ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:

PHILOSOPHY OF TIME

Volume 3

TIME: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC
GUIDE
TIME: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC
GUIDE

SAMUEL L. MACEY

i~ ~~o~!~~n~~~up
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published in 1991 by Garland
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 TIME
A Bibliographic Guide

Samuel L. Macey

GARLAND PUBLISHING, INC. • NEW YORK & LONDON

1991
 © 1991 Samuel L. Macey
All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Macey, Samuel L.
Time : a bibliographic guide/ Samuel L. Macey.
p. cm. - (Garland reference library of !he humanities ; vol.
1506)
Includes indexes.
ISBN 0---8153-0646-6 (acid-free paper)
1. Time-Bibliography. I. Title. IL Series.
Z7876M33 1991
[QB209] 91-25934
016.529-dc20 CIP

Printed on acid-free, 250-year-life paper

Manufactured in the United States of America
For J. T. Fraser
John Harrison's no. 1 Marine Timekeeper, 1737, and in center foreground his
prize winning no. 4, 1759; on the right Larcum Kendall's copy, K.l, used by
Cook and Vancouver; on the left Kendall's K.2, once carried by Bligh in the
Bounty. (By courtesy.of the National Maritime Museum--on loan from Ministry
of Defence-Navy.)
 CONTENTS
Introduction xi

1. Multidisciplinary Studies
Bibliographies 1
Collections of Essays 1
Individual Works 3

2. Aging
General 7
Biology and Medicine 13
In Literature 20
Psychology 20
Social Gerontology 24

3. Archa_eology 31

4. Art and Architecture

General 36
Cinema and Television 37
Time and Death Personified 39

5. Biology
General 41
Chronobiology (including Biological
Clocks and Dysrhythmia) 43
Evolution 65

6. Chemistry 74

7. Economics 78

8. Geography
General 83
Demography (Human Geography) 83

9. Geology and Geophysics

General (including Geochronology) 90
Paleontology 92
10. History and Historiography
General %
Eastern 98
The Idea of Progress 99
Science and Technology 100
Western 103

11. Horology
General Works and Histories 105
Automata 109
France 110
Germany, Austria, and The Netherlands 111
Great Britain 112
Italy and Spain 115
Near and Far East 115
North America (United States) 117
Switzerland 119
Timekeepers: Specific Inventions and
Trades 121
Timekeepers (Non-Mechanical): Sundials,
Sandglasses, and Clepsydrae 122
Time's Measurement: Precise
Non-Mechanical (Including Atomic,
Quartz, and Electric) 123

12. Law
General 126
Limitation of Actions 126

13. Literature and Language

General 134
Clockwork Diabolism 138
Drama 139
Fiction 142
Language 153
Poetry 155
Prophecy and Alternate History
(Uchronia) 160
Utopian, Futuristic, and Science
Fiction 161

14. Mathematics
General (including History of) 166
 Dynamics 167
Statistics 173
Time Series Analysis 174

15. Medicine
General 184
Chronopharmacology 185
Psychiatry 201

16. Music
General 207
African 214
Eastern 215
Metronome 216
Psychology and Physiology 217
Rhythm and Meter 218
Tempo and Beat 225

17. Navigation 229

18. Philosophy
General 232
Classical 236
Cosmology, Space, and Time 237
Eastern 237
Medieval 238
Renaissance to Enlightenment 239
Specific Recent and Contemporary
Philosophers 241
Time's Passage, Past, Present, Future 245

19. Physics
General 248
Astronomy 251
Cosmology 253
Quantum Theory 256
Relativity Theory 257
Thermodynamics and Entropy 259
Time, Space, and Space-Time 262
Time's Arrow 263

20. Political Science 266

21. Psychology
General 270
Behavior 276
Children and Development 278
Memory, Learning, and Cognition 282
Personality and Society 290
Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry 291
Time Perception (Temporal Judgment) 293

22. Religion
General 312
Christian 314
Christian Argument from Design 316
Creation 316
Eastern 319
Eschatology 320
Judaic and Islamic 322

23. Sociology and Anthropology

General 323
Anthropology 325
Communications and Comparative Studies 328
Family 329
Future Orientation, Life Cycle and
Social Development 329
Society and Organization 331

