career in offensive espionage under a cover role; he was
able to infiltrate the Austrian General Staff.

Wilhelm Stieber
He incorporated intelligence in the General Staff Support System. He further
device military censorship and organized military propaganda. He introduced military
censorship and organized military propaganda. He works as a census taker and developed
informal gathering of data.

Alfred Redl

He was one of the most brilliant intelligent agents. Though a homosexual, he

became Chief of the Austro - Hungarian Secret Service. He became a double agent of
Russia. In 1913, his treason was discovered and he was forced to commit suicide. His
treason also led to the death of almost 500,000 agents and soldiers combined in his 13
years espionage episode.

Brahma Kautilya

In Ancient India, he overthrew the Nanda dynasty and established the first
MAYURYAN king in the Indian throne. He recommended to his king that for the ruler to
succeed, the ruler should strike at his enemy's weak points by means of spies. He
proposed the following means to conquer enemy's stronghold:

1. Intrigues and spies – Winning over enemy's people

2. Siege and assault – Before beginning military operation, a conqueror should
know the comparative strength and weaknesses of himself and his enemy. No war
should be undertaken without careful examination of all factors reported by the
kings' spies.

MAYURYAN SPY SYSTEM

Rivaled Modern Soviet and had the following tasks:

 Shadow the king's ministers and officials and attempt to determine their very
thoughts
 Report wrong doings of the people
 Operate secretly in foreign countries
 Spread unrest
 Commit act of sabotage
 Assassinate political and military leaders
 Official envoys were instructed to make friends with officials of the enemy to
compare their military strengths with their own.

State Informer

Edward I, King of England in 1725 organized a systematic police system so called

witch and ward. By Royal proclamation, the profession "State Informer "was created in
1734 enjoining all informers to expose criminal activities and be compensated.

Fouche of France
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A Frenchman born in 1759, rose to become the most feared and respected
intelligence director in French history. He created a network of agent. His assistance
founded the modern system of spying on spies, which later was known as counter
espionage.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice

and became what is known as the F.B.I, under its first director John Edgar Hoover in
1924. On September 6, 1939 by a presidential directive, it came to its responsibility the
task of a domestic intelligence.

Central Intelligence Agency

The agency was created under the US National Security Act of 1947. It was the
Central Intelligence group established during the time of President Truman in January
1946. The CIA was under the National Security Council.

Committee for State Security

Russia – The Intelligence agency known as the KGB – Komitet Gosudarstvennoy

Bezopasnosti (KGB)

British Secret Service - Great Britain

Mossad – Israel,
BND – West Germany
KCIA – Korean Central Intelligence Agency

Britain: Scotland Yard, London Metropolitan Police Force

It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which signaled the beginning of a
colorful legendary police force and considered one of the most efficient in the world
today.

GERMAN INTELLIGENCE – gained a high reputation for offensive effectiveness

throughout Europe but declined at the outset of the war.

BRITISH INTELLIGENCE – succeeded greatly by means of censorship and its CODE

ROOM combined with skillful use of COVERT agents.

US expanded their NAVAL INTELLIGENCE wherein DOMESTIC

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE became a principal activity. At this time US created three
branches of its Intelligence System:

 POSITIVE BRANCH – function of collecting evaluating and disseminating

intelligence. Prepare situation estimate and translate documents;
 NEGATIVE BRANCH – It is the counterintelligence functions which involve in
investigating disloyalty and sedition, investigate enemy activities, investigate
graft and fraud in organization;
 GEOGRAPHIC BRANCH - Produces maps, photographs, and terrain studies.

SECTIONS – administration, collection by attaches and troops, codes and ciphers.

World War II
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GERMAN INTELLIGENCE – started the war with the world's best organized
intelligence service through advance preparation of intelligence accompanied by troop
movements. GERMAN INTELLIGENCE WEAKENED by the attitude of the Officer
Group wherein they subordinated intelligence to operation and did not regard intelligence
assignment worthy of a soldier.

JAPANESE INTELLIGENCE – failed because it was not provided with sufficient

number of trained personnel to assemble and evaluate the mass of materials which were
collected although Japanese Intelligence was involved in short war and defensive in
nature.

BRITISH INTELLIGENCE – the delay in the use of German V-BOMB against them
was their main achievement during this time.

In 1942 – a female special agent was able to transmit vital information concerning the
activities and installations of the main research station at Penemuenda. Its intelligence
failed in the defeat of GENERAL MONTGOMERY'S forces at ANNHEIM.

US INTELLIGENCE – In 1941, The US Strategic Service was established to research

and analyze military, political and economic information as it affected the security of the
country.

CHINESE INTELLIGENCE – In 1932, TAI LI - organized the China's Secret Police to

conduct espionage and counterespionage against Japanese Spies and Chinese communist.

SOVIET INTELLIGENCE – AMTORG was organized for the purpose of purchasing

all kinds of materials for the Soviet Union.

SMERSH or "DEATH TO SPIES" – was organized during the war as

counterintelligence concerned with disaffection among Soviet troops and anti-
communism in any form. Its five major divisions are:

1. Administration
2. Operation
3. Investigation
4. Prosecution, and
5. Personnel.

POST WAR PERIOD: The superpowers Soviet Intelligence System

SOVIET COUNTERINTELLIGENCE known as "IRON CURTAIN – signified that no

one may cross the borders of the USSR without" being detected.

United States Intelligence System

The CIA and the FBI - the CIA is one among the biggest in the world in terms of
intelligence networking. CIA and the FBI and the other state/federal units of intelligence
services were US main intelligence agencies.

AGENTS OF BETRAYALS

Intelligence – Is sometimes described as a "world of deceit and betrayal".

Essential Interest in Intelligence

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Intelligence Defined

Webster defines intelligence – as the capacity for understanding and for other forms of
adaptive intellect of behavior; the mind in operation; the power of meeting any situation,
especially a novel situation, successfully by proper behavior adjustments; the ability to
apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action
towards goal; knowledge of an event, circumstances, etc., received or imparted; the
gathering or distribution of information; the staff of persons engaged in obtaining such
information.

