The skin is the largest organ of the human body, weighing 4.5 to 5 kg and covering an area of about 2 square meters. It forms a protective barrier that prevents harmful microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body and regulates body temperature. The skin is made up of two layers - the epidermis, which is a tough outer layer, and the dermis, the thicker inner layer that gives skin its strength. Below the dermis is the subcutaneous layer containing fat and other structures. The skin has important functions like protection, temperature regulation, and sensation.
The skin is the largest organ of the human body, weighing 4.5 to 5 kg and covering an area of about 2 square meters. It forms a protective barrier that prevents harmful microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body and regulates body temperature. The skin is made up of two layers - the epidermis, which is a tough outer layer, and the dermis, the thicker inner layer that gives skin its strength. Below the dermis is the subcutaneous layer containing fat and other structures. The skin has important functions like protection, temperature regulation, and sensation.
The skin is the largest organ of the human body, weighing 4.5 to 5 kg and covering an area of about 2 square meters. It forms a protective barrier that prevents harmful microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body and regulates body temperature. The skin is made up of two layers - the epidermis, which is a tough outer layer, and the dermis, the thicker inner layer that gives skin its strength. Below the dermis is the subcutaneous layer containing fat and other structures. The skin has important functions like protection, temperature regulation, and sensation.
1 The term skin is commonly used to describe the body covering
2 of any animal but technically refers only to the body covering 3 of vertebrates (animals that have a backbone). The skin has the 4 same basic structure in all vertebrates including fish, reptiles, 5 birds, humans, and other mammals. This article focuses 6 primarily on human skin. 7 8 The skin is essential to a person’s survival. It forms a barrier 9 that helps prevent harmful microorganisms and chemicals 10 from entering the body, and it also prevents the loss of life- 11 sustaining body fluids. It protects the vital structures inside 12 the body from injury and from the potentially damaging 13 ultraviolet rays of the sun. The skin also helps regulate body 14 temperature, excretes some waste products, and is an 15 important sensory organ. It contains various types of 16 specialized nerve cells responsible for the sense of touch. 17 18 The skin is the body’s largest organ—that of an average adult 19 male weighs 4.5 to 5 kg (10 to 11 lb) and measures about 2 sq 20 m (22 sq ft) in area. It covers the surface of the body at a 21 thickness of just 1.4 to 4.0 mm (0.06 to 0.16 in). The skin is 22 thickest on areas of the body that regularly rub against 23 objects, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the
3 24 feet. Both delicate and resilient, the skin constantly renews 25 itself and has a remarkable ability to repair itself after injury. 26 27 The skin is made up of two layers, the epidermis and the 28 dermis. The epidermis, the upper or outer layer of the skin, is a 29 tough, waterproof, protective layer. The dermis, or inner layer, 30 is thicker than the epidermis and gives the skin its strength and 31 elasticity. The two layers of the skin are anchored to one 32 another by a thin but complex layer of tissue known as the 33 basement membrane. This tissue is composed of a series of 34 elaborately interconnecting molecules that act as ropes and 35 grappling hooks to hold the skin together. Below the dermis is 36 the subcutaneous layer, a layer of tissue composed of protein 37 fibers and adipose tissue (fat). Although not part of the skin 38 itself, the subcutaneous layer contains glands and other skin 39 structures, as well as sensory receptors involved in the sense 40 of touch.
I. Pre-reading questions:
1. What is the largest organ of human body?
2. What is the weight of human skin? 3. What are the various functions of the skin?
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:
1. Line # 6 it: __________________________
2. Line # 8 it: __________________________ 3. Line # 16 that: __________________________ 4. Line # 18 itself: __________________________ 5. Line # 20 two layers: __________________________ 6. Line # 25 this tissue: __________________________ 7. Line # 26 that: __________________________
4 III. Vocabulary Preview Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right column. (pair work)
Expressions / Words Meanings
(be) commonly used to vital mammals primarily focus on life-sustaining (be) responsible for help regulate resilient (to) (be) made up of
1. Human beings are very _________________ different
changes. 2. Various antibiotics ___________________________ treat patients suffering from infections. 3. Life cannot be imagined on other planets which do not have _____________________ elements like water and air. 4. Human heart _________________ very strong tissues. 5. Air and water are the most _______________ elements for the presence of life on earth. 6. The purpose of administering vaccines is ______________ for preventing life-threatening diseases. 7. All ______________ feed their young on milk from the breast. 8. A good doctor ___________________ a proper medical health-care. 9. The government has taken certain measures to _______________ economic condition of the country.
5 10. A good teacher always ___________________ the learning of his students.
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.
Across 5. long bone (a series of bones) in the back 7. non-human living beings 9. part of human body 11. determining the weight 13. animals that creep on the ground 14. small organ that produce secretions Down 1. breast-feeding animals 2. determining the size 3. the largest organ of human body 4. physical harm to a living being 6. mass of cells in living beings 8. a preventive boundary 10. extremely important 12. instrument that joins two things
6 VI. Read the sentences that have the following words which are underlined in the passage. Then match these words with their meaning given in column B. (pair work)
Column A Column B a. essential (line # 6) _____ to pass out b. barrier (line # 6) _____ find the size, length etc. c. prevent (line # 8) _____ necessary d. excrete (line # 11) _____ unusual e. measure (line # 14) _____ that keep sth safe from harm f. remarkable (line # 18) _____ to stop sth / sb g. protective (line # 22) _____ thing that prevents movement
PRONUNCIATION FOCUS:
VII. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning.
X. Read the passage and write the paragraph number in the
space given in front of the appropriate title.
No Title Paragraph number 1 important functions of the skin 2 the basic structure of the skin 3 the salient features of human skin 4 the definition of the skin
8 XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, b, c, or d. (group work)
1. All vertebrates have ________________ basic structure of
the skin. a. a different b. uniform c. a diverse d. no
2. The skin in human beings __________________ harmful
microorganisms from entering the body. a. scares b. allows c. permits d. bars 3. The basic function of the skin is to ________________ our body. a. protect b. beautify c. shape d. spoil 4. Ultraviolet rays are _____________________ human body. a. beneficial for b. healthy for c. injurious to d. painful for
5. The skin in human beings ________________ body
temperature. a. raises b. lowers c. maintains d. does not effect
6. The skin has the quality to renew itself ________________.
a. annually b. monthly c. weekly d. continuously
7. The epidermis is situated ____________________ the
dermis. a. over b. under c. beside d. away from
8. The dermis is _________________ than the epidermis.
a. thinner b. thicker c. less important d. more important
9 9. The basement membrane is situated _________ the dermis and epidermis. a. under b. above c. between d. next to
10. The ______________ is composed of protein fibers and
adipose tissue. a. dermis b. epidermis c. basement membrane d. subcutaneous layer
XII. Read the second paragraph and circle all nouns. Write them down on the lines given below. (pair work)
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
XIII. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statement. Mention the line number where this information is stated. Correct the false statements and write them on the lines given below. (pair work)
1. All animals have backbones. ( ) Line no: ______
2. Human beings are vertebrates. ( ) Line no: ______ 3. Life-sustaining body fluids are excreted by the skin. ( ) Line no: ______ 4. The skin saves the vital structures of the body from injuries. ( ) Line no: ______ 5. The skin is the thickest on the face. ( ) Line no: _____
10 6. The skin becomes delicate after rubbing against objects. ( ) Line no: ______ 7. The epidermis and dermis are situated under the skin. ( ) Line no: ______ 8. The dermis gives strength and elasticity to the skin. ( ) Line no: ______ 9. The subcutaneous layer is another name for the basement membrane. ( ) Line no: ______ 10. The subcutaneous layer is not a part of the skin. ( ) Line no: ______
------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ XIV. Read the fourth paragraph and complete the following diagram.
I. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. Listen again and correct the false statements.
1. The skin is well-protected against injuries. ( )
2. The wounds heal quickly if only the epidermis is affected. ( ) 3. The epidermal cells move away from the wound. ( ) 4. The cells divide to form the layers of the dermis. ( ) 5. A clot forms to stop the blood if the wound is deeper. ( ) 6. The collagen and other molecules repair the dermis. ( ) 7. The scab peels off before the restoration of normal skin. ( )
12 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- II. Listen to the passage and put the sentences in order. Write the correct number on the line given.
a. ______ The blood clot forms a scab.
b. ______ The collagen and other molecules repair the dermis. c. ______ The scab drops off. d. ______ A clot is formed to stop blood flow. e. ______ The fibroblast is formed that enters the wound. f. ______ The epidermal cells form a sheet of cells over the wound. g. ______ The white blood cells enter to consume dead, dying cells etc.
Medical Terminology: Parts of a word: Medical terms consist of one or more of these word parts. a. Word root: It is the fundamental unit of each medical word. Ex: gastr/o, cardi/o, neur/o b. Prefix: It is a short word part added in the beginning of a root word. Ex: epi-, electro-, trans- c. Suffix: It is a short word part added at the end of a root word. Ex: -ic, -graphy, -logy
13 I. Split the following terms into their different words parts: i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the word parts. (pair work)
14 II. Match the following roots with their meanings.
1. cyan/o _____black 2. erythr/o _____ water 3. leuk/o _____ urine 4. melan/o _____ red 5. chlor/o _____ fat 6. aer/o _____ blue 7. hydr/o _____ pus 8. lip/o _____ white 9. py/o _____ air, gas 10. ur/o _____ green
GRAMMAR FOCUS: Present Indefinite Tense
A: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate
forms of the verbs given in the parentheses.
1. The skin (cover) _________________ the bodies of
vertebrates. 2. Fruits (be) ______________ the main source of vitamins. 3. The college (open) _______________ at 8:00 every morning. 4. I usually (wake up) _________________ at 9:00 every Friday. 5. Vertebrates (has) _______________ backbones.
15 6. The skin (prevent) __________________ harmful microorganisms from entering the body. 7. The weight of the skin of an average male (be) _________ 4.5 to 5 kg. 8. The epidermis (be) _____________ the outer layer of the skin. 9. The basement membrane (hold) _____________ the skin together. 10. The soles of the feet (keep) ______________ the thickest skin.
B. Change the sentences in exercise A into negatives and
questions. Change the underlined words in exercise A with the words given below. The first one is solved. (group work)
1. the skeleton Does the skeleton cover the bodies of vertebrates? No, the skeleton does not cover the bodies of vertebrates.
C. Read the following paragraph and insert the appropriate
punctuation. Rewrite the paragraph on the lines given below.
deep burns are often treated with skin grafts in this procedure healthy skin removed from another area on the body is transferred to the burned area to cover the wound if the burned area is not too large the grafted skin will grow in its new location and eventually fuse with the healthy skin at the edges of the burn but if burns cover a large portion of a patient s body and not enough healthy skin remains to use for a graft
17 patients may receive grafts from dead bodies or even other animal species
He isn’t * She is = She’s * She is not = She’s not / She isn’t * It is = It’s * It is not = It’s not / It isn’t * I am = I’m * I am not = I’m not * You are = You’re * You are not = You’re not / You aren’t * We are = We’re * We are not = We’re not / We aren’t
18 * They are = They’re * They are not = They’re not / They aren’t * He does not = He doesn’t * We do not = We don’t
E. Correct the following sentences. (pair work)
1. Do all mammals has the skin?
____________________________________________ 2. She operate ten patients every day. ____________________________________________ 3. The college does not opens at 7:00 every morning. ____________________________________________ 4. Does the weight of the human skin is 5 kg? ____________________________________________ 5. I am study at CMMS. ____________________________________________ 6. All human beings has the skin. ____________________________________________ 7. Do the basement membrane situated between the dermis and the epidermis. ____________________________________________ 8. Are the nurses record temperature carefully? ____________________________________________ 9. The students are attend regular classes. ____________________________________________ 10. Nobody does not like diseases. ____________________________________________
19 11. Does the children need good nutrition? ____________________________________________ 12. Everybody are ready for the coming examination. ____________________________________________ 13. Does the skin prevents the body from diseases? ____________________________________________
Speaking Focus
Activity: A Memorize the various functions of the skin. Work in two groups. One student from group A will ask a question regarding the function of the skin, any student from group B will stand and answer it. Switch the role after some practice.
Examples: A: Does the skin have the same basic structure? B: Yes, it does. B: Is the skin essential for digestion? A: No, it isn’t.
Activity: B
Work in groups of fours and fives.
Discuss and make “yes / no” questions. You may use the given clues but try to make your own questions. Group leader from each group will stand and ask the questions from any student who will answer it by using the abbreviated forms.
20 Examples: Are elephants big? Yes, they’re. Do the Saudis speak French? No, they don’t. Is this a chair? Yes, it’s. No, it isn’t.
- balloon / light - American / Arabic
- like / blue colour - sheep / living beings - Saudi Arabia / Europe - eat / rice / daily - summer / hot - Jeddah / small - live / Riyadh - classrooms / small - chairs / comfortable - eat / fruit - honey / healthy - teachers / hard working - lions / brutal - cats / pet animals
21 22 Unit # TWO EAR
23 24 UNIT # 2: EAR
1 Ear is the organ of hearing and balance. Only vertebrates, or
2 animals with backbones, have ears. Invertebrate animals, such 3 as jellyfish and insects, lack ears but have other structures or 4 organs that serve similar functions. The most complex and 5 highly developed ears are those of mammals. 6 Like the ears of other mammals, the human ear consists of 7 three sections: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer and 8 middle ears function only for hearing, while the inner ear also 9 serves the functions of balance and orientation.