24. Time Management

General 334
Leisure 338
Technology 339
Time and Method Study 341

25. Time's Measurements and Divisions

General 348
Calendars 349
Chronology 351
Divisions of the Day 354

Author Index 357

Subject Index 398

 INTRODUCTION

In varying degrees, concern with time as an experience, its role in

collective and individual life, and the nature of time as a subject of
enquiry has penetrated our daily lives no less than it has penetrated the
formal domains of learning. This bibliography of selected time-related
books and articles-divided into twenty-five existing academic disciplines
and about one hundred subdisciplines-confirms the validity of that
claim, particularly insofar as the domains of learning are concerned.
Even those of us who have been closely connected with the study of time
over many years have found it extremely difficult to acquire a sense of
the subject as a whole. During the course of writing three books on
time-dealing respectively with literature and philosophy, religion and
the history of ideas, and social and economic history-I became acutely
aware of the need for a multidisciplinary guide in the form of a
good-though necessarily incomplete-bibliography. Indeed, during the
past few years I could sense and am presently able to demonstrate that
there has been a greatly accelerating growth in the study of time. Having
now completed such a bibliography, I can even better appre.ciate the
extent to which the nature and dimensions of the subject it reflects are
a widely ranging theme of concern for the academic community.

FORMAT

The interdisciplinary nature of the study of time has made it essential to

use a bibliographic format readily understandable by readers in every
discipline. As a result, virtually all abbreviations-such as the acronyms
for journals in English literature and the equally enigmatic shortened
titles used in the sciences-have been avoided. In the main, abbrevi-
ations have been restricted to J for Journal and UP for University Press.

This bibliography adopts a format that has been widely used by

North American scholars whose work in time studies cuts across the
disciplines. The format employed respectively for books, for articles in
journals, and for articles in collections of essays is represented by the
following examples:

Landes, David S. Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the

Modern World. Cambridge: Belknap P of Harvard UP, 1983.
xii Time: A BibliographicGuide

Thompson, E. P. "Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capital-

ism.• Past and Present 38 (December 1967): 61-84.

Davies, P. C. W. · "Space-Time Singularities in Cosmology and

Black Hole Evaporation.• The Study of Time III. Ed. J. T.
Fraser, N. Lawrence, and D. Park. New York: Springer, 1978.
74-91.

Since the above format comes very close to Basic Style A in The Chicago
Manual of Style 13th ed., Section 16.5, and to that recommended in
The MLA Style Manual, I have followed those publications in other
appropriate areas. But with respect to the preference for the use of first
names or initials, which varies both between disciplines and among
scholars, no attempt has been made to impose a consistent form.

SOURCES

This bibliography has been developed by supplementing my existing

collection of books, articles, and bibliographic references on time with
the judicious use of references drawn from a number of sources that are
readily available in most university libraries. Some readers may wish to
use these sources for broadening appropriate sections of the bibliography
or, in due course, for including more recent works in their particular
areas of interest. Conveniently, the subject headings that can be
searched in the sources indicated below are similar to the disciplines and
subdisciplines as set out in this bibliography.

For bibliographic information on books the most comprehensive

source is the Library of Congress Catalog and the related Library of
CongressSubject Catalog. But the reader should not overlook the subject
headings in his or her own library's card or computerized catalog as well
as in the current issue of Books in Print. In addition, Time's News,
distributed to members of the International Society for the Study of
Time, contains useful reviews of recent publications. Though I have
consciously omitted dissertations, the appropriate bibliographic
information can be readily obtained by looking up entries under
time-related words in the "Keyword Title Index• of Dissertation
Abstracts International.

Articles present a special problem because no single index of journals

can cover all of them. Readers will need to accommodate themselves to
the particular abbreviations used in disciplines other than their own. But
 Introduction xiii

reference librarians are uniformly helpful; they will usually let one use
such books as Periodical Title Abbreviations, which list the shortened
forms employed for the many thousands of journals currently being
published. Among the most useful periodical indexes-generally to be
found in the reference section of university libraries-are the following:

Cumulated Index Medicus (subject headings include many aspects

of science), 1960 to date

The Social Sciences Index, 1974 to date

The Humanities Index, 1974 to date

(the above two indexes were previously International Index to

Periodicals, 1907-65, and Social Sciences and Humanities
Index, 1965-74)

The Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature (for articles in

magazines), 1900 to date

Art Index

The Music Index

Cumulative Subject Index to PsychologicalAbstracts

Index to Legal Periodicals

In addition, those who wish to supplement the entries selected for

this bibliographic guide can use the range of specialized bibliographies
indicated within their respective disciplines. For the requirements of
most readers, however, this book will offer sufficiently detailed
bibliographies. And for all readers it should provide an exciting new
entry into the very wide range of disciplines that have been inspired and
energized through an active concern with time and time measurement.