Base on Psychology – Intelligence is the capacity of a person to adjust to new situations

through the use of what has been previously learned.

According to Government – Commission Task Force – It means the collection,

processing, collation, interpretation, evaluation and dissemination of information, with
references to national security. In certain context, it may also mean the network or the
system for the collection, collation, interpretation, evaluation, processing, and
dissemination of information. "The term as used here doesn't include any police powers
or authorities, any investigative function other than those involve in the collection of
information nor any function involved in the enforcement of laws, orders, or regulation.

According to Military Terminologies – Intelligence is the end product resulting from

the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available
information which my have immediate or potential significance to the development and
execution of plans, policies and programs of the users.

According to Police Parlance – The end product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of al| available information regarding
the activities of criminal and other law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals
and other law violators for the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining, evidence, and
forestalling plan to commit crime.

Functions of Intelligence in General

Today all counties have their intelligence services. They maybe different in their
organization, efficiency and method but they all have the basic functions such as:

 the collection or procurement of information

 the evaluation of the information which then become intelligence
 the dissemination of intelligence to those who need it.
 counter intelligence or negative intelligence, which is dedicated to the
concealment and protection of one's own information from the adversary
intelligence operation. It is a defensive function of intelligence.

Other Functions of Intelligence

 To procure and obtain political, economical, psychological, sociological, military and

other information, which may bear upon, national interest and which had been
collected by the different governmental department and agencies.
 To serve all branches of government
 To collect, when necessary, supplemental information whether at its own instance or
at the request of any governmental agency and official from other various sources.
 To integrate, analyze processes and disseminate to authorized governmental agencies
and officials in the form of report or strategic interpretative studies.
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Uses of Police Intelligence

Police convert and overt intelligence operation maybe used to:

1. Check the condition of the community relating to crime, vice, juvenile

delinquency and indications of subversion and insurgency.
2. Determine through counter intelligence applicant matters pertaining to personnel
security, physical security and document security of the police organization.
3. Determine the follow-up lead that helps in the solution of individual criminal
cases.
4. Identify criminal elements and other law breakers as well as their associates.
5. Assist in the arrest of wanted criminals and those wanted under RA 1700
otherwise known as the Anti-Subversion Law.
6. Check on the quality and effectiveness of the operation of the police forces.
7. Check on the security conditions of police personnel, funds, equipment and
materials.
8. Help in crime control prevention.
9. Serve as a tool of management for planning and organizational employment
purposes.

Principles of Intelligence

Criteria

a. Universality of application – It should apply to as many phases and aspects

of intelligence as possible. It should guide not only the production of intelligence
but also the concomitant activities essential to the process as well as
the organization and the thought and actions of the individual composing it.
b. It must be broad – It should form the basis for a formulation of corollary and
subsidiary guides.
c. It must be important, indeed essential, to intelligence – If a guide is truly
important and essential, then its violations should bring its own immediate
penalties.

Doctrines

a. There exists an essential unity between knowledge and action; that knowledge
enhances the effectiveness of action - and minimizes the chances of error.
b. 'The knowledge requirements of decision-making are complex and beyond the
capacities of anyone necessary to meet there requirements."

Principles

Objectivity – in intelligence, only the well guided succeed. It is a basic intelligence

concept that there must be unity between knowledge and action, it follows therefore that
intelligence should interact and condition the decision. Intelligence must be adapted to
the needs of the decision; it is both giver and taker. Action or decision is planned by
knowledge and guided by it at every step.

Interdependence – Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component elements to

insure complete coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or
manageable sizes. Nevertheless, each subdivision remains as essential part of unity;
contributes proportionately to the end result; possesses a precise interrelationship; and
interacts with each other so as to achieve a balanced and harmonious whole.
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Continuity – Intelligence must be continuous. It is necessary that coverage be continuous

so that the shape of what happens today could be studied in the light of what happened
before, which in turn would enable us to predict the shape of things to come.

Communication – Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated to all the

decision makers in manner that they will understand and form that will permit its most
effective use.

Usefulness – Intelligence is useless if it remains in the minds, or in the files of its

collectors or its producers. The story must be told and it must be told well. The story
must be convincing and lo be convincing it must not only be plausible or factual but its
significance must be shown.

Selection – Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at hand.

Intelligence involves the plowing through a maze of information, considering
innumerable number of means or of picking the most promising of a multitude of leads.

Timeliness – Intelligence must be communicated to the decision maker at the appropriate

time to permit its most effective use. This is one of the most important and most obvious,
for Intelligence that is too soon or too late are equally useless.

Security – Security is achieved by the measures which intelligence takes to protect and
preserve the integrity of its activities. If intelligence has no security, it might be as well
being run like a newspaper to which it is similar.

Cardinal Principle in Police Intelligence

The cardinal principle in police intelligence at all levels is the proper, economical
and most productive use of personnel resources and equipment employed and/or utilized
in planning the collection of information and dissemination of intelligence. To pursue
these ends, heads of the police commands in the zone/regional, provincial, district and
station levels shall maintain a harmonious working relationship with other civilian
intelligence agencies. Liaison with these agencies will be encouraged at all times and as
necessary to effect coordination of intelligence operations.

The Principal Areas of Interest in Intelligence

The information that nations need for the conduct of their foreign relations and
domestic affairs is vast as to both type and subject. We live today in a highly complex
world in which competition is accurate and often ruthless. No nation today can any
longer exist in an isolated position, sealed off from the rest of the world or projected
automatically by natural barriers. Every nation must, of necessity, fit itself into the global
pattern that technological progress has forced upon the world.