10 Outer Ear
11 The outer ear is made up of the auricle or pinna and the outer 12 auditory canal. The auricle is the curved part of the ear 13 attached to the side of the head by small ligaments and 14 muscles. It consists largely of elastic cartilage, and its shape 15 helps collect sound waves from the air. The earlobe, or lobule, 16 which hangs from the lower part of the auricle, mostly 17 contains fatty tissues.
25 18 Middle Ear
19 The eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear. A 20 narrow passageway called the Eustachian tube connects the 21 middle ear to the throat and the back of the nose. 22 The middle ear is a narrow, air-filled chamber that extends 23 vertically for about 15 mm (about 0.6 in) and for nearly the 24 same distance horizontally. Inside this chamber is a linked 25 chain of three ossicles, or very small bones. Both the Latin 26 and common names of these bones are derived from their 27 shapes. They are called the malleus, or hammer; the incus, or 28 anvil; and the stapes, or stirrup. The stirrup is the tiniest bone 29 in the body, being smaller than a grain of rice.
30 The hammer is partly embedded in the eardrum, and the
31 stirrup fits into the oval window: a membrane that fronts the 32 inner ear. Vibrations of the eardrum move the hammer. The 33 motion of the hammer moves the anvil which in turn moves 34 the stirrup. As sound vibrations pass from the relatively large 35 area of the eardrum through the chain of bones, which have a 36 smaller area, their force is concentrated. This concentration 37 amplifies, or increases, the sound just before it passes through 38 the oval window and into the inner ear. When loud noises 39 produce violent vibrations, two small muscles, called the 40 tensor tympani and the stapedius, contract and limit the 41 movement of the ossicles, thus protecting the middle and inner 42 ear from damage.
43 Inner Ear
44 The chain of bones in the middle ear leads into the convoluted 45 structures of the inner ear, or labyrinth, which contains organs 46 of both hearing and balance. The three main structures of the 47 inner ear are the cochlea, the vestibule, and the three 48 semicircular canals.
26 I. Pre-reading questions:
1. How do mammals listen?
2. Do all animals have ears? 3. What are the various parts of an ear?
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:
1. Line # 3 that: _________________________
2. Line # 12 it: __________________________ 3. Line # 12 its: __________________________ 4. Line # 13 which: __________________________ 5. Line # 18 that: __________________________ 6. Line # 22 their: __________________________ 7. Line # 22 they: __________________________ 8. Line # 30 their: __________________________
III. Vocabulary Preview
Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right column. (pair work)
Expressions / Words Meanings
such as consist of (be) attached to (be) hang from passageway (be) derived from (be) smaller than (be) embedded in fit into lead into
27 1. Most of the medical terms ______________ Latin and Greek terminology. 2. Everybody has to pass through the ________________ to enter the main hall. 3. The chandelier _________________ the ceiling. 4. Fahd was able to _________ all the equipment _________ the leather case without any difficulty. 5. The arrow __________________ the wall. 6. A dictionary _______ usually _______________ an encyclopedia. 7. CMMS _________________ Al-Hada hospital for the next five years. 8. The passageway __________________ the examination block. 9. Human skin _________________ three layers. 10. Reference books, _________________ dictionaries, are very helpful for medical students.
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.
28 Across 3. bone-connecting tissues 6. connected 8. part 11. instrument used for weighing 12. locating the direction 14. listening to 15. way in which sth is put together Down 1. slight continuous movement 2. not straight 4. parts of a skeleton 5. comparatively 7. have 9. extremely small 10. harm 12. external 13. inner side of neck
VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs to find their synonyms. word synonym from passage Example: listening (paragraph# 1) hearing
a. same (paragraph# 1) ___________________
b. work (paragraph# 1) ___________________ c. parts (paragraph# 1) ___________________ d. consist of (paragraph# 2) _________________ e. voice (paragraph# 2) ___________________ f. have (paragraph# 2) ___________________ g. not wide (paragraph# 3) __________________ h. room (paragraph# 3) ____________________ i. the smallest (paragraph# 3) _______________
29 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS
VII. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning.
X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle
a, b, c, or d. (group work)
1. Jelly fish and insects are ___________________________.
a. vertebrates b. birds c. mammals d. invertebrates
2. __________________ have highly developed ears.
a. Vertebrates b. Invertebrates c. Mammals d. Insects
3. The function of the inner ear is ____________________.
a. only hearing b. only balance c. only orientation d. a, b & c.
4. The pinna ____________________ the side of the head.
a. hangs from b. is attached to c. fits into d. is embedded in
5. The earlobe consists of ___________________________.
a. fatty tissues b. elastic cartilage c. ligaments d. lobule
31 6. The eardrum is ___________________ the outer ear and middle ear. a. above b. below c. in the middle of d. in front of
7. Latin names are ___________________ derived from their
shapes. a. sometimes b. always c. never d. never ever
8. The __________________ is a membrane that fronts the
inner ear. a. stirrup b. oval window c. eardrum d. hammer
9. The motion of the ___________________ moves the
stirrup. a. anvil b. hammer c. eardrum d. air
10. The ________________ contains organs of both hearing
and balance. a. middle ear b. chain of bones c. labyrinth d. outer ear
XI. Read the third paragraph and circle all adjectives. Write them down on the lines given below.
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
32 XII. Work in two groups. One student from Group# A will say an adjective and anyone from Group# B will use it in a sentence. The group that will make fewer mistakes will be the winner. (speaking)
XIII. Read the following main ideas and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.
No Main idea Paragraph
number a This part of the ear gathers sound waves from the air. b This part of the ear is mainly responsible for hearing and balance c Mammals have extremely developed ears that consist of three sections. d This part of the ear has a complex mechanism of protecting the middle and inner ear from damage. e These three bones are named according to their shapes.
XIV. Match the sentence part in column A with its part in
column B. (pair work)
Column A Column B 1. Invertebrate animals ___ by the eardrum. 2. The inner ear serves ___ is the tiniest bone in human body. 3. The auricle is ___ lack ears. 4. The middle ear is separated ___ protect the middle from the outer ear and inner ear from damage. 5. The malleus is called ___ the functions of hearing, balance and orientation.
33 6. The stapes or stirrup ___ organs of hearing and balance. 7. The labyrinth contains ___ the hammer. 8. The tensor tympani and ___ attached to the side stapedius of the head.
XV. Read the passage and answer the following questions.
1. What are vertebrates?
____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________ 2. What kind of ears do the mammals have? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________ 3. What are the different functions of three sections of the ear? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________ 4. What is the shape of the middle ear? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________ 5. What connects the middle ear to the throat? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________
34 6. What are the names of the three ossicles? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________ 7. What is the size of the stirrup? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________ 8. What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ________________________
LISTENING FOCUS:
I. Listen to the passage and circle the correct word.
---------------------------------------- waves through air / ear or
other gases, liquids, or solids. --------------------------------------- -------------- The direction / detection of vibrations passing through the ---------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- Sometimes sound waves are
transferred / transmitted to the inner ear by a method / system of hearing called bone contraction / conduction. ---------------- -------------------------------- Only a clearly / relatively small part of a normal person’s -------------------------------------------- -------
Humans hear ---------------------------- The auricles also select /
help locate the direction / detection of sound. ------------------- ----------------------- Many animals / mammals, especially the
35 ones / those with large ears, such as / like rabbits, can --------- --------------------------------------------------- easily.
II. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statement and “F” for false statement. Listen again and correct the false statements.
1. Sound is a series of vibrations moving as ( )
waves through solids only. 2. Detection of sound vibrations is called ( ) hearing. 3. All animals can detect vibrations passing ( ) through the ground. 4. Humans can not hear vibrations passing ( ) through gases. 5. Some people hear their own voice partly ( ) by bone conduction. 6. Humans hear primarily by detecting ( ) airborne sound waves. 7. The auricles can not help locate the ( ) direction of sound.
ch k che-mist / kem΄ist / dys dis dys-pep-sia / dis-pep΄se-ə / eu u Eu-rope / u-ro΄p / gn n gnat / nat / ph f pho-to-syn-the-sis / fo΄΄to-sin΄thə-sis / pn n pneu-mo-nia / noo΄mone-ə / ps s psy-cho-lo-gy / si-kol΄ə-je / pt t pto-sis / to΄sis / rh r rheu-ma-tism / roo΄mə-tiz-əm / x z Xe-rox / zēr-oks /
I. Write two examples each which begin with the following
unusual letters. Write the definitions of these examples as well.
Letter Examples Definitions
ch _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
dys _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
eu _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
37 gn _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
ph _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
pn _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
ps _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
pt _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
rh _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
x _____________ __________________________
_____________ __________________________
38 Suffixes for diagnoses test information and surgical procedures:
Suffix Meaning Example Definition
-ectomy surgical neu-rec-tomy removal of a removing /noo-rak΄tome/ nerve or part of a nerve -gram written or car-di-o-gram graphic record of pictorial /kahr΄de-o-gram΄/ heart record -graph device for car-di-o-graph the machine that graphic or /kahr΄de-o-graf/ produces a pictorial cardiogram recording -graphy act of car-di-o-graphy process of graphic or /kahr΄de-o-gra-fe/ electrically pictorial measuring heart recording function -meter device for he-mom-e-ter device of measuring /he-mom΄ə-tər/ measuring hemoglobin in blood -metry act of he-mom-e-try process of measuring /he-mom΄e-tre/ measuring hemoglobin in blood -plasty surgical la-ryn-go-plas-ty surgical repair of repair /lə-ring΄go- larynx plas΄΄te/ -scope device for la-ryng-o-scope an endoscope for viewing /lə-ring΄gə-skōp/ laryngoscopy -scopy act of la-ryng-os-co-py examination of viewing /lə-ring΄gos΄kə- the interior of pe/ larynx -tomy incision lar-yngo-to-my surgical creation /lar΄΄ingo΄tə-me/ of an artificial opening into larynx
39 II. Match the following roots and suffixes to make medical terms. Write down their meaning as well. ( group work)
A. Change the following sentences into passive voice.
Example: Human heart pumps the blood.
The blood is pumped by human heart.
1. Three sections make up human ear.
_________________________________________________ 2. The outer ear collects sound waves from the air. __________________________________________________ 3. Friction causes movement. __________________________________________________ 4. The eardrum separates the outer ear. __________________________________________________ 5. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat. __________________________________________________ 6. Vibrations of the eardrum move the hammer. __________________________________________________ 7. The anvil stirs the stirrup. __________________________________________________ 8. The chain of bones concentrates their force. __________________________________________________ 9. This concentration amplifies the sound. __________________________________________________ 10. Loud noises produce violent vibrations. __________________________________________________
41 B. Write tag questions like the example. (pair work)
Example: Human heart pumps the blood, doesn’t it?
1. Three sections make up human ear, -----------------------------
2. The outer air collects sound waves from the air, -------------- 3. Friction causes movement, ---------------------------------- 4. The eardrum separates the outer ear, ---------------------------- 5. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the throat, -- ----------------- 6. Vibrations of the eardrum move the hammer, ----------------- 7. The anvil stirs the stirrup, ---------------------------------- 8. The chain of bones concentrates their force, ------------------- 9. This concentration amplifies the sound, ------------------------ 10. Loud noises produce violent vibrations, ----------------------
C. Speaking:
Work in two groups.
Group A member will say a sentence and group B student will add a tag question. Each pair will practice five sentences. Likewise, other pairs will practice.
Examples: Group A Group B I wake up at 8 o’clock, ---------------------------- don’t I? He sleeps during the day, ------------------------- doesn’t he?
42 D. Choose the appropriate adjective from the list and make logical comparisons between the given items. Look at the example.
small thin fast heavy
thick big flexible complex intelligent qualified bright
Example: child’s heart / adult’s heart
A child’s heart beats faster than an adult’s heart.
1. human skin / lion’s skin
__________________________________________________ 2. trees / flowers __________________________________________________ 3. rubber / wood __________________________________________________ 4. mammals’ ears / other vertebrates’ ears __________________________________________________ 5. sunlight / moonlight __________________________________________________ 6. elephant / sheep __________________________________________________ 7. doctor / nurse __________________________________________________ 8. heart / kidney __________________________________________________ 9. the dermis / the epidermis __________________________________________________
43 10. human skin / any other human organ __________________________________________________
E. Correct the following sentences. (group work)
1. The patient operated by Dr. Nihad.
____________________________________________ 2. Do the eardrum separate the outer ear? ____________________________________________ 3. The epidermis is thin than the dermis. ____________________________________________ 4. A computers is fast than typewriter. ____________________________________________ 5. Are they speak English at home? ____________________________________________ 6. Human body covers by the skin. ____________________________________________ 7. All the students except Ali is a student at CMMS. ____________________________________________ 8. Elephants are the biggest than sheep. ____________________________________________ 9. A healthy human heart is beats 72 times in a minute. ____________________________________________ 10. Emails are send by his friend. ____________________________________________
44 11. Do the heart bigger than the kidney? ____________________________________________ 12. The skin is prevented the harmful bacteria from entering the body. ____________________________________________
Speaking Focus
Activity: A Memorize the various functions of three parts of the ear. Work in groups of fours and each group will prepare an oral summary about the various functions of one of the three parts of ear. Group representative of each group will stand and give the oral summary.
Try to ask questions regarding that part of the ear.
Anybody from that group may respond and answer the question.