In some subjects, the time-oriented nature of the discipline as a

whole is immediately evident. These include aging, archaeology,
history, horology, navigation, time management, and time measure-
ment. In other subjects, important subdisciplines have developed in
which the time component is equally obvious. Examples are film and TV
in art; chronobiology and evolution in biology; demography in human
xvi Time: A BibliographicGuide

estimate, this figure has therefore been reduced by approximately 40

percent to 30,000. The adjustment is to allow for multiple listings and
any items included that are not significantly concerned with time. In the
other direction, the figure of 30,000 has been increased by a factor of
three to some 90,000. This adjustment-also based on a comparative
sampling-makes appropriate allowance for entries under subject
headings not directly related to time and also for what Fraser calls
indexers untutored in the study of time.

Two methods suggest themselves for extrapolating from the figure

of 90,000 for 1980-89 to the ninety years since the beginning of the
century. As the entries in Time: A Bibliographic Guide were originally
chosen on a basis that was relatively random insofar as dates were
concerned, the figure of 90,000 can be adjusted by the proportion that
the articles in the bibliography for the past decade bears to the articles
in the bibliography for the period 1900-90. This produces a figure of
approximately 205,000 time-related articles since the beginning of the
century. Alternatively, if we add to our figure of 90,000 for the last
decade, the 65,000 articles that Fraser estimates for the first eight
decades of the century, we have a total figure of approximately 155,000
time-related articles since the beginning of the century. The two figures
of 205,000 and 155,000 provide a broad band within which it is reason-
able to assume that the true figure must lie. Since the modern mind
craves numerical precision, we might suggest that about 180,000
time-related articles have been published since the beginning of the
century.

Anybody who has not been closely involved with the study of time
during the past twenty-five years, might well be expected to question the
rapidly accelerating increase in the number of articles here estimated to
have been published during that period. But the growth in publication is
graphically corroborated when one considers the publication of time-
related books during the same period. Neither Fraser nor anyone else
seems to have attempted such an estimate for books.

ESTIMATING TIIE TOTAL NUMBER OF TIME-RELAIBD BOOKS

The system that I have used for estimating the number of time-related
books published since 1900 grows directly out of the method used for
estimating the number of articles published. Though this involves
counting and tabulating the entries for individual books, it is greatly
simplified by the fact that there is no need to employ a number of
 Introduction xvii

disparate periodical indexes. By a happy coincidence, the Library of

Congress Subject Catalog, which has been published continuously since
1950, comprises some four million books in English and many other
languages even during its first twenty-five years of publication. This has
facilitated counting and tabulating time-related books under just over
thirty main subject headings-in addition to the related subsidiary
headings-from Age, Archaeology, Biological Rhythm, and Calendar
through to Sundials, Tempo, Thermodynamics, and Time Study.

While the older volumes of the subject catalog have been cumulated
in books for five-year periods, the material for the most recent years is
available on fiches. The fiches for 1983-84 are cumulated, but those for
1985-89 are separated into individual years. In order to reduce the labor
involved, only one five-year period has been counted for each decade up
to and . including the seventies. The annual averages are as follows:
1950-54 346, 1960-64 553, 1970-74 1,385, 1983-84 1,775, 1985
2,547, 1986 3,498, 1987 4,048, 1988 4,311, and 1989 4,310.
When these figures are charted and the curve on the chart is extrapolated
back to 1900, they add up to a total of some 63,000 books catalogued
under time-related headings since the turn of this century.

The figure of 22,263 time-related books for the last seven years
alone fully confirms the rapidly accelerating increase that we discovered
when dealing with articles. Though we cannot develop comparable
statistics for the years prior to 1950, a surprisingly early publication
suggests that the figures before 1900 would have been very small. The
Library of Congress Catalogue of Subjects in 2 volumes (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1869)-which curiously appears to have had
no immediate successors-lists books under subject headings from the
earliest time until the date of publication. Many of the time-related
subjects with which we have thus far been dealing did not then, of
course, exist. But the seven such subjects which do parallel those in the
Library of Congress Subject Catalog (1950-89) yielded only 417 titles in
all.