To illustrate this point, an outline of the major consideration of intelligence may

appear in this form:
1. Military – offensive and defensive tactics, war plans, strategic concepts and tactical
principles, organizations, installations, industrial lease, armed forces, command structure,
command personnel, material, tactics, morale,
2. General – topographical and hydrographic characteristics, historical
backgrounds
3. Diplomatic – foreign policies, alliances, diplomatic establishment, foreign service
personnel, technique of conducting foreign relations
4. Political – Ideology, traditions, institutions, personalities, area of friction
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5. Communications and Transportation – telephones, telegraphs, wireless, railways,

shipping, automobiles and trucks, highways, aviation, ownership, policies,
organization, personnel
6. Social – nationality structure, classes and caste, historical factors, census, personal
aspects, characteristics and mentality of people forces, social legislation, radio,
television, press, motion picture
7. Intelligence – organizations, methods and personnel of competing intelligence
system
8. Economic – On economics, the areas are on:
 Financial - Monetary policies, Currency structure, Transactions,
Institutions, Personalities
 Commercial - trade policies, markets, trading methods, price policies,
personalities
 Industrial - structure of Capacity, manufacturing plants and processes, raw
material, energy rotations, labor relations, personalities
 Mining - Mineral Resources, Production method, Output
 Agriculture - policies, crop structure, cultivation method, mechanization,
financing, specific characteristics of rural population

General Activities in Police Intelligence

1. Strategic Intelligence – It is an intelligence activity which is primarily long range in

nature with little practical immediate operation value.
2. Line Intelligence – It is an intelligence activity that has the immediate nature and
value necessary for more effective police planning and operation.
3. National Intelligence – It is the integrated product of intelligence developed by all the
governmental branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national security and
policy. It is concerned to more than one department or agency and it is not produced by
single entity. It is used to coordinate all the activities of the government in developing
and executing integrated and national policies and plans.
4. Counter-intelligence – phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in
destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info
against espionage, subversion and sabotage.
5. Undercover Work – Is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover
and deception are used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose of
determining the nature and extent of any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or
perpetuating.

Functional Classification of Police Intelligence

1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes

and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance
of peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the
protection of lives and properties.

Forms of Intelligence

1. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of

groups of people. It includes the population and manpower and the characteristics of the
people, public opinion - attitude of the majority of the people towards matter of public
policy and education.
2. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individuals personalities who have actual
possession of power.
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3. Armed Force Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the nation. It includes the
position of the armed forces, the constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual
role, the organizational structure and territorial disposition, and the military manpower
recruitment and Order of Battle
4. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the progress of research and
development as it affects the economic and military potential of a nation.

KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE

A. Strategic intelligence – it is an intelligence data that are not of an immediate value. It

is usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical description of personalities,
modus operandi. It does not have immediate operational value but rather long range that
may become relevant to future police operations.
B. Line Intelligence – It is the kind of intelligence required by the commander to provide
for planning and conduct tactical and administrative operation in counter insurgency.

Intelligence information to be determined in Line Intelligence are:

1. People - living condition of the people, sources of income, education of the

people, government livelihood projects, extent of enemy influence to the people
2. Weather - visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation (rain), wind
3. Enemy - location of the enemy, strength of the enemy, disposition, tactical
capability, enemy vulnerability
4. Terrain - relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface material, man made
features. There are military aspects of terrain which includes cover and
concealment, obstacle, critical key terrain features, observation and fields of fire,
and avenues of approach.

C. Counter Intelligence (CI) – this kind of intelligence covers the activity devoted in
destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info
against espionage, subversion and sabotage.

The three activities of CI are:

1. Protection of information against espionage;

2. Protection of personnel against subversion; and
3. Protection of installations and material against sabotage.

Measures in CI must be both passive and active.

Passive measures – are those measures which seek to conceal info from the enemy while
active measures – are those which seek actively to block the enemy's efforts to gain info
or engage in espionage, subversion or sabotage.

Counter Intelligence is also known as Negative Intelligence - a generic term meaning

three different things;

Security Intelligence – means that the total sum of efforts to counsel the national
policies, diplomatic decisions, military data, and any other information of a secret nature
affecting the security of the nation form unauthorized persons. It is an effort to deny
information to unauthorized persons by restricting to those who are explicitly authorized
to possess it.

Counter-intelligence – Is the organized effort to protect specific data that might be of

value to the opponent's own intelligence organization.
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Counter-Espionage – In counter-espionage, negative intelligence becomes a dynamic

and active effort. Its purpose is to investigate actual or theoretical violation of espionage
laws, to enforce those laws and to apprehend any violators. It is a job to catch spies.

Counter espionage is simple aimed at locating the enemy, to identifying the

enemy, and neutralizing the enemy.

Categories of CI Operation

1. Military Security – It encompasses the measures taken by a command to protect

itself against espionage, enemy operation, sabotage, subversion or surprise.
2. Port Frontier and Travel Security – has to do with the application of both
military and civil security measures for CI control at point of entry and departure,
international borders or boundaries.
3. Civil Security – It encompasses active and passive CI measures affecting the
non-military nationals permanently or temporarily residing in an area under
military jurisdiction.
4. Censorship – It is the control and examination of the civil, national, armed
forces, field press, and POWs.
5. Special Operations – counter subversion, sabotage and espionage

Counter Intelligence (CI) Operation

CI operation is an activity that constitutes the value of the CI workload worldwide

and includes specific investigation of individual and incidence which for the most part
are conducted in an overt but discreet manner.

Three Categories of CI Measure

1. Denial Measure – secrecy discipline, document security, camouflage and

concealment, communication security, military censorship, counter
reconnaissance
2. Detection Measure – PSI, security tag or pass card, challenge or password,
reconnaissance
3. Deception Measures – use of escape and evasion, dummy position, fabricated
information

Categories of CI Operation

1. Counter Human Intel (HUMINT) – seeks to overcome enemy attempts to use

human sources to collect information or to conduct sabotage and subversion
which includes CI special operations, liaison, counter security, and CI screening.
2. Counter Imagery Intel (IMINT) – Includes action taken to determine enemy and
related enemy weaknesses, capabilities and activities. Successful counter - IMINT
operations rely -heavily on pattern and movement analysis and evaluation of the
enemy.
3. Counter Signal Intel (SIGINT) – determine enemy SIGINT and related enemy
weaknesses, capabilities and activities, assess friendly operations to identify
patterns, profiles and develop, recommend and analyze counter measures.