45 Activity: B Work in pairs. Use the suggestive prompts to make comparisons. Work in pairs and suggest different possible comparisons using comparative adjectives. Example: mutton / chicken - Mutton is easier to cook than chicken. - Chicken is healthier than mutton. - Mutton is tastier than chicken.
1. boys / girls 2. cars / buses
3. cars / buses 4. human heart / human kidney 5. computer / laptop 6. school / university 7. veins / arteries 8. pens / pencils 9. water / juices 10. shoes / slippers 11. apartment / villa 12. bedroom / classroom 13. cats / dogs
46 Unit # THREE LUNGS
47 48 UNIT # 3: LUNGS
1 Lungs are spongy organs used in breathing and respiration.
2 Lungs are present in all mammals, birds, and reptiles. Most 3 amphibians and a few species of fish also have lungs. 4 In humans the lungs occupy a large portion of the chest cavity 5 from the collarbone down to the diaphragm, a dome-shaped 6 sheet of muscle that walls off the chest cavity from the 7 abdominal cavity. At birth the lungs are pink, but as a person 8 ages, they become gray and mottled from tiny particles 9 breathed in with the air. Generally, people who live in cities 10 and industrial areas have darker lungs than those who live in 11 the country.
12 Air travels to the lungs through a series of air tubes and
13 passages. It enters the body through the nostrils or the mouth, 14 passing down the throat to the larynx, or voice box, and then 15 to the trachea, or windpipe. In the chest cavity the trachea 16 divides into two branches, called the right and left bronchi or 17 the bronchial tubes that enter the lungs.
49 18 In the adult human, each lung is 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 in) long 19 and roughly conical. The left lung is divided into two sections 20 or lobes: the superior and the inferior. The right lung is 21 somewhat larger than the left lung and is divided into three 22 lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior. The two lungs are 23 separated by a structure called the mediastinum which 24 contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and blood vessels. Both 25 right and left lungs are covered by an external membrane 26 called the pleura. The outer layer of the pleura forms the lining 27 of the chest cavity.
28 The branches of the bronchi eventually narrow down to tubes
29 of less than 1.02 mm (less than 0.04 in) in diameter. These 30 tubes, called the bronchioles, divide into even narrower tubes 31 called alveolar ducts. Each alveolar duct ends in a grapelike 32 cluster of thin-walled sacs, called the alveoli (a single sac is 33 called an alveolus). From 300 million to 400 million alveoli 34 are contained in each lung. The air sacs of both lungs have a 35 total surface area of about 93 sq m (about 1000 sq ft), nearly 36 50 times the total surface area of the skin.
37 In addition to the network of air tubes, the lungs also contain a
38 vast network of the blood vessels. Each alveolus is 39 surrounded by many tiny capillaries, which receive the blood 40 from the arteries and empty into the veins. The arteries join to 41 form the pulmonary arteries, and the veins join to form the 42 pulmonary veins. These large blood vessels connect the lungs 43 with the heart.
I. Pre-reading questions:
1. Can human beings breathe in water?
2. Can we breathe on other planets? 3. What organ of human body is responsible for breathing?
50 II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:
1. Line # 5 that: __________________________
2. Line # 6 they: __________________________ 3. Line # 8 those: __________________________ 4. Line # 10 it: __________________________ 5. Line # 14 that: __________________________ 6. Line # 19 which: __________________________ 7. Line # 32 which: __________________________
III. Vocabulary Preview
Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right column. (pair work)
Expressions / Words Meanings
(be) used in dome-shaped a series of somewhat larger (be) separated by (be) covered by divide into end in (be) contained in (be) surrounded by
1. The bodies of animals that live in cold areas
_______usually ______________ thick hair. 2. The dermis and epidermis ______________ the basement membrane.
51 3. Penicillin _______ commonly _______________ the treatment of infections. 4. The mosque has a __________________ ceiling. 5. The university campus _________________ a well-lit boundary wall. 6. Millions of nephrons _______________ human kidneys. 7. Some cells ____________________ two and multiply. 8. The auditorium of building 1 is __________________ than the halls of other buildings. 9. This passageway ________________ a beautiful lawn. 10. A big earthquake is usually followed by _________________ after-shocks.
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.
52 Across 3. empty space 4. thin covering 8. stuff like foam 9. layer 10. a line connecting the center of a circle 11. a muscular sheet that separate abdomen from chest 12. land away from cities 13. paired organs for breathing
Down 1. extremely thin blood vessel 2. closely linked system of sth 3. upper part of body 4. mass of tissues attached to a bone 5. sub-division 6. like a cone in shape 7. part
VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs to find their synonyms.
word synonym from passage
a. distinct kinds (paragraph# 1) ______________________
b. to take up (paragraph# 1) ______________________ c. tiny parts (paragraph# 1) ______________________ d. space (paragraph# 2) ______________________ e. subdivisions (paragraph# 2) ______________________ f. grown-up (paragraph# 3) _______________________ g. container (paragraph# 3) _______________________ h. outer (paragraph# 3) _______________________ i. lastly (paragraph# 4) _______________________ j. group (paragraph# 4) _______________________
53 k. collect (paragraph# 5) _______________________ l. attach (paragraph# 5) _______________________
VII. Complete the table with appropriate forms of the given
words. Look at the example. (group work)
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
connection connect connected connectively divide occupation generally divided live containment
PRONUNCIATION FOCUS
VIII. These are the medical terms used in the reading
passage. Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning.
XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer.
Circle a, b, c, or d. (group work)
1. ____________________ have the lungs.
a. Mammals b. Birds c. Reptiles d. a, b & c.
55 2. A dome-shaped sheet of muscles is called (the) _________. a. collar bone b. chest cavity c. diaphragm d. lungs
3. The chest cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity
by (the)_____________________. a. diaphragm b. air c. sponge d. lungs
4. People who live in countryside have ____________ lungs
than the people in cities. a. larger b. darker c. smaller d. healthier
5. Another name for left and right bronchi is (the) _________.
a. branches b. trachea c. bronchial tubes d. wind pipe
6. The mediastinum ____________________ two lungs.
a. separates b. combines c. connects d. presses
7. ______________ are covered by an external membrane
called the pleura. a. Left lung b. Right lung c. None d. Both lungs
8. The diameter of the bronchi is
__________________________. a. 1.02 mm b. 0.04 in c. smaller than a &b d. bigger than a &b
9. Another name for the bronchi is (the)
_______________________. a. bronchioles b. alveolar ducts c. both a & b d. neither a nor b
56 10. The alveoli are ____________________________. a. grapes b. alveolar ducts c. thin-walled sacs d. narrow tubes
XII. Read the first paragraph and circle all nouns. Write them down on the lines given below.
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
XIII. Read the following sub titles and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.
No Sub titles Paragraph
number a air passage in the lungs b blood supply in the lungs c sub-divisions of the bronchial tubes d size of the lungs e the lungs in human beings
XIV. Read the paragraph three and write the missing words.
57 lungs
left
The inferior lobe
Mediastinum Contains _________________, _________________, _____________ and ___________________
58 XV. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. Mention the line numbers where this information is mentioned. Correct the false statements and write them on the lines given below.
1. All amphibians have lungs. ( ) Line no _____
2. The collarbone consists of a dome-shaped sheet of muscles. ( ) Line no _____ 3. The lungs become grey as a person grows. ( ) Line no _____ 4. Air travels to a series of tubes through the lungs. ( ) Line no _____ 5. The trachea divides into two bronchial tubes. ( ) Line no _____ 6. The right lung is bigger than the left lung. ( ) Line no _____ 7. The mediastinum separates the two lungs. ( ) Line no _____ 8. The branches of the bronchi are smaller than the bronchioles. ( ) Line no _____ 9. The alveolar ducts are grapelike clusters. ( ) Line no _____ 10. Each alveolus receives the blood from the arteries. ( ) Line no _____
-ia condition ph-obi-a - persistent and of / fo΄be-ə / exaggerated fear - ism condition al-co-hol-is-m - impaired control of /əl΄kə-hol-iz-əm/ of alcohol use -sis condition ac-i-do-sis - acid condition of of / as΄΄ĭ-do΄sis / body fluids -y condition te-ta-ny - sustained muscle of / ti-ta΄ne / contraction
I. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write
their transcription and definitions as well.
Suffix Example / Definition
Transcription -ia
-ism
-sis
-y
62 II. Match the following general roots with their meanings.
1. carcin/o _____stone 2. crin/o _____ origin / production 3. esthesi/o _____ tumor / mass 4. fibr/o _____ cancer 5. gen/o _____ straight / normal 6. gynec/o _____ form 7. lith/o _____ fiber 8. morph/o _____ woman 9. necr/o _____ to secrete 10. onc/o _____ death 11. orth/o _____ sensation
III. Split the following terms into their different words parts: i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the word parts. Term Suffix Root Prefix (meaning) (meaning) (meaning)
A: Write Wh- questions for the following statements. Make
questions for the underlined words. Example: Ali comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam. 1 2 3 4 5
1. Who comes to CMMS at 9:00 by car to take an exam?
2. Where does Ali come at 9:00 by car to take an exam? 3. When does Ali come to CMMS by car to take an exam? 4. How does Ali come to CMMS at 9:00 to take an exam? 5. Why does Ali come to CMMS at 9:00 by car?
1. The lungs are used in breathing.
_________________________________________________? 2. The heart is located between the lungs. _________________________________________________?
64 3. Human beings breathe to inhale oxygen. _________________________________________________? 4. Most amphibians have the lungs. _________________________________________________? 5. Air enters the body through the nostrils. _________________________________________________? 6. The classes start at 8:00. _________________________________________________? 7. The outer ear collects sound waves. _________________________________________________? 8. Antibiotics are used to treat infections. _________________________________________________? 9. The arteries are called blood vessels. _________________________________________________? 10. The students take examination in the auditorium. _________________________________________________?
65 2. Does the skin cover the human body? __________________________________________________ 3. Are fishes mammals? __________________________________________________ 4. Are human lungs grey at birth? __________________________________________________ 5. Does air enter the body through the pores? __________________________________________________ 6. Is the left lung bigger than the right lung? __________________________________________________ 7. Do human beings have two lungs? __________________________________________________ 8. Do human lungs occupy small area in the chest cavity? __________________________________________________ 9. Does the chest cavity contain the heart? __________________________________________________ 10. Is the diaphragm situated below the lungs? __________________________________________________
C: Write the comparative and superlative forms of the
D. Work in two groups. Any one from group “A” will stand and gives a comparative sentence. Any body from group “B” will stand and make a superlative sentence of the same adjective. (speaking)
67 Example:
A: An apple is bigger than a peach.
B: But a water melon is the biggest.
A: Jasmine is more beautiful than tulip.
B: But the rose is the most beautiful.
E. Correct the following sentences. (pair work)
1. Where you live in Taif?
____________________________________________ 2. Human palms does not have thin skin. ____________________________________________ 3. The epidermis is thin than the dermis. ____________________________________________ 4. How does he spells this word? ____________________________________________ 5. Ali is the most clever boy in the classroom. ____________________________________________ 6. The capillaries are extremely thinner blood vessels. ____________________________________________ 7. Five liters of blood are pumped. ____________________________________________ 8. The right lung is biggest than the left lung. ____________________________________________ 9. Who does call you every morning? ____________________________________________
68 10. Water evaporate quickly in summer. ____________________________________________ 11. English examination is the easiest than physics exam. ____________________________________________ 12. The surgeon is admire by his patients. ____________________________________________ 13. Why do Fatima goes to the market for shopping? ____________________________________________
Speaking Focus
Activity: A Memorize the physiology of human lungs.
Work in two groups: Group A & Group B
One student from Group A will ask a question about the physiology of human lungs. Any student from group B will answer the question. Change the role of the groups after some practice. Examples: * How does air travel to the lungs? * What is the function of the diaphragm? * What is the function of the windpipe?
69 Activity: B Work in groups of fours and write general questions like the example. The group leader of each group will stand and ask a question. Any one of the groups will respond with short answers. Any student from that group may respond. Switch the roles after some practice.
Examples:
* Are human beings mammals? Yes, they are.
* Does air contain oxygen? Yes, it does. * Do fish have lungs? No, they don’t.
70 Unit # FOUR LIVER
71 72 UNIT # 4: Liver
1 The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. The 2 liver, which is part of the digestive system, performs more 3 than 500 different functions, all of which are essential to life. 4 Its essential functions include helping the body to digest fats, 5 storing reserves of nutrients, filtering poisons and wastes from 6 the blood, synthesizing a variety of proteins, and regulating 7 the levels of many chemicals found in the bloodstream. The 8 liver is unique among the body’s vital organs in that it can 9 regenerate, or grow back cells that have been destroyed by 10 some short-term injury or disease. But if the liver is damaged 11 repeatedly over a long period of time, it may undergo 12 irreversible changes that permanently interfere with function. 13 14 The human liver is a dark red-brown organ with a soft, spongy 15 texture. It is located at the top of the abdomen, on the right 16 side of the body just below the diaphragm—a sheet of muscle 17 tissue that separates the lungs from the abdominal organs. The 18 lower part of the rib cage covers the liver, protecting it from 19 injury. In a healthy adult, the liver weighs about 1.5 kg (3 lb) 20 and is about 15 cm (6 in) thick.