A sampling suggests that to allow for multiple entries of the books

in the Library of Congress Subject Catalog a similar reduction is needed
to that appropriate in the case of articles. The 63,000 has therefore been
reduced by 40 percent to 38,000. In the other direction, the figure of
38,000 has been increased by a factor of some two and a half times. This
adjustment has been made to allow for entries under subject headings
not directly related to time, for indexers untutored in the study of time,
xviii Time: A BibliographicGuide

and for books not included in the Library of Congress Catalog. We may
therefore estimate that, since the beginning of this century, about
95,000 books have been published on time-related subjects.

SIZE, STRUCTIJRE, AND CONIBNT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC GUIDE

Clearly a multidisciplinary bibliography of all the books and articles on

time can no longer be envisaged in book form. It would currently need
about fifty volumes equal in size to this bibliographic guide. If and when
such a work does appear, it will have to do so as an on-line computer
bibliography, but even" that would not eliminate the usefulness of
introducing readers to the subject through this more traditional form of
bibliography. Insofar as constructing a future computerized bibliography
is concerned, the present work may be considered as a preparatory step
for an open database under the name TIMELINE first mentioned in
print in Fraser's article of 1981. There are surely many other and
perhaps better ways than mine for classifying the material. But the
construction of an improved framework depends on the extent of the
material at hand, and on the desirable condition that many people have
given thought to the classification. This book, therefore, is also a
contribution to the development of a classification scheme for the study
of time, one that need not copy those of the established disciplines but
obtain its guidance from the study of time itself.

As far as possible, the guiding principle for the construction of this

book has been to reflect the proportions and nature of the subject as a
whole. To begin with, the size of the bibliography has been limited to
the largest number of bibliographic entries that can conveniently be
included within a single volume. The internal structure is equally
pragmatic. The main headings have been derived from the disciplines
now being taught in university departments. To these have been added
subjects like Aging, Horology, Navigation, Time Management, and
Time's Measurements, which have a wide application in relation to
time studies. Approximately half of the subheadings, as we have already
noted, are provided by time-related subject headings derived from the
periodical indexes and the Library of Congress Subject Catalog. Where
time-related subheadings are not available, preference is given to
chronological subdivisions(as in Philosophy) or geographical subdivisions
(as in Horology).

The size of individual divisions and subdivisions has been similarly

controlled by pragmatic considerations. Large subjects-like Aging,
 Introduction xix

Chronobiology, and Psychology-cannot be allowed to crowd out

completely the smaller subdisciplines, and the smaller entries must be
at least large enough to give the reader a sense of the subject. Though
there are exceptions, the preferred length of sections has been held to
80-450 entries and that of subsections to 12-150 entries. The intention
has been to compile a multidisciplinary bibliography on time with at least
a general sense of the appropriate weight that should be given to sections
and subsections if they are to reflect the subject as a whole.

By compiling a bibliography of approximately six thousand entries

with at least a sense of the proportion that should be given to sections
and subsections, one acquires a real feeling for the full spectrum of this
subject. In the same spirit, an attempt has been made to reflect the
rapidly accelerating growth of time studies that has earlier been
indicated. For example, the books listed here for 1983-89 represent
almost exactly one third of the total number of books for the current
century. This mirrors the proportions of 22,000 to 63,000 in the initial
data. Approximately 45 percent of the articles in the bibliography were
published during 1980-90, and this figure also reflects very closely the
real growth in the publication of time-related articles which occurred in
that period.

While it has been virtually impossible to assess with any confidence,

the percentage of works that should be allocated to languages other than
English, it was felt that publications in German, French, and Italian
should be adequately represented. Titles in languages other than English
account for almost 11 percent of the bibliography, and a further 2
percent are English translations of foreign titles. Languages other than
English are represented generously in the Library of CongressCatalog and
the Index Medicus; representation in the other periodical indexes varies
considerably. Perhaps 20 percent of the total bibliography should be
allocated to titles originating in languages other than English. An
educated guess has also been exercised in restricting the total number of
entries before 1900 to rather less than 2 percent of the whole.

In a bibliography restricted to one volume, no section, however

important the reader may consider it, can possibly be exhaustive. But
fortunately a bibliography of some six thousand entries is of sufficient
length to ensure that almost all of the disciplines and subdisciplines
include a body of entries at least comparable in number to the special-
ized bibliographies, where these exist. The ultimate goal is to provide
a reasonably well-balanced indication of what the study of time has to
xx Time:A BibliographicGuide

offer. In this connection I have attempted to apply critical insights in

choosing publications for interest, quality, and relevance to the study
of time. Merely having the word time in the title has by no means been
a sufficient criterion for inclusion in this work. What is required rather
is that the primary focus of a publication should incorporate such quest-
ions as the human experience of time's passage, the idea of time or the
timeless, or time as an ordering principle of physical change.