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

The single most important part of intelligence activity is the understanding the
intelligence cycle because MISSION, which is the core of the cycle, se foundation of all
intelligence operations. Every operative must therefore place into the following phases of
the cycle:
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PHASE 1 – Planning the Collection Effort

This phase of the cycle involve the determination of the requirements of

intelligence. It is concerned with identifying the so called Essential Element of
Information (EEI).
Essential Element of Information (EEI) – an item of intelligence or information of the
characteristics of the area of operations and the enemy, which the commander feels he
needs before he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.

Categories of Intelligence Requirements In relation to use

1. Executive - are those information required by executive, governmental and

military commanders; the executive requirements are the basis for decisions and
national policy making.
2. Contributory - information required to complete the staff process - make staff
plans and estimates that contribute to the decision and policy making.
3. Operational – additional intelligence required in planning and carrying out
effectively the decision or policy announced. Decisions and policy require
implementation.
4. Collateral – higher or adjacent echelons of the government or military
establishment may require info.

In relation to type

1. Basic – are general reference materials for use in the planning regarding the
enemies, area of operations, capabilities - static comprehensive.
2. Current – are information which are temporary in nature and narrower in scope.
3. Estimative – are those that determine the future courses of action; required by the
executives to plan future military operations and policies.

Formulation of Intelligence Requirements

a. What are their capabilities and vulnerabilities?

b. What are the physical characteristics of the probable area of operation?
c. What major policies, plans and decisions must be made in the near future?
d. What step must be taken to preserve the security of the nation?
e. What is the information required by the higher, lower or adjacent echelons
within the government or armed forces?

PHASE 2 - Collection of information

This phase of the cycle is concerned with identification of the collecting agency,
the formulation of procedures on the manner of collecting the information in conjunction
with the plans as achieved in phase one.

Selection of Collecting Agencies

1. List all available sources; exploit the collecting agencies.

2. Collection will be assigned in accordance with capabilities;
3. Collection directives prepared once the proper collecting agency has been
selected to exploit a particular source;
4. Collection directives do not limit the activities of the collecting agency;
5. Criteria for the selection of collecting agency; suitability, capability, confirmation,
timeliness and balance.
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Purpose of the Collection Plan

1. To insure logical and orderly analysis of the intelligence requirements.

2. To establish a workable collection scheme based on the analysis of the
intelligence requirement.
3. To provide definite and precise directives to collecting agencies.
4. To avoid possibility of omission, conflict or unnecessary duplication of collection
effort.

Steps in Developing a Collection Plan

1. List the requirements in the order of priority

2. Break the requirements into indication – any evidence of actual or potential
enemy activity or characteristic of an area of operation, enemy activity or
characteristic of an area of operation, habitual activities - need experience.
3. Fit those indications into existing situations – critical clues, security measures,
attack, defense, etc.
4. Basis for development for specific collection directive – designed to exploit to the
fullest the collection directive; guide doesn't limit.
5. Selection of Collecting Agencies – criteria for selection, suitability, capability,
confirmation, timeliness and balance. Designation of particular time and place
that the required information is to be reported.

Factors in choosing Collection Agent

In choosing collection agents, they must be selected according to their capability

- agents placements or access to the target; multiplicity- more agents; and balance -the
number of agents needed per operation.

Methods of Collection – collection of information can be done through overt method

(open system) or covert method (secret/clandestine).

Collecting Agencies – depending on the type of operation, the collecting agency could be
Government Agencies, Intelligence units, or Organizations.

Trade Crafts – Includes the use of photography, investigations / elicitation /

interrogation, surveillance, sound equipment, surreptitious entry - keys and locks, use of
an artist, communication.

PHASE 3 – Processing the Collected Information

This phase of the cycle is concerned with the examination and collation of all
collected information.

Steps in Processing Raw Information

1. Collection – organization of raw data and information into usable form; grouping
similar items of information so that they will be readily accessible.

Recording – Is the reduction of info into writing or some other form of graphical
representation and the arranging or this info into writing or some form of graphical
representation and the arranging of this into groups of related items.

1. Police log book and Journal

2. Intel-work Sheet - Intel Files
3. Situation Maps - Rouges Gallery
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4. Modus Operandi Files

2. Evaluation – examination of raw information to determine intelligence value,

pertinence of the information, reliability of the source and agency, and its credibility or
truth of information.

Evaluation – Is the determination of the pertinence of the info to the operation, reliability
of the source of or agency and the accuracy of the info. Evaluation determines the
following:

1. Pertinence - does it hold some value to current operation? Is it needed

immediately?
2. Reliability- judging the source of info of agency
3. Credibility - truth of info. Is it possible for the reported fact or event to have
taken place? Is the report consistent within itself? Is the report confirmed or
corroborated by info from different sources or agencies? If the report does not
agree with info from other sources which one is more likely to be true?

The Evaluation Guide

ACCURACY OF RELIABILITY OF SOURCE OF

INFORMATION INFORMATION INFORMATION

A- CONFIRMED by other 1- COMPLETE RELIABLE T- Direct Observation by

sources Comdr/Chf of Unit
B- PROBABLY TRUE 2- USUALLY RELIABLE U- Report by DPA or
Resident Agent
C- POSSIBLY TRUE 3- FAIRLY RELIABLE V- Report by PNP/AFP
Troops
D- DOUBTFULLY TRUE 4- NOT USUALLY W- Interrogation of Captured
RELIABLE Enemy
E- IMPROBABLE 5- UNRELIABLE X- Observation of
gov't/civilian employee
F- TRUTH can not be judged 6- REALIBILITY cannot be Y/Z- Documentary
judged

3. Interpretation – It is establishing the meaning and significance of the information. It

involves the following activities:

 Analysis – shifting and isolating those elements that have significance in light of
the mission or national objective.
 Integration – combining the elements isolated in analysis and known information
to form a logical picture or theory.
 Deduction – the formulation of conclusions from the theory developed, tested and
considered valid n determination of effort and meaning of the information.