73 21 22 Despite its many complex functions, the liver is relatively 23 simple in structure. It consists of two main lobes, left and 24 right, which overlap slightly. The right lobe has two smaller 25 lobes attached to it, called the quadrate and caudate lobes. 26 Each lobe contains many thousands of units called the lobules 27 that are the building blocks of the liver. The lobules are six- 28 sided structures each about 1 mm (0.04 in) across. A tiny vein 29 runs through the center of each lobule and eventually drains 30 into the hepatic vein, which carries blood out of the liver. 31 Hundreds of cubed-shaped liver cells, called the hepatocytes, 32 are arranged around the lobule's central vein in a radiating 33 pattern. On the outside surface of each lobule are small veins, 34 ducts, and arteries that carry fluids to and from the lobules. As 35 the liver does its work, nutrients are collected, wastes are 36 removed, and chemical substances are released into the body 37 through these vessels. 38 39 Unlike most organs, which have a single blood supply, the 40 liver receives the blood from two sources. The hepatic artery 41 delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart, supplying about 25 42 percent of the liver's blood. The liver also receives oxygen- 43 depleted blood from the hepatic portal vein. This vein, which 44 is the source of 75 percent of the liver's blood supply, carries 45 the blood to the liver that has traveled from the digestive tract, 46 where it collects nutrients as food is digested. These nutrients 47 are delivered to the liver for further processing or storage.
I. Pre-reading questions:
1. What are the vital organs in human body?
2. What is the largest vital organ in human body? 3. What vital organ has the ability to regenerate destroyed cells?
74 II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:
1. Line # 3 which: __________________________
2. Line # 7 it: __________________________ 3. Line # 7 that: __________________________ 4. Line # 15 it: __________________________ 5. Line # 20 which: __________________________ 6. Line # 30 its: __________________________ 7. Line # 38 that: __________________________ 8. Line # 38 it: __________________________
III. Vocabulary Preview
Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from
the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right column. (pair work)
Expressions / Words Meanings
(be) essential to (be) located at weigh about (be) relatively simple run through drain into (be) arranged around (be) released into (be) the source of (be) delivered to
1. A new-born baby ___________________ 7 to 8 lbs.
2. The blood ________________ whole human body to provide oxygen.
75 3. All veins __________ the blood _______ human heart. 4. The water supply _______ continuously ____________ the main pipe to be distributed to the whole city. 5. Water ________________ sustain life on earth. 6. Human digestive system _____________ as compared to other systems. 7. Oxygenated blood _________________ all body parts by the arteries. 8. The human mind __________________ control and command for all human activities. 9. Many beautiful patterns of stars __________________ the moon in the sky. 10. The diaphragm __________________ the bottom of human lungs.
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.
76 Across 2. finally 5. gather 6. not same 8. the largest internal organ in humans 9. outer layer of something 10. present in the middle 11. of different kinds 12. sth done again and again 13. to some extent
Down 1. not like 3. extremely important 4. not temporary 5. instrument used to keep birds in 7. stored things
VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs to find their antonyms.
word antonym from passage
a. external (paragraph# 1) ________________________
b. exclude (paragraph# 1) ________________________ c. intact (paragraph# 1) ________________________ d. recoverable (paragraph# 1) ________________________ e. join (paragraph# 2) ________________________ f. sick (paragraph# 2) ________________________ g. simple (paragraph# 3) ________________________ h. detached (paragraph# 3) ________________________ i. huge (paragraph# 3) ________________________ j. initially (paragraph# 3) ________________________
77 k. annexed (paragraph# 3) ________________________ l. distribute (paragraph# 4) ________________________ m. collect (paragraph# 4) ________________________
PRONUNCIATION FOCUS
VII. These are the medical terms used in the passages. Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning. Term Pronunciation Definition
X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle
a, b, c, or d. (group work)
1. The ____________________ performs more than 500
different functions. a. liver b. digestive system c. both a & b d. none
2. The liver can __________________ the destroyed cells.
a. redesign b. recycle c. reproduce d. resize
3. The liver is _________________ other vital organs.
a. like b. unlike c. same as d. similar to
4. The liver is situated ________________ the abdomen.
a. below b. under c. beside d. at the top of
5. (The) ________________ separates the lungs from the
abdomen. a. spongy texture b. liver c. diaphragm d. none
79 6. The liver is relatively simple in structure _____________ its functions are complex. a. because b. though c. yet d. and
7. The lobules are six-sided structures having a
_______________ of 1 mm. a. height b. radius c. circumference d. diameter
8. The _______________ carries blood out of the liver.
a. tiny vein b. lobule c. hepatic vein d. lobe
9. _______________ carry fluids to and from the lobules.
a. veins b. ducts c. arteries d. a, b, & c.
10. The ________________ is the major source of blood
supply to the liver. a. hepatic artery b. lobules c. digestive tract d. hepatic vein
XI. Read the following sub titles and match them with the relevant paragraphs. Write the number of paragraph in the box.
No Sub titles Paragraph
number a blood supply b liver functions c location of the liver d liver structure
80 XII. Match the sentence part in column A with its part in column B. (pair work)
Column A Column B 1. 500 different functions ___ grow back its cells. 2. The liver can ___ attached to the right lobe. 3. Repeated damage ___ are performed by the liver. 4. The lower part of the rib cage ___ cubed-shaped cells. 5. The quadrate and caudate ___ the major source of lobes are liver’s blood supply. 6. The hepatocytes are ___ protects the liver from injuries. 7. The hepatic artery is ___ may cause reversible responsible for harm to the liver. 8. The hepatic portal vein is ___ 25% of liver’s blood supply.
XIII. Read the first paragraph and circle all main verbs. Write them down on the lines given below.
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
81 XIV. Read the passage and answer the following questions.
I. Listen to the passage and match the main ideas to the
related paragraph. Write the paragraph number in front of the correct column.
No Main idea Paragraph
number a storing vitamin supplies b producing proteins c digesting lipids or fats d maintaining glucose level in the blood
II. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. Listen again and correct the false statements.
1. Glucose is made from glycogen. ( )
2. Creation of glycogen is called glycogenesis. ( ) 3. Glycogen is a carbohydrate. ( ) 4. A yellowish-brown liquid called salt contains the bile. ( ) 5. The bile is concentrated in the small intestine. ( ) 6. The albumin is produced in the blood. ( ) 7. The globin is produced in the liver. ( )
-ian specialist in pe-di-a-tri- - a physician who is some field cian specializes in /pe΄΄de-ə- pediatrics trĭ΄shən/ - iatrics medical pe-di-at-rics -branch of medicine specialty /pe΄΄de- deals with children at΄riks/ health etc. -iatry medical po-di-a-try -study and care of specialty /po-di΄ə-tre/ foot -ics medical ge-ne-tics - an expert in specialty / je΄nə-tiks/ heredity -ist specialist in chem-ist -an individual some field /kem΄ist/ skilled in chemistry -logy study of bi-ol-o-gy -science that deals /bi-ol΄ə-je/ with life and living organisms
I. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write
their transcription and definitions as well.
Suffix Example / Definition
Transcription -ian
-iatrics
84 -iatry
-ics
-ist
-logy
II. Split the following terms into their different words parts: i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the word parts. Term Suffix Root Prefix (meaning) (meaning) (meaning)
85 oncologist ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- lithotripsy ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- carcinogenic ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- endocrinology ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- fibroblast ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- polymorphic ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- III. Match the following general roots with their meanings. 1. path/o _____ speech 2. ped/o _____ mind 3. phas/o _____ disease 4. plas/o _____ child or foot 5. phob/o _____ sound 6. psych/o _____ nourishment / development 7. scler/o _____ narrow 8. son/o _____ exaggerated fear 9. sten/o _____ poison 10. toxic/o _____ formation 11. troph/o _____ hard
86 GRAMMAR FOCUS: Adverbs of frequency
A: Make sentences like the example. Use appropriate
frequency adverb. Example: speak Arabic in class I always/usually/seldom speak Arabic in class.
1. watch TV at night _________________________________________________. 2. sleep in the afternoon _________________________________________________. 3. send e-mails to friends _________________________________________________. 4. eat rice for breakfast _________________________________________________. 5.come to CMMS at 8:00 _________________________________________________. 6. absent from classes _________________________________________________. 7. talk to my teachers in their offices _________________________________________________. 8. take down notes during classes _________________________________________________. 9. read newspapers _________________________________________________. 10. brows internet _________________________________________________.
87 B: Make questions and answers for the given prompts.
Example: read medical articles
How often do you read medical articles? I frequently read medical articles for information. 1. visit library
____________________________________________ ____________ 2. How often does the patients has medical check-up? ____________________________________________ ____________
89 3. A drowning man catchs at a straw. ____________________________________________ ____________ 4. Good students prepare always before examinations. ____________________________________________ ____________ 5. The sun set in the west. ____________________________________________ ____________ 6. Dr Suhail treates his patients carefully. ____________________________________________ ____________ 7. He forget never to brush his teeth before sleeping. ____________________________________________ ____________ 8. Why doesn’t they study for their final examinations? ____________________________________________ ____________ 9. A good Muslim always should offers prayers on time. ____________________________________________ ____________ 10. How often is you consult a medical dictionary? ____________________________________________ ____________
90 11. A lot of blood is deliver to the lungs for oxygination. ____________________________________________ ____________ 12. Everybody care for one’s good health. ____________________________________________ ____________ 13. They still rememberes the sweat memories of his childhood. ____________________________________________ ____________
Speaking Focus
Activity: A Work in pairs and write down sentences about your daily routine. Write 15 to 20 sentences using adverbs of frequency. Each student will stand one by one and orally tell his/her class fellows about his/her daily routine.
Examples:
* I always wake up before Fajr prayer.
* I usually offer my Fajr in the mosque. * I never stay in bed after sun rise.
91 Activity: B Think about your daily routine. Work in two groups: Group A & Group B One student from Group A will ask a question about their routine matters using “How often”. Any student from group B will answer the question using adverbs of frequency.
Change the role of the groups after some practice.
Examples:
* How often do you talk to your friends?
* How often do you sleep before 11 p.m.?
* How often do you visit recreation parks?
92 Unit # FIVE KIDNEY
93 94 UNIT # 5: KIDNEY
1 The kidneys are paired organ whose functions include
2 removing waste products from the blood and regulating the 3 amount of fluid in the body. The basic units of the kidneys are 4 microscopically thin structures called the nephrons which 5 filter the blood and cause wastes to be removed in the form of 6 urine. Together with the bladder, two ureters and the single 7 urethra, the kidneys make up the body’s urinary system. 8 Human beings, as well as members of all other vertebrate 9 species, typically have two kidneys.
10 The kidneys lie against the rear wall of the abdomen, on
11 either side of the spine. They are situated below the middle of 12 the back, beneath the liver on the right and the spleen on the 13 left. Each kidney is encased in a transparent, fibrous 14 membrane called the renal capsule which helps protect it 15 against trauma and infection. The concave part of the kidney 16 attaches to two of the body’s crucial blood vessels—the renal
95 17 artery and the renal vein—and the ureter, a tubelike structure 18 that carries urine to the bladder.
19 A primary function of kidneys is the removal of poisonous
20 wastes from the blood. Chief among these wastes are the 21 nitrogen-containing compounds urea and uric acid, which 22 result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids. Life- 23 threatening illnesses occur when too many of these waste 24 products accumulate in the bloodstream. Fortunately, a 25 healthy kidney can easily rid the body of these substances.
26 STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
27 The outermost layer of the kidney is called the cortex. Beneath
28 the cortex lies the medulla, an area that contains from 8 to 18 29 cone-shaped sections known as pyramids which are formed 30 almost entirely of bundles of microscopic tubules. The tips of 31 these pyramids point toward the center of the kidney. The 32 cortex extends into the spaces between the pyramids, forming 33 structures called renal columns. At the center of the kidney is 34 a cavity called the renal pelvis.
35 The task of cleaning, or filtering, the blood is performed by
36 millions of nephrons, remarkable structures that extend 37 between the cortex and the medulla. Under magnification, the 38 nephrons look like tangles of tiny vessels or tubules, but each 39 nephron actually has an orderly arrangement that makes 40 possible filtration of wastes from the blood. The primary 41 structure in this filtering system is the glomerulus, a network 42 of extremely thin blood vessels called the capillaries. The 43 glomerulus is contained in a cuplike structure called 44 Bowman’s capsule, from which extends a narrow vessel called 45 the renal tubule. This tube twists and turns until it drains into a 46 collecting tubule that carries urine toward the renal pelvis. Part 47 of the renal tubule, called the Henle’s loop, becomes 48 extremely narrow extending down away from the Bowman’s
96 49 capsule and then back up again in a U shape. Surrounding 50 Henle’s loop and the other parts of the renal tubule is a 51 network of the capillaries which are formed from a small 52 blood vessel that branches out from the glomerulus.
I. Pre-reading questions:
1. What human organ resembles beans in shape?
2. Where are the kidneys located in human body? 3. What are the functions of the kidneys?
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to: 1. Line # 9 they: __________________________ 2. Line # 11 it: __________________________ 3. Line # 14 that: __________________________ 4. Line # 18 these: __________________________ 5. Line # 23 that: __________________________ 6. Line # 32 that: __________________________ 7. Line # 37 it: __________________________ 8. Line # 42 which: __________________________
III. Vocabulary Preview
Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from
the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right column. (pair work)
Expressions / Words Meanings
together with lie against on either side of (be) encased in accumulate in
97 life-threatening point toward extend into (be) contained in (be) formed from
1. De-oxygenated blood ________________ the lungs for
cleaning. 2. Fahd _______________ the mischievous boy who broke the glass funnels yesterday. 3. The malleus ____________ the eardrum in human ear. 4. A combination of antibiotics ________________ local application is used for severe infections. 5. Human eyes are situated _________________ the nose. 6. The esophagus _____________________ the stomach. 7. Human kidney ______________ millions of nephrons. 8. Thermo-sensitive medicines _________ usually ________________ dark-coloured bottles. 9. Malaria was considered a ___________________ disease three decades ago. 10. Human eyes ____________________ well-protected sockets.