As a result, in addition to the works that I have myself read, I have

been obliged to use my judgment-based on a long involvement with the
interdisciplinary study of time-when including works which have been
classified by others as relating to the study of time. As far as possible,
I have done so by consulting reviews, by including publications used or
accepted by my peers, and by assessing the reputation of the publisher,
or the goals and reputation of the classifier. And beyond this, as indic-
ated in my acknowledgements, I have, in respect of the greater part of
the manuscript, arranged for specialists in particular fields to suggest
corrections, deletions, and additions. Nevertheless, any factual or
judgmental fallacies that remain-including the errors of transcription
which plague all bibliographers-are my responsibility.

The limitation imposed by the length of this work as a whole means

also that an article or book can only be entered once, and in a
multidisciplinary bibliography the decision of where to enter it is not
always easy. The Subject Index, however, will help to overcome a
number of the problems related to the choice of classification in marginal
cases. It will also guide readers seeking information on major figures or
on subjects not included in the Table of Contents. I have tried to restrict
the classification of •Multidisciplinary Studies" to those works
which-although related to time, like every other entry in the bibliogra-
phy-fall outside the category of a marginal case. Generally, they are too
much concerned with a range of disciplines to be included comfortably
under a single discipline or subdiscipline. I am, however, all too well
aware of the potential for disagreement inherent in the use of this
classification. Because of the essentially multidisciplinary and inter-
disciplinary natur<:: of time studies and the inclusion of multiple
authors-normally when these do not exceed three per publication-an
Author Index has also been provided.

Insofar as I know, no previous bibliography has dealt with the

multidisciplinary study of time using criteria in any way comparable to
those as set out in this Introduction. Such few multidisciplinary bibliogra-
phies as presently exist have been listed separately under "Multi-
 Introduction xxi

disciplinary Studies," but their limitations will be immediately apparent.

However immodest it may seem, I must confess that working on the
project has given me something like the sense of awe felt by Keats's
Cortez as he looked out on the Pacific for the first time. And it has
seemed important to let the reader share that vision by controlling the
ratio of reduction. In this way I have attempted to make the model a
reflection of what is now more clearly revealed as a large, wide-ranging,
and dynamic discipline.

For those of us who have experienced the intellectual exhilaration and

fruitfulness of the International Society for the Study of Time's
interdisciplinary conferences, the multiplicity of academic endeavor
reflected in this bibliography can only confirm what we have long
suspected. Most people will use the bibliography as a tool for specialized
research. But for many of us it will also represent an opportunity to
savor and learn from a refreshing insight into the wide spectrum of
human interests inherent in our subject as a whole.