PHASE 4 – Dissemination and Use of Information

This phase of the cycle refers to the activities of transferring the processed
information to the proper users, most particularly the authority that requires the activity.
Processed information ban be disseminated through annexes, estimates, briefing,
message, reports, overlays, and or summaries.

The criteria that must be observed in dissemination are:

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Timeless – must reach the users on time to be of value. It must be disseminated in

accordance with the urgency and must reach the user in sufficient time to be use.

Propriety of the message must be clear, concise and complete, as well as in the proper
form for the receiver to readily understand its contents. It must be disseminated to the
correct user, presented in a form that lends itself to immediate use and distributed by the
most effective means appropriate to both time and security requirements.

Methods of Dissemination

1. Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the command

2. Memorandum, circulars, special orders
3. Operations order, oral or written
4. Conference n staff members
5. Other report and intelligence documents
6. Personal Contact

INFORMATION AND ITS SOURCES

Information

Information – refers to all evaluated materials of every description including those

derived from observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from which
intelligence in produced. Information is a communicated knowledge by others obtaining
by personal study, investigation, research, analysis, observation.

Two General classifications of sources of information:

1. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are coming from open sources.
2. Close Sources – 1% of information are collected from close sources.

Overt Intelligence – Is the gathering of information\or documents procured openly

without regard as to whether the subject or target become, knowledgeable of the purpose

Open Sources: Includes information taken from:

 Enemy activity
 ROW and Civilians
 Captured documents
 Map - Weather, forecast, studies, report – Agencies

Covert Intelligence – Is the secret procurement of information, which is obtained

without the knowledge of the person or persons safeguarding vital intelligence interest.

Close Sources: Include information which maybe taken through:

1. Surveillance
2. Casing and
3. Elicitation
4. Surreptitious entry
5. Employment of technical means (Bugging and Tapping device)
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6. Tactical Interrogation - Observation and Description (ODEX)

Other sources of Information: Overt and Covert

1. Routine patrol and Criminal investigation

2. Use of informants and Interrogations
3. Search and seizures and Cordon and scratch
4. Checkpoints and Police public relations activities
5. Coordination with law enforcement agencies
6. Inmates of various city jails, national penitentiary, military stockade.
7. Statistics

PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Informant Net – It is a controlled group of people who worked through the direction of
the agent handler. The informants, principal or cutouts supply the agent handler directly
or indirectly with Intel information

Informants (Asset) – people selected as sources of information, which could be

voluntary, or in consideration of a price.

Informant – refers to a person who gives information to the police voluntarily or

involuntarily with out any consideration
Informer – those who give information to the police for price or reward

Types of Informants

1. Criminal Informant – Informants who give information to the police pertaining

to the underworld about organized criminals with the understanding that his
identity will be protected
2. Confidential Informant – Is similar to the former but he gives information
violate of the law to includes crimes and criminals
3. Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give information freely and
willfully as a witness to a certain act
4. Special Informant – those who gives information concerning specialized cases
only and it is regarded a special treatment by the operatives (ex. teachers,
businessmen)
5. Anonymous Informant – those who gives information through telephone with
the hope that the informant can not be identified

Sub-type of Informant

1. Incidental Informant – a person who casually imparts information to an officer

with no intention of providing subsequent information
2. Recruited Informant – A person who is selected cultivated and developed into a
continuous source of info

Categories of Recruited Informants:

1. Spontaneous or Automatic Informant – Informants who by the nature of their

work or position in society have a certain legal, moral or ethical responsibilities to
report info to the police
2. Ordinary (out-of-their-will) Informants – Informants that are under the
compulsion to report info to the police
3. Special Employee – Informants who are of a specific operational nature
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Other Classification of Informant

Other terms related to people who gives information are:

1. Automatic Informant
2. Penetrating Agent
3. Infiltrating Agent
4. Full time Informant
5. Rival – Elimination Informant
6. False Informant
7. Frightened Informant
8. Self – aggrandizing Informant
9. Mercenary Informant
10. Double Grosser Informant
11. Woman Informant
12. Legitimate Informant.

Common Motives of Informants

People give information to the police due to various reasons. Their motives include:

1. reward
2. revenge
3. fear and avoidance of punishment
4. friendship
5. patriotism
6. vanity
7. civic-mindedness
8. repentance
9. competition, and
10. other motives.

INFORMANT RECRUITMENT

Phases

1. Selection – It is particularly desirable to be able to identity and recruit an informant

who has access to many criminal in-group or subversive organization.
2. Investigation – the investigation of the potential informants that has tentatively
identified as a "probable" must be as thorough as possible.
3. Approach – approach must be done in a setting from which might include pleasant
surroundings, perhaps a confidential apartment, completely free form any probability of
compromise, preferably in an adjacent city or a remote area foreign to the informants
living pattern.
4. Testing – the testing program should begin, of course, with the limited assignment,
with a gradual integration into the more important areas. The occasional testing of an
informant should continue through the entire affiliation

INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
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Intelligence Operations – Is the result of intelligence planning, planning is

always ahead of operation although an operation can be made without a plan, it is usually
due to sudden and inevitable situations but definitely this is poor intelligence
management.

Different Task involved in Police Intelligence Operation

1. Discovery and identification activity

2. Surveillance and Liaison Program
3. Informant Management
4. Clipping Services and Debriefing
5. Casing and other relevant miscellaneous activities
6. Utilization of Informant for planning and organizational employment purposes.

COVER AND UNDERCOVER ACTIVITIES

Cover – the means by which an individual group of organization conceals the true nature
of its acts and or existence from the observer.

Cover story – a biographical data through fictional that will portray the personality of the
agent he assumed, a scenario to cover up the operation.