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)
V. Search the words given at the end. Circle your answers.
99 VI. Read the relevant paragraphs to write the appropriate words in front of their meaning. (pair work)
meaning word from passage
a. unnecessary (paragraph# 1) ________________________
b. cleaning impurities (paragraph# 1) ________________________ c. placed (paragraph# 2) ________________________ d. under (paragraph# 2) ________________________ e. clear (paragraph# 2) ________________________ f. causing death or illness (paragraph# 3) ________________________ g. happen (paragraph# 3) ________________________ h. luckily (paragraph# 3) ________________________ i. parts (paragraph# 4) ________________________ j. completely (paragraph# 4) ________________________ k. extremely small (paragraph# 4) ________________________ l. done (paragraph# 5) ________________________ m. significant (paragraph# 5) ________________________ n. increase in size (paragraph# 5) ________________________
PRONUNCIATION FOCUS
VII. These are the medical terms used in the passages. Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning. Term Pronunciation Definition
II. Listen to the passage and choose the appropriate title.
a. KIDNEY STRUCTURE
b. URINE PRODUCTION
c. OXYGINATION OF BLOOD
III. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. Listen again and correct the false statements.
1. The blood enters the renal artery through the kidneys.
( )
106 2. The capillary walls of the glomerulus are quite thin. ( ) 3. Amino acids and uric acids are pushed out through the capillary walls. ( ) 4. Protein molecules are passed through with amino acids. ( ) 5. Filtered blood enters the glomerulus through the arteries. ( ) 6. The blood leaves the kidneys through the renal veins. ( ) 7. Human kidneys clean 50 liters of blood in a day. ( )
Medical Terminology: Common roots of medical terms:
Root Refers to Example Definition
cardio heart car-di-ol-o-gy The study of heart / kahr΄΄de-ol΄ə-je / derm/o skin der-ma-tol-ogy The study of skin dermat/o / der΄΄mə-tol΄ə-je / ger/o aged ger-on-tol-o-gy The study of aged geront/o / jer΄΄on-tol΄ə-je / persons hem/o blood he-ma-tol-o-gy The study of blood hemat/o / he΄mə-tol΄ə-je /
107 neur/o a nerve neu-rol-o-gy The study of nerve cells cell, the /noo-rol΄ə-je / or nervous system nervous system oste/o bone os-te-ol-o-gy The study of bones /os΄΄te-ol΄ə-je / path/o disease pa-thol-o-gy The study of disease / pə-thol΄ə-je / psych/o mind psy-chol-o-gy The study of human mind / si-kol΄ə-je /
I. Write two examples each for the following roots. Write their transcription and definitions as well.
Root Example / Definition
Transcription cardio
derm/o dermat/o
ger/o geront/o
hem/o hemat/o
neur/o
108 oste/o
path/o
psych/o
II. Split the following terms into their different words parts: i.e. roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Write the meaning for the word parts.
A: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate
forms of the verbs given in the parentheses.
1. Dr. Fahd (operate) ___operated___ three patients this
morning. 2. Fatima (be) _________________ at home on Friday. 3. It (take) _____________ him 30 minutes to complete frog dissection. 4. He (apply) ______________ analgesic cream to relieve pain. 5. All the students (be) __________ in the library at 10:00. 6. He (quit) ___________ smoking last year.
110 7. His tumor (enlarge) ___________________ due to wrong treatment. 8. The students (attend) ______________ cardiac conference last week. 9. The nurse (be) ____________ present during the operation. 10. Dr. Ali (suggest) ______________ kidney transplant in his report. 11. The doctor (transfer) ________________ the patient to ICU. 12. The doctor (prescribe) ________________ immediate surgery.
B. Change the sentences in exercise A into negatives and
questions. Change the underlined words with the words given below. (group work)
1. yesterday Did Dr. Fahd operate three patients yesterday? No, he did not operate three patients yesterday.
2. last week ____________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. two hours ____________________________________________
____________________________________________ ____________ 2. Is the eye be a spherical structure? ____________________________________________ ____________ 3. My friend buyed a beautiful watch last week. ____________________________________________ ____________ 4. Do the ciliary muscle form the ciliary body? ____________________________________________ ____________ 5. Did the doctor asks you to eat light food? ____________________________________________ ____________ 6. Sleeplessness cause often eye redness. ____________________________________________ ____________
115 7. The students did not slept well last night. ____________________________________________ ____________ 8. Three layers of tissues composed the outer part of the eye. ____________________________________________ ____________ 9. Ali looked up the word in the dictionary if he does not know its meaning. ____________________________________________ ____________ 10. The ears are use to listen. ____________________________________________ ____________ 11. Dr Hasan operates many patients during the last summer vacation. ____________________________________________ ____________ 12. The students are go to the college every morning. ____________________________________________ ____________ 13. He get his shoes polish every morning. ____________________________________________ ____________
116 Speaking Focus
ACTIVITY: A Work in two groups: Group A & Group B One student from Group A will make a past statement. Any student from group B will add a tag question to the statement. Change the role of the groups after some practice. Examples: * I ate lunch at a restaurant on Sunday. Didn’t you?
* I didn’t waste any time last week.
Did you?
* I was very busy last week.
Weren’t you?
117 ACTIVITY: B Work in pairs and write a report about what you did last Friday. Each student will stand and tell his class fellows about his last Friday. Ask the students to ask him questions regarding his speech. Examples: * Why didn’t you offer Fajr prayer?
* Did you eat dinner with your family?
* Why did you wake up so late?
118 Unit # SIX EYE
119 120 UNIT # 6: EYE
1 The entire eye, often called the eyeball, is a spherical structure
2 approximately 2.5 cm (about 1 in) in diameter with a 3 pronounced bulge on its forward surface. The outer part of the 4 eye is composed of three layers of tissues. The outside layer is 5 the sclera, a protective coating. It covers about five-sixths of 6 the surface of the eye. At the front of the eyeball, it is 7 continuous with the bulging, transparent cornea. The middle 8 layer of the coating of the eye is the choroid, a vascular layer 9 lining the posterior three-fifths of the eyeball. The choroid is 10 continuous with the ciliary body and with the iris, which lies 11 at the front of the eye. The innermost layer is the light- 12 sensitive retina.
13 The cornea is a tough, five-layered membrane through which
14 light is admitted to the interior of the eye. Behind the cornea is 15 a chamber filled with clear, watery fluid, the aqueous humor 16 which separates the cornea from the crystalline lens. The lens 17 itself is a flattened sphere constructed of a large number of
121 18 transparent fibers arranged in layers. It is connected by 19 ligaments to a ring like muscle, called the ciliary muscle, 20 which surrounds it. The ciliary muscle and its surrounding 21 tissues form the ciliary body. This muscle, by flattening the 22 lens or making it more nearly spherical, changes its focal 23 length.
24 The pigmented iris hangs behind the cornea in front of the
25 lens, and has a circular opening in its center. The size of its 26 opening, the pupil, is controlled by a muscle around its edge. 27 This muscle contracts or relaxes, making the pupil larger or 28 smaller, to control the amount of light admitted to the eye. 29 Behind the lens, the main body of the eye is filled with a 30 transparent, jellylike substance, the vitreous humor that is 31 enclosed in a thin sac which is called the hyaloid membrane. 32 The pressure of the vitreous humor keeps the eyeball 33 distended.
34 The retina is a complex layer that is largely composed of the
35 nerve cells. The light-sensitive receptor cells lie on the outer 36 surface of the retina in front of a pigmented tissue layer. These 37 cells take the form of rods or cones packed closely together 38 like matches in a box. Directly behind the pupil is a small 39 yellow-pigmented spot, the macula lutea, in the center of 40 which is the fovea centralis that is the area of greatest visual 41 acuity of the eye. At the center of the fovea, the sensory layer 42 is composed entirely of cone-shaped cells. Around the fovea 43 both rod-shaped and cone-shaped cells are present, with the 44 cone-shaped cells becoming fewer toward the periphery of the 45 sensitive area. At the outer edges are only rod-shaped cells.
I. Pre-reading questions:
1. What human organ resembles a camera?
2. What are the similarities between a human eye and a camera?
122 3. What is the size of human eye?
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:
1. Line # 3 its: __________________________
2. Line # 5 it: __________________________ 3. Line # 9 which: __________________________ 4. Line # 15 it: __________________________ 5. Line # 16 which: __________________________ 6. Line # 18 its: __________________________ 7. Line # 21 its: __________________________ 8. Line # 32 which: __________________________
III. Vocabulary Preview
Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from
the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right column. (pair work)
Expressions / Words Meanings
(be) composed of three-fourth of protective coating light-sensitive five-layered (be) connected by (be) admitted to (be) controlled by (be) filled with directly behind
123 1. Each kidney is encased in a _________________ called the renal capsule. 3. The chamber behind the cornea ________________ a clear watery fluid. 3. Water __________________ of hydrogen and oxygen. 4. All university offices _________________ a computer networking. 4. The cardiac patient _____________________ the ICU in a critical condition. 5. Human liver is situated ___________________ the lower part of the rib cage. 7. All human activities _________________ human mind. 8. Water constitutes __________________ of the earth. 9. The aqueous humor is encased in a __________ cornea. 10. _______________ retina causes pupil of human eye to dilate or contract.
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.
124 Across 1. complicated 3. entered 6. outer layer 8. circular shape 9. like jelly 10. circular in shape 11. inner part 12. hide or protect sth 13. boundary of a surface 14. hard
Down 2. match sticks 4. swelled by means of pressure 5. related to senses 7. hole
VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs to find their synonyms.
word synonyms from passage
a. circular (paragraph# 1) ________________________
b. nearly (paragraph# 1) ________________________ c. external (paragraph# 1) ________________________ d. hard (paragraph# 2) _________________________ e. room (paragraph# 2) _________________________ f. encircle (paragraph# 2) _________________________ g. alter (paragraph# 2) _________________________ h. dilate (paragraph# 3) _________________________ i. entered (paragraph# 3) _________________________ j. material (paragraph# 3) _________________________
125 k. tightly (paragraph# 4) _________________________ l. completely (paragraph# 4) _________________________ m. sides (paragraph# 4) _________________________
PRONUNCIATION FOCUS
VII. These are medical terms used in the passages. Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning. Term Pronunciation Definition
X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle
a, b, c, or d. (group work)
1. The sclera serves the purpose of ___________________.
a. watching b. cleaning c. seeing d. protection
2. The outer layer covers (a) __________________ of the
surface of the eye. a. major part b. minor part c. half d. quarter
3. The choroids is situated ________________ of the eye.
a. in the middle b. at the front c. at the upper side d. at the back
4. The cornea _______________ light to the interior of the
eye. a. prohibits b. permits c. transfers d. stops
5. The aqueous humor is a ____________________.
a. clear fluid b. a chamber c. watery fluid d. lens
127 6. The cornea is situated ___________________ the lens. a. above b. behind c. in front of d. below
7. The hyaloid membrane is a ___________________.
a. chamber b. lens c. transparent substance d. jelly-like substance
8. The light-sensitive receptor cells are ______________ in
shape. a. circular b. cubical c. longitudinal d. round
9. The central part of the fovea is comprised of
_____________ cells. a. circular b. cubical c. conical d. round
10. The number of rod-shaped cells _____________________
toward the periphery of the sensitive area. a. increases b. decreases c. becomes equal d. finishes
XI. Match the sentence part in column A with its part in
column B.
Column A Column B 1. The eyeball is ___ a light-sensitive layer. 2. The outer eye is composed ___ consists of cone- shaped cells. 3. The protective layer ___ a spherical structure. 4. The retina is ___ a circular opening in the cornea.
128 5. The ciliary muscle ___ of three layers of tissues. 6. The pupil is ___ is a transparent substance. 7. The vitreous humor ___ is called the sclera. 8. The sensory layer ___ is a ring like muscle.
XII. Read the first and second paragraphs and circle all proper nouns. Write them down on the lines given below.
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
XIII. Read the first and second passage and label the diagram.
129 XIV. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. Mention the line numbers where this information is mentioned. Correct the false statements and write them on the lines given below.
1. Human eye comprises of three layers of tissues.
( ) Line no _____ 2. The choroid constitutes three quarters of the eyeball. ( ) Line no _____ 3. The cornea is a multi-layered membrane. ( ) Line no _____ 4. The crystalline lens is filled with clear, watery fluid. ( ) Line no _____ 5. Transparent fibers form the lens. ( ) Line no _____ 6. The ligaments are ring like muscles. ( ) Line no _____ 7. Eyeball distance is maintained by the pressure of the vitreous humor. ( ) Line no _____
8. The pupil is a small yellow-pigmented spot.
( ) Line no _____ 9. Cone-shaped cells form the sensory layer. ( ) Line no _____
I. Listen to the passage and fill in the blank spaces.
------The most important of these are (1) _____
_______________, two folds of skin and tissue, ----------------- ----------- Inside the eyelids is a thin (2) _______________ membrane, the conjunctiva, which doubles over (3) ____ __________ the visible sclera. -------------- Normally the eyelids of (4) __________ _______ close by reflex action about every six seconds, but if dust reaches the surface of the eye and is not (5) _________ __________, the eyelids blink oftener and more tears are produced. --------------- The eyebrows, located above each eye, also have a (6) ______________ ____________ in soaking up or deflecting perspiration or rain and preventing the (7) _______________ from running into the eyes. -------------------------------------- The bony edges of the orbit, the frontal bone, and the (8) ______________________ protect the eye from mechanical injury (9) _______________ or collisions.
II. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.
1. What organs protect the eye?
__________________________________________________ _________ 2. What is the function of the eyelashes? __________________________________________________ _________
131 3. What is the lecrimal organ? __________________________________________________ _________ 4. How are small dust particles flushed away? __________________________________________________ _________ 5. What do the meibomian glands secrete? __________________________________________________ _________ 6. What is an orbit? __________________________________________________ _________
Medical Terminology: Common suffixes in medical terms:
Suffix Meaning Example Definition
-algia pain os-te-ol-gia pain in a bone / os΄΄te-al΄jə / -ase enzyme li-pase enzyme that / li΄pās/ digest fats -dynia pain os-te-o-dyn-i-a pain in a bone / os΄΄te-o-din΄e- ə/ -it is inflammation car-di-tis inflammation of / kahr΄΄di-tis / heart muscles -ache pain head-ache pain in the head / hed΄āk /
132 -pathy disease psy-chop-a-thy A mentally ill / si-kop΄ə-the / person -ose sugar lac-tose milk sugar / lak΄tōs /
I. Write two examples each for the following suffixes. Write
their transcription and definitions as well.
Suffix Example / Definition
Transcription -algia
-dynia
-itis
-ache
-pathy
-ase
-ose
133 Adjective forming suffixes: ( grpup#1) These suffixes change roots or nouns to adjectives.
Suffix Meaning Example Definition
-ac referring to / car-di-ac pertaining to the pertaining to /kar΄de-ak/ heart -al referring to / der-mal pertaining to the pertaining to /dər΄məl/ skin -ar referring to / vas-cu-lar pertaining to the pertaining to /vas΄ku-lar/ blood vessels -ary referring to / di-e-try pertaining to the pertaining to /di΄ə-tar΄΄e/ diet -ical referring to / ana-tom-i-cal pertaining to the pertaining to /an΄΄ə-tom΄ĭ- anatomy k΄əl/ -eal referring to / la-ryn-ge-al pertaining to pertaining to /lə-rin΄je-əl/ larynx -iatric referring to / ger-i-at-ric pertaining to the pertaining to /jer΄΄e-at΄rik/ elderly people -ic referring to / he-mic pertaining to the pertaining to /he΄mik/ blood
II. Match the following roots and suffixes to make medical
terms. Write down their meaning as well. ( group work)
A: Fill in the blank spaces with appropriate form of the verb
given in the parentheses. (pair work)
Last week Fahd (be) ________ at home when he (feel)
____________ terrible pain in his abdomen. He (rush) ______________ to his father and (say) __________to him, “ I (have) ____________ a lot of pain in my stomach.” His father (drive) _______________ him to the nearest hospital.
135 The doctor (ask) ____________ him, “What (eat) _________ you ___________ last night?” Fahd (tell) ___________ him, “I (eat) ______________ my dinner in a restaurant yesterday.” The doctor (tell) ____________ his father, “It (seem) ______________ he (suffer) ________________from food poisoning.” The doctor (write) _____________ a prescription and (advise) ______________ him bed-rest for two days. He (follow) _______________ doctor’s advice and (get) _______________ well in two days.
B: Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. The teacher gave mid-term exam last week.
_______________________________________________ ___________ 2. Ali reviewed all chapters for final examination. _______________________________________________ ___________ 3. The students scored excellent marks in the last quiz. _______________________________________________ ___________ 4. The nurse prepared the patient for operation. _______________________________________________ __________
136 5. The patient thanked the doctor. _______________________________________________ ___________ 6. The rain flooded the village last month. _______________________________________________ ___________ 7. Graham Bell invented telephone. _______________________________________________ ___________ 8. Malaria killed millions of people during Second World War. _______________________________________________ ___________ 9. Everybody admired Fahd’s presentation. _______________________________________________ ___________ 10. The university enrolled one hundred freshmen in the college of medicine. _______________________________________________ ___________
C: Use “used to” to make sentences from the following
prompts. Example: go / school - university Ali used to go to school but now he goes to the university.
137 1. play / football – basket ball _______________________________________________ ___________ 2. attend college / daily - Saturdays _______________________________________________ ___________ 3. listen to / lectures – small group discussions _______________________________________________ ___________ 4. write / letters - emails _______________________________________________ ___________ 5. travel / on foot - airplanes _______________________________________________ _________ 6. use / type writers - computers _______________________________________________ ___________ 7. eat / simple food – fast food _______________________________________________ ___________ 8. live / tents – air-conditioned houses _______________________________________________ ___________
138 9. read / storybooks - textbooks _______________________________________________ __________ 10. play / outdoor games – computer games _______________________________________________ ___________
D: Change the sentences in exercise “C” into negative like the
example. Example: go / school - university Ali used to go to school but now he goes to the university. Ali didn’t used to go to the university.
____________________________________________ 2. He isn’t stay with her. ____________________________________________ 3. He sent an interesting email by his friend. ____________________________________________ 4. They usually are on time for their classes. ____________________________________________ 5. Omer is visiting his aunt once a week. ____________________________________________ 6. What is you think about penicillin? ____________________________________________ 7. I brushs generally my teeth before sleeping. ____________________________________________ 8. The doctors are need to speak patiently with the patients. ____________________________________________ 9. A nice essay was wrote by him. ____________________________________________
140 10. How often he goes to the medical college? ____________________________________________ 11. He did not eat always breakfast at 7:00. ____________________________________________ 12. Why do you phoned me this morning? ____________________________________________ 13. They were buy an expensive dress last week. ____________________________________________
Speaking Focus
ACTIVITY: A
Think about the things you used to do when you were in
school. Think about the busy schedule after joining the college of medicine. Compare your routine at school with the busy schedule at college of medicine. Every student will make at least ten sentences. Examples: * I used to sleep at 11:00 but now I have to study late hours.
* I used to study for two hours but now I need to study
six hours every day.
141 * I didn’t used to work on internet, but now I search medical sites for my studies.
ACTIVITY: B
Work in two groups: Group A & Group B
One student from Group A will ask a question regarding any past habit. One student from group B will answer his question in affirmative or negative. Change the role of the groups after some practice.
Examples: * Did you used to play football in school? Yes, I used to play football in school.
* Did you used to read English newspaper two year
before? No, I didn’t used to read English newspaper two years before.
142 Unit # SEVEN STOMACH
143 144 UNIT # 7: STOMACH
1 Stomach is one of the major organs of the digestive system.
2 Most animals, like humans, have a single stomach, but birds 3 and ruminants have digestive organs composed of two or more 4 chambers. The outer surface of the stomach is smooth; the 5 inner surface is folded into numerous complex ridges which 6 assist in the mixing of food with digestive juices and channel 7 this material through the stomach into the intestines. Only 8 water, alcohol, and certain drugs seem to be absorbed from the 9 stomach while most food absorption takes place in the small 10 intestine.
11 In humans the stomach is situated in the upper part of the
12 abdominal cavity mostly to the left of the midline. The large, 13 domed end of the stomach, the fundus, lies in the left vault of 14 the diaphragm whereas the esophagus enters the upper side or 15 lesser curvature, a short distance below the fundus. The region 16 immediately below the fundus is called the body. The upper 17 part of the stomach, spoken of as the cardiac portion, includes 18 the fundus and the body. The lower or the pyloric portion 19 curves downward, forward, and to the right and includes the
145 20 antrum and pyloric canal. The latter is continuous with the 21 upper part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
22 The tissues of the stomach include an outer fibrous coat
23 derived from the peritoneum and, beneath this, a coat of 24 smooth muscle fibers arranged in diagonal, longitudinal, and 25 circular layers. At the junction of the esophagus and stomach, 26 the circular muscles are much enlarged, forming the 27 esophageal sphincter. Contraction of this muscle prevents the 28 regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus. A similar 29 structure, the pyloric sphincter, is found at the junction of the 30 pylorus and the duodenum. Another layer of the stomach, the 31 submucosa, is made up of loose connective tissue in which are 32 found numerous blood and lymph vessels and nerves of the 33 autonomic nervous system. The innermost layer, the mucosa, 34 contains secretary cells. One type secretes hydrochloric acid 35 which not only neutralizes the alkaline reaction of the saliva, 36 but also renders the gastric contents distinctly acid and 37 activates the gastric digestive juices. These juices are secreted 38 by a different type of cell. The enzymes found in gastric juice 39 are pepsin, which in the presence of acid splits proteins to 40 peptones; rennin which curdles milk; and perhaps lipase 41 which splits fats to fatty acids and glycerol. A third type of 42 cell secretes mucus for the protection of the stomach from its 43 own products.
44 The tissues of the stomach are digestible by the gastric juices,
45 as is mucus. Under normal conditions, however, the mucous 46 coating is renewed more rapidly than it is removed. When a 47 pathological or psychosomatic condition prevents the proper 48 secretion of the mucus, the gastric mucosa becomes eroded 49 and an ulcer forms. If neglected, this ulcer may perforate the 50 gastric wall and allow the stomach contents to escape into the 51 abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.
146 I. Pre-reading questions:
1. What human organ resembles a camera?
2. What are the similarities between a human eye and a camera? 3. What is the size of human eye?
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to:
1. Line # 5 which: __________________________
2. Line # 22 this muscle: __________________________ 3. Line # 23 a similar structure: __________________________ 4. Line # 27 the inner most layer: __________________________ 5. Line # 28 one type: __________________________ 6. Line # 28 which: __________________________ 7. Line # 30 these juices: __________________________ 8. Line # 33 which: __________________________ 9. Line # 35 its: __________________________
III. Vocabulary Preview
Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from
the reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then go back and write their meaning in the right column. (pair work)
Expressions / Words Meanings
(be) folded into assist in take place
147 (be) situated in at the junction of (be) found at (be) secreted by in the presence of more rapidly than if neglected
1. Oxygenation of the blood _____________ in the lungs.
2. Chemical reactions speed up _____________ enzymes. 3. The mediastinum _________ the middle of both lungs. 4. The inner surface of the stomach _____________ many layers. 5. ____________, minor diseases may cause fatal results. 6. Medical staff _________ the doctors _______ different medical procedures. 7. The heart of a child beats ____________ an adult heart. 8. The sweat glands __________________ the outer layer of the skin. 9. The saliva ________________ the cheek glands to help facilitate digestion. 10. The basement membrane is present ____________ the dermis and the epidermis.
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions /
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking)
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues.
148 Across 3. cells that produce secretions 4. opposite of dilation 7. that can be digested 8. a lot of 9. pertaining to the nerves 10. divide 11. sheet of muscles below the lungs 12. contain
Down 1. ingredients 2. slanting 3. organ responsible for digestion 5. under 6. towards down
149 VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant paragraphs to find their antonyms.
word antonyms from passage
a. minor (paragraph# 1) ________________________
b. inner (paragraph# 1) ________________________ c. few (paragraph# 1) ________________________ d. large (paragraph# 1) ________________________ e. rarely (paragraph# 2) ________________________ f. exit (paragraph# 2) ________________________ g. written (paragraph# 2) ________________________ h. core (paragraph# 3) ________________________ i. above (paragraph# 3) ________________________ j. permit (paragraph# 3) ________________________ k. acidic (paragraph# 3) ________________________ l. raw material (paragraph# 3) ________________________ m. special (paragraph# 4) ________________________ n. removed (paragraph# 4) ________________________
PRONUNCIATION FOCUS
VII. These are the medical terms used in the passages. Say these words aloud and memorize their meaning. Term Pronunciation Definition
151 X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, b, c, or d. (group work)
1. Stomach is one of (the) _____________ parts of the
digestive system a. least important b. less important c. most important d. unimportant 2. Birds’ stomach is __________________ humans’. a. like b. different c. unlike d. similar 3. _______________ food items is (are) absorbed from the stomach. a. The majority b. The minority c. All d. None of the 4. The fundus is situated ________________ the body of the stomach. a. below b. in front of c. at the back of d. above 5. The esophageal sphincter has a _________________ opening as compared to the esophagus. a. narrow b. wide c. narrower d. wider 6. Gastric contents are ________________ by the esophageal sphincter to enter the esophagus. a. prohibited b. allowed c. accelerated d. permitted 7. The pyloric sphincter is situated ______________ the pylorus and the duodenum. a. above b. below c. between d. in 8. The mucosa contains _______________ type(s) of secretory cells. a. one b. two c. three d. four 9. The mucus ______________ the stomach from its own products. a. hurts b. spoils c. strengthen d. protects
152 10. A psychosomatic condition ______________ gastric ulcers. a. heals b. neutralizes c. cures d. causes
XI. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false statements. Mention the line numbers where this information is mentioned. Correct the false statements and write them on the lines given below. (pair work)
1. Ruminants are like birds and animals.
( ) Line no _____ 2. Small intestine absorbs most of the food items. ( ) Line no _____ 3. The fundus is situated right below the body. ( ) Line no _____ 4. The fundus and the body are parts of the cardiac portion. ( ) Line no _____ 5. Peritoneum constitutes the smooth muscle coat. ( ) Line no _____ 6. The innermost layer secretes hydrochloric acid. ( ) Line no _____ 7. Hydrochloric acid does not neutralize the alkaline reaction of the saliva. ( ) Line no _____ 8. Mucus is digested by the gastric juices. ( ) Line no _____ 9. Cone-shaped cells form the sensory layer. ( ) Line no _____
---------------------------------------------------------------------- smooth muscle coat: -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- sub mucosa: ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- mucosa: ---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- secretary cells: a. type 1: ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- b. type 2: ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- c. type 3: ------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------
154 LISTENING FOCUS:
I. Listen to the passage and choose the correct title.
a: The Stomach b: The Small Intestine c: The Large Intestine
II. Listen to the passage and circle the right word.
Most digestion/absorption, as well as digestion/absorption of
digested food, happens/occurs in the small intestine. ----------- ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------- ------------Over a time/period of three to six hours/minutes, --- -------------------------------------, the duodenum/jejunum, and finally/ultimately into the ileum, ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- Bile digests/breaks large fat molecules/globules into small droplets, ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- fats into fatty acids and glycogen/glycerol, and proteins into amino acids. ------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- Structures called Burner’s/Brunner’s glands secrete mucus to digest/protect the intestinal walls ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
155 III. Listen to the passage and circle “T” for true statement and “F” for false statements. Listen again and correct the false statements.