I am grateful to the University of Victoria and to the Canada Council for

financial aid related to the study of time; to the Institute of Management
Services, of which I have been a member and a fellow for over thirty
years; to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, which facilitated my early
research into matters temporal by electing me a visiting fellow in 1972;
and to The International Society for the Study of Time, of which I am
currently the president. My indebtedness to that society-which has
members in thirty-three countries and over twenty disciplines-and to its
founder, J. T. Fraser, is considerable. I am also indebted, to the staff
of the McPherson Library, to my colleagues at the University of
Victoria, to Brenda Gerth for advice on computers, and to two
research assistants-Jolene Demers and Janelle Jenstad-who have given
me invaluable help with this work. In addition, I owe particular thanks
to Barbara Adam, Jacob Arlow, Mark Aultman, Richard Block, J. T.
Fraser, Leonie Kellahar, Jonathan Kramer, Gaston Labrecque, David
Park, Charles Sherover, and Marlene Soulsby. These colleagues have
generously interrupted their own research on the study of time to read
and correct those parts of this work in which they specialize. The credit
is theirs, but any faults that may remain are my own. Finally, and
above all, I am grateful to a surprisingly cheerful wife, whose remark-
able competence and quiet encouragement have sustained me for more
years than either of us cares to remember.
Multidisciplinary Studies
Das, T. K. The Time Dimension: An Interdisciplinary Guide. New York: Praeger,
1990. Of the 2,975 entries two disciplines take up more than sixty percent of the
work: Philosophy and Physics (709), and Psychology (1,105). Geology receives 4
entries, Political Science 6, Geography 12, and Biology 89. There are no foreign
language titles, the nineteen disciplines are not subdivided and there is no Subject
Index.
Fraser, J. T. A Report on the Literature of Time, 1900-1980. The Study of Time IV.
Ed. Fraser, J. T. , Lawrence, N. and Park. D. New York: Springer, 1981. 234-270.
Bibliography of about 800 books grouped under 12 disciplinary areas.
Krudy, Elmer S., Bernadine T. Bacon., and Rollo Turner., eds. Time: A
Bibliography. London: Information Retrieval, 1976. Of the 3,005 entries all but 512
are in Biology (1,200), Physics (615), and Psychology (673). Religion receives 57
entries, History 27, and Arts (including Literature, Language and Music) 50.
Includes Subject Index.
Patrides, C. A. Bibliography. Aspects of Time. Ed. Patrides. C. A. Manchester:
Manchester UP, 1976. 250-270. Of the 562 books and articles in this bibliography
307 are in Literature.
Zelkind, Irving., and Joseph Sprung. Time Research: 1172 Studies. Metuchen:
Scarecrow P, 1974. Largely concerned with Psychology and related subjects.
Includes Subject Index, but no foreign language titles.
Butler, S. T. , and Messel, H. eds. Time: Selected Lectures on Time and Relativity,
the Arrow of Time and the Relation of Geological and Biological Time, and on Men
of Science. Oxford: Pergamon, 1965.
Campbell, Joseph., ed. Man and Time: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks. Trans.
Ralph Manheim. , and Hall. R. F. C. New York: Pantheon, 1957.
apek, Mili. , ed. The Concepts of Space and Time: Their Structure and Their
Development. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1976.
Fischer, Roland. , ed. Interdisciplinary Perspectives of Time. Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences 138.2 (1967): 367-915.
2 Forman, F. J. , and Caoran Sowton. , eds. Taking Our Time: Feminist
Perspectives on Temporality. Oxford: Pergamon, 1989.
Fraser, J. T. , ed. The Voices of Time: A Cooperative Survey of Mans Views of
Time as Expressed by the Sciences and the Humanities. 2nd ed. Amherst: U of
Massachusetts P, 1981.
Fraser, J. T. , Haber F. C. , and Muller, G. H. eds. The Study of Time I. New York:
Springer, 1972.
Fraser, J. T. , and Lawrence N. , eds. The Study of Time II. New York: Springer,
1975.
Fraser, J. T. , N. Lawrence , and D. Park , eds. The Study of Time III. New York:
Springer, 1978.
Fraser, J. T. , N. Lawrence , and D. Park , eds. The Study of Time IV. New York:
Springer, 1981.
Fraser, J. T. , N. Lawrence , and F. C. Haber , eds. Time, Science, and Society in
China and the West: The Study of Time V. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1986.
Fraser, J. T. , ed. Time and Mind: The Study of Time VI. Madison, Connecticut:
International Universities P, 1989.
Freeman, Eugene. , and Wilfrid Sellars. , eds. Basic Issues in the Philosophy of
Time. La Salle: Open Court, 1971.
Gale, Richard M. , ed. The Philosophy of Time: A Collection of Essays. London:
Macmillan, 1968.
Gardet, L. , et al., eds. Cultures and Time. 3 vols. Paris: Unesco P, 1976-1979.
Gold, Thomas. , and D. L. Shumacher , eds. The Nature of Time. Ithaca: Cornell
UP, 1967.
Grant, John. , ed. The Book of Time. North Pomfret: David and Charles, 1980.
Healy, R. , ed. Reduction, Time and Reality: Studies in the Philosophy of the
Natural Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981.
Heinemann, G. , ed. Zeitbegriffe. Freiburg: Karl Alber, 1986.
Hersch, Jeanne. , and Ren Poirier. , eds. Entretiens sur le temps. Paris: Mouton,
1967.
Kamper, C. , and C. Wulf , eds. Die sterbende Zeit. Darmstadt: Luchterhand, 1987.
Kirsch, G. , Nijkamp P. , and Zimmermann K. , eds. Time Preferences: An
Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Empirical Approach. Berlin: Science Center, 1985.
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27 Jackson, Jacquelyne J. Social Gerontology and the Negro: A Review. The
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28 Levin, Jack., and William C. Levin. Ageism: Prejudice and Discrimination
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Archaeology
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Art and Architecture

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