Cover Support – an agent assigned in target areas with the primary mission of
supporting the cover story.

Importance of Cover

1. Secrecy of operation against enemy intelligence

2. Secrecy of operation against friendly agencies who do not have the need to know
3. Successful accomplishment of the mission

Organizational Cover – Is an account consisting of biographical which when adopted by

an individual will assume the personality he wants to adopt

Undercover Assignment – Is an investigative technique in which agent conceal his

official identity an obtain information from that organization

Planning Undercover Assignment

1. Determine level on which investigation is intended
2. Develop appropriate cover and cover story
3. Selection of qualified personnel
4. Consideration of all operational details to include documentation, contract reporting,
housing and convergence
5. Briefing, coaching and rehearsals

THE UNDECOVER AGENT

Special qualifications include knowledge of the language, area background regarding

events, knowledge about the custom and habits, physical appearance, and must be an
artist.

Selecting Action Agents

1. Placement – location of prospective agent with respect to the target

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2. Access – it is the capability of a prospective agent to obtain the desired info for the
Intel organization or to perform to Intel collection mission in the area.

Primary Access – It is the access to the desired info

Secondary Access – It is the access to the desired info through a principal source where
the latter has the direct access
Outside Access – the agent is employed outside the target and merely monitors info from
a third person who is monitoring info n the area

CONTROL – authority to direct the agent to carryout task or requirement on behalf of

the clandestine organization in an acceptable manner and security

Procuring Different Type of Agents

1. Agent in Place – an agent who has been recruited by an intelligence service

within a highly sensitive target, who is just beginning a career or have been long
or (outside) insider.
2. Double Agent – an enemy agent who has been captured, turned around and sent
back where he came from as an agent of his captors
3. Expandable Agent – an agent whom false information is leaked to the enemy.
4. Penetration Agent – an agent who has such reached the enemy gets information
and would manage to get back alive.
5. Agent of Influence – an agent who uses influence to gain information
6. Agent Provocation – one who provoke the enemy to give information

Theory and Practice of Double-Cross System (Double Agent System)

1. Control the enemy system.

2. Catch fresh spies when they appeared
3. Gain knowledge of other personalities and methods of the enemies' intelligence
service.
4. Obtain information about the codes and cipher work of the enemy
5. Get evidence of enemy plans and intentions from the questions asked from them.
6. Influence enemy plans by the answers sent to the enemy
7. Deceive the enemy about our plans and intentions.

METHODS OF COVERT INTELLIGENCE

Surveillance

Surveillance – Is a form of clandestine investigation which consists of keeping persons,

place or other targets under physical observation in order to obtain evidence or
information pertinent to an investigation.

Tailing or Shadowing – Surveillance of persons

Casing or Reconnaissance – Surveillance of place

Roping – Surveillance of other things, events, and activities

Considerations in Surveillance Planning

1. Pre-Surveillance Conference – a conference held among the members, the

police intelligence unit before surveillance is conducted.
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2. Surveillance Plan – a plan established the as required according to type of

personnel, and the general and specific instructions for surveillance.
3. Area Target Study – refers to the area of operation of surveillance activities.
4. Surveillant – a person who conducts surveillance with includes only
observations.
5. Stakeout or Plant - is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point.
6. Tailing or Shadowing – It is the observation of a person's movement.
7. Undercover Man – It refers to a person trained to observe and penetrate certain
organization suspected of illegal activities and later reports the observation and
information's that proper operational action can be made
8. Liaison Program – the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to other
agencies in order to obtain information of police intelligence value. (Agencies like
the press, credit agencies, labor unions, telephone companies)
9. Safe house – Is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police
undercover men meet for debriefing or reporting purposes.
10. Drop- any person is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting place where police
undercover men meet his action agent for debriefing or reporting purposes.
11. Convoy – an accomplice or associate of the subject used to avoid or elude
surveillant.
12. Decoy – a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a convoy whenever
surveillant is burned.
13. Contact – any persons whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under
observation and identifies the observer.
14. Made – when subject under surveillance becomes aware that he is under
observation and identifies the observer.
15. Lost - when the surveillant does not know the whereabouts of his subject or the
subject had eluded the surveillance.

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE According to Intensity and Sensitivity

1. Discreet – subject person to be watch is unaware that he is under observation

2. Close – subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each occasions
3. Loose – applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied on each
occasion

According to

1. Stationary – this is observation of place usually a bookie stall, a gambling, joint, a

residence where illegal activities are going on (fixed position)
2. Moving – surveillance follow the subject from the place to place to maintain
continuous watch of his activities
3. Technical – this is a surveillance by the use of communications and electronic
hardware's, gadgets, system and equipment

Considerations in the Selection of Personnel

1. Inconspicuous physical character

2. Ability to remain unnoticed
3. Resourcefulness
4. Patience and physical stamina
5. Keep sensory perception and good memory
6. Driving ability
7. Personal courage
8. Area knowledge
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9. Security consciousness
10. Administrative and Logistics: Communication and control

Some Do's and Don'ts in Surveillance

1. Do not make abrupt or unnatural movements

2. Do not make use of disguise that will attract attention
3. Never stare at the subject
4. Do not attempt to appear to innocent when assisted by the subject
5. Never speak to another surveillant unless absolutely necessary to accomplish the
mission
6. Plan ahead and be aware on changes of action
7. Take down notes safely
8. Make use of street furniture (telephone booth, sidewalk, vendors, waiting shades)
don’t drink while working undercover
9. Don't take a woman on an undercover assignment and don't claim to be a "big shot"
10. Don't spend money to much

The Place of Surveillance

Careful survey of the surrounding area should be made. The character of the
neighborhood, the residents and the transients should be noted. The observation point
should be selected. The following may be considered:

1. Using a room in a nearby house or business establishment and remaining undercover.

2. Remaining outdoors and posing who would normally conduct his business in such an
area, i.e., laborer, carpenter street vendor, etc.