1. The small intestine is 6 cm long. ( )
2. The ileum is the final part of the small intestine. ( ) 3. The pancreas secretes the bile. ( ) 4. The glands in the intestinal walls secrete the mucus. ( ) 5. The inner walls of the small intestine are lined by villi. ( ) 6. The villi and the microvilli are same. ( ) 7. Simple sugars enter the bloodstream through the capillaries. ( )
These suffixes change roots or nouns to adjectives.
Suffix Meaning Example Definition
-oid referering to he-mo-id pertaining to the / pertaining /he΄mo-id/ blood to -otic referering to va-so-spas-mo- pertaining to the / pertaining tic spasm of vessels to /va΄zo-s΄paz- mo-t΄ik/
158 -ous referering to ve-nous pertaining to the / pertaining /ve΄nəs/ veins to -tic referering to he-ma-tic pertaining to the / pertaining /he-mat΄ik/ blood to -ory referering to res-pi-ra-tory pertaining to the / pertaining /res΄pĭ-rə- respiration to tor΄΄e/ -form referering to mu-ci-form resembling mucus / pertaining /mu΄sĭ-form/ to -ile referering to feb-rile pertaining to the / pertaining /feb΄ril/ fever to
II. Match the following roots and suffixes to make medical
terms. Write down their meaning as well. ( group work)
A: Make sentences with “there is” or “there are”. Use many,
much, a little or a few in your answer as needed. Example: life-saving injections / medical store There are many life-saving injections in the medical store.
1. trees / in the park
__________________________________________________ ___________ 2. windows / in the car __________________________________________________ ___________
160 3. milk / in the cup __________________________________________________ ___________ 4. toys / in the toy shop __________________________________________________ ___________ 5. water / in the pond __________________________________________________ ___________ 6. students / at the university __________________________________________________ ___________ 7. birds / in the nest __________________________________________________ ___________ 8. information / on internet __________________________________________________ ___________ 9. chairs / in the office __________________________________________________ ___________ 10. chairs / in the auditorium __________________________________________________ ___________
161 11. sugar / in a candy __________________________________________________ ___________ 12. sugar / in a biscuit __________________________________________________ ___________
B: Ask and answer like the example. Replace the subject with the given nouns. Use any and some in your sentences. Example: instruments - Are thee any/some life-saving instruments in the medical store? - No, there aren’t any instruments but there are some injections.
163 C: Correct the following sentences. (group work) 1. Water composes of oxygen and hydrogen. ____________________________________________ ____________ 2. Does he attend all lectures yesterday? ____________________________________________ ____________ 3. The pediatricians are treat sick people. ____________________________________________ ____________ 4. Third year students visited Hada hospital every week these days. ____________________________________________ ____________ 5. His performance was appreciate by his supervisor. ____________________________________________ ____________ 6. Do there many patients in the surgical ward? ____________________________________________ ____________ 7. Why don’t she want to eat out? ____________________________________________ ____________ 8. We used to play football because we like it. ____________________________________________ ____________
164 9. There aren’t some chairs in the classroom. ____________________________________________ ____________ 10. She takes regular medicine when she was sick. ____________________________________________ ____________ 11. He often studied very hard before final exams. ____________________________________________ ____________ 12. Do we need to always write capital letter in the beginning? ____________________________________________ ____________ 13. How much chaires do you want me to bring? ____________________________________________ ____________
Speaking Focus
ACTIVITY: A
Work in small groups.
Imagine any place and make sentences about it using there is and there are. Group representatives will stand and tell the class about the things at that place.
165 The students of other groups may ask questions regarding any missing information.
Examples: * Aren’t there many tall buildings in Riyadh?
* Isn’t there a big zoo?
ACTIVITY: B
Work in two groups: Group A & Group B
Discuss and make a list of various clues that can be used to make questions that can be answered by many, much, a few, a little, a lot of, lots of etc. One student from Group A will ask a question using the clues. Any student from group B will answer his question like the example. Change the role of the groups after some practice.
Examples: * How much oxygen is there in the air? There is a lot of oxygen in the air.
* How many tigers are there in Al-Shifa?
There are a few tigers in Al-Shifa.
166 Appendix 1a: Pronunciation Guide
VOWELS
ə sofa ŏ got ā mate ū fuel ă bat ŭ but ē beam aw all ĕ met oi boil ī bite ōō boom ĭ bit ŏo book ō home ou fowl
CONSONANTS
b book s sigh d dog t tin f fog, photo w wood g get z size, phase h heat ch chin j jewel, gem ks six k cart, pick kw quote l look ng sing m mouse sh should n new th thin, than p park zh measure r rat
167 Appendix 1b: Pronunciation Guide
* The phonetic spelling is kept as possible, with few
diacritical marks; the only special character used is ə, the schwa, used to represent the unstressed vowel sound heard at the end of sofa. The schwa is also used in combination with r to represent the sound heard in fur and the second syllable of other. * There are four basic rules:
1. An unmarked vowel ending syllable (an
“open” syllable) is long. Thus ma represents the pronunciation of may. 2. An unmarked vowel in a syllable ending in a consonant (a “closed” syllable) is short. Thus not represents the pronunciation of knot. 3. A long vowel in a closed syllable is indicated by a macron. Thus māt represents the pronunciation of mate. 4. A short vowel that ends or itself constitutes a syllable is indicated by a breve. Thus ĭ-mūn’ represents the pronunciation of immune.
* Primary (΄) and secondary (΄΄) stresses are shown in
polysyllabic words, with unstressed syllables followed by hyphens, as in mi΄΄kro-or΄gən-iz-əm. Monosyllables, even when part of a compound term, have no stress mark, as in bens jōnz.
168 Appendix 1c: Final –s and –ed endings
FINAL –S ENDING (plural+3rd person singular)
plural+
The final –s ending is pronounced in three ways depending on
the ending of the noun or verb.
1. /iz/ is used after –ch, -sh, -s, -z, -dge, and –x endings riches, washes, classes, buzzes, judges, boxes 2. /s/ is used after voiceless endings: p, t, k, f, (th) etc. caps, kits, beaks, cliffs, baths 3. /z/ is used after voiced endings: b, d, g, v, l, n, (th) etc. cabs, beads, hugs, caves, calls, nuns, bathes
FINAL– FINAL –ed ENDING (past and past participle of regular verbs)
The final –ed ending is pronounced in three ways depending
on the ending of the verb.
4. /id/ is used after –t, -d, -s, -z, -dge, and –x endings added, fitted 5. /t/ is used after voiceless endings: p, k, f, sh, s etc. clapped, kicked, puffed, wished, kissed 6. /d/ is used after voiced endings: b, g, v, z, n etc. robbed, begged, caved, razed, shunned
169 Appendix 2a: Present Simple Tense
USAGE:
We Use present simple tense in the following ways:
1. for the things we regularly do, like our habits and
routines; I wake up before Fajr during week days.
2. talking about the facts;
Allah is one. The sun rises in the east.
3. talking about a situation that lasts for a long time;
She is not married. Ali works in an iron factory.
4. talking about our feelings, thought, perceptions,
possession, mental activity etc. He likes his family. I believe in miracles. Dr. Taha possesses a good reputation.
5. talking about a pre-planned arrangement;
I take morning flight tomorrow. The next annual meeting starts next week.
170 Appendix 2b: Present Simple Tense
statement Third person singular subjects
He-She-It-Ali speaks. Sun is hot. goes. He is a student. All plural + I-You subjects They-We-I-You-Students speak. They are teachers. go. The students are tall. Note: add s/es with third person singular subjects I am a doctor.
Negative He-She-It-Ali does not speak. Moon is not hot.
does not go. He is not a student. They-We-I-You- do not speak. do not go. They are not Note: remove s/es from the verb teachers. and add “does not” with third The students are not person singular subjects tall.
I am not an engineer. Question Does he-she-it-Ali speak? Is sun hot? go? Is he a student? Do they-we-I-you-students speak? Are they teachers? go? Are the students tall? Note: remove s/es from the verb and add “Does” with third Am I a doctor? person singular subjects
171 Appendix 2c: Present Simple Tens: Short Questions
Is sun hot? Yes, he is.
Is he a student? No, he isn’t.
Are they teachers? Yes, they are.
Are the students tall? No, they aren’t.
Does the sun rise in the east? Yes, it does.
Does he take regular exercise? No, he doesn’t.
Do the trees grow? Yes, they do.
Do the stones move? No, they don’t.
172 Appendix 2d: Passive Voice
We use passive voice in the following situations:
1. when the doer is not very important
The shoes are polished. The letter is posted.
2. when it is important to highlight the importance of the
person or thing acted upon The Great Wall of China is seen from the space. The patient was operated upon.
Note: Passive voice is very common in scientific, technical
1. The subject of the active sentence becomes the object
of the passive sentence. 2. We make the verb passive by using “be” and adding the past participle. 3. The object of active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. We introduce it with by.
173 Appendix 2e: Passive Voice; Examples
subject verb object
Intelligent students prepare their lessons.
Their lessons are prepared by intelligent
students. students.
subject verb object
Intelligent students prepared their lessons.
Theirlessons Theirlessons were prepared by intelligent students. students.
subject verb object
The smart teachers deliver the lectures. lectures.
The lectures are delivered by the smart
teachers. teachers.
subject verb object
The smart teachers delivered the lectures.
The lectures were delivered by the smart
teachers. teachers.
174 Appendix 2f: Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
We use comparative adjectives to compare two things,
persons etc. We often use “than” when we compare two things.
Ali is big, and Fahd is bigger.
Fahd is bigger than Ali. This picture is more beautiful than that picture.
When we compare more than two things, we use the
superlative.
Ali is big, Fahd is bigger, and Wajid is the biggest.
Wajid is the biggest of the three. This is the most beautiful picture.
Examples Guiding principle
Mono- Sami is thinner than * we add –er to make syllabic Fahd. comparative and –est adjectives Ali is the thinnest to make superlative to student. one-syllable adjectives.
Bi-syllabic Girls are happier * We usually add –er
adjectives than boys. to make comparative Children are the and –est to make happiest. superlative for adjectives ending in er or y. Second quiz was more stressful. * We usually add Final exam was the more to make
175 most stressful. comparative and the most to make superlative before adjectives ending in ful or re. Other This pen is more * We add more to adjectives expensive. make comparative and That pen is the most the most to make expensive. superlative for adjectives of three or more syllables.
little/less/least, many/more/most and much/more/most are irregular comparative and superlative forms.
176 Appendix 2g: Adverbs of Frequency
100% always almost always usually often frequently positive generally adverbs of sometimes frequency sometimes occasionally seldom rarely hardly ever negative almost never adverbs never of frequency never
0%
Maha usually wakes up at * Adverbs of frequency come
5:00. before a main verb but after a Maha is usually on time. helping verb. Does Maha usually wake * Adverbs of frequency come up at 5:00? directly after the subject in Is Maha usually on time? questions. Maha usually does not * Most adverbs of frequency wake up at 5:00. (except always and ever) come Maha does not always in front of a negative verb. wake up at 6:00. Maha never wakes up at * Negative adverbs are not used 6:00. with negative verbs.
177 Appendix 2h: Past Indefinite Tense
* We use past indefinite tense to talk about events that started
and ended in the past. We use this tense when any kind of past time is mentioned in the sentence.
statement The last match ended in a
draw. She was absent last They locked the door week. yesterday. Fahd was sick during the last term. Ali woke up at 8:00 this morning. The students were on We went abroad last year. time on Saturday. We were in the hall for Note: There is no change for examination. third person singular subjects. * We use –ed to make past form of regular verbs while irregular verbs don’t follow any specific rule. Negative The last match did not end in a She was not absent last draw. week. They did not lock the door Fahd was not sick yesterday. during the last term.