Methods available to employ in Surveillance

Ordinarily, the methods are surveillance of place, tailing or shadowing (1-2-3

man shadow), undercover investigation, and special methods includes: wire tapping
-concealed microphones - tape recorder -television - electric gadgets

Essential Requirements and Appearance in Surveillance

In the actual process of operation, the agent is advised to be of general

appearance, has no noticeable peculiarities in appearance. Agent should not wear
inconspicuous jewelry or clothing, nothing about him to attract attention. He must have
perseverance and able to wait for hours. Alertness, resourcefulness, and being versatile
and quick-witted are his weapons.

Basic Preparations in Surveillance

1. Study the Subject – name, address, description, family and relatives, associates,
character and temperament, vice, hobbies, education, others
2. Knowledge of the area and terrain – maps, national and religious backgrounds,
transportation, public utilities
3. Subversive Organization – history and background, biography of the official,
identity and background of members and former members, method of
identification employed by the members, files and records, nature, location and
accessibility, meeting
4. Cover Story – the scenario must be appropriate to cover up operation and
avoidance of identification of mission.
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Counter Surveillance – the conduct of operation is coupled with counter intelligence

measures such as window shopping, use of convoys and decoys, stopping immediately on
blind corners, getting out immediately on public conveyances, retracing, entering mobile
housing

CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE

Casing is the term use in the police organization while reconnaissance is used in
military terms. Casing or reconnaissance is the surveillance of a building place or area to
determine its suitability for Intel use or its vulnerability in operations. It aids in the
planning of an operation by providing needed information. It assists the agent handler to
install confidence in his agent during briefing phase by being able to speak knowingly
about the area of operation. Casing is also considered a security measure because it offers
some degree of protection for those operating in an area unfamiliar to them.

General Principles in Casing

1. Know the best route to take get there

2. Know how to conduct yourself without attracting attention
3. Know what security hazards are in the area and how can they avoided or minimized
4. Know the best route to extricate from the area

Method of Casing

a. Personal Reconnaissance – the most effective method and will produced the most
info since you know just what you're looking for.
b. Map Reconnaissance – It may not sufficient but it can produce a certain amount of
usable information
c. Research – much info can be acquired through research
d. Prior Information – your unit and of the unit will have file report that they may
provide you with info
e. Hearsay – Info usually gain by the person operating in the area and performing
casing job

Information desired in Casing

a. Area condition and habit – a description of the locality as whether the place is a
residential, commercial, highly urbanized, rural. Habits refer to the routine activities of
the people in the area dialect and different beliefs also considered.

b. Active Opposition – means all organs of every security system whose task it to
prevent intelligence activity in a given area.
c. Disposal Plan – disposal of the information, in case of possible compromise. Disposal
of information and materials
d. Escape and Evasion – the exit planning in case of emergencies, from immediate focal
point, the general area and completely from the area

Guidelines in the conduct of Casing

1. To gain contact as soon as possible and maintain continuously

2. Maneuver freely inconformity with operations (dry run)
3. To fight only when necessary
4. To report all items of info
5. To develop the situation
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Basic Procedures in the conduct of Casing

1. Preparation of general location map

2. Sketch of the adjoining establishment and prominent features
3. Specific sketch or floor plan of main target
4. Detailed features of inner portion of target and its description
5. Photograph of the casing target (from general to specific points)

OBSERVATION AND DECR1PTION A.K.A (ODEX)

Observation – a complete and accurate observation by an individual of his surroundings

encompasses the use of all the major sense to register and recognized its operational or
Intel significance.

Description – the actual and factual reporting of one's observation of he reported sensory
experience recounted by another

Psychologist estimate that approximately 85% of our knowledge is gathered

through sight, 13% from sense of hearing and only 2% through the three other senses

Psychological Processes for accurate observation

1. Attention – consist of he psychological process involve in becoming aware of

an existence of fact
2. Perception – Involved in the understanding this fact of awareness
3. Report – Involved in identifying the name in one own mind and some fact
which as been perceive, narrated and identified

Types of Attention

1. Involuntary – you have no control and requires no effort

2. Voluntary – this is more reliable but not dependable
3. Habitual – little effort with a maximum of control

Factors involved on perception

1. Mental capability and educational background

2. Occupational background and imperial background acquired though experience

Factors governing report on observation

1. Vocabulary - the word which an individual uses to press himself

2. Time log - accurate reporting depends entirely on timeless, delay in reporting results
in unconscious omissions of details
3. Recurrence of similar incidents

ELICITATION

It is a system or plan whereby information of intelligence value is obtained

through the process direct intercommunication in which one or more of he parties to the
common is unaware of the specific purpose of the conservation. The three phases are
determination of the mission, selection of the subject, and accomplishment of the
mission.

Two Devices in the conduct of Elicitation

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1. Approach - process of setting people to start talking

2. Probe - to keep the people taking incessantly

Types of Approach

1. Flattery – people are susceptible to praise so use this weakness as a way of

approaching the subject for elicitation.

2. Provocative Approach – discover a wide range of conventional gambits

Types to Probe

1. Competition Probe – this is effective when used in connection with the teacher pupil
approach
2. Clarity Probe – used to elicit additional information in an area which the response is
clear
3. High Pressure Probe – It serves to point out contradictions in what the subject has
said
4. Hypothetical Probe – presents a hypothetical situation and to get he subject to react
to the hypothetical situations

Purposes of Elicitation

1. To acquire info that is unbelievable through other channel

2. To obtain info which although unclassified in not publicity known
3. To provide source of info
4. To assist various individuals

Planning and Preparation

1. What info is necessary or essential

2. Who has access to the info
3. What are the vulnerabilities
4. How susceptible is he to elicitation
5. Outline elicitation points prior to meeting and prepare specific questions and known
your subject well

PORTRAIT PARLE (P/P)

It is a means of using descriptive terms in relation to the personal features of an

individual and it can be briefly described as a world description or a spoken picture.

Methods of obtaining descriptive information

1. Close observation of the person and accurate recording of the terms describing the
features
2. Information describing through interviews of witnesses
3. Examination of observation of photographs and sketches
4. Examination of records

BACKGROUND CHECKS AND INVESTIGATION

Information needed:

1. Domestic Background
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2. Personal Habit
3. Business History
4. Social or Business Associates
5. Medical History
6. Educational Background
7. Family History

Tracing Victims, Witnesses, Informants, Others

1. Telephone technique and home visit

2. Record of change of address
3. Mail covers and telegram ruses

Tracing the Fugitive

The approach in tracing fugitive depends upon the character of the subject. In case
the fugitive is exclusive, rather elusive, discreet methods must be employed. With the
experienced criminal, a more direct approach is permissible. The following are to be
taken.

1. Routine Information

Full name and alias - Physical description - Modus operand! - Motive -Associates, Past
and present including girlfriend - Habits, hang-outs, and resorts he is known to frequent -
Criminal Record, photographs and fingerprints -Residence last known and previous
location - Employment, last known and previous employee - Relatives, names and
addresses - Driver's license - SSS or GSIS number - Handwriting for comparison

2. For immediate action, the following procedures should be adapted:

1. Transmission of the information to other law enforcing agency

2. Sending of police circular
3. Notification of other agencies possessing informative records

TACTICAL INTERROGATION

The need for obtaining information of the highest degree of credibility taken on
the minimum of time can be through interrogation which varies and dependent entirely
on the situation. In tactical interrogation, familiarization of the following is necessary:

Interrogation – the systematic asking of questions to elicit information in the minimum

of time.

Interrogator – person who does the questioning.

Interrogee – any person who is subjected to the interrogation prbcess in any of its forms
and phases.

Suspect – any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity

Source - a person who for any reason submits information of intelligence interest usually
on a voluntary basis

Provocateur – an individual from enemy forces who is deliberately introduce in our

custody with a specific mission of causing some unfavorable action or reaction on our
part.
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SJIT CRIMINOLOGY CL-MABIKAS 2014

Screening – Initial examination of an interrogee to determine the extent of his knowledge

of persons, places, things or events in which we are interested.

Formal Interrogation - the systematic attempt to exploit to an appropriate depth those

are of he interrogee's knowledge which have been identified in the screening process

Debriefing – the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has information at the

direction of or under the control of the friendly intelligence service.

Interview – Similar to a debriefing although it is less formal and the interrogee is not
necessarily under the control or employment of the respective intelligence service

Interrogation Report – an oral or written statement of information by the questioning of

an interrogee

Form of Interrogation

1. Direct – the subject is aware of the fact that he is being interrogated, but he may not
learn the true objectives of the interrogation. This is being used extensively at the tactical
lever.
2. Indirect – the subject is not aware that he is being interrogated. This is used when
time is not so important

Types of Interrogation

1. Screening – usually accomplished as soon as after capture, apprehension or arrest of

an interrogee. The objective is to obtain background information about the interrogee and
determine his area of knowledge and ability.

2. Formal -Interrogation (Detailed) – the systematic attempt to exploit to an

appropriate depth those areas of the interrogee's knowledge, which have been identified
in the screening process.

3. Debriefing – a form of eliciting information, which is generally used when the area
of intellectual capability of the interrogee is known. Maximum use of the narrative and
not try to trap the person being debriefed with leading question. The
debriefer/interrogator must be familiar with the subject in which the interrogation is
being conducted.

4. Interview – the interviewer must be fully aware ot the actual type of information
desired and alert on the interviewee's moods and expressions. It must be tactual especially
if the source (interviewee) is to remain unaware of the type of information desired by the
interviewer.

5. Interrogation of Lay Personnel (Specific Type) – the techniques used are the same
as in the interrogations, however, especial effort must be made to established a common
frame of reference between the interrogator and the interrogee.

6. Technical Interrogation – the level of interrogation where the source has specific
and such detailed information that requires a trained expert in the subject matter to be
explored. It usually covers the specific subject and time is not as limited as during other
interrogation.

INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES:
 REVIEW NOTES ON LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
SJIT CRIMINOLOGY CL-MABIKAS 2014

Techniques of Approach - the purpose is to gain the cooperation of the source and
induce him to answer questions which will follows.

1. The "Open Techniques" – the interrogator is open and direct in his approach and
makes no attempts to conceal the purpose of the interrogator. It is best employed when
the interrogee is cooperative. It is frequently used at the tactical level where time is a
major interrogator.
2. The "Common Interest" Technique – the interrogator must exert effort to impress
the interrogee of their common interest. The interrogator must look for he point out the
real advantages the interrogee will receive if he cooperates
3. Record File (we know all technique) – the interrogator prepare a file on the source
listing all known information (record should be padded to make it appear to be very
extensive). The information must contain the life history of he interrogee to include his
activities and known associates (Party- bio-data of the interrogee is important).
4. Exasperation – Techniques (Harassment) - effectively employed against hostile type
interrogee. The interrogator must be alert because the interrogee may fabricate
information to gain relief from irritation (monotype).
5. Opposite Personality Technique – also known as "Mutt and Jeff", 'Threat and
Rescue", "Bud Guy - God Guy', "Sweet and Sour", "Sugar and Vinegar, "Devil and
Angel". Use of two (2) interrogators playing opposite roles.
6. Egotist Techniques (Pride and Ego) – usually successful when employed against an
interrogee who has displayed a weakness or a feeling of insecurity.
7. "Silent" Technique – employed against nervous or the confident type of interrogee.
Look out the interrogee squarely in the eye with sarcastic smile (force him to break eye
contact first).
8. "Question Barrage" Technique (Rapid Fire Questioning) – Intended to confuse
the interrogee and put him into a defensive position. The interrogee become frustrated
and confused, he will likely reveal more than he intended, thus creating opening for
further questioning.
 REVIEW NOTES ON LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
SJIT CRIMINOLOGY CL-MABIKAS 2014

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