Ali did not wake up at 8:00 The students were not
this morning. on time on Saturday. We did not go abroad last year. We were not in the hall for examination. Note: We use did not to make negative sentence. * We need to use first form of the verb after did not.
178 Question Did the last match end in a draw? Was she absent last Did they lock the door week? yesterday? Was Fahd sick during the last term? Did Ali wake up at 8:00 this morning? Were the students on Did we go abroad last year? time on Saturday? Were we in the hall for Note: We use “Did” to make examination? questions. * We need to use first form of the verb after “Did”..
179 Appendix 2i: Past Indefinite Tense: Short Answers
Was she absent last week? Yes, she was.
Was he sick during the last term? No, he wasn’t.
Were the students on time on Saturday? Yes, they were.
Were we in the hall for examination? No, we weren’t.
Did the last match end in a draw? Yes, it did.
Did they lock the door yesterday? No, they didn’t.
Did Ali wake up at 8:00 this morning? Yes, he did.
Did we go abroad last year? No, we didn’t.
180 Appendix 2j: Used to
USED TO: EXPRESSING PAST HABIT
* We use “used to” to express a past habit or situation that no
longer exists at present.
Statement I used to go to school. Now I study at CMMS.
Fatima used to send letters, but now she sends emails. Dr. Sulaiman used to operate his patients, but now he doesn’t.
Negative I did not used to go to CMMS.
I did not use to go to CMMS.
(I never used to go to CMMS)
Fatima did not used to send emails.
Fatima did not use to send emails. (Fatima never used to send emails.)
* We may use “used to” or “use to” after did
not. * “Never used to” is frequently used in negative sentences. Question Did you used to go to school? Did you use to go to school?
Did Fatima used to send emails.
Did Fatima use to send emails.
* We may use “used to” or “use to” after Did.
181 Appendix 2k: -s/-s Spellings + There is / There are
using -s / -es: guiding principles
a. If a verb ends in –ch, -sh, -s, -x, or –z, add –es at the end. Example: enrich – enriches; miss – misses; fix - fixes
b. If a verb ends in a consonant + -y, change -y to –i and add
-es. Examples: fry – fries; cry - cries
c. Add –es at the end of “do” and “go”.
Examples: do – does; go – goes
Note: Add final –s at the end of all other verbs which are not mentioned above.
THERE IS / THERE ARE
* We “there is” and “there are” to show that something exists
or in a place.
Statement There is a big auditorium in Taif university.
There are four hundred students studying at
CMMS. Negative There isn’t a big auditorium in Taif university. (There is no big auditorium in Taif University. There aren’t four hundred students studying at CMMS. Question Is there a big auditorium in Taif university? Are there four hundred students studying at CMMS?
182 Appendix 2l: Many/Much, A little/A few, Lots of/A lot of, Any/Some
MANY/MUCH, A LITTLE/A FEW, LOTS OF/ A LOT OF:
GUIDING PRINCIPLE
Count Non-count a lot of books a lot of fruit * “A lot of” or “lots of” is lots of books lots of fruit used with both kinds of nouns. Many books Much milk * Many is used with count (50) (40 L) nouns in big quantities. * Much is used with non- count nouns in big quantities. A few books A little milk * A few is used with count (3) (1L) nouns in small quantities. * A little is used with non- count nouns in small quantities.
ANY / SOME: GUIDING PRINCIPLE
Question I am hungry. Do you have any biscuits?
I am hungry. Do you have some biscuits? * We may use “some” or “any” in questions. affirmative Yes, I have some.
* We use “some” in affirmative sentences, but
“any” can’t be used in affirmative sentences. negative No, I don’t have any.
* We use “any” in negative sentences, but
“some” can’t be used here.
183 184 Appendix 3a: Listening Passage: Unit#1
The skin’s thinness and position on the outside of the body
make it vulnerable to injury, but the skin has a remarkable ability to repair itself. The process of wound healing depends on how deep the wound is—whether just the superficial epidermis or both epidermis and dermis are involved.
When a wound, such as a scraped knee or elbow, affects only
the epidermis, healing can occur very rapidly, often within a day or two. Epidermal cells at the edge of the wound break free from the surrounding cells, enlarge, and migrate into the wound. Meanwhile, the remaining epidermal cells divide to replace those that have left. Cells advance across the wound from all sides and finally meet in the center, covering the wound. The cells then divide to form all the layers of the epidermis, until the skin over the wound reaches normal thickness.
A deeper wound affecting both epidermis and dermis requires
a longer, more complex process of healing. First, a clot forms to stanch the flow of blood from the wound. White blood cells of the immune system enter the area to consume dead and dying cells, microbes, and any other foreign material that may
185 have entered the wound. During this stage of healing, cells that will develop into fibroblasts also enter the wound. Next, the blood clot hardens into a scab, and epidermal cells migrate beneath the scab to form a continuous sheet of cells over the wound. Fibroblasts begin to deposit collagen and other molecules, repairing the dermis. Finally, when normal skin has been restored, the scab drops off. Often during repair of a deep wound, collagen fibers and other structural molecules of the skin are arranged more densely than in normal tissue, forming a scar. Scar tissue has fewer blood vessels than normal skin and sometimes lacks hair, glands, and nerve cells.
186 Appendix 3b: Listening Passage: Unit#2
Sound is a series of vibrations moving as waves through air or
other gases, liquids, or solids. A ringing bell, for example, sets off vibrations in the air. Detection of these vibrations, or sound waves, is called hearing. The detection of vibrations passing through the ground or water is also called hearing. Some animals can only detect vibrations passing through the ground, and others can only hear ibrations passing through water.
Humans, however, can hear vibrations passing through gases,
solids, and liquids. Sometimes sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear by a method of hearing called bone conduction. For example, people hear their own voice partly by bone conduction. The voice causes the bones of the skull to vibrate, and these vibrations directly stimulate the sound-sensitive cells of the inner ear. Only a relatively small part of a normal person’s hearing depends on bone conduction, but some totally deaf people can be helped if sound vibrations are transferred to the skull bones by a hearing aid.
Humans hear primarily by detecting airborne sound waves,
which are collected by the auricles. The auricles also help
187 locate the direction of sound. Although some people have auricular muscles so well-developed that they can wiggle their ears. Human auricles, when compared to those of other mammals, have little importance. Many mammals, especially those with large ears, such as rabbits, can move their auricles in many directions so that sound can be picked up more easily.
After being collected by the auricles, sound waves pass
through the outer auditory canal to the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. The vibrations of the eardrum are then transmitted through the ossicles, the chain of bones in the middle ear. As the vibrations pass from the relatively large area of the eardrum through the chain of bones, which have a smaller area, their force is concentrated. This concentration amplifies, or increases, the sound.
188 Appendix 3c: Listening Passage: Unit#3
Although the words breathing and respiration are sometimes
used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings. Breathing is the process of moving oxygen-rich air into and out of the lungs. Respiration refers to all of the processes involved in getting oxygen to tissues, including breathing, diffusion of oxygen from the lungs to the blood, transport by the blood, and diffusion from the blood to tissues. Respiration is essential for aerobic respiration, the process within cells in which nutrients and oxygen are used to build the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In aerobic respiration, body cells use oxygen to metabolize glucose, forming carbon dioxide as a waste product that is exhaled.
Because body cells are constantly using up oxygen and
producing carbon dioxide, the lungs work continuously. An adult normally breathes from 14 to 20 times per minute, but vigorous exercise can raise the rate to 80 breaths per minute. A child’s rate of breathing at rest is faster than an adult’s at rest, and a newborn baby has a rate of about 40 breaths per minute. In general, smaller animals have faster breathing rates than larger animals. A rat, for example, breathes about 60
189 times per minute, while a horse breathes only about 12 times per minute.
190 Appendix 3d: Listening Passage: Unit#4
One of the liver’s primary jobs is to store energy in the form
of glycogen, which is made from a type of sugar called glucose. The liver removes glucose from the blood when blood glucose levels are high. Through a process called glycogenesis, the liver combines the glucose molecules in long chains to create glycogen, a carbohydrate that provides a stored form of energy. When the amount of glucose in the blood falls below the level required to meet the body’s needs, the liver reverses this reaction, transforming glycogen into glucose.
Another crucial function of the liver is the production of bile,
a yellowish-brown liquid containing salts necessary for the digestion of lipids, or fats. These salts are produced within the lobules. Bile leaves the liver through a network of ducts and is transported to the gallbladder, which concentrates the bile and releases it into the small intestine.
Vitamins are also stored in the liver. Drawing on the nutrient-
rich blood in the hepatic portal vein, the liver collects and stores supplies of vitamins A, D, E, and K. The B vitamins are
191 also stored here, including a two- to four-year supply of Vitamin B12.
The liver also functions as the body’s chemical factory.
Several important proteins found in the blood are produced in the liver. One of these proteins, albumin, helps retain calcium and other important substances in the bloodstream. Albumin also helps regulate the movement of water from the bloodstream into the body’s tissues. The liver also produces globin, one of the two components that form hemoglobin—the oxygen-carrying substance in red blood cells. Certain globulins, a group of proteins that includes antibodies, are produced in the liver, as are the proteins that make up the complement system, a part of the immune system that combines with antibodies to fight invading microorganisms.
192 Appendix 3e: Listening Passage: Unit#5
Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery. The artery divides into smaller and smaller blood vessels, called arterioles, eventually ending in the tiny capillaries of the glomerulus. The capillary walls here are quite thin, and the blood pressure within the capillaries is high. The result is that water, along with any substances that may be dissolved in it— typically salts, glucose or sugar, amino acids, and the waste products urea and uric acid—are pushed out through the thin capillary walls, where they are collected in Bowman's capsule. Larger particles in the blood, such as red blood cells and protein molecules, are too bulky to pass through the capillary walls and they remain in the bloodstream. The blood, which is now filtered, leaves the glomerulus through another arteriole, which branches into the meshlike network of blood vessels around the renal tubule. The blood then exits the kidney through the renal vein. Approximately 180 liters (about 50 gallons) of blood moves through the two kidneys every day.
Urine production begins with the substances that the blood
leaves behind during its passage through the kidney—the water, salts, and other substances collected from the
193 glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule. This liquid, called glomerular filtrate, moves from Bowman’s capsule through the renal tubule. As the filtrate flows through the renal tubule, the network of blood vessels surrounding the tubule reabsorbs much of the water, salt, and virtually all of the nutrients, especially glucose and amino acids, that were removed in the glomerulus. This important process, called tubular reabsorption, enables the body to selectively keep the substances it needs while ridding itself of wastes. Eventually, about 99 percent of the water, salt, and other nutrients is reabsorbed.
194 Appendix 3f: Listening Passage: Unit#6
Several structures, not parts of the eyeball, contribute to the
protection of the eye. The most important of these are the eyelids, two folds of skin and tissue, that can be closed by means of muscles to form a protective covering over the eyeball against excessive light and mechanical injury. The eyelashes, a fringe of short hairs growing on the edge of either eyelid, act as a screen to keep dust particles and insects out of the eyes when the eyelids are partly closed. Inside the eyelids is a thin protective membrane, the conjunctiva, which doubles over to cover the visible sclera. Each eye also has a tear gland, or lacrimal organ, situated at the outside corner of the eye. The salty secretion of these glands lubricates the forward part of the eyeball when the eyelids are closed and flushes away any small dust particles or other foreign matter on the surface of the eye. Normally the eyelids of human eyes close by reflex action about every six seconds, but if dust reaches the surface of the eye and is not washed away, the eyelids blink oftener and more tears are produced. On the edges of the eyelids are a number of small glands, the Meibomian glands, which produce a fatty secretion that lubricates the eyelids themselves and the eyelashes. The eyebrows, located above each eye, also
195 have a protective function in soaking up or deflecting perspiration or rain and preventing the moisture from running into the eyes. The hollow socket in the skull in which the eye is set is called the orbit. The bony edges of the orbit, the frontal bone, and the cheekbone protect the eye from mechanical injury by blows or collisions.
196 Appendix 3g: Listening Passage: Unit#7
Most digestion, as well as absorption of digested food, occurs
in the small intestine. This narrow, twisting tube, about 2.5 cm in diameter, fills most of the lower abdomen, extending about 6 m in length. Over a period of three to six hours, peristalsis moves chyme through the duodenum into the next portion of the small intestine, the jejunum, and finally into the ileum, the last section of the small intestine. During this time, the liver secretes bile into the small intestine through the bile duct. Bile breaks large fat globules into small droplets, which enzymes in the small intestine can act upon. Pancreatic juice, secreted by the pancreas, enters the small intestine through the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that break down sugars and starches into simple sugars, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids. Glands in the intestinal walls secrete additional enzymes that break down starches and complex sugars into nutrients that the intestine absorbs. Structures called Brunner’s glands secrete mucus to protect the intestinal walls from the acid effects of digestive juices.
197 The small intestine’s capacity for absorption is increased by millions of fingerlike projections called villi, which line the inner walls of the small intestine. Each villus is about 0.5 to 1.5 mm long and covered with a single layer of cells. Even tinier fingerlike projections called microvilli cover the cell surfaces. This combination of villi and microvilli increases the surface area of the small intestine’s lining by about 150 times, multiplying its capacity for absorption. Beneath the villi’s single layer of cells are capillaries (tiny vessels) of the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. These capillaries allow nutrients produced by digestion to travel to the cells of the body. Simple sugars and amino acids pass through the capillaries to enter the bloodstream. Fatty acids and glycerol pass through to the lymphatic system.
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